Final year Project Presentation January 2, 2018

Converting Waste Cooking Oil To

Bio-Diesel Through Transestrification

Department of Energy and Environment Engineering

 Group Information

Group Members:

Muhammad Adnan (14-EE-40)

Taha Qutub (14-EE-08)
Mubashir Ul Haq (14-EE-15)
Gul Muhammad (14-EE-45)

Supervisor: Dr. Ghulam Mujtaba

Co-Supervisor: Engr. Aamir Raza
 CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Literature review
 Materials and Method
 Results and Discussions
 Conclusion and Recommendations.
 INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OVERVIEW:

 Mostly conventional sources like soya bean ,sunflower ,waste cooking oil, animal fats and
algae are used to produce bio diesel .

 Biodiesel, derived from vegetable oil by trans-esterification , is recommended for

use as a substitute for petroleum based diesel.

 In the case of the vegetable oils that contain up to 5% FFAs, the trans-esterification
reaction can still be catalyzed with an alkali catalyst.
 INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OVERVIEW:

 Biodiesel helps to reduces global warming such as carbon dioxide.

 Biodiesel has no aromatics, almost no sulfur and contains 11% oxygen by weight.

 Use of low cost feed stocks such as waste cooking oil (WCO) should help make
biodiesel competitive in price with petroleum diesel.
 INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM STATEMENT

 Reuse of cooking oil is hazardous to human health

 Normally in restaurants oil is used to its limits and then sold to smaller vendors for
further usage

 Sometimes it is spilled into drains and sewers through which it travels to the rivers
causing disturbance in aquatic life

 Other problem is that bio diesel is being imported from other countries to use it
for transportation purposes

 Biodiesel plants are the sources of utilizing used oil and extract the benefits
 INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES

The objective of this study is:

 Is to examine the performance of of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by reacting it with different
catalyst like (KOH, NaOH, etc.)

 To obtain the desired product Biodiesel with a side product glycerol via trans esterification process.

 Compare the produced biodiesel with petro diesel.

 A cleaner environment.

 Waste management.

 Reduce consumption and dependence on normal diesel.

 INTRODUCTION

SCOPE OF STUDY:
The scopes of this research are:

 Study the effect of catalyst concentration on yield and purity of biodiesel trans
esterification process

 The combustion characteristic of biodiesel from WCO using trans esterification

process

 Compare the characteristic properties of produced biodiesel and raw biodiesel

 LITERATURE REVIEW
Like most biofuels, biodiesel has several advantages compared to
the incumbent petroleum diesel fuels. Arguably the most beneficial
attribute of biodiesel is its similar properties to diesel fuel. This
allows biodiesel to be used directly in any diesel engine without
significant modifications to the engine or fuel infrastructure .
However, with some modifications, biodiesel can be burned at
100% ratio (i.e. with no diesel blending). The comparison of petro
diesel and soybean biodiesel can be seen in (Table 1)

Biodiesel and diesel blends have well documented to decrease the

emission of CO, SO2, VOC and particulate matter in vehicles
(Daniel J.)(2014)
 LITERATURE REVIEW

 The transestrification of waste cooking oil into biodiesel almost has 1:1 oil to biodiesel
from conversion efficiency. Thus, biodiesel from readily available waste oil sources
can provide considerable amount of this increase in renewable fuel (Palligarni T. et all)
(2008)

 EDIBLE SOURCES

Biodiesel production from soybean oil is very popular. Researches have focused on different
catalyst systems, having different solvents, and different acyl acceptors. Soybean oil has five
fatty acids (13% each)

Several studies have been done on production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil, describing
the feasibility of producing quality biodiesel from waste oil(Palligarni T. et all)(2008)
 LITERATURE REVIEW

 EDIBLE SOURCES

Compared to petroleum-based diesel, the high cost of biodiesel is a major barrier to its
commercialization. It costs approximately one and a half times that of petroleum-based
diesel depending on feedstock oils (Pro-kop, 2002; Lott, 2002).

It is reported that approximately70–95% of the total biodiesel production cost arises from
the cost of raw material; that is, vegetable oil. Therefore, the use of waste cooking oil
should greatly reduce the cost of biodiesel because waste oil is available at a relatively
low price.. (Krawczyk, 1996; Connemann and Fischer,1998).
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF DISPOSING USED COOKING OIL

Used cooking oil causes severe environmental problems, "a liter of oil poured into a water course
can pollute up to 1000 tanks of 500 liters”. It’s feasible to demonstrate the contamination with the
dumping of these oils to the main water sources. The oil which reaches the water sources
increases its organic pollution load, to form layers on the water surface to prevent the oxygen
exchange and alters the ecosystem. The dumping of the oil also causes problems in the pipes
drain obstructing them and creating odors and increasing the cost of wastewater treatment. For
this reason it was necessary to create a way to recover this oil and reuse it(Carlos A. et all)(2011)
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING WASTE COOKING OIL

The catalyst with higher industrial scaling, economic cost, high yields and short reaction time, is
the alternative of basic catalysis, using sodium hydroxide. Although soap can be formed using
sodium hydroxide in the transesterification reaction, this occurs if the content of free fatty acids is
greater than 1% and the type of oil collected from the hotel sector has a percentage of acidity of
0.54%, so it is not problem to use this type of catalyst for the biodiesel production. it(Carlos A. et
all)(2011)
 LITERATURE REVIEW

 COMPARISION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

The figures below shows the global consumption and production between 2007 to 2013.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
PREVIOUS RESEARCHES:
 The development of alternate fuel has been tried through many sources and methods over
time.

 For the development of bio diesel from cooking oil had been proposed before and tried, but
the main methods for preparing bio diesel from cooking oil were chalked out later.

 The pros and cons of these methods and there processes and technicalities were studied in
detail.

 The use of waste cooking oil reduces waste for development of biodiesel is less complicated
than of the alkali-catalyzed method.

 The efficiency of alkali-based method be a handy alternative fuel for commercial use.
 MATERIALS AND METHOD

APPARATUS
 Electric heater,
 Digital thermometer,
 Digital weight meter,
 Filter paper,
 Glass sticks stirrer,
 Round bottom flask,
 Cooking pot,
 Small and Large size beakers.
 MATERIALS AND METHOD

CHEMICALS
 Methanol,
 Iso-propyl alcohol and
 Phenolphthalein.

CATALYSTS
 Potassium hydroxide and
 Sulphuric acid.
 MATERIALS AND METHOD

METHOD

 In this project, two-step catalyst process was performed for the biodiesel
production from waste cooking oil

1-ESTERIFICATION
2-TRANSESTRIFICATION
 MATERIALS AND METHOD
PRE-TREATMENT
 Firstly we stored the oil in container and then heated it in a cooking pot
to 95°F for filtration purpose.

 By using filter paper we filtered the oil which takes around 3 to 4 hours.

 After some time filtered oil is heated again in a cooking pot to 140°F.

 cooling oil was poured into the container and left for settling purpose
for 24 hours at room temperature.

 After this oil is free from water contents and will cause less number of
problems in esterification and trans esterification processes.
 MATERIALS AND METHOD
PRE-TREATMENT
 MATERIALS AND METHOD

Determination of The Acid

Value

 In this step,

 1gram of the oil sample in a

flask and 10 ml iso-propyl
alcohol was added into oil

 sample and mixed-up through

shaking; two to four drops
phenolphthalein was added as
an indicator.
 MATERIALS AND METHOD

PREPARATION OF TITERATION SOLUTION:

+ -
-
 MATERIALS AND METHOD

ACID VALUE CALCULATION:

The acid value (AV) was calculated using the next equation:

AV (mg KOH/g) = 56.1×CKOH×VKOH /m

Where,
56.1= the molecular weight of the solution employed for titration (g/mol).
VKOH = the consumption of titration solution during titration (ml).
CKOH (mol/1) = the concentration of the titration KOH solution.
m = the weight (g) of the oil sample
 MATERIALS AND METHOD

ESTERIFICATION PROCESS:
 In this step, 500 ml of pre-treated waste cooking oil was poured into the
cooking pot, and heated at 60°C.
 After heating the oil, the acid catalyst was added to the oil at different
dosages (0.5-1.25% v/v) in the presence of methanol.
 Heating Oil and Mixing of Acid Catalyst
MATERIALS AND METHOD

Final Product of Esterification

 MATERIALS AND METHOD

Trans-estrification Process:
 Firstly, the oil was heated up to 130-135°F in a cooking pot.
 MATERIALS AND METHOD

Trans-estrification Process:

 After titration we found the acid value of oil sample which is 1.7 mg
KOH/g.

 Now we will calculate the how much amount of KOH is required to

produce biodiesel from that oil sample, which is 3.48g KOH/liter of oil.

 Along with potassium hydroxide, methanol for the preparation of

biodiesel from waste cooking oil, which is 20% of methanol to oil volume
ratio.
 MATERIALS AND METHOD

Washing Process
I
 n washing process firstly, the distilled water was heated in a cooking pot
to 55-60°C. Then hot water is added to impure biodiesel and after
vigorously shaking the mixture for 5 minutes it was kept aside to settle.

 After settling two layers were observed one is of impurities and other is
of biodiesel.
 MATERIALS AND METHOD

Washing Process
 At last, pure biodiesel was achieved after two successful washing
processes.
 RESULT AND DISCUSION

 According to the experiment, the optimum combination for the esterification

reaction was as follows: 60°C as reaction temperature, one hour as reaction time
and with 1% v/v of sulphuric acid to oil volume ratio at 55% v/v of methanol to oil
volume ratio. This, induced an acid value lower than 2mgKOH/g-oil, which is
equivalent to an FFA equals to 1%.

 In esterification process 500ml oil sample with the acid value of 14.6 mg KOH/g-
oil, and then add 1% v/v of sulphuric acid to oil volume ratio which is 5ml and
55% v/v of methanol to oil volume ratio which is 275ml. After the completion of
esterification process 400ml oil was obtained with acid value of 1.7 mg KOH/g-
oil.
 RESULT AND DISCUSION

 In transestrification process 400ml oil sample with acid value of 1.7 mg KOH/g-
oil and then calculated amount of Potassium hydroxide (KOH) which is 3.48g
added into the oil sample along with 20% v/v of methanol to oil volume ratio
which is 80ml. After the completion of transestrification process yield 200ml
biodiesel.

 The highest methyl ester (biodiesel) yield with this optimized combination was
40%.
 RESULT AND DISCUSION
Analysis of Characteristics of Produced Bio-Diesel

Density of Produced Biodiesel

 Evaluate the density of produced biodiesel with help of “DENSITY APPARATUS
(electronic meter & graduated cylinder)”.
 RESULT AND DISCUSION
Analysis of Characteristics of Produced Bio-Diesel

Density of Produced Biodiesel

 Density of biodiesel is an important physical property of liquid fuel and biodiesel.
A slight change in density can affect engine output power.

 The density of produced biodiesel measured at room temperature (34oC) was 0.87
g/ml. As compared with the standard diesel whose density was found to be 0.832
g/ml
 RESULT AND DISCUSION
Analysis of Characteristics of Produced Bio-Diesel

Cloud Point of Produced Biodiesel

 The cloud point is also the important property of

biodiesel fuel. Cloud point is the temperature at which
a cloud of wax crystals first appear in the oil when it
is cooled.

 Evaluate the cloud point of produced biodiesel with

help of “CLOUD POINT APPARATUS”.
 RESULT AND DISCUSION
Analysis of Characteristics of Produced Bio-Diesel

Cloud Point of Produced Biodiesel

 This property is related to the use of biodiesel in the cold temperature.

 The cloud point of produced biodiesel was found to be 22°F/ -5.55°C. As compared with
the standard diesel whose cloud point was found to be -15°C to 5°C
 RESULT AND DISCUSION
Analysis of Characteristics of Produced Bio-Diesel

Pour Point of Produced Biodiesel

 The pour point is the lowest temperature at which

the oil sample can still be moved.

 Evaluate the pour point of produced biodiesel with

help of “POUR POINT APPARATUS”.
 RESULT AND DISCUSION
Analysis of Characteristics of Produced Bio-Diesel

Pour Point of Produced Biodiesel

 This property is related to the use of biodiesel in the cold temperature.

 The cloud point of produced biodiesel was found to be 16°F/ -8.88°C. As compared
with the standard diesel whose cloud point was found to be -35°C to -15°C
 RESULT AND DISCUSION
Analysis on Characteristics of Produced Bio-Diesel

Flash Point of Produced Biodiesel

 Determine flash point of produced biodiesel by

“PENSKY MARTEN’S APPRATUS”.

 The flash point of produced biodiesel was found to

be 352.4°F (178°C).In comparison, petroleum
diesel have a flash point was found to be 60°C to
80°C .
 RESULT AND DISCUSION
Analysis on Characteristics of Produced Bio-Diesel

Fire Point of Produced Biodiesel

 Determine fire point of produced biodiesel also by

“PENSKY MARTEN’S APPRATUS”.

 The fire point of produced biodiesel was found to

be 359.6°F /182°C. As compared with the standard
diesel whose fire point was found to be 78°C
 RESULT AND DISCUSION
Analysis on Characteristics of Produced Bio-Diesel

Specific Gravity of Produced Biodiesel

 The specific gravity of Biodiesel varies with its

fatty acid composition, and its glycerine content,
both free and bound.
 Determine the specific gravity of produced
biodiesel through “HYDROMETER”.
 The specific gravity of produced biodiesel was
found to be 0.87. As compared with the standard
diesel whose specific gravity was found to be 0.85
 RESULT AND DISCUSION
Analysis on Characteristics of Produced Bio-Diesel
       

Parameters Produced Biodiesel Biodiesel Standard Diesel Standard

Value

Density 0.87 g/ml 0.86 g/ml 0.832 g/ml

Specific Gravity 0.87 0.88 0.85

Cloud Point 22°F/ -5.55°C -3°C to 12 °C -15°C to 5°C

Pour Point 16°F/-8.88°C -15 °C to 10°C -35°C to -15°C

Flash Point 352.4°F /178°C 100 °C to 170°C 60°C to 80°C

Fire Point 359.6°F /182°C 186°C 78°C

API Gravity 30.03 29.29 34.97

 CONCLUSION

 The effect of free fatty acids (FFAs) on the biodiesel production process was
treated.

 A two-step process is developed to convert the high FFAs content in the acids oils
into esters.

 The first step (acid catalysed) reduced the FFA content of the waste frying oil to less than
2%.

 After that, transesterification process was realized to produce the methyl esters and
glycerol.
 CONCLUSION

 The effects of alcohol to oil volume ratio and catalyst amount on the FFA were
investigated in the first step.

 The optimum conditions for the pretreatment step were found to be as follows: methanol to
waste frying oil volume ratio 55:100 ml, 1% v/v of sulphuric acid to-oil volume, at 60 °C,
during 60 min with stirring the mixture

 The highest methyl ester (biodiesel) yield with this optimized combination was 40%.
 RECOMMENDATIONS

 Take waste frying oil from home.

 In pretreatment step during moisture contents removing you don’t raised the
temperature of oil above 140°F

 If the acid value of oil greater than 4 you must be go to the esterification step then
go to the transestrification step. But if your acid value of oil less than 2 then no
need of esterification step and directly go to the transestrification step.
 RECOMMENDATIONS

 In the filtration step of oil sample used net type clean cloth instead of filter paper
because filter paper takes a lot of time. Taken 25 -30 min for the filtration of 1 ml oil.
 In pretreatment step don’t raised the temperature of oil above 140°F. because it can
cause steam explosion.

 Using air tight glass jars instead of plastic bottles in the esterification and
transestrification.

 used electric heater for heating purpose throughout the experiment instead of gas
stove
 RECOMMENDATIONS

 If the acid value of oil greater than 4 you must proceed to esterification
followed by transestrification. But if acid value of oil is less than 2 then
there is no need of esterification you may go directly to
transestrification.

 In washing process use distilled water for washing of biodiesel, use of

ordinary water for washing will leave some impurities behind.
 REFERENCES

 Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: 2. Economic assessment and

sensitivity analysis Y. Zhanga, M.A. Dubeea, D.D. McLeana, M. Kates
 Krawczyk, T., 1996. Biodiesel. INFORM
 Prokop, T., 2002. Personal Communication, Imperial Western Products, 14970
Chandler St., Coachella, CA
 Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Carlos A. Guerrero F., Andrés
Guerrero-Romero and Fabio E. Sierra National University of Colombia,
Colombia
 Daniel J. Bruton…Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel Conversion for Space
Heating Applications
 Palligarnal T., Vasudevan, Micheal Briggs…Biodiesel Production –current state
of art challanges
 YOOUU!!
A N
NKK Y
H
TTH A