— rite the reactions involveq ‘ mR Wi Q. 3. Write the classification of polymers based on structure. Give examples 0) aa in the preparation of (1) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) (2) Polypropylene. ' is and network or ct ‘Ans. Based on structure polymers are classified as linear chain polymers, branched chain polymers oss a linked polymers. ae ee Linear chain polymers : When the monomer molecules are joined together in a linear arrangement, the resulting Polymer is straight chain or long chain polymer. e.g., polythene, PVC. nCH,=CH, mente, cy cH, —+ £CH,-CH,4, ethene repeating chain polythene (monomer) They have high melting points; high densities and high tensile strength. a a | | CH, =CH-Cl CH,-CH- —+ 4CH,-CH3, Vinyl chloride repeating chain Pvc (monomer) Polymerisation- They have lower melting points and tensile strength goypropylene having methyl groups as branches CH, cH, Polymerisation _| ; -CH=CH, ————“, __cy ch lic, -cu, +, 1h io repeating unit pron polypropyleneCD Addition polym jon or chain growth polymerization : It is a process of polymers by the repeated addition of a large number of monomers is called addition polymerization (like alkenes) without loss of any sma) molecules, a Example : Formation of polyethylene from ethylene is well known example of addition polymerization. n CH, =CH, — CH, —CH,4, Ethene Polyethene Tris a chain growth polymerization. (2) Condensation polymerization or step growth polymerization : The process of formation of polymers from Polyfunctional monomers with the elimination of some small molecules such as water, hydrochloric acid, methanol, ammonia is called condensation polymerization. Example : The formation of terylene, a polyester polymer, from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. ene ° i i nHO - CH; - CH, - OH +sooc-¢\-coon =H wo-ter,-cr,-0--¢_\}, C-OH * (ethylene glycol (erephtalic acid) ester link erylene or dacron) Condensation polymerization is a step growth polymerization,Q. 11. Write the classification of polymers on the basis of biodegradability? OR 2 marks) (1) What are biodegradable polymer? (2) What are nonbiodegradable polymers ? Ans. Based on biodegradability, polymers are classified as biodegradable polymer and nonbiodegradabie ay (2) polymers. Biodegradable polymers : Polymers which are affected by microbes or disintegrate by themselves after a certain Period of time due to environmental degradation are called biodegradable polymers. Examples : PHBV i.e., Polyhydroxy butyrate~CO-f-hydroxy valerate Dextron, Nylon—2-nylon—6. Non biodegradable polymers : Synthetic polymers do not disintegrate by themselves after a certain period or not affected by microbes, are called nonbiodegradable polymers. Examples : Bakelite, Nylon, Terylene. : (1 mark each) Q. 12. Explain the following terms : Ans, @ (2) 3) a Branched chain polymer : The polymer consists of long and straight chain with smaller side chains give rise to branched chain polymers. e.g. Polypropylene Addition polymer : The polymer formed by the repeated addition of a large number of monomers (like alkenes) without loss of any small molecules are called addition polymers. e.g. polythene {CH, —CH,4,. It is a chain growth polymerization. Condensation polymer : The polymers formed by the repeated condensation reaction between polyfunctional monomers with the elimination of some molecules such as water, hydrochloric acid, methanol, ammonia are called condensation polymers. e.g. Nylon-6, 6. Elastomers : Polymers in which the intermolecular forces of attraction between the polymer chains are the weakest. When polymer is stretched, it has ability to stretch and when the strain is relieved it returns to its originalQ. 22, What is LDP? How is it prepared? Give its properties and uses. (3 marks, ‘Ans. LDP means low density polyethylene. LDP is obtained by polymerization of ethylene under high presy (1000 — 2000 atm) and temperature (350 — 570 K) in presence of traces of O, of peroxide as initiator. n CH, =CH, ——s of O2_, ea 7 2 peroxide at 350-370 €CH2 = CHa>a 1000-2000 atm LDP The mechanism of this reaction involves free radical addition and H-atom abstraction. The latter results in branching. As a result the chains are loosely held and the polymer has low density. Properties of LDP : (1) LDP films are extremely flexible, but tough chemically inert and moisture resistant. (2) It is poor conductor of electricity with melting point 110 °C. Uses of LDP : (1) LDP is mainly used in preparation of pipes for agriculture, irrigation, domestic water line connections as well as insulation to electric cables. (2) It is also used in submarine cable insulation. (3) It is used in producing extruded films, sheets, mainly for packaging and houschold uses Tike in preparation of . squeeze bottles, attractive containers, etc.tp oP is crystalline, melting point in the Tange of 144 — 150 °c, {q)iris much stiffer than LDP and has high tensile siren 6s more resistant to chemicals than LDP. jes of HDP = (1) HDP is used in manufacture of toys and other household articles like buckets, dustbins, bottles, pipes, etc. {a Itis used to prepare laboratory wares and other objects where high tensile strength and stiffness is required. . igth and hardness.‘ ‘ite the preparation, i 7 pane : a i ae and uses of Teflon. (3 marks) OR How is teflon (polytetrafiuroethylene) *€S (3 marks), » Write the reaction involved in the formation of Teflon. (1 mark) ss Teflon is polytetrafluoroethylene. The monomer used in preparation of teflon is tetraffuoroethylene, (CF; = CF2) which is @ gas at room temperature. Tetrafluoroethylene is polymerized by using free radical initiators such as hydrogen peroxide or ammonium persulphate at high pressure. Polymerization sCF, =CF, So 4CF; — CF}, (Terafivoroethene) (Tefton) Properties : (1) Telfion is tough, chemically inert and resistant to heat and attack by corrosive reagents. (2) C—F bond is very difficult to break and remains unaffected by corrosive alkali, organic solvents. Uses : Telfion is used in making non-stick cookware, oil seals, gaskets, etc.be Sista AQ. 28. How is Nylon-6, 6 prepared? Give its properties and uses (3 marks) «Write the chemical reaction (2 marks) involved in manufacture of Nylon-6, 6. Ans. Nylon-6, 6 is a linear polyamide polymer formed by the condensation polymerisation reaction. The monomers used in the preparation of Nylon—6, 6 are : : HOOC- (CH, ),—-COOH () Adipie aci (2) Hexamethylene diamine : HN—(CH,),-NH When equimolar aqueous solutions of adipic acid and hexamethylene diamine are mixed and heated, there is neutralization to form a nylon salt. During polymerisation at $53 k nylon salt loses a water molecule to form nylon 6, 6 polymer. Both monomers (hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid) contain six carbon atoms each, hence the polymer is termed as Nylon-6,6. H,N-(CH,),-NH, + HOOC-(CH,),-COOH > [H,N-(CH,),-NH, OOC(CH,),COO] Hexamethylenediamine Adipic acid _ Nylon salt (Hexametiylene diamonium adipate) ° ° . . ~ anno 1 i 1H N~(CH,)g—NH, OOC(CH,),COO] 7222+ HN-(CH,)g—NH-C-(CH).-C Jy Nylon 6, 6 Nylon salt Properties and uses : Nylon 6,6 is high molecular mass (12000—50000 u) linear condensation polymer. It possesses high tensile strength. It does not soak in water. It is used for making sheets, bristles for brushes, . surgical sutures, textile fabrics, etc.wed? (2 marks) _nylon-6 Prepar 1) #Write the reac wt pion O-PS SHEE Wi wer pn M Preparation of mylons. —_(1 mark) J ye POE called yang MBM pert unposgepene lye eee 0 Ho SrK-saK FNH~CH), co} Mylon-6) . yon is given onthe basis of six carbon atoms duster, nylon fibres are used for manuf isterylene or dacron prepared ? we resent inthe monomer unt, Nylon-6 has high tensile TUE of tyre cords, fabrics and ropes. . (2 marks) OR (2 marks) OR ie the reactions of formation of teryene, (mark) yen is polyester bre formed by the polymerization of terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol tee is sie by condensation polymerization of ehylene aycol and teephtulc acid in presence of ic acetate and antimony trioxide at hi cist i igh temperature, 2#0-Chh-Ch-Of'eat-0-¢{0)-c-0-n i é i ° con torte son s0r at meena [9-Ob-04-0-¢{0)-c, ous cay mes d & on pets + () Teplene has relatively high melting point (265 “C) (Nis esistant to chemicals and wate. Os 1) isused for making wrinkle ree fabric by lending with cotton (erycat) and wool (terywool), and also as (0s reinforcing materials in safety helmets, OT isthe most common thermoplastic whch is another tade name of the polyester polyethylenetereph- tale. itis used for making many articles lke botles, jams, packaging containers. hu 8 ORCS, Jane: Pemaeing Somanet a fomowing synthetic rubbers : rubber (3) Neoprene rubber, (1 mark each) * p samrubber: te ~ CH=CH ~CH, ~ cH, — H, CH, ~ CH, ~CH=CH—cH, — CH, —CH —CH, ae (SBR) — CH, — CH = CH-wwe— Baa -N— rubber : fac-crecr~cr, ~CH, a Buna-N cn7" y Neoprene rubber : a I 1 -C=CH- cut, Neoprene .v e names of monomers ; write th used in preparing following polymers (1 mark each) jg: Ethylene glycol and Dmi \ Monomers © ethyl terephthalate (DMT) CH,-CH, 19 9 ba ba He-0-¢-{0)-é-0-, patel Nonomers : o-hydroxy methyl phenol and formaldehyde. ¥ OH CH,OH H I H-C=0 si Nylon-6 8. , ss Monomers : Hexamethylene diamine and Hexamethylene dicarboxylic acid. H,N-(CH,).-NH, HOOC-(CH,),-COOH () Melamine. tus Monomers : Melamine Formaldehyde HN cy NH (CHO