20EC3053 - ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY & SMART GRID 2022-2023

Session-31
Wide area monitoring and Voltage stability.
IoT-Enabled Smart Grid Architecture
In this part, we mention different IoT-enabled smart grid architectures and various available IoT-
enabled smart grid prototypes.
IoT-Enabled Smart Grid Architecture
Numerous architectures are available for IoT-enabled smart grid systems; three-layered architecture,
four-layered architecture, the smart grid architecture model, cloud-based architecture, web-enabled smart
grid architecture, and last meter smart grid architecture. We will discuss a few of them.
Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM)
The smart grid Architecture Model (SGAM) is an important deliverable of the reference architecture
working group of the EU Mandate M/490. It provides a framework for developing smart grid architecture
by outlining a collection of core concepts and perspectives, as well as a technique for mapping use-case
data. The SGAM comprises five layers: business, function, information, communication, and component.
These levels are called interoperability layers. Each layer of interoperability has a smart grid plane, which
comprises electrical domains and information management zones. This model’s primary objective is to
depict which domains interact with one another over which information management zones. A five-layer
cube-like representation is shown in Figure. SGAM can be divided into SGAM smart grid planes and SGAM
interoperability layers for easier comprehension.

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SGAM Smart Grid Planes

The main view of an SGAM architecture visualization is a smart grid plane. On one side of each
plane are the domains of the energy conversion chain, and on the other are the hierarchical zones for
managing the power system. Generation, transmission, distribution, and DER are among the energy
conversion domains. Customers are the people who use the electricity and those who produce it. The
management of electrical processes is broken down into a number of hierarchical zones. These zones are as
follows: process, field, station, operation, enterprise, and market.
Interoperability Layers Interoperability is a prerequisite for smart grid systems and components that
interact with one another. SGAM has five interoperability layers: business, function, information,
communication, and component. The business layer addresses the business-related components of smart
grid’s information exchange and focuses on functional departments, business processes, and organizational
capabilities. The function layer shows how functions and services relate to each other from an architectural
perspective. The information layer covers how information is shared between services, functions, and
components. The communication layer comprises several protocols and methods that enable the exchange
of the objects described in the information layer. Furthermore, the component layer includes physical
components (assets, devices, and grid equipment) and actors (operators and aggregators), which share
information objects and protocols to assign functions.

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Three-Layered Architecture
The three-layer IoT-enabled smart grid architecture (Application layer, network layer, and perception layer)
Application Layer
This layer makes the power grid better and smarter The main job of this layer is to collect data from
the network layer and on the basis of this data, it tracks and troubleshoots IoT-based appliances and smart
grid systems in real time.
Network Layer
The network layer is based on various telecommunication networks. Its main job is to map the
information that the perception layer collects to the telecommunication protocol and then transmit that data
to the application layer We must choose the low-cost and less power consumption types of the network
because of the establishment of a short-distance network. We will also concentrate on increasing the wireless
sensor network functionality.

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Perception Layer
Different sensors are used to control the entire power network, such as speed sensors, temperature
sensors, pressure sensors, voltage, and current sensors. The main purpose of using these sensors is to monitor
the smart grid and link them with all equipment that is used in the power system. These sensors provide
real-time information and that information is sent to the management system for analysis purposes, and if
an emergency arrives, it will take action.
Cloud-Based Architecture
The problem with fossil fuels is that their cost is always varying, and they have a bad effect on the
global environment's cost ability. It is mandatory for us to discover new sources of renewable energy and
enhance energy efficiency on the consumer side through smart grids of different buildings. For global
sustainability, the efficiency of the building’s energy must be improved This is why smart energy is a
prominent loT study area.
The author has presented an IoT architecture with smart location-based automated and networked
energy control using mobile platforms and cloud computing technologies in this research, which allows
multi-scale energy proportionality, including building user and organizational proportionality. In the smart
grid, static energy management has given way to dynamic energy management, and centralized control
modes have given way to distributed energy control. Its architecture is composed of various buildings
computing and storage. Every part of the organization (office, building, campus, home, etc.), has its own
policy to control energy consumption. Therefore, these policies of different levels are added to the location-
based automatic control scheme. The policy hierarchy is shown in the figure. It looks like a tree architecture
for the control plane of a building wherein the energy-saving policies that cover different levels are enforced
by policy servers. Through smart devices (smartphones, tablets, laptops, etc.), the user is connected to the
Internet.
In the last decades, the smartphone has changed human lives. It has several applications. The
smartphone has different networking interfaces, i.e., Wi-Fi, 3G/4G cellular networks, and Bluetooth, and it
has multiple sensors, e.g., GPS (global positioning system), which can track, regulate, and manage the
energy control systems remotely by using these smartphones and modify or change the energy-saving
policies. Every smartphone has a feature for location detection. The GPS is enabled on every smart device.
The main use of location information is to design automatic control policies. Thus, such control policies can
switch ON/OFF energy-consuming devices at home or the office, depending on the position and direction
of the use. In the last few years, cloud computing has become very popular. The need for a cloud computing
platform in this framework is for the storage of data, modelling, and analysis-based computation. The cloud

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gives a simple data storage and retrieval facility for data on energy usage from buildings. Before using the
cloud framework, the system must be designed and integrated according to this cloud environment.

Web of Things-Based Smart Grid Architecture

The architecture of an IoT-enabled smart grid system based on web-enabled architecture is shown
in Figure. The web of things is made up of a collection of Internet-enabled embedded devices that employ
web services to provide a user interface. To access this, the end user simply needs a computer with an
Internet connection and a web browser. Two types of energy sources are used in the smart grid architecture.
First, non-renewable energy sources, which have a huge carbon footprint on the planet, are the most
common sort of energy source. The second type of energy source features a variety of eco-sustainable and
renewable sources of energy Non-renewable energy sources include nuclear power stations and thermal
power stations, whereas renewable energy sources include wind turbines, solar panels, biogas facilities, and
electricity generated from biofuel. The energy sources are connected to individual digital energy meters
with standard specifications. These digital energy meters gather data on home energy usage. The meter

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readings are collected using Internet connected embedded devices that are constantly in contact with the
meter. Regularly, the data collected by the meter are uploaded to the server. On top of these embedded
system devices, this server provides web services that comprise the web of things. A user only needs a
username and password to use all these services from any computer connected to the Internet. The energy
sources for each household are controlled with the use of source changes.

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Session-32
Prototypes for IoT-Enabled Smart Grid Systems
Before the implementation of IoT-enabled smart grids, we should examine several functions and
confirm their operation. In the development of this development, these prototypes play an important role.
Several prototypes are available for IoT-enabled smart grid systems. Some work well and a few of them
need more advancement. We will discuss a few of the available prototypes.
Simple Prototype for Energy Efficiency
A smart device (a phone, tablet, or laptop) in this prototype, including a location sensor, transfers its
location to two servers at a given period in two locations. Using this prototype, a user can dynamically
monitor and handle appliances at different locations. The electrical appliances were linked in office
buildings in both locations, e.g., residence and workplace. After any changes in users’ location, the
prototype permits the server to activate the energy management mechanism by turning ON/OFF the devices
in both locations. The consumer can easily enforce his own energy policies and track them in real-time by
using this prototype [45]. Figure 8 shows the prototype structure. Kill A Watt electrical meters [45], WeMo
controllers [46], Wi-Fi routers, one server for each location, smart devices with location sensors, and a
GlobalSat GPS module are the hardware needed in this prototype, whereas that prototype requires two
different packages of software. One package is used to handle GPS location data recordings and sends that
information to the server in a compliant format as NMEA 0183. The second package is based on Wi-Fi
routers, which configure and manage the software. In addition, it offers port mapping features for outside
network address translation access to the server.

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Integration of Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Sources at Home

A model was developed using the IoT for integration between renewable and non- renewable sources
of energy at home, and this prototype is developed for the home area network (HAN) architecture, which is
shown in Figure 7 The electric meter used in this prototype records voltage and current measurements,
which are connected to non- renewable energy sources and renewable energy sources. IoT-embedded
devices have a direct connection, they can change the energy source. This prototype also has a web service
feature that allows consumers to keep track of daily, weekly, monthly, and annual energy consumption.
Consumers can also design and plan the transfer from non-renewable to renewable energy sources in
advance.
Different hardware and software components are required for this prototype.
The required hardware is an ARM Cortex M3 Processor, an LPC1768 processor from NXP, CMSIS,
an LwIP protocol stack, MAX232 ICI, an RS232/485 Port, an Ethernet port RJ45, an LPC1768 processor,
etc. Whereas in the case of software requirements, a graphical user interface (GUI) is used to connect
Internet services and user account administration [47,48]. Some existing prototypes are also available, e.g.,
real-time medium voltage grid control, in-home appliance monitoring implementation, and web of things-
based smart grids.

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Session-33
Descriptions of IoT and Smart Grid Technologies
This section will discuss the IoT and the smart grid network. We cover different aspects of IoT and
smart grid technologies, e.g., architecture, technology vision, and barriers.
Internet of Things
The IoT offers an innovative, fully connected “smart” world as the relationships between objects,
their atmosphere, and humans become closer to each other. In 1999, British technology pioneer Kevin
Ashton coined the term “IoT” to describe a system in which sensors and actuators connect physical objects
to the Internet. Within a decade, the IoT has become very popular, with Internet connectivity and computing
capabilities extending to a range of objects, devices, sensors, and daily items. Generally, the term IoT does
not have a single or standard definition. IoT generally indicates the circumstances where network
connectivity and computing power extend to objects, sensors, and other devices that are generally not
considered computers, enabling these devices to produce and share data with a minimum amount of human
participation.
The Visions of the IoT
• Internet oriented: The objects which are involved in IoT should be smart objects, and all objects use the
IP protocol specification.
• Things-oriented: Using sensors and pervasive technologies, we can track any object and an electronic
product code can uniquely identify that object.
• Semantic-oriented: For better representation, the raw data must be managed because numerous sensors
provide a huge amount of data [29].
Characteristics of the IoT
• Fully aware: Sensors provide information from objects anytime and anywhere.
• Reliable transmission: Web and communication networks transmit accurate and real time data.
• Intelligent processing: Cloud computing systems are used for the study of large volumes of data for
controlling objects.
The Key Technology of IoT
Numerous technologies are involved in the execution of IoT systems, such as radio frequency identification
(RFID), Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), infrared sensors, global positioning systems (GPS), Internet and
mobile networks, etc. Among these technologies, we will focus on some of them.
• RFID Technology This is the IoT’s most important technology and performs a significant role in the IoT’s
development. It contains applications for data acquisition and a back-end database network and includes
one or more readers and multiple RFID tags. To send data, it uses a radiofrequency electromagnetic field.

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The RFID tags are attached to this, which stores the data. Apart from this, RFID provides real-time object
monitoring. The RFID tags antenna receives signals from RFID and returns them to RFID with some
additional information.
WSN network
WSN networks have five layers: the physical layer, network layer, MAC layer, transport layer, and
application layer. The physical layer deals with the WSN sink and the physical parameters of node
communication. Physical parameters demonstrate which band to be used and the modulation and
demodulation of the signals. In the MAC layer, the loading of each node is defined, which deals with
transmitting and receiving beacon signals, queries, associates, and different information regarding the
completion of its own network description. The network layer gives complete information about the route,
and by using different protocols, it sends and receives the packages. The main job of the transport layer is
to deal with reliable packet transmission and provide an interface to the application layer. The application
layer integrates node data collection after analysis to fulfill the computational requirements of various
applications.
Architecture
The main components of IoT are sensors, RFID readers, WSN, cameras, and various data collection
terminals, which are responsible for data collection and delivery in the same way human sensory organs
work. An IoT system has three levels of architecture: devices, gateways, and IoT clouds. The data moves
via these three levels by using four different transmission channels (device to device, device to gateway,
gateway to cloud, and between clouds). Figure 2 shows the architectural diagram of the IoT.

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (Deemed to be University), NAAC - “A++”, Guntur, AP | ECE 10