4 BUNKERS In the bunkers, because of shallo i betwee : S s WW depth, it is assumed tha i : : : H : it th ge wall and oi fill an negligible, Fig. 26.5 shows a bunker with other ai Ganson och as fOP TH, Junction beam, hopper bottom with central opening, and supporting columns (a) Pressure and moments on walls Let a be the angle of surcharge of the fill. Fu Top nib The pressure against the vertical wall is given by = C7 2 Rankine’s formula: cos a = Ver pa Gi cos & + Veos* & - cos? > Cylindrical portion a [26.16 (a) The pressure acts in a direction parallel to the top surface of the retained material, The horizontal component is c 5 ET Junction pe=p cos a = wh cos’ eon S¢ : ‘epoer = x bottom Opening if : ea coun Boece go | V516, O HF a=0, (ce. top_surface is horizontal), ie ant -.126.16(0)] pe=vh Trane | vol mie ol bem iti fee be — The edge conditions are such that P ns es fice and the botiom as well as the vertical odae® are restrained ntinuity. For_this case, =o ee late may be computed with the help of moment due to tiangularly distributed lateral pressure Table 3 of IS : 3370- Part IV. A simpler approach is to assume that the lateral, pressure is taken entirely in the horizontal direction. ‘This is reasonably true if the height of the wall is large as compared 10 its length, In that case, for a gore bunker, the bending 2 ee g : moment at ‘any depth will boca no at_the corners and py. 57 at mid. span, where L is the span between the centre Tues of the supporting walls, Generally, haunches are Provided at the corners, due (0 which negative ments are a7 oo penne Much Jesser than py. L'/12, and the desi * uniform 6. For a reciangular bunker” ( Fig. 26.6), the negative ‘Moments at the corners are Ma= Ma = Mo = Mc =~REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTUpy Mey = O28! pe ns By 50 we o> yar 41 = fe (8 + 2BL - wy 4126.18 (ay at the centre of spantis Ge kine ee Mena Ph - aq G+ 2BL = 25%) 126.18 (by) In addition to the bending mor due to pressure on the that on wall B ant the positive moment ment, the walls are also subjected to direct tension Adjoining walls. Thus, direct tension on wall L will be 0.5 p,.B and Wil be_0.5 by. Apari From the bending moment and direct tension, the walls are also Subjected to vertical weight of material transferred to it by hopper bottom. Te vertical wall is therefore designed as a deep beam supported between columns. Creular bunkers. The vertical wall of the circular bunker of diameter 6 for a hoop tension of Pr. b/2. 26.8. HOOPER BOTTOM : io (a) Conical hopper. Conical hoppers are subjected essentially aoe a hoop ‘tensions. The total meridional tension at any horizontal on Baka a hopper is such that its vertical component is equal to total vertical pressure ae plus the weight of the hopper and contents below the plane. Consider any ae —< 4D x depth ‘h below the top surface of the material. Let W, be the weight of the gr: and W. be the weight of the cone below this plane. The meridional tension N is given by — 0 Nsina.2xb=py xb? + We+ We Pe KO + Wy + We ~ 2nbsng -.-(26.19) Let py be the normal pressure. If %, 2 ceded Pe FIG. 26.7. CONICAL HOPPERS. unit area, we have, from Fig. 26.7(6) Po . EG = py.EF cos &+ pr. FG sina +ws EG cos a or Pa= pv COS? & + pr sin? cw + Ws cos & «--(26.20) ‘The ring eee 7 H. any plane is given by peace =Pa. te where r= radius of curvature [Fig. 26.7 (a)] =6 cosec « ‘ For bins, p, and p, are obtained from the expressions developed c ewer: oe ofp will be taken equal to p in the equation for Seek “For shallow bins, #, on any horizontal cross-section will be equal © * os the material above the section and py will be given by Eq. 26.23, given by ( § 26.6 ) substituting 9 for 9. ; . (%) Pyramidal hoppers : Pyramidal hoppers are subjected to bending moments and direct tensions besides meridional tension along the slope. :Meridional tension | ‘yy ‘ B he weight ct vy sping bottom Find the Ant Of retained material, weight Weight of fie rise t@ vertical pull inthe Ree nate Opening etc. will | f the side wall. If W is the we if rection, at the Re ee cciatrec, Ue Weight mentioned above, er uni on Ale newesece the maximum meridional tension at A, per unit lengne ee enet a A, per unit length will be given os | z anal Occ = Weosec a _| . ay Gs 4 (26.22) This direct tension will gradually decrease to zero at the opening, B. eee The an hopper bottom is also Subjected to bending moment due to bending of the slab spanning horizontally between the intersection of adjacent’ sfoping faces. For example, if we consider unit length of the slab between levels XX and YY (Fig. 26.%b)], the span of the slab AB will be 1 andyit will be subjected to a normal load intensity p. where p, is given by Eq. 26.20. Since the strip is continuous on all the four sides of the hopper, it forms a closed frame, developing negative moments at joints and positive moment at the centre of each span, The magnitude of negative moment may be taken as (p,./°)/12 and the positive moment equal to(p, . 1* )/12. The reinforcement will be placed at the outer fac men and inside for negative mo zonial span 1 of the slab will increase from minimum at the opening to maximum at the junction with vertical wall. The pressure p, will, however, decrease from maximum at the opening to minimum at junction with vertical wall. The section of the slab should be designed at the centre. In addition to 2 this, the strip will also be subjected to a direct pull equal to p,!/2. 26.6. INDIAN STANDARD ON DESIGN OF BINS(IS : 4995-1968) 1. Permissible stresses (a) In concrete : (i) Resistance to cracking. The permissible stresses in tension (direct and due to bending) and shear shall conform to the values specified in Table 26.2. The values given in 18 - 4995-1968 are in kg/cm? units, These have been converted inN/mm* unit by the approximate relation ; 10 kg/em?= 1 N/mm’, The permissible tensile stress due to bending apply w the outside face of the bin. In members less than 225 mm thick and in contact with the grain on one side, the permissible stresses in bending apply also on the side ‘0 contact with the grain. (ii) Resistance to buckling. ‘The maximum compressive stress on the net wall section ing all openings, recesses, ew. shall not exceed 0.15 f where f, is the compressive Strength of concrete at the age of 28 days. Where wind or earth quake forces are taken into account, the stress on net wall section shall not exceed 0.2 f.. FIG. 26.9.REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES TABLE 26.2 PERMISSIBLE § ES IN CONCRETE ate Crake ohitanersi: Permissible stresses (N/mm?) Pettis a Piven Tension due to bending (W/mm?) MOS 3 ne uy Mw ne _ 2 ’ Mas Ne za nee 12 | 21 _ (Pi In steel In strength calculations, the stresses in plain mild steel reinforcement, ans in high yield strength bars (HYSD bars), the values given in Table 21.2 are adopted 2. Design parameters () Cnit weight and angle of internal friction, Table 26.3 gives the values of unit weight and angle of internal friction for same of the common types of grains. UNIT WEIGHT AND ANGLES OF INTERNAL FRICTION |___ Unis weight w/nc’)__|__ Angle ofinteral friction 9 _ | | 8340 | we i | 5640 | 36 8830 3° | 7850 30° 6770 wr seenGarr a us Bi Eanigy* Wall friction. In the absence of test results, the angle of wall friction may be assumed 10 be 0.75 © during filling and 0.6 4 during emptying, where © is the angle of imernal friction of the material, ui) Pressure ratio, The ratio of horizontal pressure to vertical pressure shall be assumed 10 be 0.5 during filling and 1.0 during emptying, i.e. K,=0.5 and K,=1.0. 3. Design of walls () Pressure on walls of a shallow bin : The horizontal pressure p, on a vertical wall of a shallow bin shall be calculated by the following formula Pree —— = [rsfieee ane ] (i) Pressure in a deep bin ; \n deep bins, the maximum values of the horizontal Pressure on the wall (p,), the vertical pressure on the horizontal cross-section of the stored material (p,) and the vertival load wansferred to the wall per unit area due to friction Y.) tha a la ing i) : fe dy be calculated jain formulae given below : + Nae of pressure | ring filing [During emptying { Maximum — p, -.(26.23) where o’=angle of wall friction. : wr 1 { Ke th a | Maxisiusn | | gn - | I i \ jhe —{ Lb \ wr Jee whet We Unit weight of stored p : Ky= pressure ae ne RUS cat atlag ea = area/perimeter ratio cine condition = 0.5 Wall friction during filling conditions all friction during emptying condition. + Py and py — with Obtained from the following He’ = coefficient of ya The vatiation ofp depth (Fig, 26.10) may be obta expression (Pda = (Pi)max. (1 = e° /*0 (26.24) ore P stands for pressure and suffix i stands 4 for yh or w, and z assumes following values: During filling, . During emptying, Ra L --(26.25) FIG. 26.10. PRESSURE VARIATION WITH sits DEPTH. The value of (1—e"%) may be taken from Table 26.1 ; To take advantage of the decrease in lateral pressure caused by the bottom of a bin, the horizontal pressure due to emptying, over a height of 1.2 b or 0.75_H_whichever is smaller, may be taken to be varying linearly from the emptying pressure at this height to the filling pressure at bottom as shown in Fig. 26.10. The wall of a storage bin shall be examined for strength as well as stability under the following two cases of loading separately: (@) When the bin isMempty. All possible vertical loads (including the weight of the material transferred to the wall due to friction) and lateral loads due to wind or quake (whichever is critical ) shall be considered in this case. (b) When the bin is empty. In this case, the self weight of, the bin and other permanent loads on the bin shall be considered to act vertically in combination with the maximum Jateral load caused by wind or earthquake. (iii) Thickness of walls + The thickness of walls shall be computed on no crack basis, The minimum thickness of the wall of a concrete bin having an internal diameter ‘of 6 m or less shall be 15 cm, When the internal diameter exceeds 6 m, the minimum thickness shall be determined from the equation : o1s+2=0 cx where Dw Oe ineral ameer of te bin in cm. Walls of circular bins shall be desig! rectangular bins, the lateral pressure at any approximate values of r given below : For square bin, r= 0.283 a, where @ is the side of the squre. For rectangular bin, with short side a and long side, b, y= 0.283 a, for obtaining pressure on short side ned essentially for hoop stresses. For walls. of depth may be obtained from Eq. 26.24, takingpins AND SILOS Ww ™ (ii) Vertical Reinforecment, V ¥ tical reinforc Half the : jcement shi i 6 me het vate and shrinkage stress. Where the base felt aio face ee eel a Teinforcement duly calculated shall be provided on the tension face. Reis Cover of 5 cm shall be provided for the reinforcement. 4 Be F +1, Design a bunker to store 300 kN of coal, for the following data: init weig c 1 oe weight of coal = 8340 N/m! ; Angle of repose = 30°. The stored codl is to be surcharg , Bea angle of repose. Take permissible stress in steel as 140 N/mnt. Solution 1, Capacity and dimensions : Let us provide a square bunker of size 3m x 3 m. Let the hopper portion have a height of 1.25 m with a central hole of sie 0.5 m x 0.5 m. Height of surcharge = 1.5 tan 30°=0.87 m. 300 x 1000 3 Volume required = 2 require ma 37 \Volume provided by top surcharge, A,* J =4(x3) 0.87 =2.61 m’ (Ai Nolume provided by conical bottom [axa+0sx05+yex05F ]x125 48 m Alternatively, volume =$Bx3xl 50.50 x 0.5 x 0.25] = 4.48 m “=: Remaining volume to be provided by the chamber FIG. 26.11 = 35.97 - (2.61 + 4.48) = 28.88 m 28.88 3x3 =3.25 x9 =29.25 m’, making a total capacity of 2.61 36.34 x 8.34 = 303 KN of coal. 2, Design of side walls ; The side walls will be designed pees 4s continuous slab, Since the angle of surcharge is equal to the angle of repose @, the horizontal pressure at any level is n= wh cos’ > At 3,25 m_— depth, \ pi = 8340 x 3.25 (cos 30°)! = 20329 N/m* Using M 15 concrete mix, m= 19, k= 0.404 , j= 0,865 and R= 0,875. Let the thickness of the wall be 180 mm, Effective span of slab =/=3+0,18=3.18 m, - B.M, at the corners of the square pl? 20329 (3,18) eine ere 17131 Nem 21 m. Let the height h be 3.25 m, so that its volume will be Height h = + 4.48 + 29.25 = 36.34 m’ and storing i fe 88 mm abe 85 mm 4 FIG. 26,12, frame =‘ REINFORCED CONCRETE srmucTUREg Direct tension in the wath = 20329 x 3.18 3 932323,_N. Of steel be 30 of steel from the Let the cover to the centre ators mm, so that effective d 2 lepth will be 170 — 39 = centre of the slab ane as marked in will be = 85-30-55 mm Net B.M = 15353 N-m at the corners 2 Span = ( py . 1? )/24 = 8566 N-m Centre of span = 8566 4 Effective depth = \/ 15353 x 1000 five depth = 1000 x0.874 = 133 mm. Provide a total depth of 170 mm: tol thickness may be varied fro BM. at the Net B.M centre of at the 32323 x 0.055 = 6788 N-m me » $0 that effective depth d= 170-30= 140 mm % m 120 mm at top to 170 mm at the bottom. Area of steel at comers = —!5353 x 1000 323 2 0.865 x 140 x 140 * 4p = 1136 mm Using 12 mm © bars, spacing = IS § 99.5 mm 7 Beet eee termi © Pers 95 mi clo ct the comers, at the inner face, Half Of these ‘bars may be curtailed at the centre of the span. Steel required at centre = —©788 x 1000 32323 TRESeaG = 631 mm* 0.865 x 140x140 * 49 63! mm 3 Spacing of the 12 mm © bars = HO A1B @ 179 mm c/c. Hence provide 12 mm © bars 175 mm c/c at the outer face, at the centre of the span. Half of the bars can be curtailed at the comers. ; paeeias) no e se : 12417 \' az) Vertical reinforcement = 0.3 | "> is S ee _ _ 1000 x 78.5 Area on each face=218 mm’. Using 10 mm @ bars, spacing 74 Ae ome Reinforcement at 2 m below top Pr = 20329 x 5 =12510 Nem ; BLM, at supports = 17131 x BM at cone =8566x=2—= 5271 Nem ; Direct tension = 32323 x Zags HN Thickness of wall = 120-4 52x 50= 150.8 mm * 1508, ———— |= 9639 N-m Net BM. at syne 20541980 | 150.8 _ 4g 2 Net BM. at centre = $271 ae |dy al support 9639 x 1000 19191 0.865 140.5 130.8 * jqqn® HOE min? fy at contre 4368 « 1000 19891 0,865 x 140 10.8 * page 44 an? qving of 12 ars at cre = 2000 «113 ar 286 gpwcing of 12 mm a bars at ends = 100013 4) mn i 801 3, Design of hop eae cs er bottom ; The ‘ i ‘ sg vell a 10 bending e : m ; The hopper bottom is subjected to meridional tension, Se ds joment due to normal pressure acting on it, ‘The meridional tension es REG aaeiOh due (© weight of coal above the section, weight of coal in the hopper e section, weight of the hopper below the section and the weight of the gate at the opening, of weight of coal in bunker = 1 303000 = 75750 N et the thickness of hopper slab be 160 mm, with 20 mmm lining. 1 . 3+0. - \ ‘ + of weight of hopper slab ies Je 1.25 V2 x at 25000 = 13919 N \ aoe 4 Rm 4 1 weight gate ete = 200 N (Say) Ayayi cm Metin : Total W= 75750 + 13919 +200 = 89869 N % _spirect tension = Weosec ot = 89869 cosee 45°= 127094 N fe, fea Oo As = 127094/140 =908 mm? No. of 10 mm ® pars = 908/78.5 ~ 12. Provide half bars on each face. Since the meridional tension decreases towards the opening, these bars may be curtailed to half at the opening. / The slab is also subjected to BM. due to bending of the slab spanning horizontally between the intersection of adjacent sloping faces. The horizontal span of the slab will increase from minimum at the opening to maximum at the junction, while the pressure will decrease from maximum atthe opening to minimum at junction. The section of the slab is normally designed at the centre of the hoppers where + 125, O87 y 0.625 = 4.24 m. ( 2 : Zip Somfert Lateral pressure 1 a L depth upto coal surface = 3,25 +05 = Span of the sige = 1,75 m. ) p=wh psind =wh+whsin > cos > tte pi= pcos o= Ww hcos' 4" set eight of hopper. slab lining = 0.18 x 25000 = 4500 N/m’, Inclination a = 45° (Fig. 26.7). Hence from Eq. 26.20. bu = pr cos’ a+ py sin’ a + Ww, cos a= wh {cos a + cos’a.sin @ cos @ + cos’ sin? a) + ws cos a = B340 x 4.24 [oos? 45° + cos" 45° sin 30° cos 30° + gos? 30° sin? 45°} + 4500 cos 45° =41779 N/m? ee past 59 wh Dia ffBAM « 11779(1.78) 10662 Nem depth = 160 REINFORCED CONCRE PP CONCRETE stayc TURES Pull = Pat 41779 x (1.75) Overall — = 36557 effective depth 130 mm : Net WM 10992 36557 (2 1000 | 5 30 | 8834 Nem Effective d= 8834 x 1000 mm, 9.874. 1000,.° 100.5. min 36557 : 140 822 mm: S834 1000 Actual d_ provided = 130 mm « 1 180 0.805. 130 ‘Spacing of 12 mm bars = mm © bars @ 130 m Span, the BLM. will be hal Hence provide 12 At the middle of the dat pall will be mM c/c at the inner face, at the corners, f of the above value » Le. M=5351 Nem, the same, ie. 36557 N. Hence Nec BM. = $331 - 36557 x 0.05 = 3503 N-m. Hence, ‘ 3803.5 1000 36557. 1%, 40 0.865 x 30 "140 Fil 6 mm ¢stps @ 200 mm fe ) +t2mms IEA) = 484 mm Fe 10 mm ¢ @ 960 mm ele on 4) Spacing 7 ‘each face nya, ee ean. L 12 mms @ $25 mmo CEE i ‘These bars are to be provided | | a the outer face a 4 4. Top and bottom ribs : Provide i 4 = top rib of size 300 x 300 mm \ “ith nominal reinforcement of eee © bars, and 6 mm surrups @ 200 mm c/c. Simi- erly. provide a bottom rib (junc- aes ton beam) of size 400 x 400 ae } 12mm @ 95 mm cle r2mme — @175mnee ’ ' mm at the junction of the wall 5 lg wath be with the same re- 10mm : pee as the top rib. The a) Siemon + 1p nib allows for the attachement 3 of stanctuon bases, conveyor sup- ports and other super-structure. 12mm6 The juncuon beam is provided @ sp ina.as 1 acommodate the reinforce- sent in the wall behaving as tach tae ” i (a) Secton at ond of (©) Secton at miata 2 deep bean The details of main pee feulorvement etc. are shown in FIG. 26.13, Fig. 2613