ISSN (Online) 2581-9429

IJARSCT
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2023

Impact Factor: 7.301

Review on Solar-Powered IoT-Enabled EV

Charging Station
Mr. V. D. Nalawade1, Prof. A. A. Vankudre2, Mr. D. R. Pawar3, Ms. P. S. Pawar4,
Mr. A. G. Shivsharan5, Mr. A. D. Jadhav6, Ms. A. M. Pawalkar7, Mr. S. T. Waghmode8,
Mr. O. A. R. Shaikh9
Lecturer, CM, Adarsh Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Vita, Maharashtra, India1,3,4
HOD, CM, Adarsh Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Vita, Maharashtra, India 2
Students, CM, Adarsh Institute of Technology and Research Centre, Vita, Maharashtra, India5,6,7,8,9

Abstract: This project involves an electric car charging station that uses a solar panel and the internet of
things to monitor the module's maximum power output. The use of automobiles also rises in tandem with
population growth. The majority of today's cars run on fossil fuels like gasoline, diesel, LPG, etc. Fossil
fuels are a nonrenewable resource that can only be used once. Several types of vehicle engines have been
developed in an effort to create a sustainable, conveniently accessible alternative energy source; one such
energy source is electrical energy. Following years of successful development, electric-powered cars are
now becoming the norm everywhere due to their numerous benefits. As a result, electric car charging
facilities are required. We have created a solar-powered charging station to provide for simple access.
Solar energy may be easily obtained from the sun and is a renewable energy source. Using LDR sensors
and an Arduino controller, energy from the sun is measured using solar cells, stored in batteries, and then
sent to the cloud for storage.

Keywords: Solar panel, DC-DC converter, modem, and Arduino UNO R3,Servo motor, battery, MPPT
controller, rechargeable battery, LDR, LCD

I. INTRODUCTION
Almost every building has a device for monitoring the sun's direct force so that you can know what the structure is
doing and how well it's doing it. The need for conventional energy sources like hydrocarbon, methane gas, and crude
oil is increasing, which puts pressure on researchers to focus on the development of unconventional energy sources.
There has been a lot of discussion recently on the costs of gas separate from the costs of gasoline and gasoline fumes.
Also, these fears of resource disruption have focused attention on various power teaching devices. The vehicle had
pioneered travel in the 1800s. Due to the following factors, photovoltaic electric vehicles will become increasingly
popular in the upcoming year: reducing the use of fossil fuels in favour of obtaining energy from renewable sources.
Cleves compliance with digital standards that make it easier to employ IoT for strength monitoring and accessibility.
Tracking of the sun's radiation over time.
The increased need for traditional energy sources like coal, natural gas, and oil forces researchers to focus on
developing renewable or non-conventional energy sources. Apart from the deregulation of the price of gasoline and
fossil fuels, there has been a lot of controversy in recent years about the cost of fuel. Moreover, these supply disruption
fears have increased interest in alternative motor train technology. Electric vehicles took the road by storm in the 1800s.
Due to these factors, solar electric vehicles will become more prevalent in the future year:
1) Lower emissions from burning fossil fuels when generating electricity from renewable sources.
(2) Intelligent adherence to technological specifications that make it possible to detect the sun's radiation over time.
(3) Tracking of consumed power availability using IOT.
The perspective of passenger vehicles that use rechargeable batteries to generate current is constrained by electric
vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV), battery electric vehicles (BEV), and
extended range electric vehicles are the three different types of electric vehicles.

Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 30

www.ijarsct.co.in
 ISSN (Online) 2581-9429
IJARSCT
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2023

Impact Factor: 7.301
II. OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of the paper is to supply electricity from solar PV cells to a charging station where a car may be
charged using a rechargeable battery. Also, with the aid of IOT, the charging station's availability status can be
continuously checked at any time.

III. SIMULATION MODEL

3.1 Position Tracking Modeling
When solar radiation strikes a semiconductor device called a PV cell, it absorbs energy. The sun's angular position
varies during the day and night depending on the climate. Monocrystalline silicon is used in solar cells. Solar cells are
delicate and very thin. The module is encased in an aluminium frame that supports the structure and allows for simple
fixing. Many solar cells are connected to form a solar array, also known as a PV array. Solar cells linked together create
a PV module (i.e. 36 cells connected in series), a PV array is a collection of solar panels that have been electrically
connected to create a sizable PV installation. The interconnection of solar cells that aren't compatible will result in
losses, which is one of the impacts of a PV array. The module's temperature; PV module failure mechanisms. A servo
motor automatically spins the solar panel in the direction of the sun's rays using an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) to
sense the light. The LDR sensor is oriented towards the direction of most solar radiation. A photoresistor, or light-
sensitive device, is another name for an LDR. On the left and right sides of the solar panel are LDR sensors. The
servomotor rotates the solar panel. With the LDR sensor's assistance, the servomotor plays a significant part in tilting
the solar panel.

3.2 DC-DC Converter Modeling

A direct current (DC) converter is an electrical circuit or electromechanical device that changes the voltage level of a
DC source. It's a particular kind of electric power converter. Little batteries to high voltage power transfer represent the
extremely low to very high power levels. Even when the input voltage and output current are fluctuating, a closed
feedback loop keeps the output voltage constant. The following four topologies are frequently used: I SEPIC Converter,
(ii) Boost Converter, (iii) Buck-Boost Converter.

Fig.1.DC-DC Converter

3.3 Motor Drive Modeling

An amplifier that drives the motor's operation in either direction is called a motor drive. The tracking position of the
solar panel in either a left or right direction determines how the motor drives operate. Also, it changes the circuit's (the
solar panel's) low current signal into a high current signal. based on the highest amount of energy absorbed by the solar
panel or the angular location of the sun's radiation. The speed of rotation is started by the motor drive. In addition to the
functions, a potentiometer may be used to adjust the total output voltage from maximum to minimum or vice versa in
order to meet the necessary charging capabilities.

Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 31

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 ISSN (Online) 2581-9429
IJARSCT
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2023

Impact Factor: 7.301

Fig.2.Carving of piston drive

3.4 Arduino UNO R3 Modelling

A microcontroller board called Arduino UNO R3 is based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It includes 14 pins for digital
input and output and a 16 MHZ crystal oscillator. It has a reset button, an ICSP header, and a power jack. The Italian
word for the UNO is uno. The reference version of Arduino going forward will be UNO and version 1.0. The most
recent Arduino USB board is called Uno. Although the suggested input voltage is 7 to 12 volts, the functioning voltage
is 5 volts. The Arduino board may become unstable if it supplies less than 7 volts, and the voltage regulator may
overheat and destroy the board if it supplies more than 12 volts. The ATmega328 is the current processor used in
Arduino devices.

Fig.3. Pin configuration of Arduino Uno R3

3.5 Sensor for Battery Voltage

A voltage sensor is primarily used to gauge the actual voltage needed from the charging station and works in
conjunction with battery charging. Both the DC and AC voltage levels may be detected here. The motor's variable
resistor, which often increases or decreases the output voltage within the battery's capacity, allows for adjustment of the
voltage measured. The electrical or optical impulses simply trigger a response from the sensors. Certain voltage sensors
can output sign or pulse trains, while others can do so in addition to producing outputs that include amplitude
modulation, pulse width modulation, or frequency modulation.
 Measurement Value = (Accuracy)
 Current = 1 mA 1500 A (+/- 1%)
 Voltage = 6V 18V (plus or minus 0.2%)
 Temperature = -400C ~ 1050C

3.6 LCD Modeling

Liquid crystal displays, or LCDs, operate on the idea that light should be blocked rather than emitted. It has the distinct
benefit of using less electricity than LED (Light Emitting Diode). It is made up of a number of layers, including two
polarised panel filters, electrodes, and a layer of liquid crystal on which a lens projects light. The colourful picture of
the crystal is created by combining coloured light with its grayscale counterpart.The applied current need to regulate the
image shown on the screen and LCD. The light must be polarised. The polarisation of the light may be changed or both
transmission and reception can be controlled via liquid crystal. Consequently, the sensed signal and battery voltage are
presented on the liquid crystal panel.

Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 32

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 ISSN (Online) 2581-9429
IJARSCT
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2023

Impact Factor: 7.301
3.7 Regulator Description
The MCP1612 is a fully integrated, current mode control synchronous buck regulator that operates at 1A and 1.4MHZ.
The 8-pin MSOP and space-saving 3X3 DFN packaging are used to package the MCP1612. For applications requiring
high power and high ambient temperatures, the DFN package also offers a low thermal resistance package option. By
utilising an external resistive divider, the MCP1612's output voltage may be readily adjusted to fall between 0.8v and
5.0v. They can be utilised with electrolytic output capacitors made of ceramic, tantalum, or aluminium. To keep the
output ripple voltage low, ceramic capacitors with values as low as 4.7uF can be utilised. The output capacitor's value
can be raised to 47uF for applications that demand improved load step performance.

3.8 IoT Device Modeling

IOT has benefited every industry by connecting electronic and computing equipment. Without using any interfaces, it is
capable of communicating or transferring data across a network. IOT is now used as a resource to improve wireless
connectivity in everyday life. It increases time-space contact by giving the user an optimum outcome and a real-time
experience. IoT offers an efficient user-interface programme to prevent errors and blind spots that might reduce system
accuracy. The newest technology sharpens and enhances client interaction, enhances product functionality, and supports
the rapid advancement of automation technology. It offers trustworthy information with demanding functionality that
allows for simultaneous usage by several people. The existing data analytics offer an external perspective, but IoT
provides the true information that creates the ideal and safe setting for resource collection.

IV. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

As a starting point to demonstrate the applicability of the science, the possibility of using solar energy resources to
provide electricity for an EV charging station is studied.
A generic schematic of an electric car with a solar charging option is shown in Fig. 1. Most modern automobiles are
dependent on fossil fuels like gasoline, diesel, LPG, etc. Fossil fuels are a nonrenewable resource that can only be used
once. hazards gases is a case study example. As a result, global environmental contamination rises. Researchers have
suggested using electric or hybrid cars as a way to reduce pollution in recent years, and many nations have accepted this
idea as one of the best ways to do so. Show case the concept of agile electric driven motors while demonstrating your
conviction that using the cars in this way would offset the higher purchase costs of electric vehicles. A further benefit
offered by cell electric cars is the removal of the element of action, which increases air conditioning in crowded areas.

Fig.4. Solar-powered IoT-enabled EV Charging Station

Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/568 33

www.ijarsct.co.in
 ISSN (Online) 2581-9429
IJARSCT
International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT)

Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2023

Impact Factor: 7.301
The mannequin really employs torches with LDR sensors to tune the location for producing electricity from the source,
which supports the continual drift of energy, as a solar PV array plays a crucial role in a project. Two sensors, one in
the left and one in the right, should be built for either route since the sun's tilting viewpoint ranges from 0° to 180°. At
that moment, the converter receives the harvested electric supply from the PV phone together with the buck controller,
which stabilises the control. To prevent the complexity of the operation, the controlled continuous voltage is given to an
analogue entry of Arduino. The metre aids in detecting normal voltage. The features keep the setup in excellent shape
since, depending on the location of the car, solar insulation availability is crucial.

V. REQUIREMENTS
5.1 Software Requirements
1. IoT
2. Arduino

5.2 Hardware Requirements

1. Arduino Uno.
2. LDR Sensor
3. Servo Motor
4. LCD Display
5. GSM
6. Solar Cell
7. 12v Battery
8. Voltage Sensor

VI. CONCLUSION
As an energy storage management system, a battery sensor built on the Internet of Things (IoT) keeps track of the
battery's current condition. For administration purposes, the IoT established here makes use of a cloud platform. The
driver of the car can quickly determine how to go to the charging station and can see as the battery voltage is removed
from the system. Up till the battery runs out of charge, the data saved in the Arduino can endure. Several users for the e-
vehicle that pulls up to the station are upgraded and kept in the database for future use so that the distribution to the
various users may be watched.

REFERENCES
[1]. H. Ananda Kumar and K. Uma Maheswari, “Supervised machine learning techniques incognitive radio
networks during cooperative spectrum handovers, March 2019.
[2]. García-Olivares, Transportation in a 100% renewable energy system, 2018.
[3]. Roshini and Ananda Kumar, “Hierarchical cost-effective leach for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks,”
International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems, Jan. 2020.
[4]. H. Anandakumar and K. Umamaheswari, “An Efficient Optimized Handover in Cognitive Radio Networks
using Cooperative Spectrum Sensing,” Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, pp. 1–8, Sep. 2017.
[5]. M. Suganya and H. Anandakumar, “Handover based spectrum allocation in cognitive radio networks,” 2013
International Conference on Green Computing, Communication and Conservation of Energy (ICGCE), Dec.
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[6]. H. Anandakumar and K. Umamaheswari, “A bio- inspired swarm intelligence technique for social aware
cognitive radio handovers,” Computers & Electrical Engineering, vol. 71, pp. 925–937, Oct. 2018.
[7]. Anandakumar, “Energy Efficient Network Selection Using 802.16g Based Gsm Technology,” Journal of
Computer Science, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 745–754, May 2014.

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