Balana, Lopez, Santander 1

Department of Education
Region IV-A CALABARZON
Division of Cavite
Bucal National Integrated School
Bucal 2, Maragondon, Cavite

Potential of Garlic Oil with Isopropanol and Denatured Alcohol to

Produce Biodiesel

COVID – 19 pandemic, as well as the depletion of natural resources, are causing

an ongoing global crisis. The availability of suitable resources will be unknown in a few

years. The renewable source and supply of diesel is one of the primary concerns. Because

of the price differential, diesel is chosen over ordinary gasoline. Despite the fact that their

quality of use varies; most buyers choose low prices. Most vehicles in the Philippines use

diesel engines causing local diesel supplies are to be limited, forcing oil companies to i

import their supplies.

Biodiesel has been used for a long time, although most people are unaware of it.

Biodiesel is a renewable liquid fuel made from new and old vegetable oils and animal

fats. It is a non – toxic, cleaner – burning alternative to petroleum – based diesel fuel.

Also, it is biodegradable. Alcohol is combined with vegetable oil, animal fats, or recycled

cooking grease to make biodiesel. Methanol and ethanol are said to be the most often
 Balana, Lopez, Santander 2

used alcohols in biodiesel production.

Garlic oil is commonly used in this country. Garlic is now widely used to treat a

variety of blood and heart-related conditions, including atherosclerosis (artery

hardening), high cholesterol, heart attack, coronary heart disease, and hypertension. It is

renewable and available most of the time. The best option as main material to produce

alternative biodiesel is Garlic oil and combining it to another type of alcohol such as

Isopropanol and Denatured.

This study will be conducted to evaluate the potential use of garlic oil for

biodiesel Production. Physicochemical properties of the garlic oil-based biodiesel will be

determined following the Philippine National Standard specifications for diesel oil and

blends.

A. Questions and Problem Being Addressed

This study entitled: Potential of Garlic Oil with Isopropanol and Denatured

Alcohol to Produce Biodiesel will aim to determine the effectiveness of garlic oil as raw

material for biodiesel production.

This will further answer the following questions:

1. How much oil (i.e., fatty acid composition) does garlic contain?

2. Is there a significant difference between garlic oil – derived biodiesel and

regular diesel in terms of the following physicochemical properties?

 Balana, Lopez, Santander 3

a. Biodegradability

b. Flammability

c. Cloud Point

d. Flash Point

e. Pour Point

f. Viscosity

g. Density

3. What is the effectiveness of garlic oil and isopropanol as biodiesel?

4. What is the effectiveness of garlic oil and denatured alcohol as biodiesel?

B. Goals/ Expected Outcome/ Hypotheses:

It was hypothesized that:

1. The quantity of fatty acids found in garlic oil is unlikely to produce biodiesel

from garlic oil.

2. There is no significant difference between garlic oil- derived biodiesel and

regular diesel in terms of properties- biodegradability, flammability, cloud point,

flash point, pour point, viscosity and density.

3. The garlic oil and isopropanol is not effective for making biodiesel.

4. The garlic oil and denatured alcohol is not effective for making biodiesel.
 Balana, Lopez, Santander 4

C. Description in Detail of Research Method

To conduct this this experimentation, the following variables and materials will be

used. The experimentation and testing will be done in different institutions and

laboratory.

a. Plant Sample

The garlic will be bought here in Maragondon, Cavite.

b. Materials to be Used

Garlic oil will be used as a raw material for this study. The materials will be using

are isopropanol, ethanol, denatured alcohol, beaker, stirring rod, mortar and pestle,

potassium hydroxide (KOH).

c. Preparation for Plant Extraction

Garlic will be peel and crush using mortar and pestle. Then the oil from garlic that

crushed and peeled will be extracted using steam distillation. Wherein the water will be

heated, creating steam. The steam passes will pass through the plant matter, pulling out

the oil. The oil will rise with the steam. The condenser cools the steam. In the separator,

the oil will rise to the top of the water and will be extracted. The extracted oil will be

taken to the Chemicals and Energy Division Laboratory of ITDI DOST.

d. Physicochemical Characterization of Garlic Oil Acid Number and Percent Free Acid

Determination

Following standard procedure, garlic oil (5 g) will be mixed with absolute ethanol

(25ml) and then will heat at 65⁰C for 10 minutes. After cooling the solution to room
 Balana, Lopez, Santander 5

temperature, this will be titrated with 0.10 M KOH until phenolphthalein endpoint. The

same treatment will be done to garlic oil (5 g), isopropanol (25 ml) and garlic oil (5g),

denatured alcohol (25 ml). The Acid number will be calculated using this equation.

Where VKOH, the volume of KOH (mL); MKOH, the molar concentration of

KOH; MWKOH, the molar weight of KOH, and W oil, the weight (g) of oil sample.

The free fatty acid (FFA) content in garlic oil will be calculated using this equation.

Where M is the average molar weight of fatty acid.

e. Saponification Number

A mixture containing 5 g oil and 25 ml of 0.5 M alcoholic KOH will refluxed for

15 minutes and then titrated to endpoint using 0.5 M HCl and phenolphthalein indicator.

The same treatment will be done with the blank control which contains 25 ml of alcoholic

KOH (0.5 M). The saponification number will be computed using this equation.

Where V(HCI(blank)), the volume of HCl required for the blank (mL);

V(HCI(sample)), the volume of HCl required for the sample; and MHCl, the molar

concentration of HCl.

Where V(HCI(blank)), the volume of HCl required for the blank (mL); V(HCI(sample)),
the volume of HCl required for the sample; and MHCl, the molar concentration of HCl.

f. Iodine Number

A mixture containing oil (0.25 g), chloroform (10 mL), and Wijs solution (25 mL)
 Balana, Lopez, Santander 6

will be introduced into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask, covered, and mixed continuously for

30 minutes. The resulting solution will have charged with 30% KI (10 mL) and water

(100 mL) and then titrated with 0.1 M Na2S2O3 to endpoint using starch as indicator.

For the blank control, the same procedure will have performed but without the oil sample.

The iodine number was computed using this equation.

Where V NA2 S2 03(blank) the volume (mL) of Na2 S2 O3 required for the blank; V (Na2
S2 03(sample)), the volume (mL) of Na2 S2 O3 3 required for the sample M (Na2 S2 03), the molar

concentration of Na2 S2 O3; and MW iodine, the molar weight of iodine

g. Density

Density of the oil will be determined according to literature procedure36. An

empty 50- mL pycnometer (oven dried) will be weighed before it was filled up with

water and weighed again at room temperature. The same process will be done for the oil

Sample and the density the oil will be calculated using this equation.

p = (Wo-Wp)/(Ww-Wp)

Where Wo, is the weight (g) of the oil; Wp, the weight (g) of the pycnometer;

Ww, the weight (g) of the water.

h. Viscosity

A volume of 5 mL distilled water will have transferred to an Oswald viscometer

and maintained at room temperature. The liquid will then draw to a point above the upper

graduation on the smaller arm and allowed to flow down. The time required for the liquid

to pass from the upper mark to the lower mark will be recorded. The same steps will be
 Balana, Lopez, Santander 7

done using the oil sample. The viscosity (h) of oil at temperature T will be calculated

using this equation.

Where hoil, is the viscosity of the oil; hwater, the viscosity of the water; roil,

The density of the oil; rwater, the density of the water; Toil, the temperature of the
oil; and

Twater, the temperature of the water.

i. Statistical Analysis

The data gathered will be then recorded. The data recorded or the results will then

be organized in a table. The statistical analysis that will be used is ANOVA. To

determine if there is a significant difference among the results, comparing garlic oil –

derived biodiesel with isopropanol, garlic oil – derived biodiesel with denatured alcohol

and regular diesel.

D. Experimental Design
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Title: Potential of Garlic Oil with Isopropanol and Denatured Alcohol to Produce

Biodiesel

Table 1: Experimental Design Table of the Study

Independent Variable Effectiveness

Ethanol

Garlic Oil Isopropanol

Denatured

Number of Replicates

Dependent Variable Effectiveness of garlic oil as biodiesel

Controlled Variable Potassium hydroxide, preparation and

Process
 Balana, Lopez, Santander 9

E. Process Flowchart

Identifying the problem

Preparing of the materials

Garlic Oil Extraction

Physicochemical Characterization, Acid

Number, Percent of Free Fatty Acid

Saponification Number

Iodine Number

Density

Viscosity

Comparing garlic oil- derived biodiesel and

regular diesel

Gathering and collecting data and results

Statistical Analysis

Conclusion and Recommendation

 Balana, Lopez, Santander 10

F. Proposed Table

Table 2: Physicochemical Properties

Physicochemical Properties Garlic oil Derived Biodiesel Regular Diesel

With With
Isopropanol Denatured
Alcohol Alcohol

Biodegradability

Flammability

Cloud Point

Flash Point

Pour Point

Viscosity

Density

Bibliography
 Balana, Lopez, Santander 11

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Gantt Chart
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Research Title: “Potential of Garlic Oil with Isopropanol and Denatured Alcohol to

Produce Biodiesel”
2020 2021 2022
Activities
January
January
February
MarchMay
April June
JulyAugust
September
October
November
December
January
February
March
April
May
June
JulyAugust
September
October
November February
December

A
B
C

D
E

F
G
H
I

March

Legend of Activities:
 Balana, Lopez, Santander 15

A. Formulation of Research Problem

B. Gathering Information and RRLs
C. Making of Research Plan
D. Looking for a Consultant
E. Looking for a Laboratory
F. Experimentation
G. Getting the Laboratory Results
H. Writing the Research Paper
I. Finalization of Research Paper