Cardiovascular System

❖ The cardiovascular system distributes blood throughout your body. As you explore

information about your heart and arteries, you may also hear the term circulatory

system. The cardiovascular system is part of your larger circulatory system.

❖ The heart is divided into four chambers: the left & right atria; the left & right ventricles.

❖ the upper chambers are called the left atrium and the right atrium (or the atria)

❖ the lower chambers are called the left ventricle and the right ventricle.

❖ The right side of your heart receives the deoxygenated blood that has just traveled round

your body. It pumps the blood to your lungs to collect a fresh supply of oxygen. The left

side of your heart pumps the re-oxygenated blood around your body again.

❖ The left ventricle pumps oxygen-rich blood out of the heart and into an artery called

the aorta. From the aorta, blood branches out into a series of ever-smaller tube-like

vessels: arteries,
Heart conduction
First, impulses are generated by the sinoatrial
node (SA), which is found in the wall of the superior
vena cava. It is a small mass of specialized cardiac
muscle fibers.
Next, the atrioventricular node (AV) starts impulse
generation around the ventricles. The AV node lies in the
interatrial septum. Impulses are sent from the AV node
into the AV bundle, or bundle of his, which branches to
form Purkinje fibres.
 Heart beats
Diastole and systole are two phases of the cardiac cycle. They occur as the heart beats, pumping blood
through a system of blood vessels that carry blood to every part of the body. Systole occurs when the
heart contracts to pump blood out, and diastole occurs when the heart relaxes after contraction.

Diastole is defined by the following characteristics:

• Diastole is when the heart muscle relaxes.
• When the heart relaxes, the chambers of the heart fill with blood, and a person’s blood pressure
decreases.
Systole is defined by the following characteristics:
• Systole is when the heart muscle contracts.
• When the heart contracts, it pushes the blood out of the heart and into the large blood vessels of the
circulatory system. From here, the blood goes to all of the organs and tissues of the body.
• During systole, a person’s blood pressure increases.
• Racing heartbeat (tachycardia)
• Slow heartbeat (bradycardia)
Chirayu Healthcare

ECG Test |Electrocardiography Test

• ECG will give a trace of a healthy heart that looks
like the graph below. Each trace is a single heartbeat
and therefore lasts about 0.8 seconds.
• The main features of the trace are labelled as P, Q, R,
S and T according to convention.
• The "P" wave corresponds to atrial depolarisation
and contraction.
• The "QRS" complex relates to the depolarisation
and contraction of the ventricles, it is much larger
than the "P" wave due to the relative muscle masses
of the atria and ventricles - and masks the
repolarisation and relaxation of the atria.
Racing heartbeat (tachycardia)
Slow heartbeat (bradycardia)
Irregular heartbeat

C
Racing heartbeat (tachycardia)
Slow heartbeat (bradycardia)
 Keeping the Beat: Artificial Pacemakers

• Artificial pacemakers are electronic devices that

act in place of the heart’s natural pacemaker
(the sinus or sinoatrial node).
• They generate electrical impulses that initiate
each heartbeat. Pacemakers consist of a battery,
an impulse generator, and wires that connect the
pacemaker to the heart.

• An artificial pacemaker is implanted surgically. After a local anesthetic is used to numb

the insertion site, the wires that connect the pacemaker are usually inserted into a vein
near the collarbone and threaded toward the heart.
• Through a small incision, the impulse generator, which is about the size of a silver dollar,
is inserted just under the skin near the collarbone and connected to the wires.