Muslim Women and Human Rights

MUSLIM WOMEN AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Author(s): Nirmala Singh and Rahil Ahmed

Source: The Indian Journal of Political Science , Jan. - March, 2012, Vol. 73, No. 1 (Jan.
- March, 2012), pp. 73-84
Published by: Indian Political Science Association
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The Indian Journal of Political Science
Vol. LXXIII, No. 1, Jan-March, 2012, pp. 73-84
MUSLIM WOMEN AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Nirmala Singh
Rahil Ahmed
Today the issue of human rights is of universal concern, the significance of human rights at one point undermines
their importance , at the same time, this very significance makes their concept controversial. Modern democratic
societies have declared fundamental rights of the people acceptable to all, but, in practice their implementation
depends upon economic, cultural and political circumstances, It is also true that today the concept of human
rights is based on the political, social and economic ideologies and beliefs of European countries.' The condition
of human rights has become an integral part of international behavior and relations and, as such, is unaware of
the concerns of human rights. In modern times of globalization and liberalization, the issue of human rights has
become political adjustment and an important target of international community of human rights, the concept of
human rights needs to be analyzed Human rights are much talked about subject today. As a concept, campaign
and political weapon it is comprehensive and that is why a matter of debate at all levels in international and
national forums. The issue of human rights is popular as well as complicated. It is popular because the system of
human rights has become primary need of the people and complicated because often, it is difficult to decide that
how to synchronise these rights with the equality and integrity of a nation and society. This question is not only
important but needs attention also. In 20th century, after First World War emphasis M'as given on efforts by the
institutions for safeguarding human rights. Accordingly, provisions were made in League of Nations and United
Nations Organization. In 1948, declaration of human rights provision universally, turned it into a campaign. In
this regard, declaration of many international provisions was time to time, made and arrangements were made at
national and international level for framing rules and regulations. With the passage of time, the question of human
rights was linked with democracy, constitutionalism, development and modernization.
Human Rights - An introduction time.2 Gradual process of evolution of

human rights leads to the conclusion that
In human societies there exist since time of old to present day there have
differences at different levels i.e. language,
been four basic elements of these rights,
colour, mental status and racial level etc., are as follows.
which
prejudice behavior has always prevailed
in human society at all levels. Besides,
Initiative for Women Rights at World
similarities do also exist. These similarities
Level
are human rights which are those rights
which an individual inherits since birthIn as
ancient times, women were not
human being. These are human nature and
supposed to be equal to man. Barring some
not blessings of any custom, tradition, law, the concept of women rights was
exception,
state, rules, parliament or any institution.
not existing. As democratic system gone
In fact human right starting from great
stronger universally, efforts of equal rights
Magnacarta (1215) to Writ of Rightto(1668),
women got momentum, equal before
declaration of independence of law,United
equal appointment opportunities in
States of America (1776) and declaration of
government services, freedom of thought,
French Human Rights (1 789), grew equality
strongerin decision making at all levels,
and more systematic with the passage ofof employment and rights in
freedom

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The Indian Journal of Political Science 74
Basic Elements of Human Rights
1 . All are equal by birth 2. All are equ
3. All must get freedom 4.0ne is innocen
property. Equality in food,

first living,
seminareducation
on women r
etc. women were not-only brought
in America equal
in 1 848. At pre
to men but, where ever necessary,
countries special
of the world exce
provisions were made to safeguard
countries, their
have accepted po
prestige. If we glance upon history
practical rights ofwewomen.
shall found that for justice and equality
An Acccount of Efforts Made For Wom
S.No Year
Founder of modem feminis
1 1 792 Britain Merry Woolston

dication of the Rights of W
In l
wom
2. 1857 America against poor living and exploitation on
March 8, 1857. Since than 8 March ev-
3 j Britain J.S. Mills book Subjection of Women
4 ] 890
5. 1
6 J9Q3 France Ma'am Curie of France became first
7 ¡pos America International Women Rights Alliance
3 19
9 1917 India Women Indian Association an associa-

154.59.124.208 on Sat, 04 Feb 2023 06:32:54 UTC
Muslim Women and Human Rights 75
10 ' 19]8 Britain Right to Vot

'
H ' 1920 Am
'
12.
13. 1946 At Interna
- General Body of UNO adopted a uni-

versal resolution on human rights on
14. 1948 At International level December 10, 1948. In many clauses of
this resolution women rights were taken
i
i 15. c i 1952 15.
no At * . International * , . . , level , , . ... . . . . F c
jg ' J 959 Sri Lanka Smt.

'
In Decembe
Council ado
tion on "Ci
17. 1966 UNO 'Economic, Social and Cultural rights.
These resolutions came into force in
1976. Many clauses of these resolutions
jg jQgg India Smt. Indira Gandhi became first women

Simon De
19. 1974 France President of Women Liberation Move-
UN G
20. 1975 UNO International Research and Training
21.
22 1975 UNO First universal women seminar was
23 ' i9gg Pakistan B

'
OA 9nr>7 inHio Smt. Pratibha Devi Singh Patii became

I 9nr>7 I inHio

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Women Human rights in right

to give the Indiaof: equity a
Indian culture is known for
Indian "YatraNaiyastu
women in the male
Pujyante Ramante Tatra Devta" means that
But what is the practicalit
where women is worshipped,
it by making god lives of
a perusal
there, worship means respect
position ofherein. Its
the women in
sum and substance is In
that
the where women
present is cons
Indian
respected, happiness an
and prosperity
anomaly abode
to this effect
there. Home, family hand
and society
women constitutes
are also given
only with women and Country
and equalityalso
andmakes
right of li
progress. A womanthe performs her duly
men under article 1
as daughter, sister, on
wifetheand mother
other handand
law re
she is goddess also. religion
But as Indian society
and community b
framed
is patriarchal society, which
women's tied in
share the w
properties, home, family and community
unavoidability of solemn
has only been 10-20 percent.
only on theOnly due
basis of re
to impact of this social
hand status of women,
the Indian women
they have been discriminated
fundamentalin economic
right of equ
and political fields also. Despite
alongwith theadopting
Indian men
the democratic systemof of governance,
being the
Indian women a
women practically are not having rights
hand, by bonding the Indi
similar to the men. religious
Their humanbond,rights
also deter
are violated and they have been
cultural exploited
and social limits f
economically and physically.
resulted into the partition
in Hindu women, Muslim w
Today India is the largest
women democratic and
and Persian women
secular country in the world
made which
law on provides
the name
liberty and equitydivided
based the
fundamental
Indians, made
rights to its citizens. Indian constitution
towards nationalism an
advocates equality fanatic
and opposes gender
communalism but
discrimination and of dissimilarity
independent of the also
India
gender based socialization but the idealism
religious tolerance and s
and morality of the Indian
more religion
firmness toand
the sp
culture, by combining the and
laws destiny of women
divided the wome
with the destiny of men, has propounded
Whether the
or not the specia
philosophy of the upliftment of women
Act 1955, Muslimwith
Women R
the upliftment of men
Actand
1986subjugation
are termedofas eff
women with the subjugation of men.
Indian Women In the
into the com
Indian Constitution, Notan special provision
only that, in
by passing t
article 15, 51 A (e) is S.C./S.T.
provided, Atrocities'
under whichAct,
there is a provision for taking
of the stern admonitio
women action
against every man whodiscriminated.
has frivol the chastity
The action w
and outraged die modesty
termedofaswomen.4 In in
punishable
this manner, Indian constitution undertakes
dignity and modesty of

154.59.124.208 on Sat, 04 Feb 2023 06:32:54 UTC
same action has been Need for Studies :

declared punishable
with regard to the women belonging to
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe. Today, It has become important that
complete analysis of women rights and
In this manner, in the process of political
appeasement, women chastity has been human rights would be done and important
rooked and got divided and communal, literature would be created, publicised,
caste related and religious distinctionideologically
has discussed and after marking
been created between the women itself. the possibilities of development of the
women in every sphere viz. political, social,
Indian Muslim Women and Society: economic and cultural, proper strategy
The population of the followers of Muslim would be made to ensure effective role
religion in India, largest democratic country of women in society. Today is an era of
of world, is about 1 5 crores at present, which democratic ruling system which requires
is third largest after Indonasia and Pakistan.5 dignified life for human beings, equitable
In India, Muslims are the second largest life for both men and women and equal
population after the Hindus and create a opportunities for progress and awakening
minority category. Such large population for them. Discussions and deliberations on
has its own problems. Economic, social human rights and women rights and analysis
and political backwardness is the identity of of various problems and solutions become
this section.6 Due to lack of education, this very important in today's ideological
section is struggling for its national identity. perspective. Provision of rights for building
Even after half century this section has an equitable progressive social system
inadequate representation in every field like by various politicians, policy makers and
government, non-government, education, general public and their sensitivity towards
medical and political etc. On the basis its implementation is very essential. Half of
of the recommendations made by Gopal population of India is illiterate and a big part
Singh Committee7 constituted in 1983 by of the literate population is also unaware of
government, the Muslims were declared as its rights. In such circumstances, righteous
Backward community by the Government system can only be applicable when there
which itself indicates their poor economic, would be awareness at every level.
social and political condition. The condition
of the women of this minority community In context to the human rights of Muslim
is very miserable in comparison to the women, one fact is also there that as Muslim
women of other minority communities society is completely male dominated,
and considerable point is that no sufficient Muslim women are facing comparatively
thinking has been done on this subject as more adverse circumstances then men for
yet.8 The condition of Muslim women is enjoying their human rights. There are
also not satisfactory in the social, economic many problems before them which deprived
fields also pausing serious problems in them the fundamental rights, like Purdah
various parts of the nation which is a serious custom, illiteracy, social separation stipend,
problem and a threat for both State and religious ties, conservative environment
society. and weak economic condition etc. Hence,
it is evident that in the present Muslim

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society, Muslim women are

oppressed, neglected, weakerbackward
sex, helpless in
condition. Women who represent half of
many respects. When, even a general Indian
woman is finding herself incapable
the population of India only 5 percent are to get
the Muslim it
her human rights then women.isDespite the rights
impossible to
even imagine about the civic
of secularism, human rights of
equality and liberty
the distressed Muslim women. Whatever conferred by the constitution of India, the
government and non-government efforts condition of Muslim women in India is not
have been made to provide rights to them
positive. This is the reason that even after
are lagging honesty behind and therefore
completion of 63 years of independence
these efforts have proved insufficient.9 Muslim women are facing many challenges
What sort of behaviour has been doneinby their community both as a citizen of India
Muslim society, religious scholars, patrons
and as a member of the largest minority
of law, order, rights and state institutions
community of India. Even today, economic,
with the Muslim women, who are socially, social and political backwardness is the
educationally, economically and politicallyidentity of this section. Muslim women
discarded section? Whether this behaviour, are struggling for their social and national
behind the screen, is commensurate with recognition only due to lack of education
and awareness. The condition of the women
the basic perception of the religion of Islam
and law of Sharia? Whether the behaviour of this minority community is worse in
with them is commensurate with the comparison to the women of other minority
Indian constitution, rules and directions?
communities. They neither cast their vote
Why we have not been able to give the nor give their judgment. 10 Most unfortunate
Indian Muslim women the rights which thing is that they cannot even realize their
have been acquired by the women of other loss. They even do not know that what
societies? Why they are not includedstatus in they have been given in Quran and
the mainstream of the nation. What shouldin the life of Prophet Mohammad Saheb.
be done by a responsible citizen, family,
This, is a tragic fact that Muslim women by
society, religious scholars, legal scholars,
considering it as their destiny have accepted
non-government organisations and Statetheirto condition and roles which have been
end their social, economical and political
assigned to them by the male dominant
exile and to include them in the mainstream
society. They do not have any knowledge
of the nation? All these are some burning
in this regard that whether they have any
questions and efforts should be made right or not. They do not have option that
to answer these questions in the presentif they don't want to do house hold work,
research paper. whether they can do some other work? India
is among those democratic countries in the
Condition of Muslim women in India: world which has given all the fundamental
An analysis rights to its all citizens irrespective on any
gender and religious discrimination but
Women can play an important role to despite of these constitutional provisions
make any nation and society progressive Indian Muslim women are deprived of
but in perspective of Indian Muslim their rights. Their social, economical and
society women mostly have remained in religious condition itself is the hindrance

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in the way of their progress and for

in their communities. this
One important reaso
of this is the
reason, they are unable toconservative
make their elaboration mad
by the
political and educational religious commendatory
development. Due wherea
to conservative traditions,
Quran Sharif Burka [Veil]
has bestowed many rights t
customs and lower the level of
Muslim education,
women, which are as under12
Indian Muslim women are unable to play
any satisfactory role 1 in
. The theright and duty society.
Indian to obtain education
Muslim women are having almost no rights
2. Themale
in comparison to their right tocounterpart.
have their own independen
property.
Human rights are still a distant thing for
them.
3. The right to work to earn money if they
need it or want it.
By discussing the condition of Muslim
women among other women, their condition
in brief can be expressed in the following 4. Equality of reward for equal deeds.
manner
5. The right to express their opinion and
be heard.
Muslimwomenarepoorestamongpoor,
educationally dispossessed, economi-
6. The right to provisions from the husband
cally weaker, socially infirm
for and
all her needs and more.
politically marginal group. 11
7. The right to negotiate marriage terms of
We have to see the condition of Muslim
her choice.
women in the Indian society with two point
of views. Firstly, we have to see that
8. Thewhat
right toisobtain divorce from her
the condition of Muslim women in Muslimhusband, even on the grounds that she
society? So far as first question is concerned,
simply can't stand him. (pis note that
it is appropriate to state in its reply that it is frowns upon divorce as a
God deeply
because of Muslim society. It is so because
solution unless there is hardly any other
alternative but it does not mean that
the Indian Muslim society has not undergone
any special changes within. No reform
men havein
more right to divorce their
their society has been carried out and wives
Muslimthan women do.)
Personal Law is existing from the last 60-
70 years without any changes in9.it.
TheThis
right isto keep all her own money
true that Muslim Personal Law gives(shesome
is not responsible to maintain any
relations).
rights to Muslim women but these are veiy
less in comparison to the men. In absence
of adequate rights, the women 1are 0. Thefacing
right to get sexual satisfaction from
her husband.
gender discrimination. Many bad customs
like Burqa [Veil] custom etc. does not allow
1 1have
their talent to blossom. They do not . Custody
theof their children after divorce.
status in even their own society which the

12. To refuse any marriage that does not
women of other communities are enjoying

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then, the issue of triple Talaaq should be

please them and more...
considered and opposed vehemently.
But when the Muslim women demands
for their rights community becomes Second question is that what is the
vociferous against them. They [women]position of Muslim women in the Indian
have been reminded about the restraints society? The point of view about Muslims
and given advise about not leaving the and Muslim women in India and entire
house unveiled. By giving conservative world is traditional and conservative
explanation of the Islam, the commendatorybecause the condition of Muslim women is
forgets or do not want to remember that Islamdiscussed with the Islamic point of view and
is the most modern and scientific religioninfact this point of view itself is not correct.
and the right which have been given by theThis is an incorrect aspect of the authors to
developing and modern states of today, forview the condition of the Muslim women
example right of marriage, right of divorce,
with the view point of what has been written
right maintenance, right of ancestral
in the Quran about them because when
property etc., these rights had already beenwe talk about women's right mentioned
given by Islam about 1400 years ago.13 in Quran Sharif, we give preference
Conservatives want even today the womento the conservative and old-fashioned
to remain confined to the surroundings ofcommentators whose expositions are taken
the house. They sense threat to Islam if
veiy seriously and the most important
Muslim women come out of their home. reason of it is illiteracy and poverty of the
Hence, this fact is undisputedly true that major part of Indian Muslim population and
there are shortage of social opportunities for
these conservative commentators have great
the Muslim women.14 reach and influence in this section of public.
Even if any progressive law [Shahbano
Another grievous issue which effects Case] is made, the government immediately
their social status is triple Talaaq (divorce)passes a parliamentary bill to repeal it.
which means that once the words Talaaq- All this happens only for the sake of vote
Talaaq-Talaaq are uttered it is established bank politics and actually there is no real
that divorce has taken place. It definitely has sympathiser for Muslim women.16 These
a direct impact on the status and condition conservatives do not have any influence on
of Muslim women. Mostly poor Muslimthe educated and progressive Muslims but
women become prey of this system and they have not been able to oppose them also
it puts a question mark on the concept of because they themselves are minority in a
social justice in the secular state of India.15minority. While talking about the condition
In respect of this Muslim divorce method, it of the women of their religion, religion is
has been made clear by various progressive not the centre point rather their condition is
Muslim thinkers that it is the most disliked
evaluated on social, political and economic
thing among the all things disliked by Allah. basis. Their condition is discussed in the
According to the judicial judgments also,
light of these viewpoints that whether
saying thrice the word Talaaq would not they have job or not, what rights they are
be a basis of the divorce but an apparent
having, how many rights they are having
law is required urgently in this context. Till
in their society etc. but when the condition

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include
of Muslim women is themselves in the mainstream
discussed, religion of the
nation.18
comes in the way. Hence, the main reason
of the bad condition of the Muslim women
Economic condition
on social basis is the negative impact of the Muslim
of the
religion. women also does not present a good picture.
They don't have economic liberty. They
The financial condition of the Muslims have lack of education. They go to school but
is also not good. This fact has been proved usually left the studies only after attending
with the reports of Rangnath Mishra Fourth-Fifth class. In primary education,
Committee and Sachchar Committee that where there are 13 percent students at rural
level and 16.2 percent at urban level, this
the representation of the Muslims in eveiy
statistics remains only 0.8 percent and 3.9
service sector is very-very low in proportion
to their population. This fact manifests with
percent respectively at the graduation level.
the following statistics Muslims are having
The reason behind their leaving the school
education is not only that Muslim women
about 2-1 percent share in the appointments
made by State Public Service Commission live in the veil or co-education school are
and it reflects about 83 percent scarcitymore
in in India but the real cause behind non-
proportion with their population.17 studying of the Muslim women in India is
poverty. Their condition is even worse than
Muslims are having less than 5 percent
the Scheduled Cast and Scheduled Tribe.
participation in the various departments There is a difference in Muslim and Hindu
and agencies of central government. And women
in with regard to their social, economic
the Public Sector Banks they have merely condition, education and service and this
2.5 percent presence. On the higher postsis so because Hindu women are placed in
of Border Security Force, Central Reservesuperior position with 53.21 percent at the
Police Force, Central Industrial Security
school education level whereas Muslim
Force and Armed Border Force, only 3.6 women stand behind with 50.09 percent.
percent Muslims are working and only 4.6 About 60.2 percent Muslim residing in
percent Muslims are employed on the lower villages are landless and only 3.2 percent are
posts in these force. The condition of the such who can approach for the government
Muslims in the All India Civil Services is
loans for the agricultural purposes.19 Even
also not good with ratio to their about 14 after 63 years of independence, no changes
percent population. There is only 3 percent have come in their education, employment
Muslim representation in I.A.S., 1.8 percentand health rather their condition have
in I.F.S. and 0.4 percent in I. P.S. The
deteriorated.
condition is miserable in other fields also.
Their representation is only 4.5 percent in In rural areas 70 percent Hindu women
Railways, 4.5 percent in Medical .06 percent have played an important role in occupation
in Police, 6.5 percent in education and 7.8 whereas only 29 percent Muslim women
percent in the courts. In these statistics, are the partner in occupation. In urban
Muslim women are included insignificantly areas only 18 percent Muslim women are
with the Muslim men. In this manner, doing a bit in any occupation, in their own
muslims have to go a long way in order to community only 25.2 percent women are

154.59.124.208 on Sat, 04 Feb 2023 06:32:54 UTC
having much to do good.

and There are 200 legislative
they are far assembly
behind
in comparison to the
seats women
in Rajasthan and according toof
the 8.5other
communities. 25 percent muslim children
percent Muslim population, there would be
of the age of 1 4 years are
17 Muslim deprived
legislators of
but there are onlyschool
12
education. Better and
jobs are
among them like
also the number things
of Muslim of
dreams for them and left
women is only 3. 20over deficiency
has been fulfilled with the Fatwas, which
have been given time Briefly,
and Muslim
again.women areThe
facing the
Fatwa,
following
such as women should seriousdo
not problems.
anyThesejob,
are the their
problems of etc.
earnings are ill-gotten Muslim women
hasConservative
helped in
and male dominant
worsening the condition of elaboration
Muslim of the women.
Islam
religion
Shelter of principles hasby thebeen
conservative and traditional
taken in the
name of Muslim women. religious teachers [Muslim preachers and
Muslim scholars] wherein women have been
The political position of the muslims areconsidered inferior to men, conservative
miserable only because of their social andand traditional behaviour of Muslim society,
economic backwardness. The participationlack of education and awareness in Muslim
of muslims in the field of politics is limitedwomen, lower health level of the Muslim
only to the extent of vote casting. In everywomen and weaker economic condition
general elections, the vote percentage in theetc. But the most grievous problem is
Muslim areas is higher than the Hindu areas.divorce and dissolution of marriage which
Their awareness and involvement in casting effects the Muslim women on psychological
vote unfortunately has turned them into aground. Consequently, muslim women are
vote back. Politics plays an important role unable to play the role in society and state
in Muslims but Muslims have a secondarywhich ought to be played by them.
position in the politics. It can be understood
in the following manner. Despite havingSuggestions for the solution of
a big population, Muslim representativesproblems :
have been elected on only 27 seats and
among them only 3 Muslim women have For promoting the economic, social
been able to reach to the 15th Lok Sabha. position and political role of Muslim
Rajya Sabha is having the same position. women in India and for enabling them
There are only 2 Muslim women member of to stand equivalent with the women of
Parliament out of total 25 women member other communities, the expansion of
of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha. There education is very important which would,
are only 2 Muslim women legislators in the as citizen of India, directly effect the social,
big state like Uttar Pradesh which is having economic and political condition of the
403 assembly seats and even in Muslim Muslim women. The participation of the
populated State like Jammu-Kashmir, there Muslim women in the employment has to
are only 2 Muslim women legislators in the be increased by expanding education in
87 member legislative assembly. them and it will automatically solve their
problems such as Burqa System etc. The
The condition in Rajasthan is also not efforts for the solution of these problems

154.59.124.208 on Sat, 04 Feb 2023 06:32:54 UTC
will undoubtly help them Briefly,

for an important
taking andpart
urgent
in national activities. action
Following
which is requiredsignificant
to be taken is the
efforts have to be done for the
improvement solution
in the literacy of
rate of Muslim
the problems of Muslim women.women
Modern education:-in girls is the most
important thing essential for the solution of
• For the solution the of the
problems problems
of the Muslim women because of
Muslim women serious efforts would be
whether it is a small question of doing job
required to be done forattheir
both government
self reliance or a big question of
and non-government level.
entering into politics for seeking their share
in leadership, they can achieve something
• Scholarship for education
only on the basis of theshould
education. be
given to them by the government.
References :
• Redressel of elements should be done
/. Ahmad Naseem, "Women in Islam" A. PH.
which are obstructing the path of their
Publishing Corporation , New Delhi. 2003
progress.
2. Aswal B.S., " Women and human rights " cyber
• Adequate efforts are required to increasetek Publication , New Delhi 2010.
their share in the government jobs. 3. Gotam, Ramesh Prasad " Manav Adhikaar :
Vivid Aayaam " Vislmdhyalaya Prakashan,
• Schools and colleges for women Sagar {MP.} 2003
education would be established so that
conservation would be brow beaten.
4. Sharma, Surendra Kumar "Mahilayo Mein
Adhikaaro ke prati Chetna " R.B.S.A. Publishers ,
Jaipur, 2010.
• Progressive National Muslim from
within the Muslim society would have5. See descriptive, Population of India, www.
censusindia.gov. in
to come forward at non-government
level. 6. www. themuslimvoice.worldpress.com
7. See descriptive "Gopal Singh Committee" 1983.

• Awakened nationalist Muslim, by
organising their strength, would háve to 8. uzma naheed, muslim _w omen _india_are_
give direction to the Muslim society. misrable condition
9. The Sunday Indian , Vol. II, 13-26 D

• This is the duty of awakened national 2010 New Delhi.
Muslims that they should convey the

10. Kaz i Se e ma, "Indianmuslim.com.
correct elaboration of their religion to
the public. They will have to accomplish 11. Kazi Seema, "Indian muslim.com.
their various responsibilities with regard 12. http://www.islamawarness.net./women/w rights
to the various social, miscellaneous and summary.html
educational reforms.
13. Naik, Dr. Zakir. " Islam Mein Aurton ke
Adhikaar" Al Hasnat Pv. Ltd., New Delhi, 2010.
• They have to encourage the participation
of Muslim women in every sphere. 14. www, islamic finde r. org
15. Aditi Bhaduri, " Muslim Women in India Seek

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indián muslim _
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Muslim Women and Human Rights

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Muslim Women and Human Rights

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MUSLIM WOMEN AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Author(s): Nirmala Singh and Rahil Ahmed

Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856562

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