1  dwð-ida kiftb

HCdmjf 1
n§Àfsbv iasqfubDqkf 2
n§Àfsbv u¦m 5
n§Àfsbv hQw 9
lcÊifb 11
bfmjvB 13
zfjDjfr 16
Jkbf 17
dwð-iadkiftb 18
jcVfsbf sYstv iadkiftb 19
ˆkDm-iadkiftb 21
dwðv HvB-sifNB 24
n§Àfbslv mfsU bAfqivfqBkf 26
dwðv kvdhqk 27

‫
مא‬

‫
مא‬ n§Àfbsj zflv-pk´ 39
bfhftj dwð W ilGf 40

‫אא‬

‫אא‬ dwð W bfmfp-nQÛÁf§À djYc mfnfsqt 41
dwð W svfpf-rÏ 42
hftA-dhhfr, kftfj W Ćk 43
dwð W ÛÁq-dhÛÁq 43
dwð-djswfv W durfl 44
dwð W zivfL 44
dwðv LmG W ivjfstv idvBfm 45
dwð nfhftj jJb rq? 45
dwðv u¦mdlb 46
dwðv wvqD dydj{nf 46
zfèct rfmDl mflfbD
dwð-ida kiftb 
 
‫אאא‬
HdC mjf
n§Àfb dikf-mfkfv bqbmdB, jdtufv ecjvf, sn´ricÙdt, hxÝjfstv nìt,
slswv HdhNAskv bfodvj, zfofmD iaus¦mv dikf-mfkf. jdy-j]fyf dwð snƒ
j]fyf mfde, pf dlsq SkvD rsh ƒ]e; sp ƒ]se dbmGfB rsh nmfsuv mrf zÕfdtjf.
kfƒ skf ˆƒ dwð rt dy§ÀfdhlXslv dy§Àfv ˆjde dhNq, nmfu-dhÎfbD W
oshNjslv oshNBf W nmD[fv ˆjde h²Â. zfv äDbD iadw[jslvW ˆj
t[Ah²Â ˆƒ dwðƒ.
zshftf dwð dikf-mfkfv dbje dj zdLjfv vfsJ, kfslv dbje kfv iafiA
rj dj, dj dj pk´ ifWqfv sn spfoA, n§Àfb iadkiftb jvfv mCt t[A dj rWqf
…dyk ˆhQ kfv mCt hcdbqflƒ hf dj rWqf …dyk, sn nh jKfƒ nQd[å
zfjfsv jcvzfb W nrDr rflDsnv zfstfsj zfstfdyk rsqsY [cû ˆƒ
icd²Àjfq.
dwð zfmfslv mfdtjfbfLDb sjfb Lb bq. dwð rt zfmfslv dbje mrfb
zfïfrv slWqf ˆj zfmfbk. ˆƒ zfmfbk ndEjHfsh od¤Yk vfJf zfmfslv
uv¢vD jkGhA. zfv snƒ jkGshA pfsk sjfb iajfv Û¢de W zhsrtf iajfw bf
ifq, snƒ ts[Aƒ dwðv dhdHâ ƒtfrD zfrjfm zfmfslv ufbf zhwAjkGhA.
ˆƒ iasyófv mfLAsm sn …sÜwA nIt rst sj… pdl stJsjv ubA
zf§ÀdvjHfsh lczf jsvb, kfrst zfmfv ˆ wam W nmq hAq nfKGj rsh.
mrfb iadkiftsjv dbje zfmfv ˆƒ lczf sp, zfmvf spb zfmfslv dwð-
iadkiftsbv lfdqk¶ ndEjHfsh iftb jvsk sisv k]fv n§Âdó tfH jvsk
ifdv. zfmDb.
zfèt
c rfmDl zft-mflfbD
zft-mfumfzfr, n†lD zfvh
vuh, 1414dr}
2 3  dwð-ida kiftb
n§fÀ sbv isa qfubDqkf
zfïfr kfzftfv ˆj hV dblwGb ˆƒ sp, dkdb icv¢sNv ubA ndÌbD
nxdójsvsYb; pfsk sn kfv dbje wfd§À ifq ˆhQ kfslv zfsifsn
ifv±idvj háck¶ W siam nxdójsvsYb. zfvˆƒ siam dlsqƒ dhw¶uo{
iadkdôk. siasmv zfjNGsB lcsqv dmtsbƒ nxdórq ivhkGD iau¦m W
hQwLv. kf bf rst nQnfv zyt rsq pfq, mfbh-u¦m hársq pfq.
zkˆh jfmbfv mfsU n§Àfb jfmbf jvf mc²Àfrfh.
ubfdLjA W nQJAfodvôkf ˆj ht. kfƒ skf zdLj n§ÀfblfÛD
bfvDsj dhhfr jvsk mcndtmsj…äcÝW zbciafdBkjvf rsqsY.
(zfhC lf†l 2/220) zfv n§Àfb sYstƒ srfj djQhf smsq …Hsqv iadk
pk´hfb rsk, kfslv uDhsbv mCtAfqb jsv ixdKhDsk kfslvsj
hf]yfv zdLjfv dlsk zfslw jvf rsqsY. mrfb zfïfr hstb,
ªskfmvf skfmfslv n§Àfbslvsj lfdvû-Hsq rkAf jsvf bf;
Wslvsj ˆhQ skfmfslvsj zfdmƒ v¢pD dlsq Kfdj. dbÇyq Wslvsj
rkAf jvf mrfifi.« (nCvfƒnvf 31 zfqfk)
ufsrtD pcso jfsvf jbAf n§Àfb u¦m rst sn tÏfq W zimfsb
spb msv spk. (hkGmfb zfLcdbj ufsrdtqfskW jfsvfjfsvf dbje
kf dhlAmfb.) jbAf n§Àfb u¦mfsbf kfslv dbje zkA§À tfÒbfv
dhNq dYt.ªkfslv jf…sj pJb jbAf n§Àfsbv ncnQhfl slWqf
rk, kJb kfv mcJmàt jft rsq spk ˆhQ sn znrbDq mb²Àfsi
dj¾órk. kfsj sp nQhfl slWqf rk kfv o½fdb srkc sn dbu
n©ialfq rsk zfk¹sofib jvk. (Hfhk,) rDbkf nsÙ¶W sn Wsj
dwð-ida kiftb  4 5
svsJ slsh, bf mfdesk ics] k slsh---.« (nCvf 16/58-59)
htf hfùtA kfslv sn dnÝf§À W iaKf dYt hV dbjxóW OxdBk.
iajkx is[ hù dbôcv dikf kfv jbAfsj uDh§À siafdKkW jvk.
ƒntfm ˆsn ˆƒ zbAfsqv dhv¢sÝ db¦lfhfl W iadkhfl sOfNBf
jvt. jft djqfmk sjfseG ‰ uDh§À nmfdL²¿jbAfsj duÎfnf jvf
rsh sp, kfsj dj zivfsL rkAf jvf rsqdYt? (nCvf 81/8-9)
ƒntfm jbAf-n§Àfb iadkiftb, kfv HvB-sifNB ˆhQ kfv iadk
dhswN pk´hfb W zbcora wDt rsk mcndtmsj …{nfdrk jsv. sp
jbAf ˆj swaBDv mfbcsNv jfsY `hftf W lfq' hst idvdykf, sn
jbAfv zdLjfsvv iadk ndhswN sJqft vfJst slfpJ sKsj mcdÙÁ
ˆhQ shsrsñv wfd§À tfsHv iadkwa¢dk dlsqsY. sp hAdÙÁkfv jbAf
n§Àfbsj `mfsqv mk mf' jsv osV kctsh ˆhQ ncifsÛv nfsK kfv
dhhfr dlsh, sn hAdÙÁ‰iadkwa¢dkv It zhwAƒ tfH jvsh.
mfbcN ixdKhDsk mcnfdIsvv mk zfsn ˆhQ ixdKhD sYsV pfqW
mcnfdIsvv mk Jfdt rfsk. nsÌdjYc zfsb bfˆhQ dbsqW spsk
ifsv bf djYc nsÌ.mvsBv isv kfv sj… nÌslq bf. nÌD Kfsj
sjht kfv „mfb W sbj zfmt. mvsBv iv rsk njt zfmstv
iK hársq pfq. zdkdvÙÁnWqfh zuGsbv…ifq htsk zfv djYc
Kfsj bf. dj§Âdkbde zfmt W syófv It mvsBv isvW mxkhAdÙÁ
sHfo jvsk ifsv; nljfsq ufdvqf(ƒófiCkG jmG), ItianCƒtXm
ˆhQ sbj n§Àfb, sp dikfv ubA lczf jvsk Kfsj. (mcndtm 1631 bQ)
n§Àfsbv lczfv hjGsk ufâfsk dikfv luGf (mpGflf) hxdÝrsk Kfsj.
(ƒhsb mfufr 3660bQ, zfrmfl 2/509)
n§Àfb dwð zh²¿fq mfvf sost dikfmfkf pdl sn nmsq SLpG Lsv
ˆhQ ˆv dhdbmsq nWqfshv zfwf vfsJ, kfrst djqfmsk ‰ n§Àfb
 dwð-ida kiftb
slfpJ sKsj mcdÙÁtfsHv…sÜswA kfslv ubA ncifdvw jvsh.
(hcJfvD, bfnf„, zfrmfl 5/35) ë™B zh²¿fq dwð oHGycAk rstˆhQ kfskW
nWqfshv zfwf vfJst snƒ dwð kfv bfdHv bfVD Lsv dbsuv mf-sj
shsrsñv dlsj sesb dbsq pfsh. (nrDrƒhsb mfufr 1305 bQ)
n§Àfb dikfmfkfv bqbmdB rq, jdtufv ecjvf rq. sn´r-
hf{nstAv lv¢B mfbcN zsbj nmq dhsLq jfsu hfLf ifq. jtAfB W
mcdÙÁv jfsu diYif rsq isV. kfƒ nxdójkGf mrfb zfïfr ˆ dhNsq
mcdmbslvsj nkjG jsv hstb, ªsr „mfblfvoB! skfmfslv ²ÃD W
n§Àfb-n§Àdkslv sj… sj… skfmfslv wÛ¢,zkˆh kfslv hAfifsv
skfmvf nkjG sKsjf. skfmvf pdl Wslvsj mfuGbf jv, Wslv slfN-
Û¢de…si[f jvˆhQ Wslvsj [mf jv, ksh susb vfJ, dbÇyq
zfïfr [mfwDt, ivm lqftc. skfmfslv n©il W n§Àfb-n§Àdk skf
skfmfslv ubA ivD[fv dhNq. zfv skfmfslv ubA zfïfrv dbje
vsqsY mrficvõfv.« (nCvf 64/14-15 zfqfk)
nkAis[ n©il W n§Àfb mfbcsNv ˆjf§À zfib sj… bq. hvQ
zfïfrv kvI rsk ˆ ˆj zfmfbk. zfuDhb pKfn©Hh kܶfvf
…ijxk rsq icbvfq k]fv zfmfbk k]fsjƒ iakAiGB jsv spsk rsh.
dkdb hf¦lfsj ˆƒ lcsqv mfLAsm ivD[f jsvb. t[A jsvb, hf¦lf jfv
iadk zdLj msbfspfoD? n§Àfb-n©islv iadk, bf k]fv W k]fv ƒhflskv
iadk? n§Àfsbv jfvsB mfbcN hù djYc jsv. jxiBkf, jficv¢Nkf W
HDv¢kfv u¦m rq ˆƒ n§Àfsbv jfvsBƒ. (zfrmfl 4/172) kfv jfvsBƒ
hf¦lf zfïfrv n¹vB-dhmcJ rsq isV. pfv ubA zfïfr mc'dmbslvsj
nfhLfb jsv hstsYb, ªsr mc'dmboB! skfmfslv Lb-n©idÙW n§Àfb-
n§Àdk spb skfmfslvsj zfïfrv n¹vsB …lfnDb bf jsv vfsJ. pfvf
…lfnDb rsh kfvfƒ rsh [dkoa²À.« (nCvf mcbfdIjCb 9 zfqfk)
dwð-ida kiftb 
n§fÀ sbv u¦m
öfmD-²ÃDv hDpG nm¦hsq n§Àfsbv u¦m rq. dmtsb pfv hDpG±Jtb
zfso hf zdLj rq, n§Àfb kfv hf kfv hQswv jfsvf mk rq. (hcJfvD
3229 bQ)
zkˆh n§Àfb sp dikf hf mfkfv mkƒ rsh, kf sjfb uv¢vD bq.
dikfmfkfv vM soZvhBG rst ˆhQ n§Àfsbv vM wAfm hf jxòhBG
zKhf kfv dhivDk rst ns¦lsrv djYc sbƒ.
mfbh nxdóv nhGiaKm…iflfb rt mfde. zk}iv wcÛÁ-dh¦lcv™si
mfkxosHGv ˆj dbvfil zfLfsv ²¿fdik rq. isv 40 dlsb kf umfe
vsÙÁidvBk rq. zk}iv 40 dlb iv ˆj mfQn-disà idvBk
rq. ˆv 40 dlb iv ˆj dIdvñf siadvk rb. dkdbë™sBv
HdhNAskv v¢pD, uDhbjft, snZHfoA, lcHGfoA ƒkAfdlv (dbqdk)
dtdihÝjsvb.(1) zk}iv ë™sB zfk¹flfb jvf rq. zk}iv ‰
1
diàsj zd²¿-iÓsv idvBk jvf rq. zk}iv kf mfQn äfvf sTsj
slWqf rq. zhswsN kfsj zfsvfˆj v™i lfb jvf rq. ncdbicB
naóf zfïfr jk mrfb! (nCvf mc'dmbCb 12-14 zfqfk, hcJfvD 6594, mcndtm 2643 bQ)
dkdb pf ƒ¤Yf kfƒ nxdójsvb. dkdb pfsjƒ¤Yf jbAf n§Àfb lfb
jsvb ˆhQ pfsj ƒ¤Yf icÛn§Àfb lfb jsvb, zKhf lfb jsvb icÛ
W jbAf…Hqƒ ˆhQ pfsj ƒ¤Yf kfsj háAf jsv slb. dbÇyq dkdb
nhGÎ,nhGwdÙÁmfb. (nCvf wCvf 49-50 zfqfk) kfƒ icÛhf jbAf u¦m
1- HfoA mfsqv sise lcƒ syfsJv mfUJfsb dtJf rq hst rflDsn …dïdJk zfsY. nckvfQ `sifVf
jift' iaHdx k hst zfJAfqb W kjlDvsj slfNfsvfi jvf ƒntfmD zfyvB bq.
6 7  dwð-ida kiftb
slWqfv hAfifsv öfmD hf²ÃD jfsvf sjfb rfk sbƒ. spmb n§Àfb lfsb
rfk sbƒ sjfb loGf hf mfpfsvv. nckvfQ n§ÀfbrDbf n§Àfsbv zfwfq
ŠNL hAhrfv jvsh. yfƒsh zfïfrvƒ dbjse. sjfb zf²Àfbf, loGf hf
Jfbjfq yfWqf hV dwjG. ShÎfdbj iÝdksk oHG-nÑfvB pdl
öfmDv hDpGäfvfƒ rq, kfrst kf ShL. zbAKf ivicv¢sNv hDpG
oHGfwsq ias[i jsv iaubb zfslZ ShL bq.
ë™B pfsk mfkxosHG dbvfisl zh²¿fb jsvˆhQ dbdhGsO´ mfkxuEv
sKsj HCdmô rsk ifsv kfv ubA ƒntfm dbvfiÙfv hAh²¿f ialfb
jsvsY. iaKmk} öfmD-²ÃDsj…islw slWqf rsqsY sp, kfvf spb
dmtsbv iCshG dyvwÛ¢wqkfsbv zdbójfdvkf rsk zfwaq iafKGbf
jsv sbq. (hcJfvD 141bQ) bsy{ wqkfb ncspfo sist n§Àfsbv
[dknfLb jsv kfsj dbsuv ltHcÙÁjsv sbq.
ˆmb h²Âpf oHG²¿ë™sBv sjfb iajfv [dk nfLb jsv, ƒntfm kf
L¶Qn jvsk …{nfdrk jsvsY. (hcJfvD 3308 bQ) vmpfsbv svfpf Ivp
rWqf nsÙ¶W odHGBD W lcÊlfdqbDsj jfpf jvfv zbcmdk dlsqsY.
(zfhC lf†l 2408, dkvdmpD 715, bfnf„ 2315 bQ) odHGBDv …iv wvqD rÜX
(LmGDq làdhdL) Kfjst ianh bf rWqf ipG§À kf iasqfo jvf rq bf.
(mcndtm 1696 bQ)
sjfb iajfsv sp ë™sBv …iv zkAfyfv jsv hf kfv zdbónfLb
jsv,ƒntfm kfv dhv¢sÝwfd²À W udvmfbf dbLGfdvk jsvsY. (hcJfvD
5758 bQ)
mfsqv wfvDdvj [dk, hf{ndvj n§Àfb lfsbv Ist öf²¿ArfdbƒkAfdl
hV hV [dkv rfk rsk v[fv ubA ˆjf§À iasqfusb u¦m dbq§ÃsBv
…sÜswAŠNLfdl hAhrfv jvf pfq. yCVf§À iasqfusb osHGv ˆsjhfsv
wcv¢sk (120 dlb iCshG iCshG) oHGifkW jvf pfq. dj§ÂˆjmfÛhxr{
dwð-ida kiftb 
[dk hf mxkAc v zfwËf hAkDk u¦m dbmGCt (zifsvwb) jvf pfq bf
ˆhQ ë™sB zfjxdk hf v™r ˆsn sost zfv bójvf pfq bf.
…sïJA sp, n§Àfb jm rst zfïfrv ƒhflk shwD jvsk ifvf pfsh
-ˆƒ …sÜswA n§Àfb há jvfW ShL bq. hvQ n§Àfb LfvB W iftb
jvfƒ bfvDv ˆj iajfv ƒhflk.
iasqfusb zs²Ãfiyfv (nDufv) jsv n§Àfb …Ýfv jvf uv¢vD.
spmb mxk odHGBDv sie rsk uDdhk n§Àfb shv jvfW Wqfsuh.
mcndtm öfmD jkxGj oHGhkD sjfb djkfdhqf (ƒqfùlD hf dJaófb)
mdrtf yfv mfn oHG dbsq mfvf sost kfsj djkfhD(ƒqfùlD hf
dJaófb)slv jhv²¿fsb lfIb jvf rsh. yfv mfn isv n§Àfbnr mfvf
sost kfsj mcndtmslv jhv²¿fsb lfIb jvf rsh. zbAKf
mcndtmslv jhv²¿fsb sjfb jfsIv hf mcwdvjsj nmfdL²¿jvf ShL
bq. spmb ShL bqˆv dhivDk.
n§Àfb mxk zh²¿fq HCdmô rst sn jfsvf Wqfdvn rsh bf ˆhQ
kfvW sj… Wqfdvn rsh bf. us¦mv iv dy{jfv hf sjfb wè jsv
mfvf sost sn Wqfdvn rsh W jvsh. (zfhC lf†l, hfƒrfjD, dntdntfr nrDrfr 153 bQ)
osHGv †LG¶i[ sjfb dbdlGónmqjft sbƒ. 4 hYv hf kfvW
zdLj rsk ifsv. ksh bCbAis[ ˆv nmqnDmf rt 6 mfn. jfvB
n§Àfsbv oHGLfvB W lcÊlfsbv smfe nmqjft rt 30 mfn. (nCvf
zfrj¶fI 15 zfqfk) zfv mfsqv lcL ifb jvfhfv dbdlGónmq rt lc'
hYv. (nCvf hfj¶fvfr 233, nCvf tcjmfb 14 zfqfk) zkˆh 30 mfn rsk lc'
hYv (24 mfn) dhsqfo jvst 6 mfn osHGv nhGdbm´ nmq zhdwó
Kfsj.
nckvfQ pdl dmtsbv dEj 6 mfn isv jfsvf n§Àfb HCdmô rq,
kfrst ²ÃDv…iv ns¦lr jvf …dyk bq. zhwA 6 mfsnv iCshG rst
8 9  dwð-ida kiftb
ns¦lsrv jKf hse.
dwð mfsqv sise 4 mfn hf kskfdLj isv ë™B zh²¿fq mvf HCdmô
rstW kfv sofnt dlsq jfIb idvsq ufbfpf isV lfIb jvf
dhsLq. kfv iCshG bq. (zfrjfmct ufbfƒp 81ix})
ShÎfdbj jfvB YfVf nÌsmv zfnb W nmsqv nfsK n§Àfsbv
iCBGfÌkf hf dhjtfÌkfv sjfb n©ijG sbƒ. zkˆh zmfhwAf hf
iCdBGmfq nÌm jvst snƒ nÌsmv ud¦mk dwð ˆv™i rq, Hvf sise
jvst ‰v™i rq, jKf htsk htsk jvst zmcj rq -ˆnh LfvBf
ndEj bq.
n§Àfb sYstƒ srfj zKhf smsq, …Hqƒ y[cwDktjfvD h²Â.
n§Àfsbv nQhfl ncnQhfl, kfv zfomb wcH W JcwDv dhNq. dyvwÛ¢
wqkfsbv zdbórsk zfwaq iafKGbf jvsk rq bhufk dwðv ubA.
HCdmô rWqfv nfsK nfsKƒ wqkfb dwðsj ±iwG jsv. pfv jfvsB
dwð dy{jfv jsv WsE.
bhufk dwðv ubA hvjskv lczf slWqf …dyk, pfsk sn hV
rsq ncisK yst zfïfrv diaq hf¦lf rsq ƒrstfj kAfo jsv
ivstfsj dyvncJD rsk ifsv.
(sYst srfj zKhf smsq) dwðv zfomsbv zhAhdrk isv,
(idv°jfv jvfv iv) kfv jBGjcrsv nhGiaKm mrfb nxdójkGf zfïfrv
kjhDv-L¶db zfpfb si]ZsY dlsk rq.(2) zhwA hfm jfsb ƒjfmk
slWqfv jKf ndEj bq. (dntdntfr pqDIfr 321bQ )
z]fkcV Osv stfrf, mcsVf Uf]ef, mƒ, ufstv jfdE iaHdx k svsJ sjfb
(2) ivhkGD kfrjDsj zfthfbD nfsrh zfpfsbv rflDnsjW lcht
G hstsYb. nckvfQ ndEj msk
zfpfb slWqfW mc²Àfrfh bq.
dwð-ida kiftb  10
mÌt jfmbf zKhf zmÌt lCv jvfv zfwf jvf dwjG.
spmb hlbuv, lcLskftf iaHdx k sKsj h]fyfhfv ubA kfhDp
hAhrfv jvf ifw-jifst sIfef slWqf ƒkAfdl dwjG.
n§fÀ sbv hQw
hQw-mpGflf W jctDbkf ˆj ifdKGh ƒÏk.ˆƒ hQwDq n©ijG
sjhtmfÛdikfv iadk pcÙÁjvf rsh. susb-wcsb zbA dikfv iadk
dbsusj n©ixÙÁjvf jcIvD. sj… pdl dbsuv hfi sYsV isvv
hfisj hfi hst, kfrst kfv …iv djqfmk ipG§À zb§Àv zdHwfi
hNGB rsk Kfsj ˆhQ kfv ubA ufâfkW rfvfm rsq pfq. (nrDùt
ufsm' 5987, 5989 bQ)
ifdtk icÛ(zbcv™iHfsh mcsJ ifkfsbf Hfƒ-shfb ƒkAfdl)sj mcsJ
sYst (hf Hfƒ-shfb) htst ˆhQ z§Àsv sYst (hf Hfƒ-shfb)
ufbstW sn zfnst sYst (hf Hfƒ-shfb) rq bf. ifdtk icÛiftdqÛD
mfsqv is[ˆofbf (3) rq bf. spmb ifdtkf jbAfv is[ iftdqkf
dikf shofbfƒ Kfsj. zKGf{ kfslv zfsifsn dhhfr ShL ˆhQ ilGf
Wqfsuh. zhwA zbA dlj sKsj ˆofbf rst, sn jKf dHâ.
mrfb zfïfr hstb, ªsifNAicÛpfslvsj skfmvf icÛht, zfïfr
kfslvsj skfmfslv icÛjsvbdb;ˆÈdt skfmfslv mcsJv jKfmfÛ.
nkA jKf zfïfrƒ hstb ˆhQ dkdbƒ nvt iK dbslGw jsvb.
skfmvf Wslv dikx-idvyq dlsq Wslvsj Ffj, zfïfrv lxdósk
ˆdeƒ bAfqnÌk; pdl skfmvf Wslv dikx-idvyq bf ufb, ksh
(3) ˆofbf hf mfrvfm, pfv nfsK dyvksv dhhfr rfvfm.
11  dwð-ida kiftb
Wslvsj skfmvf LmGDqëfkf ˆhQ hácv™si oarB jvsh.---« (nCvf
zfrpfh 4-5 zfqfk)
hQw, ²Àb-lcÊW dhhfr YfVf zbA sjfb n©isjGv zfk¹Dqkfq
dikf-mfkf, ëfkf-HdobD W ˆofbf-shofbf iamfdBk rq bf. spmb
sifNAicÛiftdqkfv Wqfsvn rq bf.
ÎfkhA sp, sn´rflsv zisvv sYstsj `shef' hst Ffjf lCNBDq
bq. (mcndtm 2151 bQ)
sjfb ik´D pdl idkv nQnfsv sKsj sjfb …iidkv nfsK hAdHyfv
jsv zShL n§Àfb u¦m slq, khcW kf kfv zfib idkv hstƒ oBA
rsh. n§Àfb ufvu rstW snƒ kfv dikf rsh ˆhQ ˆj zisvv
Wqfsvn rsh. hAdHyfvD …iidk n§Àfsbv lfhD jvst ˆhQ hAdHyfv
jvfv jKf öDjfv jvst zKhf iamfB rstƒntfmD vfs󺉲ÃD nr
kfsjW (dhhfdrk rst) ifKv Y]csV smsv sItf rsh. (hcJfvD 2218 bQ)
pdl sjfb öfmD zfpXt (nÌsm spfbDisKv hfƒsv hDpGifk) jsv
zKhf ²ÃD u¦m-dbq§ÃjŠNL hf jàm hAhrfv jsv zKhf öfmD-²ÃDv
sj… u¦msvfLj zs²Ãfiyfv jsv Kfsj, zfv kf nsÙ¶W²ÃD oHGhkD
rq, kfrst kfsköfmDv ns¦lr rWqf …dyk bq. jfvB ˆnh
nsÙ¶W sjfbÛ¢de srkc oHG-nÑfv rsq spsk ifsv. kfYfVf zfïfrv
kjlDv W jclvk ˆnh iadksvfL zsi[f hùÈB wdÙÁwftD; pf
jfsvf svfL jvfv [mkf sbƒ. zkˆh snƒ n§Àfbsj öfmD dbsuv
Švnufk hstƒ oarB W mfbA jvsk hfLA rsh. zhwA hAdHyfv W
öfmDv u¦mdbsvfL-iadÛÁqfqÛ¢derDbkf iamfdBk rst dHâ jKf.
djqfIf zKhf vÙÁivD[fäfvf hQw-nCÛiamfB jvf pfq.
susb vfJf Hfstf sp, dbYj ns¦lrhsw ²ÃDsj däyfdvBD sHsh
lf©iskA jtr W zwfd§À zfbf …dyk bq. dhbf nfd[-nhcsk ²ÃDv
dwð-ida kiftb  12
…iv zihfl dlstöfmD 80 yfhcj JfWqfv wfd²ÀspfoA zivfLD
rsh.
i[f§Àsv dbsuv Švnufk n§Àfb zöDjfv jvf zKhf sjfb dHâ
hQswv iadk dbsuv n©ijG lfhD jvf jcIvD jfu. (ƒhsb mfufr 2744,
zfrmfl 2/215)
pdl sjfb öfmD kfv²ÃDv oHGufk n§Àfb kfv bq hst zöDjfv
jsvˆhQ²ÃDW hAdHyfsvv jKf zöDjfv jsv, iv§Âsjfb nfd[-
nhck bf ifWqf pfq, kfrstˆidvd²¿dksk `dtzfb' jvsk rsh.
iaKsm öfmD zfïfrv bfsm jnm jsv 4 hfv htsh sp, `(zfmfv ²ÃD
hAdHyfdvBD, zfvˆjKfq) zfdm zhwAƒ nkAhflD.' zk}iv
iÑmhfsv htsh sp, `zfdm dmKAfhflD rst zfmfv…iv zfïfrv
zdHwfi sbsm zfnsh.'
zbcv™iHfsh ²ÃDW 4 hfv zfïfrv bfsm jnm jsv nf[A slsh sp, kfv
öfmDƒ dmKAfhflD ˆhQ sn kfv …iv dmKAf zihfl zfsvfi jvsY.
zk}iv iÑmhfsv htsh sp, `zfmfvöfmD nkAhflD rst (ˆhQ zfdm
hAdHyfdvBD rst) zfmfv …iv zfïfrv oph sbsm zfnsh.' (nCvf bCv 6-9 )
i[f§Àsv ²ÃD kfv zivfLöDjfv jsv dbst kfv…iv hAdHyfsvv
làdhdL jfpGjv jvf rsh. bsy{ ˆƒ jnm W dtzfsbv iv öfmD-
²ÃDv mfsU dhs¤Yl rsq pfsh. n§Àfb rsh mfsqv. mfsqv hQwƒ rsh
n§Àfsbv hQw.
lÊ
c ifb
ªubbDoB n§Àfbslvsj iCBG lc'hYv lcL ifb jvfsh -pdl sj… lcL
ifb jvfv nmq iCBG jvsk yfq. ubsjv jkGhA pKfdhdL kfslv
13  dwð-ida kiftb
HvB-sifNB jvf. jf…sj kfv nfLAfkDk jfpGHfv slWqf rq bf.
sjfb ubbDsj kfv n§Àfsbv ubA ˆhQ sjfb dikfsj kfv n§Àfsbv
ubA [dkoa²À jvf rsh bf. zbcv™i dhLfb …ÙvfdLjfdvosBvW. zfv
pdl dikfmfkf iv±iv n©mdk W ivfmwGÛÁsm lc'hYsvv msLAƒ
(dwðv) lcL ifb YfVfsk yfq, ksh kfslv sjfb slfN rsh bf.
zfv pdl skfmvf skfmfslv n§Àfbslvsj (ubbD YfVf) sjfb LfÛDv
lcL ifb jvfsk yfW, kfskW skfmfslv sjfb slfN rsh bf; pdl
skfmvf kfslvsj dbLGfdvk iaslq dhdLmk ziGB jv. zfïfrsj Hq
jv ˆhQ susb vfJ, skfmvf pf jv zfïfr kfv ûóf.« (nCvf hfj¶fvfr
233 zfqfk)
mfsqv ²Àsb lcL Kfjf nsÙ¶W sjfb LfÛDv lcL zKhf sjfb shhD-dmîX
JfWqfsbf lCNBDq bq. ksh mfsqv lcLƒ dwðv öfs²¿v ubA hV
…ijfvD; pfv sjfb dhj¬i sbƒ.
lcÊlfdqbD ²ÃDv nfsK nrhfsn sjfb iajfv [dk sbƒ. (mcndtm 1442 bQ)
hQwDqHfsh spmb icv¢sNv nfsK kfv dbsuv mf, shfb, Jftf, IcIc
iaHdx kv dhhfr ˆhQ mdrtfv nfsK kfv hfi, Hfƒ, yfyf, mfmf
iaHdx kv dhhfr rfvfm, dEj skmdbƒ lcÊ-n©isjG lcL sYstv nfsK
kfv lcL-mf, lcL-shfb, lcL-Jftf, lcL-IcIc iaHdx kv dhhfr ˆhQ lcL-
smsqv nfsK kfv lcL-hfi, lcL-Hfƒ, lcL-yfyf, lcL-mfmf iaHdx kv
dhhfr rfvfm.
ÎfkhA sp, lcL-mfsqv ubA lcL-sYstv nfmsb ilGf sbƒ. dj§Â‰
lcL-sYstv nsrflv Hfƒ, sp ‰ mfsqv lcL ifb jsvdb, kfv nfmsb
ilGf Wqfsuh. lcL-Hfsqv ubA kfv lcL-shfb dyvksv zShL;
zfsifsnv dhhfr ShL bq. dj§Â‰lcL-Hfsqv zbA nsrflv Hfsqv
is[‰shfb rfvfm bq. kfslv zfsifsn dhhfr ShLˆhQ ilGf
dwð-ida kiftb  14
Wqfsuh.
ˆj mfsqv sYst ˆhQ ziv ˆj mfsqv smsq pdl ˆjƒ lfƒ-
mfsqv lcL ifb jsv Kfsj, kfrst kfvf …Hsq Hfƒ-shfb. kfslv
zfsifsn dhhfr zShL ˆhQ ilGf sbƒ. i[f§Àsv Wslv zbAfbA Hfƒ-
shfbslv s[sÛsn n©ijG jfpGjv rsh bf.
dj§ÂjJb dj idvmfsB lcL ifb jvst `mf' iadkiâ rsh? lcL ifb
jvfv dbLGfdvk nmq lc'hYsvv dHksv (lcL mcsJ dbsq ycsN YfVf ipG§À
ˆjhfv ˆhQ ˆƒHfsh) 5 hfv ifb jvst `mf-shef' n©ijG jfsqm
rsq pfsh. dwðv lcƒ hYv hqn rWqfv iv lcL ifb jvst zKhf 5
hfsvv jm lcL ifb jvst sn n©ijG jfsqm rq bf ˆhQ kfsk
dhhfrW zShL rq bf. (dmwjfk 3164-3168 bQ)
zsbsjv msk, sjfb mdrtfv is[ pdl sjfb pchj sYst sKsj
ilGf jvf ˆjf§Àƒ lc°jv rsq isV (spmb, sjfb ˆkDm sYst
iadkiftb jvfv s[sÛkfsj ixKj jvf n©Hh bf rq) kfrst
ˆmb idvd²¿dksk kfsj‰mdrtf hfdesk dbsq 5 hfv lcL ifb
jvfst kfv `mf' nfhA²À rsq pfsh ˆhQ ilGf uv¢vD rsh bf. (mcndtm
1453 bQ, bfƒtct zfWkfv 6/315) zfv ˆ hAfifvde rt hAdkÛÁm.
bfmjvB
idvdydkv ubA iaskAj h²Âvƒ sjfb bf sjfb bfm Kfsj. n§Àfb HCdmô
rst kfv idvdydkv ubAW bfm vfJf dhsLq. u¦mdlsb hf zfjDjfv
(nåm) dlsbW bfm vfJf pfq. bfm vfJfv ubA zbcôfb zfjDjf bq.
15  dwð-ida kiftb
spmb sjht bfmjvsBv ubA sjfb zbcôfb ƒntfsm sbƒ.
dwðv (sYstv) ubA nhsysq …Ùm W diaq bfm zfècïfr W zfècv
vrmfb ˆhQ snƒ bfm, sp bfm zfïfrv bfsmv iCshG zfè, …hfƒl hf
softfm (nìá)ucsV zKhf swsN hJXw ucsV vfJf rq. spmb, zfècv
vrDm, …hfƒlct rj, softfm jfslv, jvDm hJXw ƒkAfdl. zk}iv
zfdìqfosBv bfm, nfrfhfhsoGv bfm shsY bfm vfJf…Ùm. dwð
jbAfv s[sÛnfrfhD mdrtfslv bfm shsY dbsq vfJf…Ùm. zk}iv
snƒ bfm vfJf …Ùm, sp bfsmv zKG nc¦lv W wcH.
bfsmv nfsK LsmGv idvdydkv ubA bfm vfJfsk dhLmGDslv zbcjvB
ShL bq. spsrkc ƒntfm LsmGv mCt HfNf zfvhD. kfƒ ‰ HfNfskƒ
zdLj bfm vfJf rq. zk}iv IfvnD HfNfskW bfm vfJf rq.
zbAfbA HfNfskW vfJf pfq. ksh zbAfbA LsmGv zbcjvB jsv
dhufdkv nfsK ˆjfjfv rWqfv zfwËfq kf…dyk bq.
sp bfm zfïfrv bq (nrDr rflDn äfvf iamfdBk bq) sn bfsmv iCshG
zfèX hf …hfƒl hf softfm zKhf swsN hJXw spfo jsv bfm vfJf dwsjGv
ipGfqHcÙÁzKhf zShL. spmb, zfèct mfhcl, zfècn nchrfb, zfècn
nfÙfv, softfm vnCt, softfm bhD, softfm mc²ÀfIf, softfm mckfG pf,
softfm djhdvqf, softfm iDv (!) vnCt hJXw, iDv hJXw ƒkAfdl.
jfvB, zfè, …hfƒl W (IfvnDsk) softfm mfsb lfn hf hf¦lf.
zfv mfbcN zfïfr hAkDk sjfb nxdóv lfn, hf¦lf hf softfm rsk
ifsv bf. hJXw wsèv zKG lfb. nckvfQ iDv hJXw mfsb iDsvv lfb!
zKy n§Àfb-lfkf ˆjmfÛsnƒ mrfb zfïfr. kfƒ zbA jfsvf iadk
snƒ lfsbv n©ijG ucVst dwjG rq.
zfvhD HfNfq softfm wsèv zKG rt djswfv. zkˆh Wv isvv
wèsj nìáhfyj bf Lsv ocBhfyj Lvst `softfm mc²ÀfIf, softfm
dwð-ida kiftb  16
mckGfpf (zKGf{, dbhGfdyk djswfv, msbfbDk djswfv) zbcv™i bfm
vfJf lCNBDq bq.
zfhfv ˆmb bfmW ShL bq pfv zKG zfïfrv nmj[kf hcUfq.
spmb, wfrfbwfr (vfufdLvfu), wfr zftm (ixK ¶Dvfu) ƒkAfdl.
klbcv™i ˆmb bfm vfJfW …dyk bq, pfv zKG m¦l, zwcH,
zfk¹iawQnfmCtj W zrmhAÓj. spmb rfpfb (lcdÇy§Àf), mckD
(hfLA), mcrdnb, mcJdtn (dhwcÝdyÙ)iaHdx k.
zflv jsv dwðv …ibfm vfJsk dosq ˆmb zibfm vfJf …dyk
bq, sp bfsm zdLj idvdyk rsq dwð hV rsq tÏf ifq. spmb,
r]flf, J]flf, sv¦ec, dh¦ec, di¦ec, yf¦ec, m¦ec, i¬ec, hc¬ec, tftc, Hctc, ectc,
itc ƒkAfdl.
zbcv™iHfsh jfsvf bfm dhjxk W dhwaD jsv Ffjf ShL bq. zfïfr
kfzftf hstb, ªsr „mfblfvoB! sjfbW icv¢N spb ziv icv¢Nsj
…irfn bf jsv, sjbbf pfsj …irfn jvf rq sn …irfnjfvD zsi[f
…Ùm rsk ifsvˆhQ sjfb bfvDW ziv bfvDsj spb…irfnbf jsv,
sjbbf pfsj…irfn jvf rq sn …irfnjfdvBD zsi[f …Ùm rsk
ifsv. skfmvfˆsj zisvv iadk slfNfsvfi jsvf bfˆhQ skfmvfˆsj
zivsj m¦l bfsm sFsjf bf, „mfb zfbfv iv jf…sj m¦l bfsm (m¦l
sJkfh dlsq) Ffjf odrGk jfu. pfvf ˆ Lvsbv zfyvB rsk dbhxÙbf
rq, kfvfƒ nDmftQObjfvD.« (nCvf ùucvfk 11 zfqfk)
ksh jf…sj zflsvv nfsK kfv bfmsj nQs[i jsv Ffjf lCNBDq
bq. spmb rfnfbsj rfnc, mfvqAfmsj mfv¢ ƒkAfdl.
jfsvf bfm m¦l vfJf rsq Kfjst kf idvhkGb jvf uv¢vD. zfv
kfsk sjfb zfjDjfv lvjfv rq bf.
sjfbW wasÝq hAdÙÁv…id²¿dk n©isjG iaw´ jvsk dosq kfv
17  dwð-ida kiftb
sYstv bfm Lsv htf rq nftmfsbv zfêf hfdVsk zfsY? ksh ‰
sYstv bfm Lsv pdl …ibfsm Ffjf rq, kfrst hV nc¦lv tfso.
spmb, zfhC nftmfb hfdVsk zfsY? ksh ˆƒ …ibfm vfJsk rsh
hV sYstv bfm Lsv.
zfjDjfr
dwðv us¦mv nåm dlsb, n©Hh bf rst 14km dlsb, kfW
n©Hh bf rst 21km dlsb (nrDùt ufsm' 4132bQ, …Üfr 300ix}) ˆhQ
kfW n©Hh bf rst kfviv sp sjfb dlsb zfjDjfr slWqf ncâk.
sYstv kvI rsk 2de ˆhQ smsqv kvI rsk 1de iwc pshr jvsk
rsh. zdLj sofsñv stfsH ov¢ bf dlsq Yfot hf sH]Vfv zfjDjfr
slWqfƒ ncâk. ov¢ hf …]e dlst Wsk jcvhfbDv mk 7 zQw hf
HfofHfdo ytsh bf. spmb jcvhfbDv nfsK ˆjde Hfo zfjDjfv
…sÜswA slWqf psKóbq. spmb psKóbqˆjde iwc jcvhfbD W
zfjDjfv dbqsk pshr jvf. jcvhfbD W zfjDjfv ubA ixKj ixKj
iwc rsk rsh. rA]f, ksh pdl sj… ztDmf hf dhsqv sHfsu sYstv
bfsm zfjDjfv dbqsk iwc pshr jsv, kfrst kf psKórsh.
dbJ]ck iwcv zfjDjfƒ …Ùm. zfjDjfv iwcv rfV HfÌf lCNBDq
bq. spmb lfƒsj djYc sofñX slWqfW uv¢vD bq. zfhfv sofñX j]fyf
dhkvB jvfv yfƒsk vfâf jsv JfWqfsbfefƒ …Ùm. zfv iwcv
yfmVfef dhÛÁq jsv kfv mCtA ovDhslvsj lfb jvf…dyk.
4 mfn osHGv iCshG pdl ë™B bórsq pfq ksh kfv zfjDjfr sbƒ.
kfvisv rst zfjDjfr zfsY. zbcv™i us¦mv isv mfvf sostW
dwð-ida kiftb  18
zfjDjfr zfsY. dwð zh²¿fq zfjDjfr bf rsq Kfjst hV rsq
dbsuv kvI sKsj zfjDjf slWqf dhsLq. mrfbhD  bhcWqfk-
iafdåv iv dbsuv kvI sKsj zfjDjfr jsvdYstb. (dntdntfr nrDrfr
2726 bQ) rfnfb hfnvD hstb, `skfmfv kvI sKsj zfjDjfr bf rsq
Kfjst kcdm hV rsq sostW dbsu zfjDjfr lfW.' (mcrfïf 8/322,
dntdntfr nrDrfr 6/506)
zfjDjf iwcv vÙÁdbsq dwðv mfKfq hctfsbf ShL bq, kf ˆj
ufsrtD pcsov iaKf. zfjDjfv dlsb (sYst) dwðv mfKf sbVf jsv
kfv mfKfq ufIvfb hctfsbf dhsLq. (zfhC lf†l 2843, rfsjm 4/238,
hfƒrfjD 9/303)
dwðv mfKf sbVf jvfv iv kfv ycstv Wub idvmfB y]fdl nljfr
jvf mc²Àfrfh. ˆ nmq kfv mfKfv sjfbW zQsw djYc yct zhdwó
vfJf ShL bq. hvQ n©iCBGHfsh sbVf jvsk rq. nckvfQ dIsk h]fLfv
usbAW mfKfv nfmsb djYc yct sYsV (stfeb) vfJf ShL bq. hvQ
smsqslv mfKf sbVf jvfƒ ShL bq.
Jkbf
dwð ˆjec hV rst kfv Jkbf (dtÌk¶js¤Yl) jvf dhsLq. ˆsk
hù spZbsvfsov rfk rsk mcdÙÁv…ifq zfsY. kfYfVfˆsk vsqsY
lf©ikA ns©Hfo-ncsJv iCBG kxdåW vrnA.ˆef mfbcsNvˆj
ncv¢dyiCBG iajdx k. ksh sp dtÌk¶jrDb zh²¿fq us¦msY, kfv Jkbf
sbƒ ˆhQ kfv dtsÌv…isv [cv hf yfjc hctfsbf zKhf ifb jfef
ƒkAfdl zfyfv dhsLq bq. hvQ kf zdkdvÙÁdhlzfk jfu. ksh
hfVdk‰yfmVfv djYc zQw zhdwóKfjst kf sjse sItf
19  dwð-ida kiftb
lvjfv. zbcv™iHfsh pdl sjfb dwð Jch lchGt rq zKhf sj… hxÝ
zh²¿fqƒntfm oarB jsv ˆhQ Jkbf jvfq sjfb [dkv zfwËf
Kfsj, kfrst kfslv ubA kf uv¢vD bq.
smsqslv Jkbfq HofËcv sjse sItf…Ùm. zhwA smsqslv
Jkbfv hAfifsv wvDqsk kkefÈv¢k¶ sbƒ.
Jkbf jvfv sjfb h]fLf-Lvf nmq sbƒ. (zhwA rfnfbnCsÛv rflDn
zbcpfqD nåm dlsb zfjDjfv dlsb Jkbf jvf mc²Àfrfh.) (kfmfmct
dmâfr 1/67-68) ksh Sjwsvv iCshG jvfefƒ …Ùm. pfsk hV rsq
wvmofr slJfsk bf rq.
iajfw sp, Jkbfv ubA bfvD-icv¢N umfsqk rsq dhsqv mk
zbcôfb jsv njstv nfmsb dtÌk¶j jfef ShL bq.
dwð-ida kiftb
n§Àfb tftb-iftsbv Èv¢Hfv mdrtfslv …ivƒ pKfspfoA. jfvB,
kfvf pkef sn´r-mmkf, zflv-pk´, SLpG-nrA W msbfspfsov nfsK
n§Àfb iadkiftb jvsk ifsv, kkef icv¢Nvf ifsv bf. kfYfVf dwð
iaKm uDhsbƒ JflA ifq mfsqv ²Àb rsk. zdLjfQw nmq mfsqv jfsY
Kfsj. hfsiv sysq mfsqv sn´r kfv r™lsq zdLj idvmfB Kfsj, kfƒ
mfsqv …iv ˆƒ lfdqk¶ hkGfq. dhswN jsv öfmD-²ÃDv mfsU dhs¤Yl
Oest dwð-iadkiftsbv lfdqk¶ mfsqvƒ; hvQ ˆef kfv ˆj
zdLjfvW. ˆviv hfi-mf bf Kfjst zdLjfv zfsY Jftfv.
dj§Âˆƒ iadkiftsbv jsqjde wkG vsqsY}-
dwð-ida kiftb  20
1- iftsqÛDsj mcndtm rsk rsh. bsy{ sjfb zmcndtm (djkfhD)
mf mcndtm n§Àfb-iadkiftsbv zdLjfv ifsh bf.
2- mf spb (iChG öfmD YfVf zbA icv¢sNv nfsK) icbdhGhfdrkf bf rq.
dhhfdrkf rst kfv dwð-iadkiftsbv zdLjfv zfv Kfjsh bf. hvQ
Jftf zKhf bfbDv …iv ˆƒ Hfv hkGfsh.
3- iftsqÛDsjÎfbn©iâf W nfhfdtjf rsk rsh. zkˆh
ifodtbD, s[iD hf bfhfdtjf mdrtf sjfb n§Àfb-iadkiftsbv
zdLjfv ifsh bf.
4- kfsj nfmKGA W wdÙÁn©iâf rsk rsh. zá,dyvsvfof, zdkhxÝf
iaHdx ksj iadkiftsbv lfdqk¶ slWqf pfsh bf.
iftsqÛDöfmD dbje sKsj Jvy ifsh. kftfjiafåf²ÃDƒÜskv
nmqjft ipG§À Jvy ifsh.
ˆmb dwð pfv ˆjec Îfb rsqsY, kfv dikf-mfkfv mfsU dhs¤Yl
Oest ˆhQ …Hsqƒ sYstsj nfsK vfJsk yfƒst slJsk rsh sp,
LmGDq hAfifsv ˆhQ dwðv dw[f-lD[f W zbAfbA jtAfsBv hAfifsv
sj zdLj …Ùm. pdl…Hsqƒ nmfb rq, kfrst dwðsj ˆJdkqfv
slWqf rsh. dwð pfsj zdLj iY¦l kfsj shsY sbsh. bsy{ dwðv
ubA HdhNA{ jtAfBjfdmkfq sp zdLj …Ùm, kfv zdLjfsv
dwðsj sYsV dlsk rshˆhQ snƒ kfv iajk x zdLjfvD.
dikf-mfkfv msLA sjfb ˆjub mcndtm rsq sost dwð mcndtsmv
zdLjfsv rsh. spsrkc iaskAj dwðƒ ƒntfsmv iajdx k dbsq u¦m
oarB jsv. (hcJfvD 1359 bQ)
jV
c fsbf sYstv ida kiftb
21  dwð-ida kiftb
sjfb dwð sjfb ²¿fsb isV Kfjf zh²¿fq ifWqf sost mcndtsmv
…dyk, kfsj jcdVsqˆsb kfv uDhb v[f jvfˆhQ kfsj mfbcN
jvf. zKhf sjfb lfdqk¶wDt nQ²¿f hf nQdw½óiadkôfsb si]ZsY
slWqf. mrfb zfïfr hstb, ªsp hAdÙÁjfsvf iafB v[f jvt, sn
spb ixdKhDv njt mfbcsNv iafB v[f jvt.« (nCvf mfƒlfr 32 zfqfk)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, ªskfmvf n{jfu W zfk¹nQpsm (kfjWqfv
jfsu) iv±iv nrspfdokf jv ˆhQ ifi W nDmf-tQOsb ˆsj
zsbAv nrspfdokf jsvf bf.« (‰ 2 zfqfk)
mrfbhD  hstb, ªsn hAdÙÁzfmfslv ltHcÙÁbq, sp zfmfslv
sYfev iadk lqf W sn´r jsv bf ˆhQ hVv zdLjfv sysb bf (kfv
iadk waÝf vfsJ bf).«(zfrmfl 2/185)
dkdb zfsvf hstb, ªsp lqf jsv bf, kfv iadk lqf jvf rsh bf.«
(hcJfvD, zfrmfl, zfhC lf†l, dkvdmpD, nrDùt ufsm' 6598 bQ)
dwð ufvu rstW db°ifi. ˆmb db°ifi dwðsj pdl sj… öys[
uDdhk slsJW wDk-oaD®m zKhf sjfb u§Âv jht sKsj v[f jsv kfv
ufb bf h]fyfq, kfrst snˆj JcbD hst oBA rsh. spmb sp jtsËv
Hsq osHGvë™B (4 mfn hqn rWqfv iv) rkAf jsv zKhf us¦mv iv
kfsj otf desi hf djYc Jfƒsq rkAf jsv, zKhf sjfb FfóXdhsb hf
sUfsi-uÌst sIst zfsn, sn skf mrf zivfLD Wˆj JcbD hseƒ.
sjfbW zmcndtsmv ubA sjfb mcndtm dwð jcdVsq mfbcN jvfv
zdLjfv sbƒ. mfbhkfv Jfdksv kfv …dyk, ‰ dwð n©isjG sjfb
mcndtmsj Jhv jvf.
jcVfsbf dwð hV rst sn öfLDb mfbcN rsh. hAdÙÁok ipGfsq kfsj
iadkiftb jvsk jórstƒntfmD ˆkDmJfbf kfv iadkiftbHfv
dwð-ida kiftb  22
oarB jvsh. ‰ zbfsKv n©il kfv mxkAc v iv hfqkct mfst umf
rsh. isV Kfjfv nmq ‰ dwðv ofsq lfmD ztËfv hf sthfsn efjf-
iqnf ifWqf sost kf‰dwðvƒ mfdtjfbf rsh. dhLfq sp kfsj
jcdVsq sisqsY kfv ubA kf sofib jsv zfk¹nf{ jvf zShL rsh.
jcVfhfv nmq pdl lcƒ hf kskfdLj hAdÙÁˆjƒ nsÌslsJ kfsj
dbsuv kvdhqsk vfJfv lfhD jsv, kfrst pfv rfsk ndEj mfbcN
rsq osV WEfv ncspfo ifsh snƒ ˆv zdLjfv ifWqfv spfoA rsh.
djYcdlb iv sjfb mcndtm pdl `dwðde zfmfv' hst lfhD ufbfq,
kfrst kfv jKf dhw¶fnspfoA rst kfsj dwð iakAiGB jvsk rsh.
zbcv™i sjfb zmcndtm ifÄf nhck siw jvst kfv dwð snƒ nhck
zbcnfsv sIv{ dlsk rsh.
ˆjƒ nmsq pdl lcƒ hf kskfdLj hAdÙÁˆjƒ dwðv ubA `zfmfv'
hst lfhD jsv, kfrst djqfIf (iakAsÌv dmtƒkAfdl) slsJ zKhf
vÙÁivD[f jsv, kfsk n©Hh bf rst tefvDv mfLAsm dwð jfv kf
dbLGfvB jvsk rsh.
ˆkDm-ida kiftb
nfhftj rWqfv iCshGƒ sp dikxrDb rq kfsj ˆkDm htf rq.
ˆkDm tftb-iftb jvf, kfv kÙ¶fhLfb jvf, kfsj kvdhqk W
dw[f lfb jvf, kfv n©islv slJfswfbf jvf ƒkAfdl mcndtsmv
jkGhA. ˆsk vsqsY dhvfe nWqfh. mrfbhD  dbsuv kuGbD W
mLAmf zÌcdt nmfbHfshƒdÌk jsv hstsYb,ªzfdmˆhQˆkDsmv
kÙ¶fhLfqj shsrsñˆv™i (ˆjsÛ)hfn jvh.« (hcJfvD 6005 bQ)
23  dwð-ida kiftb
ˆkDsmv iadkiftb-Hfv bf dbst, kfv zdHHfhjk¶ bf jvst
tfofmYfVf rsq kfv iKëókf W…¤Yx£Jtkfv hV zfwËf Kfsj.
zfv kf rt wfd§ÀjfmD nmfsuv ubA zdrkjv W zðHjv. kfƒ
skf kfslv iadk lqf-mmkfv nfsK kfslvsj nfrfpA-nrspfdokf
jvsk …äcÝjvf rsqsY njtsj. kfslv iadk v™P rsk dbsNL jvf
rsqsY. (nCvf pcrf 9 zfqfk) kfslvsj n©mfb W pKfKG mpGflf lfb jvsk
htf rsqsY. (nCCvf IfuvX 1777 zfqfk) zfv htf rsqsY sp, pfvf
ivjftsj zöDjfv jsv, kfvfƒ dikxrDb zbfKslvsj v™PHfsh
kfdVsq slq. (nCvf mf†b 1-2 zfqfk)
pfvf ˆkDsmv mft zfk¹nf{ jsv, mrfb zfïfr kfslvsj Hqfbj
wfd²Àv Lmj dlsqsYb. dkdb hstb, ªdikxrDbslvsj kfslv Lb-
n©il nmiGB jv ˆhQ …{jxsóv nfsK dbjxóhlt jsvf bf. zfv
skfmfslv n©islv nfsK kfslv n©ilsj dmdwak jsv oafn jsvf bf;
dbÇyqƒ kf mrfifi.« (nCvf dbnf 2 zfqfk)
ˆkDsmv Lb-n©il hAhnfq hf sjfb dhdbsqfo jfsu tfdosq hxdÝ
jvf kÙ¶fhLfqsjv jkGhA. snƒ Lb-mfstv ˆmbHfsh slJfswfbf
jvsh, pfsk ˆkDm sjfb iajfv [dkv dwjfv bf rq. ˆ dhNsq
zfïfr kfzftf dhNlHfsh hstb, ªzfïfr skfmfslv n©ilsj -pf
skfmfslv …iuDdhjf jsvsYb kf- dbshGfLslv rfsk ziGB jsvf bf,
kf rsk kfslv JfWqf-ivfv hAh²¿f jvˆhQ kfslv nfsKdmójKf
ht.ˆkDmslv iadk t[A vfJ, sp ipG§À bf kfvf dhhfr-spfoA rq.
dj§Âkfslv msLA Hfstf-m¦l Îfb idvicóslJst kfslv n©il
kfslvsj dIdvsq lfW. kfvf nfhftj rsq pfsh hst zbAfqHfsh kf
kfVfkfdV sJsq sIstf bf. sp (kÙ¶fhLfqj) zHfhmcÙÁ,sn spb kf
sKsj dhvk Kfsj pf zShLˆhQ sp zHfhoa²À sn spb bAfq-nÌk
dwð-ida kiftb  24
idvmfsB sHfo jsv. zk}iv skfmvf pJb kfslv n©il nmiGB
jvsh kJb nf[D svsJf. zfv drnfh oarsB zfïfrƒ psKó.« (nCvf dbnf 6)
zkˆh ˆkDm pJb nfhftj rsh, kJb nm²À drnfh hcdUsq kfv
nm²À Lb-n©idÙiakAiGB jvsk rshˆhQˆnmq nf[DW vfJsk
rsh, pfsk isv sjfb iajfsvv ns¦lr W Hct hcUfhcdU bf nxdórq.
ˆkDsmv hAfifsv zfïfr kfzftf zfsvf nkjG jsv hstsYb sp,
ªkfslv n©isjG (dEj skmbƒ mfbcNslv) Hq jvf …dyk, (spmb)
pdl kfvf diYsb znrfq n§Àfb sYsV spk (ksh) kfvfW kfslv
nìsá…däo´ rk. zkˆh stfsjv …dyk sp, (ˆkDm-zbfK
n©isjG) zfïfrsj Hq jvf ˆhQ bAfq-nÌk jKf htf. dbÇyq pfvf
ˆkDmslv n©il zbAfqHfsh oafn jsv, kfvf zfnst dbsuslv
…lsv zdo´ H[B jsv, kfvf u¶t§À zfÈsb u¶tsh.« (‰ 9-10 zfqfk)
mrfbhD  hstb, ªnfkde nhGbfwf jmG rsk lCsv Kfj; (pfv msLA
ˆjde rt) ˆkDsmv mft bfrj H[B jvf.« (hcJfvD 2766 bQ)
ˆkDm W kfv Lb-n©idÙv[Bfsh[sBvÈv¢Hfv W slJfswfbfv
lfdqk¶ sbWqf ˆj dhvfe zfmfbk. pfsk sJqfbk rst dbsuv
nhGbfw Ose. kfƒ Jch zfk¹nQpmD W wÙÁ„mfsbv mfbcN YfVf‰
Hfv oarB jvf…dyk bq. pfsk sn dbsu L¶Qn bf rq ˆhQ
ˆkDsmvW lcdlGb bf zfsn. zfv ˆ ubAƒ diaq bhD  nfrfhD zfhC
pfvG -sj ivfmwG dlsq hstdYstb, ªsr zfhC pfvG! zfdm skfmfsj
lchGt slJdY. zfv zfdm skfmfv ubA kfƒ iY¦l jdv, pf dbsuv
ubA jsv Kfdj.---- ˆkDsmv mfstv kÙ¶fhLfqj rsqf bf.« (mcndtm
1826 bQ, zfhC lf†l, rfsjm, hfƒrfjD)
ˆkDsmv mft dbnfhiCBG rst kfv kvI sKsj znD (kÙ¶fhLfqj)
snƒ mfstv pfjf{ zflfq jvsh. ˆkDm ovDh rst znD kfv pfjf{
25  dwð-ida kiftb
kfv iÇyfsk Jvy jvsk ifvsh. i[f§Àsv ˆkDm LbD rst znD
kfv pfjf{, sIkvf, Wwv ƒkAfdl Ivp nljf kfv diYsb hAq
jvsk ifsv bf. zhwA bIt nljf kfsj dlsk ifsv.
ˆkDsmv dbje sKsj znD bAfpA W iasqfub mk jfu W dJlmk
oarB jvsk ifsv.
ˆkDm jbAfv dhhfsrv nmq znD kfv n©mdk zhwAƒ sbsh.
bsy{ kfv n©mdk YfVf dhhfr rsh bf. znD dbsu dhhfr jvsk
yfƒst zKhf kfv sYstv nfsK dhhfr dlsk yfƒstW kfv
n©mdkÛÁsm pKfpK iaslq slbsmfrv ialfb jsv dhhfr n©iâ
jvsk rsh. kfsj yfi dlsq zKhf …ijfv W kÙ¶fhLfsbv
dhdbmqsj smfrv jsv kfsj zbA sjfb smfrv bf dlsq hf kfsj
bfvfu jsv dhhfr ShL bq.
dwðv HvB-sifNB
n§Àfb-n§Àdk hV rsq dbsu jfdmsq sJsk bf dwJf zKhf dhhfr bf
rWqf ipG§À dikf hf zdHHfhsjv …iv kfslv HvB-sifNB jvf
Wqfsuh. ªdhÙhfb dbsuv nfmKGA zbcpfqD hAq jvshˆhQ pfv v¢pD
nDdmk sn zfïfr kfsj pf lfb jsvsYb kf rsk hAq jvsh. zfïfr
pfsj sp nfmKGA dlsqsYb, klsi[f Èv¢kv shfUf dkdb kfv …iv
ziGB jsvb bf. zfïfr jsóv (zHfshv) ivöd²À (ö¤Ytkf) lfb
jvshb.« (nCvf k¶ftfj 7 zfqfk)
zbcv™iHfsh dhÙhfb hf…ifuGbwDt n§Àfsbv …iv dikfmfkfv
HvB-sifNB Wqfsuh. zhwA dikfmfkfv zh²¿fn¤Yt rst kf
dwð-ida kiftb  26
Wqfsuh bq.
iaskAj dikfvƒ jkGhA n§Àfb rWqfv iCshG W isv zfïfrv …iv
Hvnfv nfsK nfsK kfv HdhNA{ dbsq dy§Àf-Hfhbf jvf. kfv v¢pD-
v¢eDv hs¦lfh²À vfJf …dyk. nm²À n©il zfïfrv vf²Àfq lfb jsvW
kfsj jilGjwCbA jsv sYsV pfWqf zdHHfhsjv ubA zShL.
spmb icv¢sNfdyk jmG bq, sjhtmfÛjfmtftnf ydvkfKG jvfv
…sÜswA dhhfr jvfˆhQ kfv iÇyfsk sp kfv HfhD hQwLsvv
zfomb rsh kfv jKf Hcst dosq sHfo-dhtfsn W zfsmfl-IcdkGsk
ˆhQ spZhsbf¦mÙkfq dbsuv Lb-n©il zihAq jsv dvÙÁrs²À
n§Àfb-iftsb zifvo rsq iVf. zKhf öfmD-²ÃDsk nhGncJ tcse dbsq
n§Àfsbv HfsoA sk]kt c Ocst slWqf. hvQ dhhfsrv iChG sKsjƒ
icv¢Nsj idvBfm dy§Àf W lCvldwGkfv nfsK lf©iskA bfmf …dyk.
zfhfv siZv¢N ˆW bq sp, icv¢N sjht dbsuv lf©ikA W dhtfn-
ncsJv zfdLjA zfbqsbv ubA n§Àfb hf ë™B rkAf jvsh. hvQ njt
nmnAfv n©mcJDb rWqf ˆhQ kfv icv¢sNfdyk smfjfdhtf jsv
nmfLfb zs¦hNB jvfƒ icv¢sNv jkGhA.
öfmD jxiB rstˆhQ²ÃDv is[ n§Àfb-iadkiftb zKGfHfsh jdEb
rst, öfmDv zufs§À sofisb kfv n©il rsk djYc jsv, dEj iasqfub
W idvmfB mk zKG ²ÃD Jvy jvsk ifsv. (hcJfvD 5364 bQ) ksh
zbAfqHfsh znÌk jfsu hf dhtfn-ianfLsb hAq jvfv ubA zKhf
dbsuv sjfb zfk¹Dq-öubsj nfrfpA jvfv ubA sofibHfshöfmDv
dhbf zbcmdksk kfv zKG hf sjfb dudbn sbWqf ShL bq. iv§Â ²ÃD
n©ilwfdtbD rst kfv …dyk, öfmD W n§Àfbslv diYsb kf hAq jvf.
dwð-n§Àfsbv HvB-sifNB ƒkAfdl spmb dikfv ubA Wqfsuh,
dEj skmdb kfslv kvI sKsj dI{vf zflfq jvfW Wqfsuh.
27  dwð-ida kiftb
zHfh iVst dikf kfv sYstsj sjfKfW sjfb …ipcÙÁjfsu
dbpcÙÁjsv kfv jfmfƒ sJsk ifsv. ksh ˆ hAfifsv msb vfJf …dyk
sp, kfslv dw[f-lD[f hf ydvsÛv sjfb iajfv [dk bf rq. djswfvD
hf pchkD smsqsjˆmb sjfb jfsu dbsqfo jvf zfslZ…dyk bq,
pfsk kfslv idhÛkf, nkDk¶ W bfvDk¶ [câ rq. zbA sjfb dw¬i hf
rfskv jfu bf Kfjst ˆjf§À dbv¢ifq zh²¿f YfVf jfsvf oxsr
lfnDhxdÙjvsk slWqfˆjub v¢dywDt dikf-mfkfv jfu rWqf
…dyk bq.
n§fÀ bslv mfsU bAfqivfqBkf
n§Àfb ˆsjv zdLj rst kfslv mfsU bAfqivfqBkf W ƒbnfI vfJf
dikf-mfkfv ubA ˆjf§À uv¢vD jmG. kfslvsj lc'busv slJf smfseƒ
…dyk W ShL bq. djYc …irfv hf lfb dlst njtsj nmfbHfsh dlsk
rsh. jf…sj slWqf W jf…sj bf slWqf, zfhfv jf…sj jm slWqf W
jf…sj shwD slWqf sjfb mcndtm dikfv ubA ShL bq. (hcJfvD 2587bQ)
zfïfr ufïf wfbcr hstb, ªskfmvf ƒbnfI jv, jfvB kf kfjWqfv
dbjekv jmG.« (nCvf mfƒlfr 8 zfqfk) ªzfïfr zhwAƒ bAfqivfqBkf,
nlfyfvB W zfk¹Dq-öubsj lfsbv dbslGw slbˆhQ dkdb zw½Dtkf,
zn{jfpG W zhfLAfyvB rsk dbsNL jsvb. dkdb skfmfslvsj
…islw slb, pfsk skfmvf dw[f oarB jv.« (nCvf bfrt 90 zfqfk)
sp siZÛhf siZÛDv dikf mfvf sosY (spsrkc dikxhA Kfjsk kfvf
dikfmsrv mDvfn sKsj hdÑk kfƒ) kfslv bfsm zdnqk (…ƒt-
isÛlfb) jvf jkGhA. sjfb Wqfsvsnv ubA zdnqk ShL W dnÝ
dwð-ida kiftb  28
bq. (nrDùt ufsm' 7570 bQ) ÎfkhA sp, sjfbW zdnqsk hf WqfjXI-
Jfsk nm²À Lb-n©idÙvˆj kxkDqfQswv zdLj lfb dtsJ
Wqfsvnslv zQw jm jvf ShL bq.
dwðv kvdhqk
dwð zfusjv n§Àfb, dj§ÂzfofmD jfstv dikf. `dwðv dikf
Ocdmsq zfsY nh dwðslv z§Àsv.' Swwh W Sjswfv dwðv
dikxspfoAkf zuGb jvfv nmq. mfbcsNv mk mfbcN jsv osV skftf,
kfv uDhb ncJ-nmxÝjsv osV skftfv nmqˆefƒ. ˆƒ nmsq
dwðsj seºdbQ W kvdhqk dlskƒntfm zdHHfhjsj zfslw W
…äcÝjsv. spsrkc n§Àfb mfbcsNv …{jxókm n©il W zmCtA Lb.
zfv kf dikfv dbje vfJf ˆj zfmfbk. pfv iadk zhÎf, zhsrtf
W zbhLfbkfƒntfm zfslZ iY¦l W ShL jsv bf.
iaskAj n©islvƒ zfmlfdb shwD rst, kfv mCtA-mfb zsbjef
jsm pfq. dj§Ân§Àfb ˆmb ˆj n©il, pfv zfmlfdb zdLj rstW
dikf-mfkfv dbje kfv mCtA ˆjƒ Kfsj. pfvf nhfƒ HdhNAskv
bfodvj, mcndtm nmfsuv ˆj ˆjef nHA. kfvfƒ zfofmD dlsbv
zfïfrv diaq hf¦lf ˆhQ ˆ ixdKhDv wfd§À-diaq W …âk mfbcN. kfslv
iadk pk´hfb rWqf ubj-ubbDv ˆjf§À jkGhA.
iaskAj dikf-mfkfvƒ iaqfn Kfsj sp, kfslv n§Àfbvf spb sjfb
iajfv jóbf ifq. ixdKhDsk Lb-‰w¶spGv mfsU mfKf …]yc jsv hnhfn
jsv bsy{ z§Àk}is[ [cLfv zsâ kfslv sjfb iajfsvv zHfh W
efbfefdb bf slJf slq. dj§Âˆdy§Àf sjhtmfÛ60/70 hYsvv ubA
29  dwð-ida kiftb
nDdmk. zKy uDhb skf WJfsbƒ swN bq. ivjfstv uDhb rt
dyv²¿fqDˆhQƒrjfstv jmG-uDhsbv ncIt zKhf jcIt tfH jvfv
uDhb rt snƒ ifvstZdjj uDhb, ˆ jKf dikf-mfkfsj nhGfsoa
sJqfst vfJf iasqfub. n§Àfbvf pfsk dyv-uDhb ncJD rq, zdLj§Â
ivjfst spb sjfb jóbf ifq, kf LAfsb vfJf iaskAj lqfûG W
sn´rfûG dikf-mfkfvƒ jkGhA. mrfb zfïfr hstb, ªsr mcdmboB!
skfmvf dbsuslvsj ˆhQ skfmfslv idvhfv-idvubsj snƒ zfÈb
rsk v[f jv, pfvƒáb mfbcN W ifKv, pfv dbq§ÃBHfv zdiGk
zfsY dbmGm-r™lq, jsEfv-öHfh dIdvñfosBv…iv, pfvf zfïfr
kfslvsj pf zfslw jsvb kf zmfbA jsv bf ˆhQ pf jvsk zfdló
rq kfƒ jsv.« (nCvf kfrvDm 6 zfqfk)
ƒruosk dikf-mfkfv ncpk´ Kfsj, pfsk dwð wDk-oaDs°m jóbf
ifq. lcOGebfÛÁsm stso pfWqf zfÈb sKsj dwðsj v[f jvfv ubA
dikf-mfkf uDhb dhdtsq slq. zKy snƒ dikf-mfkfsjƒ slJf pfq
sp, kfvf zfsJvfskv mrf zdo´ rsk dwðsj v[f jvsk kkef hf
ˆsjhfsvƒ pk´hfb bq! iv§Âsn zfÈb ˆ zfÈb sKsj 70ÈB
zdLj lfdrjfwdÙÁn©iâ ˆhQ spJfsb sjfbW dhdbmsq jf…sj v[f
jvf smfseƒ n©Hh bq. zkˆh htsk rq sp, ˆmb dikf-mfkf
iajkx is[ öfKGhflD, kfslv r™lq sn´r-hf{ntArDb zKhf ivjfstv
iadk kfslv dhw¶fn W LfvBf sbƒ.
jdy-j]fyf dwðv r™lq-mb ö¤Y j]fsyv mk idhÛW idv°jfv
Kfsj. pf sp sjfbW Ydh oarB jvfv …ipcÙÁKfsj. dikf-mfkf
kfsk sp Ydh iadkIdtk jsv, snƒ Ydhƒ zdËk rsq vsq pfq kfv
r™lq-mcjcv W mfbnise.
zKhf kfslv r™lq Swwsh ˆj Ffh jflfv mk. jcsmfv ƒ¤Yf
dwð-ida kiftb  30
jvst kf dlsq ˆjde r]fdV oVsk ifsv. iv[sB ‰ j]fyf zh²¿fskƒ
ƒ¤Yf jvst kf sHsÌnc¦lv ˆj jtnD hfbfskW ifsv. dj§Âia²Âk
rWqfv iv wcdjsq icdVsq sItf rst kf sHsÌzbA djYc oVfv
ƒ¤Yf jvstW zfv kf n©Hh rq bf. jfvB ˆmb HfÌf-oVf hf
nc¦lv W mbmk jsv oVfv nmq rt kJb, pJb mfde j]fyf W bvm
Kfsj. zbcv™iHfsh n§Àfbsj nc¦lv W mbmk jsv osV sbWqfv
nmq rt kfv Swwh zh²¿f. i[f§Àsv sn hV rsq sisj pfWqfv iv
mbmk osV skftfv syóf hùtfQsw nIt rq bf.
zfhfv dwð rt hV zbcjvB-diaq. dwð pf slsJ W swfsb kfƒ
zbcjvB jvsk wcv¢ jsv. nckvfQ sn kfv dikf-mfkf W idvshswv
ydvÛ-ÈsB mfbcN rsq WsE. sYstv ydvsÛhfsivˆhQ smsqv ydvsÛ
mfsqv djYc bf djYc ÈB iaHfhfd¦hk jsvƒ Kfsj. `hfi jf shef
dnifrD jf sOfVf, jcY bf srf skf sKfVf sKfVf.' zfv `zfef ÈsB v¢eD
W mf ÈsB sheD.' zhwA kfslv jfY sKsj lCsv sKsj n§Àfb zbA
sjfKfW mfbcN rst zKhf iaHfhwftD sjfb dHâ idvshswv iaHfh,
yfi hf nrspfdokf sist dikf-mfkfv ydvsÛv dhivDk Hfstf zKhf
m¦l rsq osV …Esk ifsv.
mcndtm dikfmfkfv dwð-n§Àfsbv iadk iaLfb W iaKm jkGhA ˆƒ
sp, Swwh rskƒ kfsj `mcndtm' SkvD jvfv ia²Âdk sbshˆhQ pfsk
dwðˆjub pKfKG mcndtm rsq osV WsE kfv ubA wcv¢ sKsjƒ
kfsj ƒntfmD zflh W dw[f lfb jvsh. iajk x mcndtm rsk ifvst
‰ dwð HdhNAsk `mfbcsNv mk mfbcN', `dikfv mk dikf'ˆhQ
`mfkfv mk mfkf' rsq mfbcN rsq ˆ ixdKhDv …âqb nfLsb n[m
rsk ifvsh.
dwð jKf htsk dwJst, kfsj iaKmk} jstmf kWrDl `tf
31  dwð-ida kiftb
ƒtfrf ƒïfïfr, mcrf©mflcv vfnCtcïfr' (zfïfr YfVf sj… nkA
…ifnA sbƒ, mcrf©mfl  k]fv siadvk lCk) dw[f slsh. zk}iv
LDsv LDsv htfv dhdHâ zflh dw[f slsh. pfsk dwð iasqfub mk
z¬i jKf, …ijfvD W nkA jKf htsk zHAfnD rq. dmKAf HcstW
spb bf hst. hfdVsk sKsj dwðsj `zfêc hfdVsk sbƒ' htsk
dwdJsq jf…sj lvuf sKsj dIdvsq dlsk hst dmKAf htfv seºdbQ
spb bf ifq.…irfn W EfÕfYstW spb dmKAf bf hst. mfsqv
jfsYW spb dmdYdmdY `dmdóslfh, dhVft zfsY, ucuc zfsY'ƒkAfdl
wcsb dmKAfv kvdhqk bf ifq. ivyyGf, ivdb¦lf, ycotD hf ofdtm¦l
bf jsv. hVslv nfsK Hûkf W zflshv nsÌjKf hst, mcnfdIv hf
zidvdyk hAdÙÁsjW zflh jsv. hVslvsj sjfb dhNsqùjcm bf
jsv, nmhqõW sYfeslvsj `kcdm'ˆhQ hVslvsj `zfidb' hst.
jecjKf W jsEfv-hfjA bf hst. sYstvf njstv nfsK nhGlf bma jKf
hstˆhQ smsqvf (djswfvD W pchkD rsq…Est) sjfb shofbf
pchsjv nfsK bma-ncsv jKf bf hst. dmKAf hf jKfq jKfq jnm bf
Jfq. sjfb dhNsq zÌDjfv jvst, kf iftb jsv. dikf-mfkfv
n©il dbsq jfsvf jfsY ohG bf jsv. sjfb sYstv jfsY shfb hf
HfhDv sjfb v™iyyGf zKhf snZ¦lpG W ÈB hBGbf bf jsv. mf-hfsiv,
Hfƒ-HfhDv, zKhf shfb-hcbfƒ-ˆv sjfb sofibDq jKf (sj…
duÎfnf jvstW) spb jf…sj bf hst.
dwðsj ytfv dhdHâ zflhW dw[f slsh. nsufsv ils[i jsv
ohGHsv ytsk hfLf slsh. (bfvD, zw½Dt Ydh, jfsvf wvmofr
ƒkAfdl) zShL sjfb djYcv iadk lxdós[i bf jsvisKv…isvƒ
lxdódbhÝsvsJ ytsk dw[f slsh.
sJsk dwJst nhGlf Ffb rfsk sJsk-ifb jvsk zHAfnD jvsh.
dwð-ida kiftb  32
rfk Lcsq wcv¢sk zfïfrv bfm ˆhQ swsN k]fv rfmXl W wcjXv zflfq
jvsk zflh slsh. ˆjLfv rsk (dbsuv kvI sKsj) sJsk
dwJfsh. jfsvf JfWqf slsJƒ spb sJsk bf yfq, kfv ubA pKfKG
zflh dwJfsh. pfsk sn isvv nfmsb JfWqfv iahBkf bf slJfq.
jf…sj sJsk slJst spb kfv dlsj HAftXHAftX jsv kfdjsq bf
Kfsj. JfWqfsk spb utdlhfdu bf jsv. …Ùmv™si spb dydhsq
Jfq. sIst W stfjnfb jsv spb bf Jfq. djYc isV sost kfv
mqtf lCv jsv hf Lcsq spb kf sJsq sbq. jfvB, pfvf ziyq jsv
kfvf wqkfsbv Hfƒ.
dwð nhGij a fv ncJfslA spb zHAfnD rsq WsE. sjfb nmq ˆhQ
sjfb ufqofq sjfb rftft JflA slsJ `dY}' hf `ˆ Jfƒ bf, W Jfƒ
bf' bf jsv. zfv pKfpK syóf vfJsh, pfsk sjfb rfvfm W zJflA
kfv sise bf pfq. nhGlf spb rftftƒ sJsk swsJ ˆhQ dbsuv
rfskv jfmfƒ sJsk zHA²À rq. zdLj sHfub-dhtfnD W
…lvivfqB bf rsq WsE. spb z¬i zfrfsvƒ n§Âórsk ifsv ˆhQ
jm sJsk zHAfnD rq. `isvv Hfsk sie bó' jvsk spb bf swsJ.
srtfb dlsq spb bf Jfq. dkb w¶fsn ifdb ifb jsv ˆhQ ifdbskƒ
spb db}w¶fn bf YfsV.
jfiV ivfv nmq idvLfsbv dhdHâ zflh dw[f slsh dwðsj.
sYstslvsj nflf sifwfj ivsk zdLj …äcÝjvsh. o]fsev dbsy
Ucdtsq jfiV ivsk dbsNL jvsh. rtcl W ufIvfb vsMv hf
svwsmv sjfb jfiV zKhf snfbfv djYc ivsk sYstsj zbcmdk
slsh bf.ˆmb efƒedIeX sifwfj ivfsh bf, pfsk wvDsvv …]yc-dbyc
hcUf pfq W …Esk-hnsk jórq. smsqslvsjˆmb sifwfj ivsk
zHA²À jvsh bf, pf ifktf ˆhQ pfsk dHksvv yfmVf z±ióHfsh
33  dwð-ida kiftb
iajfw ifq. dTtf ufmf-jfiV ivsk zHAfn jvfsh. o]fsev dbsy
Ucdtsq if-Tfjf ufmf ivsk seºdbQ slsh. nhGlf mfKfqWVbf vfJsk
W shofbf icv¢sNv nfmsb nfvf slr Tfjsk zfslw jvsh. kfslvsj
dw[f slsh sp, sjht h[²¿t W sjfmv rsk r]fec ipG§Àƒ zÌ
zf¤YflA zfhv¢ ˆhQ hfjD …s¦mfybDq zÌbq. hvQ kfslv slsrv
nhecjcƒ zf¤YflbDq ƒÏk. zfvˆjKf Hfstf jsv msb Tcdjsq
slsh sp, of-mfKf sTsj ovm tfostW slfpsJv zfÈb kfv sKsj
hùÈB zdLj ovm.
idv¤Ysl dwðsj zdLj dhtfdnkfq zHA²À jvsh bf. bsy{ hV
rsq snƒ snZ¦lpG W dhtfdnkfv sJ]fsu hù djYc rfdvsq sItsh.
sYstsj smsqtD rfhHfh W sifwfj hAhrfsv ˆhQ smsqsj
icv¢sNfdyk HfhHdÌW sifwfj hAhrfsv hfLf slsh.
wqsbv dhdHâ zflh dw[f slsh. wqsbv wcv¢sk Ffb jfsk wqb
jvsk zHAfn jvfsh. dy{ hf …hcV rsq wcsk spb zHA²À bf rq.
(iVfswfbf bf Kfjst) ˆwfv iv dbûf ˆhQ Iusvv iCshG ufovsB
zHAfnD hfbfsh. lcicsv JfWqfv iv YfVf pKfn©Hh dlsb Ocmfsk
(hV) dwðsj hfLf slsh. jfvB, dlhf-dbûfq ztnkf hfsV zsbj.
zhwA dhÎfbDvf hstb, nfmfbA dlhfdbûf n¹xdkwdÙÁ hxdÝsk
nrspfdokf jsv.
Swwh rskƒ bvm odlsk swfhfv zHAfn jvfsh bf. jfvB kfsk
wpAfdhtfnD rsq iVsh ˆhQ isv sjfb nmq ‰ odl bf sist
zbAKfq kfv Ocmƒ rsh bf. kfYfVf kfv wvDsvv oEbW muhck rsh
bf. lw hYv hqn rst sYst-smsqv dhYfbf ixKj ixKj jsv slsh.
swfhfv nmsq mf dwðsj ƒntfmD bfbf ƒdkrfn W jfdrbD swfbfsh.
shsrsñv stfHˆhQ slfpsJv Hq slJfsh. pfsk dwðv msb
dwð-ida kiftb  34
ƒntfmD zfjNGB W zfbcoskAv iahBkf …ßck rq. zhwA sjfb
nmsq ucuc, Hck hf sjfb iafBDv Hq slJfsh bf.
Ocm ifVfsbfv nmq Nfe-mfsqv slfrfƒ slWqf, dwð Ocsmv sOfsv
ösi´ rfnst hf j]flst Nfe-mf rfnfs¤Y hf j]flfs¤Y msb jvf,
svfohftfƒ lCv jvfv ubA `hftfƒ Nfe' htf mCdkGiCujslv dhw¶fn W
LfvBf. mcndtmslv jsmG ˆ dwjG Kfjf sjfbÛÁsmƒ …dyk bq.
klbcv™i `dwðv mcsJ mcJ dlsk sbƒ, jfvB dwðvf zfïfrv nfsK
jKf hst! dwðv jfsb rfk dlsk sbƒ, kfv rfqfk jsm pfq,
wvjfdE ofsq sEjfsk sbƒ, dwð wcdjsq pfq' ƒkAfdl LfvBf zmCtj
W wvDqk-dhsvfLD.
sJtfv zflsh, dbqdmk dbdlGónmsq sJtsk slsh. zShL h²Âhf
sJtbf dbsq sJtsk slsh bf.ˆmb sJtbf slsh pfsk dwðv
hcdÝmÙfv…s¦mN Oesk nrspfoD rq. zHû, shzflh W syfqfV
sYst-smsqslv nfsK sJtsk slsh bf. sp sJtfq zidv¤Yâkf W
bo´kf (r]fecv …iv rfI iAf¦e ivf uv¢vD) zfsY, sn sJtfq Jhvlfv
zbcmdk slsh bf. sp sJtfq wfvDdvj W äDbD…ijfv zfsY snƒ
sJtf sJtsk zbcmdk slsh. zfv sp sJtfq zKG W nmsqv zbKGj
ziyq zfsY ˆhQ sp sJtfq dhislv zfwËf zfsY (spmb
zfkwhfdu iaHdx k), sn sJtf rsk nhGlf hfLf lfb jvsh.
iajfw Kfsj sp, jfisVv icktc dbsq dwðjbAfv sJtf zsbsj ShL
htstW, sjfb Lfkc hf i½fd±ej-dbdmGk ickt c dbsq sJtsk bf
slWqfƒ …dyk. jfvB, ƒntfm mCdkGv sOfv dhsvfLD.
iVfv nmq mb dlsq iVsk …äcÝjvsh. iVfv ncItˆhQ bf
iVfv jcIt hBGbf jvsh. iVfv hƒ-ˆv iadk zflh dwJfsh.
zbAfbA dw[fv nfsK nfsK ƒntfmD hƒ-ic²ÀjW iVsk slsh.
35  dwð-ida kiftb
jcvzfb mfuDl iVst iCshG Wpcv dbqm dwdJsq Wpc jsv iVsk
htsh. …sïJA sp, sp Îfb dw[f jvf Ivp, kf rtƒntfmD
wvDqskv Îfb. zbAfbAÎfb iasqfub smfkfshj uv¢vD.
dwðsj hnfv dhdHâ zflh dw[f slsh, pfsk shw Hûkf W
zflshv nfsK hnsk zHAfnD rq. ifsqv …iv if yfdisq
zrQjfvDslv mk bf hsn. dhswN jsv hVslv nfmsb ‰v™i ˆhQ
…]yc zfnsb bf hsn. hnf zh²¿fq if bf slftfq. kfslv iadk if
hfdVsq bf hsn hf kfslvsj diYb jsv bf hsn. shÑXhf syqfsv if
kcst bf hsn. jfvB,ˆLvsbv hnf rt shzflh sYstslv.
mudtsnv zflh dw[f slsh. dwð sjfb mudtsn sost nftfm
slsh. spJfsb I]fj ifsh snJfsb hnsh. jf…sj ndvsq, …dEsq hf
mudtn dysv hnsh bf. zisvv ubA ufqof iaw²À jvsh. ƒtXmD
mudtn rst ˆjfoakfv nfsK jKf wcbsh. sjfb iajfsvv yfÑtA,
YcefYcde, sJtfsJdt hf wè jsv hVslv dFófhG jvsh bf. jfsvf
nfmsb l]fk, bfj hf jfb J]cesh bf. mudtsn KcKc sItsh bf, bfj
UfVsh bf. UfVskƒ rst lCsv nsv dosq zKhf zfs²À zfs²À wè bf
jsv UfVsh. jfsvf mcsJv nfmsb rfƒ kctsh bf. kctskƒ rst sn
nmq (zbcv™iHfsh r]fdyv nmqW) mcsJ rfk svsJ sbsh. ˆ nmq
`rf-rf' jsv wè jvsh bf.
idhÛkf W idv¤Yâkfv zflh dw[f slsh dwðsj. pfsk dwð mcsJ
zfÌct vfJsk zHAfnD bf rq, l]fsk bJ bf jfse, hvQ dbqdmk bJ-
jfef p§Ã äfvf bJ sjse sIst. ianafh-ifqJfbf hf Lcstf-jflf dbsq
sJtf bf jsv. ufmf-jfiV dbsqƒ mqtfsk bf hsn. ianafshv iv
sYfe sKsjƒ dbqdmk ifdb hf mfdev sTtf hAhrfv jsv tÏf²¿fb
idv°jfv vfsJ. dbqdmk l]fk mfuf W mcJ sLfqfq zHAfnD rq. ufmf-
dwð-ida kiftb  36
jfiV icvsbf rstW idv°jfv jsv idvLfb jsv. iadk jfu slWqf
W sbWqf Ffb rfk äfvf jsv. zfv ianfa h-ifqJfbf idv°jfv jvfv
nmq hfm rfk hAhrfv jsv.
dwðv Îfb Jctsk tfost kfsj zbAfbA kf'tDsmv nfsK nfsK
„mfbD W ƒntfmD kf'tDmW lfb jvsh ˆhQ kfv ncIt n©isjG
kfsj iatcé jvsh. sh„mfbD W LmGrDbkfv jcIt hBGbf jsv kfsj
nkjG jvsh. dwðsj zsbAv lcL ifb jvfsk rst ˆmb LfÛD-mfkf
dbhGfyb jvsh pfv lcL rftft JflA H[B jsv us¦m Kfsj. klbcv™i
kfv iadkiftb-Hfv ˆmb bfvDsj ziGB jvsh, pfv ydvÛW
zfyvsB ˆjub LfdmGj mcÊ rq.pKfnmsq dwðsj mÙÁh, mfûfnf W
õcst ifEfsh. sjfb dhufkDq dmwsb zhwAƒ ifEfsh W iVfsh bf.
nhGfsoa dwðsj `mc'dmb W mcndtm' jsv sbsh. zk}iv kfsj
spmb iasqfub skmb …¤y dw[fq dwd[k jvsh. ksh sp dw[fq
ivjfst ncsJv zfwf jvf pfq, ƒrjfst nc¦lv W ncôc nmfu kKf
wfd§Àmq idvshw oVf pfq, slw W ufdkv …âdkv jKf Hfhf pfq,
ydvÛW zfyvsB wx£Jtkfv zf²¿f vfJf pfq, kf rtˆjmfÛ
ƒntfmD dw[f.
dwð pJb hf-zflh rsq osV WsE, kJb kfv iawQnf jvf …dyk.
sjfb sjfb nmq kfv nlXÈsBv…iv kfsj icvõxk jsv…{nfdrk
jvf jkGhA. sjfb nmsq shzflhD jsv sItst [mf jvfˆhQ
stfjmfsU kfv zimfb bf jsv sofisb dw[f slWqf…dyk. pfsk
shrfqf rsq shisvfqf W shqfVf bf rsq pfq. däkDqhfvˆjƒ Hct
jvst spfoA wfd²À (spmb, kfv nfsK jKf htf hájvfƒkAfdl)
ialfb jvsh. zdLj hjfhdj hf jKfq jKfq F]fe-Lmj jvsh bf.
pfsk kf wcsb wcsb zHAfsn idvBk jsv sIst dwð dikfv ‰
37  dwð-ida kiftb
wfnbsj sjfb mcûf-slfN hst msb bf jsv hsn ˆhQ sjfb lmbDq W
bmbDq Hfh kfv msb nxdóbf rq. hvQ sYfe jKfq Wub svsJ wfnb
jvsh. mf wfnb jvsk bf ifvst hfsiv Hq slJfshˆhQ dwðv
ifi W jfihfsiv jfsY sofib jsv sYstsj hV zivfLDsk
idvBk rsk nrfqkf jvsh bf. dhbf zbcmdksk jfsvf sjfb dudbn
dbsk dbsNL jvsh. hfdVsk efjf-iqnf ycdv jvsk wcv¢ jvst dTt
slsh bf. sjfb dhNq-h²Â(efjf-iqnfdl)sk zdLj stfH W jfsvf
iadk drQnf jvf rsk dhvk vfJsh. stfH W„NGf dwJfsh
iVfswfbfq, pfsk nhfv sysq iaKm rsk ifsvˆhQƒhflsk, pfsk
nhfv sysq hV zfshl rsk ifsv.
dwðsj nftfsmv bfbf zflh dw[f slsh. sYfe-hV njtsj nftfm
slsh. mcnfIfrf jvsh. ksh shofbfv nfsK mcnfIfrf jvsh bf. mfKf
U]cdjsq hf if Y]csq jf…sj nftfm jvsh bf. jfsvf nfsK jKf htfv
iCshG iCshGƒ nftfm slsh. sj… nftfm slhfv iCshGƒ jKf wcv¢ jvst
ˆhQ isv nftfm dlst kfv …Ùv slsh bf. dhlfq sbWqfv nmsqW
nftfm slsh. dbqmk} sYfe hVsj, z¬i nQJAj zdLj nQJAjsj,
zfsvfrD ilfdkjsj, iKyfvD …idhósj iaKsm nftfm slsh. (hcJfvD
6231 bQ) sj… lCsv zKhf j]fsyv zfVfst Kfjst rfskv ƒwfvfv
nfsK nfsK mcsJW nftfm slsh. sj… nftfm dlst kfv sysq
nc¦lvHfsh …Ùv slsh. bfmfp iVf zh²¿fq sj… nftfm dlst rfskv
ƒwfvfq kfv uhfh slsh. sjfb jfsIvsj iaKsm nftfm slsh bf. sn
nftfm ±ióHfsh dlst kfv nftfsmv…Ùv slsh. z±ióHfsh dlst
kfv uhfsh htsh, `zzftfƒjcm.'
dw[fv zhsrtfv …iv dw[j dwðsj mxlc iarfv jvsk ifsv.
dwð hfdVsk ˆsn dw[sjv zdHspfo jvst dw[sjv …iv
dwð-ida kiftb  38
sÛÁfLfd¦hk rWqf hf znÌk jKf htf zdHHfhsjv zfslZ…dyk
bq. hvQ kfsjˆƒ htf …dyk sp, `iVfswfbf dEjmk bf jvst hf
hlmfdw jvst hfdVskW iarfv Jfsh. ˆƒHfsh hVslv W W²Àflslv
zfslw mfbA jsv ytfv pKfpK seºdbQ slsh.
hV W W²Àflslv iadk -pdlW k]fvf dhslwD rb khcW- n©mfb W
waÝfv busv slJfv kf'tDm slsh, pfsk dhslwD, mcnfdIv, zidvdyk
sjfb hAhnfqD hf dH[cj iaHdx kv nfsK sjfb znmDyDb lchGAhrfv W
shzflhD bf jsv.
rfdnvW ˆjef zflh zfsY. dwð pfsk srf-srf jsv rfnsk
zHAfnD bf rq, kfv syóf jvsh mf-hfi.
dikf-mfkfv …dyk, sYstsmsqslv odkdhdL nC[¹Hfsh t[A jvf.
pfsk sofisb kfvf jcisK if hfdVsq bf hsn. kfslv Sjswfv zh²¿f
sKsjˆmb nkjG rWqf…dyk, pfsk ufk-jcst W mfb-nísm sjfb
iajfv jfdtmf bf isVˆhQ zfïfrv oph kfslv …iv bf ˆsn
isV. kfslv …iv iCBG zf²¿f W dhw¶fn svsJ kfslvsj iCBG öfLDbkf
slWqf dikfmfkfv zfslZ…dyk bq. pchj jcesc mv dJlmsk djswfvD
hf pchkD smsqsj dbpcÙÁjvf, djswfvD hf pchkD jcesc mv nfsK djswfv
hf pchj sYstv zhfL dmtfdmwf W jKfhfkGfv ncspfo slWqf, djswfvD
hf pchkD smsqv mfLAsm slfjfb hf hfufv jvfv jfu sbWqf sjfb
mcndtm W ÎfbD dikfmfkfv jfu bq. jfvB,ˆnsh zsbj s[sÛ
zOeb Ose, kf htfƒ hfùtA.
ƒntfsm ˆmb dikfmfkf dikfdodv hf mfkfdodvv zspfoA, pfvf
dbsuslv sYstsmsqslv ydvÛdhNsq sjfb sJ]fu-Jhv vfsJ bfˆhQ
kfslv zfyvsBv iadk sjfbë™s[iƒ jsv bf. ˆslv mk dikf-
mfkfsj öfKGhflD W sjht jfmtftnf ydvkfKGjfvDƒ htf yst.
39  dwð-ida kiftb
mcndtm idvshsw iaskAsjv ö-öÈv¢Hfv W lfq-lfdqk¶ zfsY, pf
njtsjƒ ndEjHfsh iftb jvskƒ rq. vfufv …iv iaufv
Hfstf-ms¦lv lfdqk¶, oxrjkGfv …iv oxrhfnD W idvhfv-idvusbv
Hfstf-ms¦lv lfdqk¶, ²ÃDv…ivöfmDv nQnfvHfv W kfv Hfstf-
ms¦lv lfdqk¶, ÛÁDklfn W HxskAv…iv iaHcv n©islv Hfstf-
ms¦lv lfdqk¶ Kfsj. zfv iaskAjsjƒ kfv dbu lfdqk¶ iansÌdhyfv
dlsb SjdIqk dlsk rsh. (hcJfvD 5188 bQ)
ov¢ hf Yfost Int bójvst spmb vfJftsj kfv ubA SjdIqk
dlsk rq, sjb Int bójvt? sjb sn dEjmk ift v[f jsvdb?
sjb sn kfv lfdqsk¶ slWqf ov¢-Yfostv odkdhdL t[A jsvdb?
klbcv™i ‰ njt lfdqk¶wDt hAdÙÁsj iaw´ jvf rsh, sjb skfmfv
vfsuA zvfujkf W zfïfrsûfdrkf ytdYt? sjb skfmfv sYst
hAdHyfvD W …¤Yx£Jt m²Àfb rsqdYt? sjb skfmfv smsq shilGf rsq
ÈåzOeb OdesqdYt? sjb skfmfv²ÃD däyfdvBD dYt? sjb
skfmfvöfmDoxsrˆzOeb OsedYt? sjb skfmfv iaHcv Lb ycdv
dosqdYt? sjb? sjb? sjb?
kJb snƒ dhw¶fdLidksj sj dlsk ifvsh ˆƒ `sjb'v uhfh? htf
hfùtA sndlb njtsjƒ Hcosk rsh zhÎf, zhsrtf W
…âfdnjkfv nfuf.
dwðv nfk hYv hqn rst mcndtm dikfmfkfv …dyk, kfsj
bfmfspv seºdbQ slWqf, bfmfp iVsk zfslw jvf. rfsk Lsv
mndusl dbsq dosq ufmfzfk nrjfsv bfmfspv zHAfnD jvf. lw
hYv hqn ipG§À bfmfsp zHAfnD bf rst kfsj iarfv jvf ˆhQ ht
iasqfo jsvW kfsj mndul mcsJf jvf. (zfhC lf†l 495bQ, zfrmfl 2/187)
bfmfspv nfsK nfsK dwðsj zbAfbA äDbD dw[f zhwAƒ lfb
dwð-ida kiftb  40
jvsh. iaKmk} kfv zfjDlf W dhw¶fn wcÝjvsh. idvshswv Ist
sp Hct W zmCtj dhw¶fn kfv msb hÝmCt rsq sosY kf smfyb jsv
slsh. dwjG W dhlzfk sKsj nkjG W nfhLfb jvsh ˆhQ pfhkDq
ƒhflskv dbqm-jfbcb dwdJsq slsh. pKnmsq iEbDq lczf dw[f
slsh. n©Hh rst jcvzfb jfvDm drIXp jvfsh.
ˆjKf dhdlk sp, n§Àfb nHA W LfdmGj rst dikfmfkfv …Hqjfst
ncbfm rsh. zbAKf ƒrjfst lcbGfm W ivjfst lcsHGfo rsh. kfYfVf
jhv sKsjƒ n§Àfsbv ˆhQ kfv äfvf zdkô W dbiDdVk mfbcsNv
ofdt W zdHwfi sJsk rsh. spJfsb kfvf lczf W nWqfshv
mcJfsi[D Kfjsh, snJfsb kfv idvhskG ifsh bfbfdhLX H{Gnbf, ofdt
W hÜczf!
zkˆh ˆmb n§Àfb mfbcN jvfv hAfifsv ubj-ubbDsj wk-
nrna nfhLfbkf W nkjGkf zhtìb jvf…dyk, pfsk lcL dlsq
jft icsN drsk dhivDk bf rsq pfq.
n§fÀ bsj zflv-pk´
zfib n§Àfsbv iadk sn´r-hf{ntA zfhfv jfv sbƒ? sjfb jsEfv-
r™lq dikf hAkDk njt dikfƒ dbsuv sn´r-icÙdtsj sjfst Hsv
sn´r-ycìb dlsq Kfsj.ˆef mfbcsNvˆj iajdx kok LmG. n§Àfb skf
lCsvv jKf -pfvf (sjfb uDshv iadk) lqf jsv bf, kfslv iadk
nxdójkGfW lqf jsvb bf. (hcJfvD 5997 bQ)
dwðsj sjfst dbsq kfv nfsK rfdn-sJdt jvf, …irfn W mõvf
41  dwð-ida kiftb
jvfˆhQ sn´rfûG jKfhfkGf htf hV W sYfe njt swaBDv mfbcsNv
jkGhA. diaq bhD  ˆmbefƒ jsv dbu …©mksj dw[f dlsq
sosYb.
dikfmfkfv …dyk, n§Àfsbv …iv hÜczf W zdHn©ifk bf jvf.
hvQ sn jódlstW kfv ubA nciK-iafdåW n{-iaqfsnv lczf jvf
…dyk. spmb dbsuv …iv, lfn-lfnD, Lb-n©il ˆhQ iwcv …ivW
hÜczf jvf…dyk bq. jfvB, sn lczf jhct rsq sost [dk
dbsuvƒ. (zfhC lf†l 1532 bQ)
nfLfvBk} náAfv nmq JhDn dubvf zdLj YdVsq isV, kfƒ
dikfmfkfv jkGhA, ‰ nmq dwðsj hfdVv hfƒsv spsk bf slWqf.
(hcJfvD 3280 bQ)
dwðsj hl-buv tfof nkA. kfv dydj{nfv ubA wvDqk-n©mk
UfVI]cj jvf W jvfsbf pfq. dwðsj zbAfbA zfil-dhil, wqkfb
ƒkAfdlv rfk rsk v[fv dbdmsÙˆƒ lczf slWqf …dyk,
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،-.* 43 ٍ% 
(zf†pc dhjfdtmf-dkïf-drÙf-©mfr, dmb jcdï wfqk¶fdb…] zrf-
©mfr, zdmb jcdï zfƒdbt tf-©mfr.) (hcJfvD 3371 bQ)
ÎfkhA sp, hl-buv lCv jvfv…sÜswA sjfb iajfv kfhDp, `lcL-
skftf' jhyƒkAfdl hAhrfv ShL bq. spmb ˆƒ …sÜswA dwðv
ofst hf ifw-jifst jfdtv sIfef slWqfdwjGD jmG.
icv¢sNv ubA ofýDpG ˆj ncÈB. i[f§Àsv dwðslvsj nftfm slWqfW
ˆj iajfv nlfyfdvkf W LmGDq nlXÈB. kfv nfsK kfslv mfKfq rfk
hctfsbf, kfslv ubA sbj lczf jvf zflwGhfb mfbcsNv jfu.
dwð-ida kiftb 
bfhftj dwð W ilfG
dwðslv jfsY shofbf mdrtfv ilGf sbƒ. zkˆh dhbf zbcmdksk
kfvf hfdV iashw jvsk ifsv. dj§Âdikfmfkf hf zfv jfsvf
wqbjs[ iashw jvfv ubA dwðvf (pfvf spZbkf dhNsq zÎ
kfvf)W dikfmfkf hf j[hfnDv dbjse dkb nmq zbcmdk sbsh;
Iusvv bfmfspv iCshG,ˆwfv bfmfspv ivˆhQ däiarsv, pJb
dhwafsmv…sÜswA idvdrk h²ÃdwdKt jvf rq kJb. jfvB, ˆƒ
dkb nmq (hfdrAj h²Ãfdl Jcst vfJf rq hst) sofibDqkf zhtìb
jvfv nmq. (nCvf bCv 58 zfqfk) zfvˆjub dwðv nfmsbW dhh²Ã
rst zhwAƒ tÏf tfso.
dwð W bfmfp-nQÛÁf§À djYc mfnfsqt
lcÊsifNA dwð, spˆJbW mfsqv lcL YfVf zbA sjfb Jfhfv sJsk
ifsv bf, sn pdl jfsvf hs²Ãianfa h jsv slq kfrst kfv…iv ifdbv
dYef dlstƒ ‰ hs²Ãƒ bfmfp rsq pfq. zhwA dwð smsq rst kf Lcsq
bf sItf ipG§À ‰ jfisV bfmfp rq bf. i[f§Àsv dwð lcsLv nfsK
zbA Jfhfv sJsk wcv¢ jvst -sn sYst srfj zKhf smsq- …Hsqvƒ
ianafh sLZk bf jvf ipG§À jfiV idhÛrq bf, dhLfq kfsk bfmfpW
rq bf.
iasqfusb dwðsj sjfst dbsq bfmfp iVf pfq. v¢jc hf dnulfv
nmq kfsj dbsy bfdmsq svsJ icbvfq djqfm hf ShEsjv nmq sjfst
42 43  dwð-ida kiftb
kcst dbsq bfmfp iVf pfsh. ksh bfmfspv ˆjfoakf W
msbfspfdokfv iadk sJqft zhwA uv¢vD.
bfhftj dwð zfpfb dlsk W ƒmfmdk jvsk ifsv. icv¢Nslv
jfkfsv l]fdVsq bfmfp iVsk ifsv. zhwA nfLfvB ufmfzfskv
nmq icv¢Nslv jfkfv nhfv zfso, zk}iv hftjslv, zk}iv
mdrtf W hfdtjfslv jfkfv rsh.
ufmfzfk ytjfst sjfb dwðv jfâf swfbf sost ƒmfm nfsrshv
…dyk, bfmfp rfîf jsv iVf.
ufbfpfq mdrtf W dwðv tfw ˆjdÛk rstƒmfsmv n©mcJ Hfso
dwðv W isv sjhtfv dlsj mdrtfv mxkslr vfJsk rsh. icv¢N,
dwð W mdrtfv tfw ˆjsÛumf rst,ƒmfsmv nfmsb icv¢sNv,
zk}iv dwðv, zk}iv swsN sjhtfv dlsj mdrtfv tfw svsJ
ufbfpf iVsk rsh.
dwð W svfpf-rÏ
bfhftj sYst-smsqslv …iv svfpf Ivp bf rstW dikfmfkf
kfslvsj svfpf vfJfv zbcwDtb slsh. dhdHâ ShL sJtfv ncspfo
dlsq [cLf Hcdtsq vfJsh. 
dikfmfkfv nsÌpdl dwð rÏjvsk pfq, kfrst kfv rÏ
wcÝrshˆhQ njstƒ nWqfshv zdLjfvD rsh. ksh nfhftj
rWqfv iv kfv rÏjvfv nfmKGA rst icbvfq kfv ubA rÏjvf
Ivp rsh. jfvB dwð zh²¿fq wcÝrstW kf bIt rÏhst oBA
dwð-ida kiftb  44
rsh. zfv Ivp iftb rsh hq}iafdåv ivƒ, kfv zfso bq.
pfƒ srfj, dwð zh²¿fq rÏjvst pKfnfLA dbsu dbsuƒ nm²À
zfrjfm iftb jvsh. pf kfv znfsLA kf kfv dikf-mfkf bfsqh
rsq jsv slsh. …sïJA sp, dwðv Jkbf bf rsq KfjstW rÏwcÝ
rsq pfq.
hftA-dhhfr, kftfj W Ćk
nfhftj rWqfv iCshGƒ hftj-hfdtjfv dhhfr slWqf
zdHHfhsjv ubA ShL. ksh wfvDdvj hf öf²¿Aok sjfb [dkv wËf
Kfjst dwð hf djswfv hv-jsbv mfsU dmtsbv ncspfo slWqf
…dyk bq.
dhhfsrv iv hftj hv hfdtjf hLcsj kftfj dlst sn kftfj oBA
rsh bf. zhwA nfhftj rWqfv isv kftfj dlst, sn kftfj oBA
rsh. hfdtjfv kvI sKsj kfv zdHHfhj kfvöfmDv dbje sJftf
dbsk ifsv bf. zhwA nfhfdtjf rWqfv iv öfmD iY¦l bf rst kfv
sJftf sbWqfv ˆdkqfv Kfjsh.
hfdtjf ²ÃD kfv nfhftjöfmDv dbje (dmtb rWqfv iv) kftfj-
iafåf rst dkb mfn ƒÜk iftb jvsh. zfvöfmD mfvf sost 4 mfn
10 dlbƒÜk W swfj iftb jvsh.ˆv isvƒ kfv däkDq dhhfr
n©Hh rsh.
dwð W ÛÁq-dhÛÁq
45  dwð-ida kiftb
dwðv zdnqk W ÛÁq-dhÛÁq wcÝbq. zhwA zdHHfhj W ziv
jfsvf dbslGw mskÛÁq-dhÛÁq jvsk ifsvˆhQ kf wcÝ.
dikfmfkfv zufs§À dwð pdl sjfb dudbn jf…sj dhÛÁq jsv mCtA
oarB jsv KfsjˆhQ kfvf ufbsk ifvst mCtA dIdvsq dlsq snƒ
dudbn dIdvsq dbsk yfq, kfrst sÛÁkf snƒ dudbn dIdvsq dlsk
hfLA rsh. spmb kfslv zufs§À sjfb dudbn ÛÁq jvstˆhQ
ufbfv iv kf sIv{ dlsk yfƒst dhsÛÁkf mCtA dIdvsq dbsq snƒ
dudbn zhwAƒ sIv{ dlsk rsh. i[f§Àsv dikfmfkfv zfslw W
zbcmdkÛÁsm dwð djYcÛÁq-dhÛÁq jvst kf wcÝhst oBA rsh.
dwð-djswfv W durfl
hftsjv wdÙÁW SLpG zfsY ufbst kfsj durfsl spsk zbcmdk
slWqf rsh. durfslv mqlfsb wÛ¢ is[v dwð-n§Àfb W bfvDslvsj
rkAf jvf ƒntfsm ShL bq. pcÝ-h¦lDslv msLA mf W dwðsj ixKj
jsv h¦lD vfJfW ShL bq mfbhkfv LmG ƒntfsm. (dkvdmpD 1283 bQ)
dwð W zivfL
dwð (zbcv™iHfsh ifot W Ocm§À hAdÙÁv) sjfbÛ¢deÛ¢de bq.
spmb kfslv sjfb zivfLW LkGhA bq; hvQ mfuGbDq. (zfhC lf†l 4398 bQ)
zhwA Îfbn©iâ dwð-djswfv ƒntfmD wvDqskv zfƒbk} sjfb
làbDq zivfL jsv Kfjst, kfsj sn là bf dlsq dw[fmCtj djYc
dwð-ida kiftb  46
wfd²À dlsk rq. spmb ycdv jsv sItst kfv rfk bf sjse rfîf djYc
ˆmb nfuf dlsk rq, pfsk sn zfofmDsk zfv ycdv bf jsv.
sjfb dhyfpG dhNsq dwðslv (W bfhftj djswfvslv) nfd[
oarBspfoA bq. zhwA kfslv zfsifsnv UoVf-mfvfmfdvsk
ˆjusbv öis[ hf dhis[ zivusbv nfd[ oarB jvf pfsh.
dwðv LmG W ivjfstv idvBfm
iaskAj dwðƒ ƒntfsmv iajdx k dbsq ixdKhDsk u¦moarB jsv.
zk}iv pJb sn htsk W hcUsk dwsJ, kJb sKsj kfv ‰ iajdx kv
ÛÁmdhjfw zKhf idvhkGb Oesk Kfsj. dikfmfkf, iftdqkf hf
idvshswv LmG WÈB zbcnfsv kfv LmG WÈB kfv mb W mosu
hÝmCt rsk Kfsj.
dwðv dikfmfkf dhLmGD rstW -spsrkc kfv sjfb slfN W ifi
sbƒ- snsrkc sn dikfmfkfv jfvsB slfpJhfnD rsh bf. jfvB, dhbf
sjfb zfmst (ˆjmfÛmrfb zfïfrv dhswN lqf W zbcoasr)
shsrñX pfWqf pfq, dj§Âdhbf sjfb ifi hf zivfsL slfpsJ sj…
pfsh bf. ˆef lqfmq zfïfrv idviCBG ƒbnfI W bAfqivfqBkf.
ksh ‰ dwðslv (pfslv dikfmfkf jfsIv ˆhQ pfvf dwð zh²¿fq
nfhftj rWqfv iCshGƒ mfvf sosY kfslvsj, zfv zbcv™iHfsh
pfslv dbje ƒntfsmv lfWqfk zfslZ si]ZsYdb ˆhQ pfvf zfuDhb
ifot kfslv) dbje sKsj djqfmsk ˆj iajfv zfbcoskAv ivD[f
sbWqf rsh. zk}iv ‰ ivD[fq sp …ÙDBG rsh sn ufâfkhfnD ˆhQ
sp zbcÙDBG rsh sn ufrfâfmhfnD rsh. (kInDv ƒhsb jfnDv 3/42 û})
47  dwð-ida kiftb
dwð nfhftj jJb rq?
dwðslv hq}iafåhf nfhftj rWqfv djYc iakDj vsqsY. spmb
bfdHv dbsy icv¢ stfm oufsbf, (ösi´ zKhf ufovsB) hDpG±Jtb,
(hfdtjfslv) mfdnj svk}ifk ƒkAfdl. zhwA ˆnh djYc bf slJf
sostW kfslv hqn 15 hYv rstƒ kfslvsj nfhftj hf nfhfdtjf
oBA jvf rsh. zfv kJb kfv …iv wvDqskv njt zhwA-
iftbDq ùjcm-zfrjfm iftb jvf Wqfsuh rsq pfsh. i[f§Àsv
15 hYv hqn rWqfv iCshG iCshGƒ jfsvf msLA ‰ dblwGbÈdtv sjfb
ˆjef slJf sost sn nfhftj hf nfhfdtjfq idvBk rsqsY hst
ufbsk rsh.
dwðv u¦mdlb
dwðv u¦mdlb iftb jvf ˆhQ snƒ dlsb sjfb …{nh W zbcôfb
nr JcwD …lXpfib jvf dhLmGDq iaKf; mcndtmslv ubA kf ShL bq.
kfYfVf u¦mdlsb JcwD W …{nh jvf sbrfkƒ shfjfmD. uDhb sKsj
ˆjde hYv Usv sost kfv ubA zfs[i W lc}J jvf …dyk, JcwD
bq.
dwðv wvqD dydj{nf
 dwð-ida kiftb  48 49  dwð-ida kiftb

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…id²¿k rWqf. zhwA FfÙÁfvD dydj{nfv ifwfifdw djYc wvqD
dydj{nf zfsY, pf hAhrfv jsv dikfmfkf dwðv zfsvfoA jfmbf
…¤yfvB}-- dhndmïf-dr zfvj¶Dj, dmb jcdï wfƒdqb ƒ…'pDj, zdmb
…¤yfvB}
wfdvG jcdï bfIdnb zf… zfƒdb rf-dnl, zfïf-ù qAfwIDj, dhndmïf-
jvsk ifsvb. snƒ dydj{nfv djYc dbm´v™i }-
dr zfvj¶Dj.
* ncn§Àfb yfƒhfv lczf zKG- zfdm skfmfsj zfïfrv bfm dbsq iaskAj jólfqj h²Â sKsj
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dwðsj hl-buv tfost, pdl zfidb dbdÇykv™si ufsbb sp, Iftfj¶ W nCvf bfn dlsq dbqdmk UfVI]cj jv¢b.
zmcsjv lxdó sKsj hl-buv stsosY, kfrst kfsj zbcsvfL jsv
sjfb ifsÛ sofnt jvsk hst snƒ ifdb äfvf dwðsj sofnt jvfb. * svfoD dwðsj UfVsk
(mcndtm, dmwjfk 4531bQ) dwð znc²¿ rst dbsm´v lczf isV UfVcb }-
nCvf Ifdkrf, ƒJtfn, Iftfj¶ W bfn isV dbqdmk UfVI]j
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vB} zKG- jó lCv jsv lfW sr mfbcsNv iadkiftj! ˆhQ zfsvfoA lfb
wfqk¶f-db]… z rf-©mfr, zdmb jcdï zfƒdbt tf-©mfr. jv, kcdmƒ zfsvfoAlfkf, skfmfv zfsvfoA lfb YfVf sjfb zfsvfoA
zKG- zfdm skfmfslvsj zfïfrv idviCBG hfBDnmCsrv znDtfq sbƒ. ˆmb zfsvfoA lfb jv pfsk sjfb iDVf zhdwó bf Kfsj.
iaskAj wqkfb W jólfqj u§Â rsk ˆhQ iaskAj [dkjfvj (hcJfvD, mcndtm)
(hl) buv rsk zfïfrv ifbfr dld¤Y. (hcJfvD) K9
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…¤yfvB}
qAfwdIqfj.
zKG}- zfdm ncmrfb zfïfr, mrf zfvswv iaHvc dbje skfmfv
zfsvfoA iafKGbf jvdY.
ˆƒ lczf sjfb zmcmCNG svfoDv jfsY 7hfv iVst kfv zfsvfoA rq.
(nrDùt ufsm' 5642, 6263 bQ)
* dwðsj äDblfv jvfv ubA lczf
zfibfv dwðsj äDblfv bfmfpD W y[c wDktjfvD hfbfsk
zfïfrv jfsY dbsm´v iafKGbf jv¢b }-
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