Miss Chavda Year 11 IGCSE ICT

Theory for Practical style questions

File Management- Chapter 11

CSV: stands for comma separated value and have a file extension .csv. This file type takes the
form of tables and saves it in text format, separating data items with a comma
Text: these files have a .txt file extension. A text file is not formatted and can be opened in a
word processor.
RTF: stands for rich text format and has the .rtf file extension. This is a file type that saves
some of the formatting within the text.
GIF: stands for graphics interchange format. These files have a .gif file extension. This format
stores still or moving images and is an efficient method of storing images using a small file size,
particularly where there are large areas of solid colour.
JPG: stands for joint photographic expert group and have the file extension .jpg/.jpeg. This
format stores images only, not moving images. It is an efficient method of storing images using a
smaller file size and is widely used in webpages.
PDF: stands for portable document format and has the file extension .pdf. This is a document
that has been converted into an image format. It allows documents to be an image so that they
can be read on most computers. The pages look just like they would when printed but can
contain clickable links and buttons, form fields, video and audio.
PNG: stands for portable network graphics and has the file extension .png. it is a file format
that compresses graphics files without any loss of image quality. It was created to replace
graphics interchange format and is not the most used lossless compression format used for
images on the internet.
MP4: stands for moving picture experts group layer 4 and has a file extension .mp4. it is not a
single file format, it is a multimedia container that is used for storing video files, still images,
audio files and subtitles.
MP3: stands for moving picture experts group layer 3 and has a file extension .mp3. It is a
compressed file format used for storing audio files. This format cannot store still or moving
image. The file sizes are relatively small but have near CD quality, which makes them suitable
for use on the internet.
CSS: Cascading stylesheet and has the file extension .css. A stylesheet that is saved in cascading
stylesheet format and attached to one or more webpages top define the pages colour scheme,
fonts etc.
HTM: Hypertext mark-up language has the file extension .htm. This text-based language is used
to create mark up that a web browser will be able to display information as a webpage.

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ZIP: have the file extension .zip. this is a container that can hold any file types in a compressed
format. It is used to reduce the number of bytes needed to save a file, either to save storage space
or to reduce transmission time when sent from one device to another.
Why reduce file sizes?
- Computer systems have limited storage capacity, so the most efficient storage space is
important
- The smaller the file size the faster the transmission speeds
- Smaller file sizes mean they can be attached to emails
Resizing an image

Image A Image B

1. Select image A and select the image size option

2. Change the width and height and click on ‘OK’
3. Save the file with a ‘new file name’

Images- Chapter 12
Rotating an image

Image A Image B

1. Select image A and click on the format picture option

2. Select 3-D rotation options
3. Rotate the image 180 degrees, selecting the Z rotation

Layout- Chapter 13
What is a header?
A header is an area of the document between the top of the page and the top margin. You can
insert text or graphics into a header.
What is a footer?
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A footer is the area of a document between the bottom of the page and the bottom margin. You
can insert text or graphics into a footer.

Styles- Chapter 14
What is the purpose of house style?
To make sure that all documents and other materials have consistency. It is used to save time in
planning, setting up, creating and formatting documents and other materials.
Example of a house style for a word-processed document
Font style Alignment Enhancement Line spacing
Heading_one Sans-serif Right Bold, italic Single

Proofing- Chapter 15
What is spell check?
Spell check is a test carried out by the word processor on the text. As you work it checks each
word and compared it to those held in the dictionary. If the words match, then the word processor
moves on and checks the next word. If the word does not match one in the dictionary, then it uses
a red wavy underline to highlight the word to suggest it may be an error.
What is grammar check?
Grammar errors will be shown with a blue wavy line underneath. In some cases, it may be
highlighted because it does not start with a capital letter. For example: need to make sure
What is validation?
Validation is checking that data entered is reasonable and checked to see if it satisfied certain
criteria when input into a computer.
Examples of validations rules
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What is verification?
A way of preventing errors when data is copied from one medium to another for example from
paper to a disk. Verification does not stop all errors but helps to reduce the errors made when
data is entered into the computer, by checking the accuracy of data entry. There are two types of
verification: visual checking and double data entry
Visual verification- checking for data entry errors by comparing the original paper documents
with the data entered into the computer.
Double data entry- data is entered into the system twice (usually by two different people). The
two sets of data are then compared by the computer and any differences in the data is flagged as
an error and can be corrected by the user.
What is proofreading?
This is not a form of verification
It is the careful reading and re-reading of a document to detect any errors in spelling, grammar
and punctuation or layout whether or not they were in the original document.

Graphs and Charts- Chapter 16

Pie chart- This chart is used when comparing percentage values and each pie chart compares
part of a whole or fraction of a whole.
Bar chart- shows the difference between different things. A bar chart is a graph with vertical
bars. For example, it is used for showing the number of items sold by five people in the same
month.
Line graph- are used to plot trends between two variables. An example would be plotting the
temperature of water as it is heated against time.

Document production- Chapter 17

What is a mail merge document?
A mail merge document is created to save repeated typing of similar documents that are
assigned to be sent to different people. It uses a master document and a source file document
containing data.
Advantages of using a mail merge document
● Saves time and helps to reduce the number of errors that may occur
● Allows you to produce personalised letters for people
● Only one letter needs to be created, as the rest are automatically generated
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● The data source can be used for many different mail merges, so it saves time having to
recreate it
● The data source only needs checking for accuracy once.
● The standard letter/template can be saved and reused.

Data Manipulation- Chapter 18

What is a database?
A database is an organised collection of data. A database program is software which stores and
retrieves data in a structured way. This includes the data that is stored and the links between the
data items.
Field- a single item of data such as first name. Each field has a field name that is used to identify
it within the database. Each field contains one type of data for example number
Record- a collection of fields for example all the information about one person or one item.
File- organised collection of records, usually where all the records are organised so that they can
be stored together.
Flat file databases
Flat-File databases hold all of their data in one table only. They are only suitable for very
simple databases

Advantages
Easy to understand and implement
Less hardware and software requirements.
Less Skills set are required to handle flat
database systems.
Disadvantages
The computer has more data to read
through, so accessing and searching
through them can be slow.
Data has to be repeated and leads to
inputting errors and inconsistencies
File sizes can be large due to
repeated data

Relational databases
A relational database stores data in more than one linked table, stored in a file. Relational
databases are designed so that the same data is not stored many times. Each table within a
relational database will have a key field. Most tables will have a primary key field that holds
unique data (no two records are the same in this field) and is the field used to identify that
record. Some tables will have one or more foreign key fields. A foreign key in one table will
point to a primary key in another table.
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Advantages
Duplicated Data is reduced.
Database space is not wasted (due
to unnecessary duplicated data.
Quicker to enter Data as there are
less duplicates.
Disadvantages
Time consuming to set up
 Relational databases can be very
complex and without the necessary
training can be very hard to break
down.

Data types
Numeric: is used to store numeric values that may be used for calculations. This does not
include numeric data such as telephone numbers, which should be stored in an alphanumeric
data type. In Access this is called a number field.

Integer: which store whole numbers. In Access you can select an integer field or a long integer
field. It is wise to use a long integer field if it is going to contain three or more digit

Decimal: which will allow a large number of decimal places, or a specified restricted number, if
this is set in the field properties when the database is created

Currency: which allow currency formatting to be added to the display. This includes currency
symbols and regional symbols. The database does not store these symbols as this would use up
valuable storage space

Date and time: which store a date and/or time as a number.

Boolean: stores data in a Yes/No (or True/False, 0/—1) format.

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Presentations- Chapter 19
What is a presentation?
A presentation is a series of slides used to give information to an audience. A presentation can
be used in many different ways: to teach or inform as a visual aid in a lecture, or as a constant
on-screen carousel giving information or advertising, for example in a shopping centre or
mall.

How is a presentation delivered?

The media for delivery and type of presentation developed will depend on the purpose of the
presentation and the target audience. For example, you would design a presentation on road
safety to a class of five-year-old children to be short (for a short attention span); have only a few
simple words (as they cannot read fluently); and contain bright, colourful, moving images (to
keep their attention). The medium for the delivery of this presentation would be a multimedia
projector and large screen.

What are audience notes?

Audience notes are paper copies of the slides of a presentation that are given to the audience so
that they can take them away and refer to them after the presentation. Sometimes people will
want to write their own notes on their audience note printouts during a presentation. These can
be printed in different formats, with several slides on a page, or just one slide with space for the
person to add their own notes.

What are presenter notes?

Presenter notes are a single copy of the slides from a presentation, with prompts and/or key facts
that need to be told to the audience by the person delivering the presentation. These notes are
sometimes printed and not usually given to the audience.

Excel (Data Analysis) - Chapter 20

What is a data model?

For data analysis you will use a spreadsheet model to explore different possible answers. Models
are sometimes called a ‘What if’ scenario. Models let you change data in the spreadsheet to see
what will happen to the results.
Cell References
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Each cell has a unique address. This address is known as the ‘Cell Reference’ and it helps us
identify cells for use in formulae. The cell reference comes from the Column Letter followed by
the Row Number.

Web Authoring (HTML) - Chapter 21

What is HTML?
HTML is an abbreviation for HyperText Markup Language. It is a text based language used to
develop the content layer of websites. Files are written in HTML using a simple text editor (or
web-authoring package such as Expression Web). Files are written in text format and are usually
saved with an .htm (or .html) file extension. These files are recognised by web browsers such as
Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome or Mozilla Firefox as web pages.

What is CSS?
CSS is an abbreviation for cascading stylesheet, a different text-based language. Styles are
created and added to web pages. CSS can be written (embedded) into HTML but it is usually
created in a separate file saved with a .css file extension. The stylesheet is then attached to a web
page.
One or more of these cascading stylesheets can be attached to a web page, and the styles in the
stylesheet will be applied to this page. Where more than one web page is used, the styles only
have to be defined once and attached to all the web pages. In-line styles usually over-ride styles
attached from an external stylesheet
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Adding a comment to your webpage

Comments can be added to your mark up if there are notes that you wish to make but do not
display on the webpage. Comments start with <!- -and end with - ->. These are placed before or
after any tags.

Ordered Lists
Numbered lists are ordered lists in HTML because they are in number order.
Place the tag <ol>at the start of the numbered list and the tag </ol> at the end.

Unordered lists

Bulleted lists are called unordered lists in HTML. Place the tag at the start <ul> of the bulleted
list and the tag </ul> at the end.

What is a hyperlink?

A hyperlink is a method of accessing another document or resource from your current

application. Hyperlinks do not just relate to web pages: other applications software can also use
them. Hyperlinks are often used to create menu options with web pages, using either text or
images. When you select a hyperlink (usually by clicking the left mouse button), the hyperlink
will perform an action.

What is an anchor?

An anchor is used to set a hyperlink to allow you to navigate within the page or navigate to an
external page. An anchor starts with an <a> tag and closes with an </a> tag.

What is a division?

The <div> tag is short for a division or section of an HTML document or page. These can be
used for many functions "within a webpage, but at this level are used to give an identity (ID) to
a part of a webpage.

Why use stylesheets?

Using styles in your web pages helps you to be consistent in the way the pages look. Using
styles is much quicker and easier than applying individual settings — such as font face, font
size, text alignment and font colours — to every piece of text in each web page that you
create.

What is the CSS format?

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To make the CSS easier to read, you can put the declaration on each line, like this:

h1 {color: #ff0000;
{font-size:14px;}

Adding a comment to a stylesheet

Text placed in a stylesheet will often stop the styles from working. Any text must have /* before
it and */ after it, so that the browser knows to ignore it.

For example: /* Miss Chavda, QA006, 1234 */

How to publish a website?

All websites have a domain name, such as wuw.hodder.co.uk, which is used to find the site. To
publish your website you must register the domain name you wish to use. You will use FTP,
which means file transfer protocol, to upload your files to your web hosting space. To move the
files you will need to install FTP client software on to your computer. In the screen shot below, I
have used a free client package called Filezilla that will operate with both Microsoft Windows
and
Apple Mac platforms.
You need to upload:

• all the files in one folder

• an FTP client

• login details to a web hosting server that includes the name of the FTP host and the
port used, and the username and password for the FTP.
Once you have logged on to the FTP host server you upload the files
This will publish your website and it should appear when you open your browser and type in
your domain name.
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Testing a website
Before testing takes place it is important to understand the purpose of the website and web page,
and the target audience for the page. As much as possible, every element of a website should be
tested before it is uploaded to the web server.
A test plan should be developed to make sure that you do not miss anything. Testing
consists of two phases: functional testing and user testing.
Functional testing
All page elements must be checked to ensure that they appear as you expected. This will include
for each web page:

• Is the table structure correct?

• Do all images appear as planned?
• Are all objects that are not supposed to be visible hidden from the user?
• Do all internal hyperlinks work?
For the entire website test:

• Can each page be found from the expected URL?

• Do all links between pages work as expected?
Do all external hyperlinks open the correct web pages?
User testing

1 Decide what needs to be tested.

2 Find a suitable test audience of between two and five users or potential users. If a website is
not designed for a specialist audience, select a variety of different users. Do not use IT
specialists unless that is who the site is designed for.
3 Tell the users it is the website being tested not them, and that you value their thoughts and
opinions.
4 Ask the users to speak their thoughts as they work but do not respond.
5 Observe the test so that difficulties can be noted (do not help in any way).

The test may include:

• tasks to complete using the site

• questions to answer
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• navigation to the page to be tested from the home page

HTML Name of file HTML Source code
Adding a video Wreck.mp4 <source src= “Wreck.mp4” type=”video/mp4”>
Inserting audio Whale.mp3 <source src=”whale.mp3”
type=”audio/mpeg”>
Inserting an image Turtle.jpg if not available <img src= “Turtle.jpg” alt= “logo”>
logo
Resizing an image Swimming.jpg <img src=”swimming.jpg” alt=”swimming”
80px wide style=”width:80px”>
Inserting an animated Turtle.gif if not available <img src= “Turtle.gif” alt= “logo”>
image logo
Adding background <tbody style=”background-color #b6dde8”>
colour to a table
Adding anchors Name of anchor: Top <a href=”#Top”> top </a>
Email address Email: s@qis.org <a href=
Subject line: IGCSE Book “malito:s@qis.org?subject=IGCSE%20Book”>

Practical questions
1.
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a. How many records are in the book file? (1)

b. How many fields are there in the borrower file? (1)

c. What type of database do these two files form? (1)

d. Give two reasons why this type of database system is used rather than having two flat files? (2)

2.

(4)
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(4)

3.
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(4)

4.

(6)
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Field name Data type

Number_of_moons
Orbital_period
Rings
Name_of_planet

(4)

(7)
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(2)

(2)

5.

(2)

6.
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(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)
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(1)

(1)

7.
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(8)
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(3)

8.
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(4)

9.
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(5)

10.
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(6)

11. What do the following layers do in website authoring?

Presentation layer

Content layer

Behaviour layer
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(3)