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Control Equipment For MV Capacitor Banks
Control Equipment For MV Capacitor Banks
control
equipment for MV
capacitor banks
Denis Koch
summary
fig. 1
electrical switch-on There are two possible cases: a single The closing peak current is given by:
bank and a bank divided into several
phenomena capacitors to be switched indepen- Ie = U 2 C = Icapa x 2 Scc
Switching-on a bank of capacitors dently to the supply system. 3 Lo Q
which is connected in parallel to the
Single capacitor banks (see fig. 6)
network causes transient phenomena Scc: short circuit power of the source in
resulting from bank charging. Note: L ≤ Lo MVA at the connection point
As far as the current is concerned, the L is thus ignored with respect to Lo in Q: capacitor power rating in MVAr.
oscillating load provokes an overcurrent the following calculations.
with an amplitude which is a function of The switching-on of an isolated bank
the network and bank characteristics. in a network (wiring diagram with
At the point of consideration, switching- current and voltage curves showing
on is equivalent in practical terms to the the inrush current and the over-
setting up of a short circuit with short voltages on supply side and load side
duration (high frequency in relation to which follow closing) is shown in figure
the network frequency). 7.
From the voltage side, the load is The inherent oscillation frequency is
followed by the propagation of a shock 1
wave. These transient phenomena fe =
depend on network characteristics and 2 π Lo C
on the timing of contact closing or The overvoltages supply side and load
prestrike. side are equal to: SA = SB = 2 p.u. fig. 6
fig. 7
fig. 9
fig. 11
problems involved
The main problems concerning the
switchgear are:
Inrush current
■ at nominal frequency (50 or 60 Hz),
fig. 14
the circuit breaker has not to respond to
the peak value of the current during the
prestrike period (< 3 ms). overload factor of 30 % (corresponding It is thus the value of this peak current
■ at a frequency of about 1 kHz, the to n = 5 and x = 17 %). and the number of operations which
circuit breaker has to withstand a series If In is the rated nominal current of the must be considered with respect to
of current peaks during the prestrike. switchgear, the maximum capacitive electrical endurance. Good electrical
This indicates that contact wear is current which can be carried at 50 Hz, endurance is obtained by using tungsten
much bigger at higher frequencies than is thus Icapa = 0.7 In. alloys at the arcing contacts extremities,
at nominal frequency, for an equivalent and using SF6 with activated alumina, to
current. In (A) Icapa (A) limit the rate of gas decomposition
Breaking during breaking to negligible values.
630 400 The robustness and the mechanical
The principal phenomena involved are
described in the paragraph "Electrical 1,250 875 simplicity of the switchgear allow, in
switch off phenomena" (essentially a general, 5 times more operations than
2,500 1,750 required by standards IEC 56. 1987, i.e.
dielectric problem: be careful on
restrikes). 3,150 2,200 10,000 operations.
In addition, in case the protection The entire MG switchgear range is
function must be ensured, the stresses Mechanical endurance capable of operating capacitor banks in
related to the short circuit breaking Switching and protecting capacitor compliance with IEC and ANSI
must also be considered. banks occur several times a day, there- standards. Performance data are given
fore good electrical and mechanical in the technical leaflets. As an example,
Overloading due to harmonics endurance are also required for some characteristics are given (valid in
Generators and receivers in which the switchgear. 1988) for circuit breakers, contactors
magnetic circuits are saturated (static
converters) cause voltage wave and MV switches in appendix 1.
distorsions, resulting in significant Merlin Gerin solutions
current harmonics, since in the case of In response to all these problems
capacitors, current I is proportional to standards
Merlin Gerin has chosen the SF6
the frequency, i.e. for the harmonic breaking technique. The dielectric rigidity IEC standards
rank n, of relative value x. % of this gas being much higher at equal Standards 56. 1987 specifies the test
I = UCn ω = I 50 Hz 1 + (n x) 2 pressure than most of those known, the methods for closing and breaking
capacitive current breaking is ensured capacitive currents. Two supply circuits
with U = U 50 Hz 1 + x2 without restrikes and at a relatively low are described.
pressure of SF6 (≤ 2.5 bar). The opening ■ circuit A: impedance such as the short
The overload factor is dielectric witthstand is not related to the circuit current does not exceed 10 % of
previous closing current peak. Closing the cirucit current is of the same order as
1 + (n x) 2 2
≈ 1 + x2 n - 1 operation brings inrush current which is the circuit breaker nominal short circuit.
1+ x2 2 the main cause of contact wear (wear ■ circuit B: impedance such as the short
Standards UTE 127, C54.100, CEI 70, during opening is negligible) because this circuit current is of the same order as the
CEI 871 for capacitors, indicate an inrush current occurs at each operation. circuit breaker's nominal short circuit.
All updated characteristics are given in - 1,000 single phase closing at 20 kAp
the technical specifications. under 2.5 kHz that is 2,000 in three
A summary is given here (valid in phase.
1992). Volta report AR 113 A.
■ FB4
Some test references
- 4,500 single phase closing at 10 kAp
■ electrical closing endurance
■ IFB4
under 4.1 kHz that is about 2,000 in
- EDF standard for capacitor banks of three phase.
4.8 MVAr switch. Volta report E74.
- 10,000 closing and opening under ■ VM6
23 kV with closing current: 11.5 kAp, - 4,000 closing/opening under 25 kV
oscillation frequency 3.4 kHz and - closing 8 kAp; opening 100 A.
opening current: 160 A. EDF report HM 51-07-929.
- 10,000 closing and opening unloaded. ■ Other tests closing/opening
EDF report HM 51-02-201. ■ FG3
■ FG1 at 24 kV single phase voltage, closing
- 700 single phase closing at 25 kAp 15 kAp under 2.5 kHz and 880 A
under 2 kHz that is 1,400 in three opening.
phase. CESI-GPS 1540 report.
oscillation frequency fe = 1 fe = 1
2 π Lo C 2π l C
max. bank peak Imax. peak bank = 100 Icapa Imax. peak bank = 100 Icapa
Icapa Icapa
switchgear nominal Inominal ≥ Inominal ≥
endurance 0.7 0.7
surge inductance generally, surge induct not reqd generally, surge induct reqd
overvoltage (unless Scc high and Q low)
6 2Q 2 6 Q
L ≥ 10 ( - U ) L ≥ 2 . 10 ( n ) x 1
2
surge inductance
ω 3 (Imax. peak) 2 Scc 3 ω n+1 (Imax. peak) 2
calculations L
Standards
IEC 56, 1987
UTE C64 102 and C64 132
ANSI C37-073-1972 and
C37-073-1972
Merlin Gerin's "Cahiers Techniques"
■ Economic optimization of capacitor
banks.
(Optimisation économique des
batteries de condensateurs).
Cahier Technique n° 100
(C.G. POUZOLS)
■ Contactor-fuse combinations for the
protection of high voltage receivers -
2nd part - The case of capacitors and
transformers.
(Association contacteurs - Coupe
circuit pour la commande et la
protection des récepteurs haute
tension - 2e partie - Cas des conden-
sateurs et des transformateurs).
Cahier Technique n° 108
(SAPUTO)
Publications
■ Revue Generale de l'Electricité
(General review of Electricity)
October 1958:
Switching and protection switchgear for
capacitor banks in a medium voltage
network.
(L'appareillage de manœuvre et de
protection pour les batteries de
condensateurs sur un réseau MT).
■ Merger Magazine Number 43-
Switching on and off capacitor banks,
pages: 1 to 21.
(Enclenchement et déclenchement
des batteries de condensateurs,
p. 1 à 21).
DUCLUZAUX-HENNEBERT
■ Electra Number 62
Circuit-breaker stresses when swit-
ching back-to-back capacitor banks.
(Contraintes sur les disjoncteurs des
batteries de condensateurs couplées
"dos à dos" lors des manœuvres).
■ Electra Number 87
Requirements for capacitive current
switching tests employing synthetic test
circuits for circuit-breakers without
shunt resistors.