Statisticsfor SocialScience

ERS5950
Assignment 6

1. Given the following contingency table displaying frequencies distribution

on level of attitude towards management by gender.

Table 1: Contingency Table on Level of Attitude by Gender

Level of Attitude
Gender Low Moderate High
Male 45 67 68
Female 71 59 33
Total 116 126 101

Test the hypothesis on the dependence of level of attitude towards

management on gender at .01 level of significance

a. State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses

Ho : Level of attitude towards management is independent of gender
�� : Level of attitude towards management is dependent on gender

b. Calculate the test statistic

 Calculate expected count (E) for each cell
�� ∗ ��
�=
��
Male: Female:
180×116 163×116
 343
= 60.875  = 55.125
343
163×126

180×126
= 66.122  343
= 59.878
343
180×101 163×101
 = 53.003  343
= 47.997
343

Table 1: Contingency Table on Level of Attitude by Gender

Level of Attitude Row
Gender Low Moderate High Totals
Male 45 67 68 180
(60.875) (66.122) (53.003)
Female 71 59 33 163
(55.125) (59.878) (47.997)
Total 116 126 101 343
ERS5950: STATISTICS MOHAMAD SYAZRUL IQBAL BIN SAAID (GS 59986) 1
  Calculate the Chi-Square value, using the following formula
(� − �)2
�� =
�

Group O E (O-E) (O-E)2 (O-E) �

E
M-L 45 60.875 -15.875 252.016 4.140
M-M 67 66.122 .878 .771 .012
M-H 68 53.003 14.997 224.910 4.243
F-L 71 55.125 15.875 252.016 4.572
F-M 59 59.878 -.878 .771 .013
F-H 33 47.997 -14.997 224.910 4.686
343 �� =17.666

c. Determine the critical value

�� = � − 1 (� − 1)
= 2 − 1 (3 − 1)
= 1 (2)
=2

χ22 , .01=9.21

d. What would be your decision and conclusion. Justify your answer.

Decision:
Since �2 cal (17.666) > �2 critical (9.21)
∴ Reject ��

Conclusion:
Level of attitude towards management is significantly dependent on gender
at .01 level of significance.

ERS5950: STATISTICS MOHAMAD SYAZRUL IQBAL BIN SAAID (GS 59986) 2

 e. Calculate and interpret ONE measure of association between the two variables.
 Contingency coefficient (C)

�2
�= �2 + �

17.666
=
17.666+ 343

17.666
=
360.666
= �. ���

∴ Thus, based on Guildford’s rule of thumb it is shows low association (value

range between 0.02 to 0.04) between gender and level of attitude towards
management.

2. Choose two APPROPRIATE variables from “5950 2020 Assignment DATA”

file and run chi-square test of independence. Test the hypothesis on the
relationship at .05 level of significance. Based on the results, answer the
questions below.

a. Run chi-square for test of independence and present the results in a table
(complete with title and contents)

Table 2: Results of Chi-Square Analysis between Gender and Level of

Participation
Level of Participation
Gender High Moderate Low �� p
1.942 .379
Male 2 57 97
(1.3%) (36.5%) (62.2%)
Female 0 54 95
(0.0%) (36.2%) (63.8%)

Values in brackets are row percentage

*The SPSS result for this question is indicated in Appendix, Q2a

ERS5950: STATISTICS MOHAMAD SYAZRUL IQBAL BIN SAAID (GS 59986) 3

 b. Use the 5-step procedure to test for the hypothesis at .05 level of confidence

i. Step 1 : State the appropriate hypothesis (null and alternative hypotheses)

Ho : Level of participation towards management is independent of

gender
�� : Level of participation towards management is dependent on
gender

ii. Step 2: Set the confidence level / alpha

� = .05

iii. Step 3: Run analysis in SPSS. Report test statistic and sig-value.
(The SPSS result for this question is indicated in Appendix, Q2b)

From the analysis result:

�� = 1.942
���. �� = .379

However, percentage cell with expected count less than 5 is 33.33%,

which is more than 20%, hence the chi-square value is invalid.

iv. Step 4 : Decision

Since ���. �� = .379 > α (.05), thus fail to reject ��

v. Conclusion

Level of participation towards management is not significantly

dependent on gender at .05 level of significance.

c. Use AN appropriate symmetric measure and describe the nature of relationship

between the two variables
Cramer V Coefficient = .080
Thus, it is shows negligible association between gender and level of
participation.
(*The SPSS result for this question is indicated in Appendix, Q2c)

ERS5950: STATISTICS MOHAMAD SYAZRUL IQBAL BIN SAAID (GS 59986) 4

 d. Prepare a write up on the results using APA presentation style
As can be seen by the frequencies cross tabulated in Table 2, there is no
significant relationship between gender and level of participation, 2 (2, N = 305)
= 1.942, p= .379. Even so, the strength of relationship is negligible (V = .080).

Appendix: SPSS Results

 Q2a : Gender * Level of Participation Crosstabulation

Gender * Level of Participation Crosstabulation

Level of Participation
High Moderate Low Total
Gender Male Count 2 57 97 156
Expected Count 1.0 56.8 98.2 156.0
% within Gender 1.3% 36.5% 62.2% 100.0%
Female Count 0 54 95 149
Expected Count 1.0 54.2 93.8 149.0
% within Gender 0.0% 36.2% 63.8% 100.0%
Total Count 2 111 192 305

Expected Count 2.0 111.0 192.0 305.0

% within Gender 0.7% 36.4% 63.0% 100.0%

 Q2b : Chi-Square Tests

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 1.942 2 .379
Likelihood Ratio 2.714 2 .257
Linear-by-Linear Association .251 1 .617
N of Valid Cases 305
a. 2 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .98.

 Q2c : Symmetric Measures

Symmetric Measures
Approximate
Value Significance
Nominal by Nominal Phi .080 .379
Cramer's V .080 .379
Contingency Coefficient .080 .379
N of Valid Cases 305

ERS5950: STATISTICS MOHAMAD SYAZRUL IQBAL BIN SAAID (GS 59986) 5

 Calculate expected count (E) for each cell
�� ∗ ��
�=
��
Male: Female:
180×116
 343
= 60.875 
163×116
= 55.125
343
163×126

180×126
= 66.122  343
= 59.878
343
180×101 163×101
 = 53.003  343
= 47.997
343

Table 1: Contingency Table on Level of Attitude by Gender

Level of Attitude Row
Gender Low Moderate High Totals
Male 45 67 68 180
(60.875) (66.122) (53.003)
Female 71 59 33 163
(55.125) (59.878) (47.997)
Total 116 126 101 343

 Calculate the Chi-Square value, using the following formula

(� − �)2
�� =
�

Group O E (O-E) (O-E)2 (O-E) �

E
M-L 45 60.875 -15.875 252.016 4.140
M-M 67 66.122 .878 .771 .012
M-H 68 53.003 14.997 224.910 4.243
F-L 71 55.125 15.875 252.016 4.572
F-M 59 59.878 -.878 .771 .013
F-H 33 47.997 -14.997 224.910 4.686
343 �� =17.666

f. Determine the critical value

�� = � − 1 (� − 1)
= 2 − 1 (3 − 1)
= 1 (2)
=2

ERS5950: STATISTICS MOHAMAD SYAZRUL IQBAL BIN SAAID (GS 59986) 6

 χ22 , .01=9.21

g. What would be your decision and conclusion. Justify your answer.

Decision:
Since �2 cal (17.666) > �2 critical (9.21)
∴ Reject ��

Conclusion:

Level of attitude towards management is significantly dependent on gender

at .01 level of significance.

h. Calculate and interpret ONE measure of association between the two variables.
 Contingency coefficient (C)

�2
�=
�2 + �

17.666
=
17.666+ 343

17.666
=
360.666
= �. ���

∴ Thus, based on Guildford’s rule of thumb it is shows low association (value

range between 0.02 to 0.04) between gender and level of attitude towards
management.

ERS5950: STATISTICS MOHAMAD SYAZRUL IQBAL BIN SAAID (GS 59986) 7

 3. Choose two APPROPRIATE variables from “5950 2020 Assignment DATA”
file and run chi-square test of independence. Test the hypothesis on the
relationship at .05 level of significance. Based on the results, answer the
questions below.

a. Run chi-square for test of independence and present the results in a table
(complete with title and contents)

Table 2: Results of Chi-Square Analysis between Gender and Level of

Participation
Level of Participation
Gender High Moderate Low �� p
1.942 .379
Male 2 57 97
(1.3%) (36.5%) (62.2%)
Female 0 54 95
(0.0%) (36.2%) (63.8%)

Values in brackets are row percentage

*The SPSS result for this question is indicated in Appendix, Q2a

b. Use the 5-step procedure to test for the hypothesis at .05 level of confidence
i. Step 1 : State the appropriate hypothesis (null and alternative hypotheses)

Ho : Level of participation towards gender is independent of gender

�� : Level of participation towards gender is dependent on gender

ii. Step 2: Set the confidence level / alpha

� = .05

iii. Step 3: Run analysis in SPSS. Report test statistic and sig-value.
(The SPSS result for this question is indicated in Appendix, Q2b)

From the analysis result:

�� = 1.942
���. �� = .379

However, percentage cell with expected count less than 5 is 33.33%,

which is more than 20%, hence the chi-square value is invalid.

ERS5950: STATISTICS MOHAMAD SYAZRUL IQBAL BIN SAAID (GS 59986) 8

 iv. Step 4 : Decision
Since ���. �� = .379 > α (.05), thus fail to reject ��

v. Conclusion
Level of participation towards gender is not significantly dependent
on gender at .05 level of significance.

c. Use AN appropriate symmetric measure and describe the nature of relationship

between the two variables
Cramer V Coefficient = .080
Thus, it is shows negligible association between gender and level of
participation.
(*The SPSS result for this question is indicated in Appendix, Q2c)

d. Prepare a write up on the results using APA presentation style.

As can be seen by the frequencies cross tabulated in Table 2, there is no
significant relationship between gender and level of participation, 2 (2, N = 305)
= 1.942, p= .379. Even so, the strength of relationship is negligible (V = .080).

ERS5950: STATISTICS MOHAMAD SYAZRUL IQBAL BIN SAAID (GS 59986) 9

 Appendix: SPSS Results
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Gender * Level of Participation 305 100.0% 0 0.0% 305 100.0%

 Q2a : Gender * Level of Participation Crosstabulation

Gender * Level of Participation Crosstabulation

Level of Participation
High Moderate Low Total
Gender Male Count 2 57 97 156
Expected Count 1.0 56.8 98.2 156.0
% within Gender 1.3% 36.5% 62.2% 100.0%
Female Count 0 54 95 149
Expected Count 1.0 54.2 93.8 149.0
% within Gender 0.0% 36.2% 63.8% 100.0%
Total Count 2 111 192 305

Expected Count 2.0 111.0 192.0 305.0

% within Gender 0.7% 36.4% 63.0% 100.0%

 Q2b : Chi-Square Tests

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
a
Pearson Chi-Square 1.942 2 .379
Likelihood Ratio 2.714 2 .257
Linear-by-Linear Association .251 1 .617
N of Valid Cases 305
a. 2 cells (33.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is .98.

 Q2c : Symmetric Measures

Symmetric Measures
Approximate
Value Significance
Nominal by Nominal Phi .080 .379
Cramer's V .080 .379
Contingency Coefficient .080 .379
N of Valid Cases 305

ERS5950: STATISTICS MOHAMAD SYAZRUL IQBAL BIN SAAID (GS 59986) 10