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Mathematics Thesis and Dissertations

2022-08-25

A Project Report on Applications of

Differential Transform Method for
Solving Nonlinear Diffusion like Equations

Begosew Maru

http://ir.bdu.edu.et/handle/123456789/14065
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 BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

A PROJECT REPORT

ON

APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORM METHOD FOR

SOLVING NONLINEAR DIFFUSION LIKE EQUATIONS

BY

BEGOSEW MARU KORNIE

JULY, 2022

BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA

 BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORM METHOD

FOR SOLVING NONLINEAR DIFFUSION LIKE EQUATIONS

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS,

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
DEGREE OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE IN MATEMATICS

BEGOSEW MARU KORNIE

BDU1301333

ADVISOR’S NAME: BIRILEW BELAYNEH TSEGAW (PhD)

JUNE, 2022
BAHIR DAR, ETHIOPIA
 Declaration
I the undersigned solemnly declare that the project report “APPLICATION OF
DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORM METHOD FOR SOLVING NONLINEAR DIFFUSION
LIKE EQUATIONS”, is based on my own work carried out during the course of our study
under the supervision of Dr. Birilew Belayneh.
I assert the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of my research work. I
further certify that the work contained in the report is original and has been done by me under the
general supervision of my supervisor.

Begosew Maru Kornie _______________ _____________

Name of the candidate Date Place
 BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Approval of the project for Oral defense

I hereby certify that I have supervised, read and evaluated this project entitled “Application of
Differential Transform Method for solving Nonlinear Diffusion like Equations” by Begosew
Maru prepared under my guidance. I recommend that the project is submitted for oral defense.

Birilew Belayneh _________________ ____________

Advisor’s name Signature Date

Endalew Getnet _______________ ___________

Department Head’s name Signature Date
 BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF SICENCE
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

Approval of the Project for defense result

We hereby certify that we have examined this project entitled “Application of Differential
Transform Method for solving Nonlinear Diffusion like equations ” by Begosew Maru. We
recommend that this project is approved for the degree of Master of Science in mathematics.

Board of Examiners

______________________ _________________ ______________

External examiner’s name Signature Date

______________________ _________________ ______________

Internal examiner’s name Signature Date

______________________ _________________ ______________

Chair person’s name Signature Date
 ABSTRACT
In this paper, we are interested in solving analytic solutions for nonlinear diffusion like equations
by using differential transform method. The Differential transform method produces an
approximate solution for the equation, with few and easy computations. The approximate
solution of this equation is calculated in the form of a series with easily computable terms. The
convergence of this method has been discussed with some examples which are presented to show
the ability of the method for nonlinear diffusion like equations.
 Acknowledgment
In successfully completing this project, many people have helped me. I would like to thank all
those who are related to this project.

Primarily, I would thank God for being able to complete this project with success. Then I will
thank my advisor Dr. Birilew Belayneh, Department of Mathematics, Bahir Dar University,
under whose guidance I learned a lot about this project. His suggestions and directions have
helped in the completion of this project.

Finally, I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance and have been very helpful in various stages of project completion.
Without their help, completing this project would have been very difficult.
 Table of Contents
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ 6

Acknowledgment........................................................................................................................................ 7

CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................................................................... 9

INTRODUCTION AND PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS ..................................................................... 9

1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 9

1.2 Nonlinear Diffusion Equation ............................................................................................. 11
1.3 Differential Transform ........................................................................................................ 13
1.4 properties of Differential Transform ................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER TWO...................................................................................................................................... 20

APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORM METHOD ..................................................20

2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 20

2.2. Description of the Method.................................................................................................. 20
2.3 Application of the method................................................................................................... 21
2.3.1 Solving Advection-Diffusion Equation ........................................................................ 21
2.3.2 Solving Reaction-Diffusion equations.......................................................................... 26
2.3.3 Solving Advection-Reaction-Diffusion Equations....................................................... 29
SUMMARY ..............................................................................................................................................33

REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................................34
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION AND PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS

1.1 Introduction
Partial differential equations are used to formulate several phenomena in real world. For
examples, wave propagation, heat conduction and fluid flows. Nonlinear partial differential
equations are widely used to describe many physical phenomena and dynamic processes in
physics, mechanics, chemistry, biology, etc. [1]. Nonlinear differential equations usually arise
from mathematical modeling of many physical systems. Some of them are solved using
numerical methods and some are solved using analytic methods.

The diffusion equation is a partial differential equation that describes the variation of
temperature in a given region over a period of time. Heat equation was first formulated by
Fourier in a manuscript presented in 1807, followed by his book. The theory of the heat equation
was first developed by joseph Fourier in 1822 for the purpose of modeling how a quantity such
as heat diffuses through a given region [2].

Given an open subset of ℝ and subinterval I of ℝ, one says that a function : × → ℝ is

a solution of the heat equation if satisfies the equation

= + + ⋯+ ,

where ( , … , , ) denotes a general point of the domain ℝ and is constant determined

by the thermal properties. It is typical to refer to as "time" and ,…, as "spatial variables".
The advection–diffusion equation is a combination of the diffusion and convection (advection)
equations, and describes physical phenomena where particles, energy, or other physical
quantities are transferred inside a physical system due to two processes: diffusion and advection.
Reaction-diffusion (RD) equations arise naturally in systems consisting of many interacting
components, (e.g., chemical reactions) and are widely used to describe pattern-formation
phenomena in variety of biological, chemical and physical systems.
Bhanduvula [3] was proposed splitting scheme for the solution which allows replacing three
dimensional problems into one dimension and studied the solution of three dimensional
advection-diffusion problems with Dirichlet boundary condition.
Kalyani, and Ramchandra, [4] studied solution of one dimensional heat equations with initial
and boundary conditions are by using finite difference method and other numerical methods.
Also they found the solution of heat equation as a polynomial of two variables by using double
interpolation. Raffaele, and Beatrice,in [5] considered a diffusion problem with mixed boundary
conditions.They particularly aiming numerical solution of diffusion equation = with
oscillatory solutions.
Bisht and Sharma in [6] used the fuzzy finite difference scheme, for solving the advection-
diffusion equation. Here explicit finite difference method is applied.
Abdusalam [17] proposed an analytic and approximate method for Nagumo telegraph reaction–
diffusion equation. Baronas et al. [18] established the finite difference method for solving the
reaction–diffusion equations arising in modeling dynamics of amperometric biosensors in batch
and flow injection analysis.
The concept of Differential transform (DT) was first introduced by Zhou [7]. literatures showed
that Differential Transform method has been developed for solving various kinds of differential
and integral equations. For example, In [8] Chen developed constant and variable coefficients of
partial differential equations, Linear differential algebraic equations (Ayaz, [9]), integro-
differential equations with boundary value conditions (Arikoglu and Ozkol,[10]), Volterra
integral equations with separable kernels (Odibat, [11]),system of the two-dimensional nonlinear
Volterra integro-differential equations (Tari and Shahmorad ,[12]), systems of integral and
integro-differential equations (Erturk et al.,[13]), the multi-order fractional differential equations
(Erturk and Momani, [14]), the systems of fractional differential equations (Dogan et al., [15]),
the singularly perturbed Volterra integral equations and the time-fraction diffusion equation
(Cetinkaya and Kimaz, [16]).
The Differential transform method used to obtained an analytic solution in the form of
polynomial. It is different from the traditional high order Taylors series method, which requires
symbolic competition of the necessary derivatives of the data functions. The Taylor series
method is computationally taken long time for large orders. With Differential transform method,
it is possible to obtain highly accurate results or exact solutions for differential equations.
Recently, this method has been successfully employed to solve many types of nonlinear
problems in science and engineering [19,20].
The key benefit of DTM is that it can be applied explicitly to the problem without the need for
any linearization, perturbation, or discretization. Moreover, it provides more accurate or exact
solutions. This project investigates for the applicability and effectiveness of differential
transform method for solving nonlinear diffusion type equations, particularly advection-diffusion
and reaction-diffusion equations.

1.2 Nonlinear Diffusion Equation

A nonlinear partial differential equation is a partial differential equation with nonlinear terms.
Nonlinear partial differential equations are the most fundamental models in studying nonlinear
phenomena [21].

The heat equation is one of the most famous parabolic partial differential equations. It has great
importance not only in physics but also in many other fields. The heat-like equation can be a
mathematical modeling for temperature changes of the composite materials. The heat-like
equations can be found in a wide variety of engineering and scientific applications.

In recent years, numerous works have focused on the development of more advanced and
efficient methods for solving heat-like equations such as the Adomian decomposition method
[22], variational iteration method [23] and the Adomian decomposition sumudu transform
method [24].

The general Advection-reaction-diffusion equation is given by

= ( ( ) ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( , ), =( , ,⋯ ) ℝ , ≥ 0, (1.1)

where = ( , ) is the unknown function and ( ), ( ) and ( ) are arbitrary smooth

functions. Depending on the types of functions ( ), ( ) and ( ),it can be classified us linear
and nonlinear diffusion equations.

There are several well-known nonlinear diffusion equations, which are applicable in different
disciplines.
The Advection-diffusion equation is a combination of the diffusion and advection (convection)
equations, and describes physical phenomena where particles, energy, or other physical
quantities are transferred inside a physical system due to two processes: diffusion and advection
[25]. Depending on the context, the same equation can be called the convection-diffusion
equation.

The one dimensional version of equation(1.1) is given by:

=( ( ) ) − ( ) + ( ), (1.2)

where

ß u is the variable of interest,

ß A(u) is the diffusivity (also called diffusion coefficient),

ß B(u) is the velocity field that the quantity is moving with,

ß C(u) is a source or sink of the quantity ,

ß is concentration gradient.

The right-hand side of the equation (1.2) is the sum of three contributions.

ß ( ) describes diffusion.
ß − ( ) describes convection or advection.
ß ( ) describes the creation (source) or destruction (sink) of the quantity.

An equation (1.2) with no C(u) term is called one dimensional advection –diffusion equation. In
particular, when we choose ( ) = , ( ) = and ( ) = 0, we have a well-known
equation called Burger’s equation.

+ = , ∈ ℝ , > 0, (1.3)

where and are positive constants.

Another diffusion type equation is Reaction–diffusion equations which are useful in many
areas of science and engineering. In applications, the reaction term model growth and the
diffusion term accounts for migration.

These equations used to describe the behaviour of a large range of chemical processes where
diffusion of material competes with the production of that material by some form of chemical
reaction [26]. Equation(1.2) with out advection term is called reaction diffusion equation given
by

= + ( ), (1.4)
where is the diffusion coefficient, and ( ) is a nonlinear function representing reaction term.
Inparticular, if ( ) = (1 − ),we have a well-known Reaction equation called Fisher's
equation.
= + (1 − ), (1.5)
This equation used to describe the spreading of biological populations.

1.3 Differential Transform

In this section, we discuss the definition and properties of differential transform of differentiable
functions.

Jang et.al stated that the differential transform is an iterative technique for obtaining Taylor
series solutions of differential equations. Although, the Taylor series method requires more
computational work for large orders, the present method reduces the size of computational
domain and is applicable to many problems easily [29].

Definition 1.3.1 The one-dimensional differential transform of the kth differentiable function
( ) at = is defined by

1 ( )
( )= , (1.6)
!

where ( ) is the original function and ( ) is the transformed function. The corresponding
inverse transform is defined by
 ( )= ( )( − ) (1.7)

Substituting (1.7) into (1.6), it can be obtained as

1 ( )
( )= ( − ) .
!

Using one-dimensional differential transform, a differential equation in the domain of interest

can be transformed to an algebraic equation

Definition 1.3.2 For analytic and continuously differentiable function ( , ) in the domain of
interest, the two-dimensional differential transform(TDDT) at ( , ) is given by

1 ( , )
( , )= , (1.8)
! ! ( , ) ( , )

where ( , ) is the original function and ( , ) is the transformed function, which is also
called the T-function. The corresponding inverse transform of ( , ) is defined as

( , )= ( , )( − ) ( − ) . (1.9)

From (1.8) and (1.9), it can be concluded that

1 ( , )
( , )= ( − ) ( − ) . (1.10)
! ! ( , ) ( , )

In general, the n-dimensional differential transform of the function ( , ,⋯, ) at

( , ⋯ ) is given by

1 ( , ,⋯ )
( , ,⋯ )=
! !⋯ ! ⋯ ( , ⋯ ) ( , ⋯ )

where
 ß = + +⋯+ ,
ß ( , ⋯ ) is the original function,
ß ( , ,⋯ ) is the transformed function.

The corresponding inverse transform of ( , ,⋯, ) is defined as

( , ⋯ )= ⋯ ( , ,⋯ )( − ) ( − ) ⋯( − ) .

1.4 properties of Differential Transform

The main fundamental properties of the two dimensional differential transform are given below.
One can similarly extend the property for multi-dimensional differential transforms.

Let ( , ) and ( , ) be functions whose differential transform are given by ( , ℎ) and

( , ℎ).for constants and , we have the following properties.

Property 1: Linearity

If ( , )= ( , )± ( , ), then ( , ℎ) = ( , ℎ) ± ( , ℎ)

Proof: Suppose ( , )= ( , )± ( , ) , then by definition of differential transform

1 ( , ) 1 ( ( , )± ( , ))
( , ℎ) = =
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )

By property of derivatives

1 ( , ) ( , )
( , ℎ) = ±
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )

( , ) ( , )
= ±
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )

Therefore,

( , ℎ) = ( , ℎ) ± ( , ℎ).
Property 2: Differential Transform of derivatives

( , )
If ( , )= then,

( )!( )!
( , ℎ) = ( + ,ℎ + )
! !

( , )
Proof: Suppose ( , )= then, by definition of DT

1 ( , )
( , ℎ) =
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )

( , )
1
=
! ℎ!
( , ) ( , )

( ) ( )
1 ( , )
= ( ) ( )
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )

( + )! (ℎ + )!
= ( + ,ℎ + )
! ℎ!

Therefor

( + )! (ℎ + )!
( , ℎ) = ( + ,ℎ+ )
! ℎ!

Property 3: Differential transform of product

If ( , ) = ( , ) ( , ) then,
ℎ
( , ℎ) = ( , ℎ − ) ( − , ).
=0 =0

Proof: By definition, we have

1 ( , ) ( , )
( , ℎ) =
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )
 1 ( , ) ( , )
= ( , ) + ( , )
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )

(0,0) = [ ( , ) ( , )]( , ) = (0,0) (0,0)

1 ( , ) ( , )
(1,0) = ( , ) + ( , )
1! 0! ( , ) ( , )

= (1,0) (0,0) + (0,0) (1,0),

1 ( , ) ( , )
(2,0) = = (2,0) (0,0) + (1,0) (1,0) + (0,0) (2,0),
2! 0! ( , ) ( , )

(0,1) = (0,1) (0,0) + (0,0) (0,1),

(1,1) = (1,1) (0,0) + (1,0) (0,1) + (0,1) (1,0) + (0,0) (1,1),

(0,2) = (0,2) (0,0) + (0,1) (0,1) + (0,0) (0,2),

(1,2) = (1,2) (0,0) + (1,1) (0,1) + (1,0) (0,2) + (0,2) (1,0) + (0,1) (1,1)
+ (0,0) (1,2),

In general, we have

ℎ
( , ℎ) = ( , ℎ − ) ( − , ).
=0 =0

Property 4: Differential transform of polynomial

If ( , )= then,

( , ℎ) = ( − ) (ℎ − ),

where
1, = ℎ=
( − ) (ℎ − ) = .
0, ℎ

Proof: By definition, we have

 1 ( , )
( , ℎ) = ,
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )

1 ( )
=
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )

1 1
=
! ℎ!

= ( − ) (ℎ − ),

where

1, = 1, ℎ =
( − )= and (ℎ − ) =
0, ≠ 0 ℎ≠

Therefor

( , ℎ) = ( − ) (ℎ − ),

where
1, = and ℎ =
( − ) (ℎ − ) =
0, ≠ and ℎ ≠

Property 5: Differential transform of exponential functions

If ( , )= then,

( , ℎ) = .
! ℎ!
Proof: By definition, we have

1 ( , )
( , ℎ) =
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )

1
=
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )

1
=
! ℎ!
 =
! ℎ!
Therefor

( , ℎ) =
! ℎ!
Property 6: Differential transform of Trigonometric functions

If ( , )= sin( + ) then,

ℎ
( , ℎ) = ( − ) sin + .
ℎ! 2
Proof: By definition, we have

1 ( , )
( , ℎ) =
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )

1 sin( + )
=
! ℎ! ( , ) ( , )

1 1 sin( + )
=
! ℎ!

ℎ
= ( − ) sin +
ℎ! 2

Therefore

ℎ
( , ℎ) = ( − ) sin +
ℎ! 2
 CHAPTER TWO

APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORM METHOD

2.1. Introduction
In this chapter, the Differential Transform method will be applied to solve the nonlinear
diffusion equations, which arise in describing many problems of engineering and physics. We
consider well-known diffusion like equation; namely, advection-diffusion equation, reaction-
diffusion equation and advection- reaction-diffusion equation.

The Differential transform, whose definition and properties are presented in the first chapter
plays great roles in solving different initial value problems of differential equations. The
concept of differential transform method has been introduced to solve linear and nonlinear initial
value problems in electric circuit analysis. The differential transform method (DTM) is a semi-
numerical–analytic technique that formalizes the Taylor series in a totally different manner. The
Taylor series method is computationally time-consuming for large orders. With this technique,
the given partial differential equation and related initial conditions are transformed into a
recurrence equation, that finally leads to the solution of a system of algebraic equations as
coefficients of a power series solution[27,28].

2.2. Description of the Method

The differential transform method is an iterative procedure for obtaining Taylor series solution of
differential equation; it is known that Taylor series method undergo heavy computational
procedure for higher orders. As mentioned previously, by applying differential transform we
convert the equation (1.1) to a system of algebraic equations, whose unknowns are the
differential transforms of the solution of equation, ( , ℎ). The process can be described as
follows.

Consider nonlinear one-dimensional advection-reaction-diffusion equation,

=( ( ) ) + ( ) + ( ) + ( , ), (2.1)

subject to the initial conditions

( , 0) = ( ) (2.2)
 Step 1: Apply the Differential Transform to both sides of (2.2) gives

( , 0) = ( ), (2.3)

where

( ) is differential transform of ( ) at = 0.

Step 2: By applying the Differential Transform to both sides of (2.1) and rearranging terms, we
obtain a recurrence formula for the unknown ( , ℎ).That is

(ℎ + 1) ( , ℎ + 1) = ( , ℎ) + ( , ℎ) + ( , ℎ) + ( , ℎ) (2.4)

where

, , and are differential transform of ( ( ) ) , ( ) , ( ) and ( , )

respectively.

Step 3:Use the transformed initial conditions (2.3)and the recurrence formula (2.4)to determine
the unknown ( , ℎ) for some , ℎ = 0,1,2, … ,

Step 4: Use the Differential invers transform formula (1.9) to obtain an approximation solution
( , ) as

( , )= ( , ℎ) .

2.3 Application of the method

In this subsection, we consider some initial value problems of well-known advection-diffusion;

reaction-diffusion and advection-reaction-diffusion equations in order to demonstrate the
effectiveness of differential transform method. We employ two dimensional differential
transform (TDDT) to solve these equations with the appropriate initial conditions.

2.3.1 Solving Advection-Diffusion Equation

The Advection–diffusion equation describes the flow of heat, particles, or other physical
quantities in situations where there is both diffusion and convection or advection. Problems
involving diffusion-advection equations arise in many domains of Science. Properties of
Differential transform stated in subsection 1.4 play an important role in solving nonlinear
advection-diffusion type Burger’s equation.

Consider advection-diffusion type one-dimensional Burger’s equation

+ − = ( , ), 0≤ ≤ 1, > 0, (2.5)

subject to the initial condition:

( , 0) = ( ), 0≤ ≤ 1. (2.6)

Applying differential transform to (2.5) and (2.6) gives

⎧ ⎡ ( + 2)! ⎤
( + 2, ℎ)
⎪
⎪ 1 ⎢ ! ⎥
( , ℎ + 1) = ⎢ ⎥
ℎ + 1⎢ ⎥ (2.7)
⎨ ⎢− ( − + 1) ( , ℎ − ) ( − + 1, + ⎥
⎪
⎪ ⎣ ⎦
⎩ ( , 0) = ( )

where

( , ℎ), and ( ) are differential transform of ( , ), g(x, t) and ( ) respectively.

I If ( ) = 2 and ( , ) = 0, then the problem (2.5)-(2.6) becomes

+ − =0
( , 0) = ( ) = 2

Taking differential transform to the initial condition, we get

( , 0) = ( ) = 2 ( − 1)

2, =1
= (2.8)
0, ≠1

Then for , ℎ = 0,1,2, … , , and from the recurrence formula (2.7), we get
 ( + 2)!
( , 1) = ( + 2,0) − ( − + 1) ( , 0) ( − + 1,0)
!

−4 , =1
=
0, ≠1

( + 2)!
⎡ ( + 2,1) ⎤
1⎢ ! ⎥
( , 2) = ⎢ ⎥
2
⎢− ( − + 1) ( , 1 − ) ( − + 1, )⎥
⎣ ⎦

8 , =1
=
0, ≠1

( + 2)!
⎡ ( + 2,2) ⎤
1⎢ ! ⎥
( , 3) = ⎢ ⎥
3
⎢− ( − + 1) ( , 2 − ) ( − + 1, )⎥
⎣ ⎦

−16 , =1
=
0, ≠1

In the same manner, the rest of the components were obtained by using the recursive formula
of (2.7).

( )
( , ℎ) = (−1) 2 , =1
0, otherwise

Substituting the above quantities in (1.9) at = = 0, the approximation solution is given by

( , )= ( , ℎ) = (1, ℎ)

= (−1) 2( )

( , )=2 −4 +8 − 16 + 32 −⋯

( , ) = 2 (1 − 2 +4 −8 + 16 − ⋯)
 =2 (−2 )

This is a geometric series with first term 1, and common ratio −2 . Therefore, the exact
solution in closed form is given by

2 −1
( , )= , ≠ .
1+2 2

II If ( , ) = , then the problem (2.5)-(2.6) becomes

+ − =
, (2.9)
( , 0) = ( ) = 2

Taking differential transform to (2.9), we get

( , ℎ + 1)

⎡ ( + 2)! ⎤
( + 2, ℎ)
1 ⎢ ! ⎥
= ⎢ ⎥ , (2.10)
ℎ + 1⎢ ⎥
⎢− ( − + 1) ( , ℎ − ) ( − + 1, + ( − 1) (ℎ − 1)⎥
⎣ ⎦

Then for , ℎ = 0,1,2, … , , and from the recurrence formula (2.10), we get

( + 2)!
( , 1) = ( + 2,0)
!

− ( − + 1) ( , 0) ( − + 1,0) + ( − 1) (ℎ − 1)

−4 , =1 ℎ≠1
=
0, otherwise

( + 2)!
⎡ ( + 2,1) ⎤
1⎢ ! ⎥
( , 2) = ⎢ ⎥
2
⎢− ( − + 1) ( , 1 − ) ( − + 1, ) + ( − 1) (ℎ − 1)⎥
⎣ ⎦
 ( + 2)!
⎡ ( + 2,1) ⎤
1⎢ ! ⎥
( , 2) = ⎢ ⎥
2
⎢− ( − + 1) ( , 1 − ) ( − + 1, ) + ( − 1) (ℎ − 1)⎥
⎣ ⎦

8 + 1, = 1, ℎ = 1
=
0, ≠1

( + 2)!
⎡ ( + 2,2) ⎤
1⎢ ! ⎥
( , 3) = ⎢ ⎥
3
⎢− ( − + 1) ( , 2 − ) ( − + 1, ) + ( − 1) (ℎ − 1)⎥
⎣ ⎦

−16 , = 1, ℎ ≠ 1
=
0, otherwise

In the same manner, the rest of the components were obtained by using the recursive formula
of (2.10).

Substituting the above quantities in (1.9) at = = 0, the approximation solution is given by

( , )= ( , ℎ)

( , ) =2 −4 + (8 + 1) − 16 + 32 −⋯

= + 2 (1 − 2 +4 −8 + 16 − ⋯)

From I, we get

2
2 (1 − 2 +4 −8 + 16 −⋯) =
1+2

Therefore, the exact solution becomes

2 −1
( , )= + , ≠
1+2 2
2.3.2 Solving Reaction-Diffusion equations
A reaction-diffusion equation comprises a reaction term and a diffusion term. In this section, we
consider some initial value problem for nonlinear reaction-diffusion type Fishers equation in
order to show the application of differential transform method.

Consider Reaction-Diffusion type generalized Fisher’s equation:

= ( ) + (1 − ) + ( , ), (2.11)

subject to initial condition

( , 0) = ( ), 0≤ ≤ 1. (2.12)

Using differential transform on both sides of (2.11) and (2.12), we get

1
( , ℎ + 1) = + ( , ℎ) − ( ,ℎ − ) ( − , ) + , (2.13)
ℎ+1

( , 0) = ( ),

Where ( , ℎ), , and ( ) are the differential transform of ( , ), ( ) ( ) ,

( , ) and ( ) respectively.

I. If ( ) = , ( , ) = 0 and ( ) = 2 , then the problem (2.11)-(2.12) becomes

= + (1 − ),
(2.14)
( , 0) = 2

Taking differential transform to the initial condition, we get

( , 0) = 2 ( − 1)

2, =1
= (2.15)
0, ≠1

By virtue of (2.13), we have

⎡ ( − + 2)!
( , ℎ − ) ( − + 2, )⎤
1 ⎢ ( − )! ⎥
( , ℎ + 1) = ⎢ ⎥ (2.16)
ℎ + 1⎢ ⎥
⎢+ ( , ℎ) − ( ,ℎ − ) ( − , ) ⎥
⎣ ⎦
For , ℎ = 0,1,2, … , , from (2.16),we get

(0,1) = 2 (0,0) (2,0) + (0,0) − (0,0) (0,0) = 0

(1,1) = 6 (0,0) (3,0) + 2 (1,0) (2,0) + (1,0) − 2 (0,0) = 2

(2,1) = 12 (0,0) (4,0) + 6 (1,0) (3,0) + 2 (2,0) (2,0) + (2,0) − (2 (0,0) (2,0)
+ (1,0) (1,0)) = −4

(3,1) = 20 (0,0) (5,0) + 12 (1,0) (4,0) + 8 (2,0) (3,0) + (3,0) − 2 (0,0) (3,0)
− 2 (1,0) (2,0) = 0

1
(0,2) = (2 (0,0) (2,1) + 2 (0,1) (2,0) + (0,1) − 2 (0,0) (0,1)) = 0
2

1
(1,2) = (6[ (0,0) (3,1) + (0,1) (3,0)] + 2[ (1,1) (2,0) + (1,0) (2,1)] + (1,1)
2
− 2 [ (0,1) (1,0) + (0,0) (1,1)]) = −8

In the same manner, the rest of the components were obtained by using the recursive formula
of (2.16).

Substituting the above quantities in (1.9) at = = 0, the approximation solution is given by

( , )= ( , ℎ)

Therefore,

( , )=2 +2 −4 +( −8 ) + ⋯.

II. If ( , ) = sin( ), then the problem (2.11)-(2.12) becomes

= + (1 − ) + sin( )
, (2.17)
( , 0) = 2
Taking differential transform to (2.17), we get

( , ℎ + 1)

⎡ ( − + 2)! ⎤
( , ℎ − ) ( − + 2, )
1 ⎢ ( − )! ⎥
= ⎢ ⎥, (2.18)
ℎ + 1⎢ 1 ℎ ⎥
⎢+ ( , ℎ) − ( ,ℎ − ) ( − , )+ ( − 1) sin ⎥
⎣ ℎ! 2 ⎦

Then for , ℎ = 0,1,2, … , , and from the recurrence formula (2.18), we get

(0,1) = 2 (0,0) (2,0) + (0,0) − (0,0) (0,0) = 0

(1,1) = 6 (0,0) (3,0) + 2 (1,0) (2,0) + (1,0) − 2 (0,0) = 2

(2,1) = 12 (0,0) (4,0) + 6 (1,0) (3,0) + 2 (2,0) (2,0) + (2,0) − (2 (0,0) (2,0)
+ (1,0) (1,0)) = −4

(3,1) = 20 (0,0) (5,0) + 12 (1,0) (4,0) + 8 (2,0) (3,0) + (3,0) − 2 (0,0) (3,0)
− 2 (1,0) (2,0) = 0

1
(0,2) = (2 (0,0) (2,1) + 2 (0,1) (2,0) + (0,1) − 2 (0,0) (0,1)) = 0
2

1
(1,2) = (6[ (0,0) (3,1) + (0,1) (3,0)] + 2[ (1,1) (2,0) + (1,0) (2,1)] + (1,1)
2
− 2 [ (0,1) (1,0) + (0,0) (1,1)]) = −8 +1

In the same manner, the rest of the components were obtained by using the recursive formula
of (2.18).

Substituting the above quantities in (1.9) at = = 0, the approximation solution is given by

( , )= ( , ℎ)
Therefore,

( , )=2 +2 −4 +( − 8 + 1) + ⋯.

2.3.3 Solving Advection-Reaction-Diffusion Equations

Reaction-diffusion-advection equations are PDE models. That are used to represent the evolution
of a substance (e.g., a drug) in a medium described by spatial coordinates involving privileged
transport (or advection) according to a physical or chemical force represented by a velocity
vector, diffusion, that is, random motion of the substance molecules in the medium, and reaction
(e.g., chemical) with other constituents present in the medium represented by source or loss
terms in the equations.

Consider one-dimensional Advection-Reaction-Diffusion type equation

=( ( ) ) − ( ) + ( ) + ( , ), (2.19)

subject to initial condition

( , 0) = ( ), 0≤ ≤1 (2.20)

Using differential transform on both sides of (2.19) and (2.20), we get

1
( , ℎ + 1) = − + + , (2.21)
ℎ+1
( , 0) = ( ). (2.22)

where ( , ℎ), , , , and ( ) are the differential transform of ( , ), ( ( ) ) ,

( ) , ( ), and ( , ) respectively.

I If ( ) = 1, ( ) = , ( ) = (1 − ), ( , ) = 0 and ( ) = , then the problem

(2.19)-(2.20) becomes

= + + ( − )
, (2.23)
( , 0) =

Taking differential transform to the initial condition, we get

1
( , 0) = .
!
By virtue of (2.21), we have

( , ℎ + 1)

( + 2)!
( + 2, ℎ) + ( − + 1) ( , ℎ − ) ( − + 1, )
1 ⎛ ! ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ (2.24)
(ℎ + 1) ⎜ ⎟
+ ( , ℎ) − ( ,ℎ− ) ( − , )
⎝ ⎠

For , ℎ = 0,1,2, … , , from (2.24),we get

(0,1) = 2 (2,0) + (0,0) (1,0) + (0,0) − (0.0) (0,0) = 2

(1,1) = 6 (3,0) + 2 (0,0) (2,0) + (1,0) (1,0) + (1,0) − 2 (0,0) (1,0) = 2

(2,1) = 12 (4,0) + 3 (0,0) (3,0) + 2 (1,0) (2,0) + (2,0) (1,0) + (2,0)

3
− (0,0) (2,0) − (1,0) (1,0) =
2

1
(0,2) = 2 (2,1) + (0,1) (1,0) + (0,0) (1,1) + (0,1) − 2 (0,1) (0,0) = 3
2

1
(1,2) = (12 (3,1) + 2 (0,0) (2,1) + 2 (1,1) (1,0) + (1,1) − 2 (0,1) (1,0)
2
7
− 2 (0,0) (1,1)) =
2

In the same manner, the rest of the components were obtained by using the recursive formula
of (2.24).

Substituting the above quantities in (1.9) at = = 0, the approximation solution is given by

( , )= ( , ℎ)

3 7
( , ) =1+2 +3 +2 + + +⋯
2 2
II. If ( , ) = , then the problem (2.19)-(2.20) becomes

= + + ( − )+
, (2.25)
( , 0) =

Taking differential transform to (2.25), we get

( , ℎ + 1)

( + 2)!
( + 2, ℎ) + ( − + 1) ( , ℎ − ) ( − + 1, )
1 ⎛ ! ⎞
= ⎜ ⎟ (2.26)
(ℎ + 1) ⎜ ⎟
+ ( , ℎ) − ( , ℎ − ) ( − , ) + (ℎ − 1)
⎝ ⎠

For , ℎ = 0,1,2, … , , from (2.26), we get

(0,1) = 2 (2,0) + (0,0) (1,0) + (0,0) − (0.0) (0,0) = 2

(1,1) = 6 (3,0) + 2 (0,0) (2,0) + (1,0) (1,0) + (1,0) − 2 (0,0) (1,0) = 2

(2,1) = 12 (4,0) + 3 (0,0) (3,0) + 2 (1,0) (2,0) + (2,0) (1,0) + (2,0)

3
− (0,0) (2,0) − (1,0) (1,0) =
2

1
(0,2) = (2 (2,1) + (0,1) (1,0) + (0,0) (1,1) + (0,1) − 2 (0,1) (0,0) + 1) = 4
2

1
(1,2) = (12 (3,1) + 2 (0,0) (2,1) + 2 (1,1) (1,0) + (1,1) − 2 (0,1) (1,0)
2
9
− 2 (0,0) (1,1) + 1) =
2

In the same manner, the rest of the components were obtained by using the recursive formula
of (2.26).

Substituting the above quantities in (1.9) at = = 0, the approximation solution is given by

 ( , )= ( , ℎ)

3 9
( , ) =1+2 +4 +2 + + +⋯
2 2
 SUMMARY
In this project, we have shown applications of the differential transform method for solving
nonlinear diffusion like equations. This method is better than numerical methods, since it is free
from rounding off error, and does not require large computer power. Therefore, this method can
be applied to many nonlinear differential equations without linearization, discretization or
perturbation.
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