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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT

Article  in  Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results · October 2022

DOI: 10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S10.117

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 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) IN HEALTHCARE
MANAGEMENT
Kamal M. Alaskar1, Firoj A. Tamboli*2, Shabana A. Memon1, Sampada S. Gulavani1, Pralhad K. Mudalkar1, Vaibhava V. Desai1, Prasanna R. Rasal3,
Prashant G. Tandale1, Dinanath T. Gaikwad4
1
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)'s Institute of Management, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India.
2
Department of Pharmacognosy, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Near chitranagari, Kolhapur -416013 Maharashtra, India.
3
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)'s Yashwantrao Mohite, Institute of Management, Karad, Maharashtra, India.
4
Department of Pharmaceutics, Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Near chitranagari, Kolhapur -416013 Maharashtra, India
Email: drfatamboli@gmail.com
DOI: 10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S10.117

As the world's population ages and the prevalence of patients with numerous chronic illnesses rises, there is an increasing demand for high-
quality healthcare in all cultures. Clinical diagnoses and treatment recommendations are mostly made using computational approaches in
medical artificial intelligence (AI). Today, applications of artificial intelligence have been created to address some of the most urgent issues
facing health organizations today. There are many data-rich processes in the healthcare industry, and the availability of vast volumes of data,
along with advancements in computing power and artificial intelligence approaches, have opened up a world of possibilities.

Keywords: Artificial intelligence, Health care, Digital health,Business studies, Management studies.

INTRODUCTION

The term artificial intelligence (AI) refers to a broad range of computing advancements that imitate the supporting systems of
human intelligence, such as cognition, deep learning, engagement, adaptation, and sensory perception [1,2].More and more, it
is clear that artificial intelligence has applications in clinical research and medical treatment. The study has shown the value
and potential of AI-enabled health solutions. Governments and innovative organizations are currently investing resources across
the board in using AI for clinical purposes [3,4].

The US Food and Drug Administration desires to expand the availability of medical devices assisted by AI. Clinical decision
support, patient follow-up, medical care intercessions, and medical services organization are the four areas where AI-powered
medical service delivery will likely have an impact.AI approaches have proven to be great at identifying important data patterns
after thorough testing as tools for clinical trials, particularly to help the decision-making in each stage for diagnoses and
subsequent treatments, as well as diagnosis and predictions [5].

If AI is to succeed, health organizations must overcome a number of obstacles. Here are a few of these difficulties: (1) a lack
of understanding of the capabilities and limitations of a certain type of AI technology; (2) a lack of clear plans for incorporating
different AI technologies into the current healthcare systems to successfully address the most important issues those industries
are now addressing; (3) a lack of employees with the training necessary to implement AI; (4) AI technologies' incompatibility
with old infrastructure; and (5) lack of availability of accurate and diverse data [6,7].Additionally, an AI system gathers helpful
data from a huge patient population to assist in decision-making. predictions of medical outcomes with real-time inferences and
health risk alerts [8].

Technology:

Machine Learning

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In machine learning, tasks are taught to an algorithm by identifying patterns in data. Typically, the data used to train machine
learning programs is divided into validation sets and training sets, where people determine if a result of interest is present or
absent. When there are few patient attributes that are important, machine learning algorithms are frequently applied [9,10].Data
science is a fast-expanding area, and machine learning is a key component. Algorithms are taught to create classifications or
predictions using statistical methods in data mining activities.

Support Vector Machine

Support vector machines (SVMs), a type of machine learning technique, are frequently used for the diagnosis or prognosis of
disease. This techniquepromises to address the health issue with precise computational capability. Regression, classification,
and data outlier detection are all used by SVM. According to some experts, SVM can employ medical data analytics to detect
a variety of health conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and cancer. SVM is going to undergo a major revolution
as it is used more frequently to address issues with global health[10].

Artificial Neural Networks

An artificial neural network connects neurons in a computer model to represent how the human brain learns [11].The most
popular techniques are neural networks and predictive scores since they can be used to identify results that are nearly impossible
for humans to anticipate, like mortality rate, for example. The majority of the data used to train these models must be
preprocessed because it might be anything from electronic health records to imaging data from MRIs and CT scans, among
other things [12].Artificial neural networks and computer-aided diagnosis with deep learning are currently the focus of intense
study in the field of medical diagnosis using artificial intelligence (AI) systems, and it is predicted that their use in biomedical
systems will increase in the future[13,14].

Deep Learning

Since deep learning includes several hidden layers between its inputs and outputs, it is a type of artificial neural network that
can evaluate complex data with a variety of topologies [9].

Natural Language Processing

The healthcare sector frequently uses unstructured textual data such as physician notes, test results, lab reports, and other forms.
medicines and instructions on how to leave the hospital. Natural language processing technologies can be used to extract
important information from such large descriptive data, such as patient information that can enhance diagnostic and therapy
suggestions[15-17].

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in the medical field

1 Diagnosis The use of AI in healthcare for creating patient treatment regimens has been expanding. AI can analyze patient
data from past visits andprovide patients with better methods of treatmentand evaluating treatment strategies [18].Machine
learning is now widely used in the field of medical imaging, especially in the areas of computer-aided detection and image
analysis. Medical image analysis from CT scans, MRIs, X-rays, and ultrasounds can be used by AI to more quickly and reliably
detect symptoms of illness. Patients benefit from improved treatment options and speedier, more precise disease diagnosis.

Recent media coverage of IBM's Watson's capacity to concentrate on precision medicine, particularly cancer detection and
treatment, has been favorable. When it came to diagnosing diabetes and CVD, artificial neural networks (ANNs) outperformed
other AI techniques like support vector machines, decision trees, and neural networks[19,20].

2. Drug interaction

Drug interactions are a risk for patients taking many medications at once, and the risk rises as more prescriptions are filled.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has made it possible for computers to extract details regarding drug interactions and potential adverse
effects from medical literature, even if managing all drug interactions and their potential side effects can be challenging.

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Years and millions of dollars are spent during the discovery and development of new medications. Decision trees and other
machine learning techniques greatly accelerate the drug discovery process. In terms of diagnosing diabetes and cardiovascular
disease, artificial neural networks (ANNs) performed better [21].

3. Dermatology

In the medical field of dermatology, imaging is crucial. Deep learning has significantly improved image processing. In
dermatology, there are three different forms of imaging: macro, micro, and contextual. AI can help dermatologists make clinical
decisions about both common skin conditions and specific tumors. The majority of the existing and future uses of AI in
dermatology focus on identifying and stopping the development of skin diseases. Convolutional neural networks have a 94%
accuracy rate in classifying skin lesions as skin cancer[22].

4. Electronic Health Records

Because they allow for data analysis from the very distant past to the present, electronic health records are crucial to healthcare
because they improve various therapy modalities, medication use, and illness management. AI can be utilized to review the
records and give the doctors information. EHR can be used by algorithms to assess the probability of a condition based on past
data and family history [19].

Key applications of AI in healthcare

1. AI in clinical practice

Radiology and Imaging

One of the medical specialties that have witnessed major advancements in AI recently is radiology. Imaging AI technologies
have the potential to help radiologists with the task of quantifying medical images. Deep network models, for instance, have
enabled segmentation with minimal human oversight by autonomously localizing and defining the boundaries of anatomical
structures or lesions [23,24].Recent research have shown that AI can predict outcomes when processing photos at a level of
competency comparable to a doctor[25].There are numerous theories surrounding the application of AI in radiography. The
gradual transition to AI that is expected to occur over the next ten years will have a substantial impact on radiologists' work[26].

Pathology

The popularity of digital pathology and the development of complete slide digital scanners may have an impact on the current
interest in artificial intelligence for pathology (the digitalization of histology slides to produce high-resolution images)[27,28].
For use with digital pathology, many organizations are creating pattern-recognition algorithms to aid in the interpretation of
tissue features and the prediction of disease development (such as metastasis and recurrence). AI software can recognize the
symptoms of cancer in terms of staging, grading, and differential diagnosis[29-32].

Oncology

In oncology, AI is becoming more prevalent, particularly in the field of cancer-focused cognition computer systems [33].
Today's AI provides a new and quickly developing paradigm for many scientific domains, including those concerned with the
care of cancer patients.34-37New methods for cancer screening, diagnosis, and classification, the characterization of cancer
genomics, the study of the tumour microenvironment, the evaluation of biomarkers for prognostic and predictive purposes, and
techniques for follow-up and drug discovery are a few of the expanding list of applications of AI[36-37].

Genetics and Genomics

Numerous of the above procedures, such as variant calling, genome explanation, variation labelling, and correspondence from
aggregates to genotypes, have been adjusted to determine the many developments pertaining to clinical genomic research.
Eventually, they might also be used to predict genotype-to-aggregate relationships. It is believed that AI may contribute to the
improvement of precision medicine based on genomics [38-39].With a greater interest in this field, machine learning is being

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used to analyze DNA sequences for patterns that could predict a patient's likelihood of getting an illness and identify underlying
causes to help with the development of specific drugs[39].

Mental health

AI has the ability to help mental health patients and lessen the negative consequences of a shortage of medical professionals
who specialize in treating mental health issues. In fact, several tools are being developed right now. These consist of interactive
chatbots, keyboard interface, speech, voice, facial recognition, sensors, and automated tracking of depression and mood[40-
42].

Neurology

The Radiology portion of this study made indications at the creation of several AI neurology algorithms to predict the evolution
of disease using neuroimaging. Beyond neuroimaging, advantages from machine learning are anticipated for the study of
neuroscience. It has been hypothesized that AI applications in neuroscience may be able to support the creation of numerous
hypotheses and illuminate the relationships, structures, and mechanisms underlying the functioning of the brain and
behavior[43-45].

Diabetes

A key component in the development of artificial pancreas systems is the computer programmer who links the data received by
the continuous glucose monitor with the insulin delivered by the insulin pump. Because AI can learn from data in ambiguous
contexts, researchers have looked into how it might enable these computer programs that personalize insulin distribution [46-
47].

Ophthalmology

A goal patient diagnosis may be made possible by AI advancements in ophthalmology, which have the potential to alter present
vision screening programmers. An area of great interest has emerged: using AI to check for diabetic retinopathy in persons with
diabetes [48-52]. The FDA approved the first artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled tool in April 2018 to identify diabetic
retinopathy that is "greater than mild" and that relevant individuals be referred to eye care specialists[53].

Surgery

In the field of surgery, decisions occasionally need to be taken quickly and when a patient's diagnosis and expected response to
therapy are not obvious. Lack of patient data (such as external hospital records or diagnostic tests) or dependable evidence to
support important management decisions may result in uncertainty. Clinicians may instead rely on cognitive shortcuts and snap
judgments employing pattern recognition and intuition under such time constraints and ambiguity [54-55].

Cardiology

Cardiologists must process complex spatiotemporal data from cardiac imaging modalities such cardiac ultrasound, cardiac
computer tomography, and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging carefully and meticulously. Innovative AI-driven
cardiac image processing algorithms have altered cardiac clinical practice by allowing cardiologists to assess patients more
quickly in their daily practice[56].

2.AI in biomedical research

Clinical research

Recent developments have revealed novel applications of AI in clinical information retrieval, suggesting that biomedical
research benefits more from AI-derived solutions than clinical applications. Traditional medical knowledge resources, for
example, currently use machine learning (ML) approaches to rank search results, including algorithms that are constantly
learning from user search activity [57].

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Clinical trials

Randomized controlled trials are the most accurate method for evaluating the risks and benefits of any medical intervention
(RCT). However, it is not always possible to conduct an RCT. Poor patient selection, insufficient randomization, insufficient
sample size, and poor endpoint selection are common issues with ineffective RCTs. With the help of sophisticated statistical
techniques, Data-driven approaches can be used to train AI models to choose study participants and assess study endpoints with
greater accuracy. The application of AI will lead to more efficient execution and better statistical power than what is predicted
from standard RCTs [58].

Personalized medicine

AI techniques may accelerate the development of personalized medicine by assessing the therapeutic value of various research
methodologies and a variety of data sources. Precision medicine is a new area of therapy that is based on knowledge about a
person's genetic makeup, personal lifestyle, genes, and environment. By determining the characteristics that predispose a person
to a particular disease and characterizing the underlying biological pathways that cause the ailment, Precision medicine allows
us to customize a patient's preventative and treatment strategies [59,60].

Drug discovery

To create new medications and extract chemical data from vast compound databases, drug designers commonly use ML
algorithms. The creation of AI methods to implement creative modeling based on the sizeable nature of pharmacological
databases is at the core of this transition. Since large data modeling and analysis is the basis for the efficacy and safety evaluation
of prospective medications, freshly developed AI techniques offer fresh perspectives. techniques and tools for integrating,
deciphering, and analyzing the vast volumes of data. To discover eight antibacterial chemicals that were structurally distinct
from well-known antibiotics, the programmer screened more than one billion molecules and digitally tested more than 107
million[61].

3.AI for public and global health

Public health

AI can be used to pinpoint particular demographics or geographic regions with high disease frequency or high-risk behavior.
There is also a wide variety of AI systems that help enhance disease surveillance. To study methods for concern verification,
digital epidemiological surveillance combines case- and event-based monitoring with news and online media, sensors, digital
traces, mobile devices, social media, and clinical reporting. Using this, air pollution and medication side effects early warning
systems have been developed [62, 63].

Global health

AI might make it possible to solve health issues in low- and middle-income nations. These difficulties include a severe lack of
health professionals and inadequate public health surveillance systems. These difficulties aren't specific to these nations, but
given their link to morbidity and death in low- and middle-income settings, they are particularly important there[64].

4. AI in healthcare administration

AI and related technologies are starting to be employed in healthcare as well as other sectors of business and society. Numerous
aspects of patient care as well as operational procedures within provider, payer, and pharmaceutical industry could be
transformed by these technologies[65].

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Saves time and resources

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Medical professionals have more time to evaluate patients and detect illnesses and pathologies as more fundamental operations
become automated. AI is speeding up processes to help medical facilities conserve vital production hours. Time is money in
every industry, so AI has the potential to reduce overall expenses.

AI can assist identify early disease risks

AI is able to gather all of a person's data in one location and use it to gain insight into both past and present health issues. A
comparison of disease information in this way helps doctors diagnose patients more precisely. The database of health
applications has gathered millions of symptoms, diagnoses, and specific cases that enable forecasting future health issues that
a person may experience.

May reduce physician stress

AI streamlines processes, automates activities, shares data instantaneously, and organizes operations, all of which free up
medical personnel from having to juggle too many tasks.

Limitations of Artificial Intelligence in healthcare

Possibly cause unemployment

AI might reduce costs and clinician stress, but it might also replace some jobs. Due to this factor, professionals who spent time
and money on their healthcare education may be out of work, creating equality issues.

Errors could still occur

Medical AI heavily relies on diagnosis information gleaned from millions of instances that have been cataloged. When there is
little knowledge about specific illnesses, demography, or environmental factors, a misdiagnosis is quite possible. This element
becomes crucially important when recommending a specific treatment.

Requires human monitoring

Human monitoring is still essential in medicine despite the advancements AI has achieved. For instance, robots used in surgery
operate logically rather than sympathetically. Health experts can identify significant behavioral indications that can aid in the
diagnosis or prevention of medical disorders.

Susceptible to security risks

Cyberattacks will use AI to become smarter with each success and failure, making them more difficult to spot and prevent, just
as AI uses data to make systems smarter and more accurate. Once serious threats are able to bypass security measures, it will
be far more difficult to stop the attacks.

Table 1: Some examples of AI in Healthcare [66]

Sr. No AI Location Particulars

1. Viz.ai San Francisco, California The business' AI technology can quickly identify issues
and alert care teams, enabling specialists to assess the
advantages and disadvantages of various options and
choose an action plan that might save lives.
2. PathAI Boston, MA By utilizing cutting-edge techniques in machine and
deep learning, PathAI's platform promises significant
advances in the accuracy of diagnosis and effectiveness
of therapy for diseases like cancer.
3. Buoy Health Boston, Massachusetts An AI-based symptom and cure checker called Buoy
Health use algorithms to identify and treat illnesses.

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 4. Enlitic San Francisco, California Enlitic creates deep learning tools for doctors to speed up
radiological diagnostics.
5. Freenome San Francisco, California AI is used by Freenome in cancer screenings, diagnoses,
and bloodwork.
6. Beth Israel Boston, Massachusetts AI was used by the teaching hospital Beth Israel
Deaconess Deaconess Medical Center, which is connected to
Medical Center Harvard University, to make early diagnosis of
potentially fatal blood diseases.
7. Iterative Scopes Cambridge, Massachusetts In order to improve disease detection and therapy,
Iterative Scopes uses AI to gastroenterology.
8. VirtuSense Peoria, Illinois VirtuSense tracks a patient's movements with AI sensors
to alert carers and providers of probable falls.
9. Caption Health Brisbane, California For early disease detection, Caption Health integrates AI
and ultrasound technology.
10. BioXcel New Haven, Connecticut AI is used by BioXcel Therapeutics to find and create
Therapeutics new drugs in the areas of neurology and immuno-
oncology.
11. BERG Framingham, Massachusetts BERG, an AI-based biotech platform in clinical
development, maps diseases to speed up the
identification and development of transformative drugs.
12. XtalPi Cambridge, Massachusetts The ID4 platform from XtalPi predicts the
pharmacological and chemical characteristics of possible
small-molecule therapy candidates. It does this by
utilizing AI, the cloud, and quantum physics.
13. Atomwise San Francisco, California Atomwise employs artificial intelligence to fight deadly
diseases like multiple sclerosis and Ebola.
14. Deep Genomics Fully Remote Researchers can uncover prospects for medications that
treat neurodegenerative and neuromuscular illnesses
using Deep Genomics' AI platform.
15. BenevolentAI London, England The fundamental goal of Benevolent AI is to deliver the
proper therapy to the proper patients at the proper time
by employing AI to enhance target selection and provide
deep learning with previously undiscovered insights.
16. Babylon Austin, Texas In order to improve health and reduce medical expenses,
Babylon is on a mission to reengineer healthcare by
shifting the focus from treating the ill to preventing
illness.
17. Spring Health New York, New York Employers who want to give their staff the tools to
maintain good mental health can use Spring Health's
mental health benefit solution.
18. One Drop New York, New York For managing chronic illnesses like diabetes and high
blood pressure as well as for controlling weight, One
Drop offers a discrete solution.
19. Kaia Health New York, New York For the treatment of chronic back pain and COPD, Kaia
Health offers tailored programmers with case studies,
workout plans, stress-relieving exercises, and learning
resources.
20. Twin Health Mountain View, California Twin Health's holistic approach combines IoT
technology, AI, data science, medical science, and
healthcare in an effort to address and possibly repair
chronic illnesses like Type 2 Diabetes.
21. Olive Columbus, Ohio Olive's AI as a Service interfaces with the tools and
software that a hospital already uses, so there is no need
for costly integrations or downtimes.
22. Qventus, Inc Mountain View, California Operational problems, such those concerning emergency
rooms and patient safety, are addressed by the AI-based
software platform known as Qventus.

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 23. Cleveland Clinic Cleveland, Ohio The Cleveland Clinic and IBM collaborated on the
Discovery Accelerator, an AI-infused project aimed at
accelerating medical advancements.
24. Johns Hopkins Baltimore, Maryland Together with GE Healthcare, Johns Hopkins Hospital is
Medicine enhancing the effectiveness of patient operational flow
by utilising predictive AI algorithms.
25. CloudMedx Palo Alto, California CloudMedX uses machine learning to generate insights
for bettering patient journeys throughout the entire
healthcare system.
26. Subtle Medical Menlo Park, California AI is used by Subtle Medical to improve images for
radiology departments.
27. Twill New York, New York Happify Health uses AI to offer users personalized
treatment regimens. The business creates Sequences that
personalize tracks for treating medical ailments
including multiple sclerosis and psoriasis using its
Intelligent Healing Platform.
28. Tempus Chicago, Illinois In order to customize medical treatments, Tempus
employs AI to comb through the largest database of
clinical and molecular data in the world.
29. IBM Armonk, New York IBM's Watson now assists medical personnel in utilizing
their data to enhance hospital efficiency, enhance patient
engagement, and enhance care.
30. KenSci Seattle, Washington KenSci combines big data and AI to forecast clinical,
financial, and operational risk using information from
current sources. It can foretell anything, including who
might become ill and what is increasing a hospital's
healthcare costs.
31. Proscia Philadelphia, Pennsylvania A digital pathology tool called Proscia employs AI to
find patterns in cancer cells.
32. H2O.ai Mountain View, California A healthcare system's data is analysed by H2O.ai's AI to
mine, automate, and anticipate processes.
33. iCarbonX Shenzhen, China With its Digital Life Platform, ICarbonX examines
human life features more thoroughly using AI and big
data.
34. AKASA San Francisco, California The AI platform from AKASA assists healthcare
organisations in streamlining workflows by automating
administrative activities so that personnel may
concentrate where it is needed.
35. Vicarious Waltham, Massachusetts To enable surgeons to do minimally invasive procedures,
Surgical Vicarious Surgical blends virtual reality with AI-enabled
robotics.
36. Auris Health Redwood City, California Auris Health develops a range of robots to improve
endoscopies by utilising the most recent advancements
in micro instrumentation, endoscope design, data
science, and AI.
37. Accuray Sunnyvale, California The AccurayCyberKnife technology precisely treats
malignant tumours by combining AI and robotics.
38. Intuitive Sunnyvale, California The first robotic surgery assistant approved by the FDA,
Surgical Intuitive's da Vinci platforms contain cameras, robotic
arms, and surgical tools to assist with minimally invasive
procedures..
39. Carnegie Mellon Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania The Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon University
University developed a tiny mobile robot called Heartlander to
assist with heart care.
40. Microsure Eindhoven, Netherlands The robots from Microsure assist surgeons in
overcoming their physical limitations.

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CONCLUSION

Artificial intelligence is a growing field of study. There are many uses of AI outside of healthcare, including data management,
drug research, diabetes treatment, digital consultation, etc. Studies show that the market for AI in healthcare is fundamentally
growing. There are various instances that show how medical AI can help practitioners deliver care to patients in the twenty-
first century much more effectively.The field of medicine has benefited greatly from AI. The main uses of AI in the medical
industry include disease diagnosis, therapy planning, the detection of mental problems, etc. For identifying cancer, strokes, and
other diseases, there are a number of AI methods available.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no competing financial interests

FINANCIAL SUPPORT

None

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