~REVIEWER IN CWTS MIDTERMS~

CWTS 2 CHAPTER 6: ISSUES AND CONCERNS IN COMMUNITY OUTREACH PROGRAM

LESSON 1: GOOD GOVERNANCE

INTRODUCTION

Every citizen dreams of a good government which is run by honest and good leaders. With the advent of

advance information technology, globalization and decentralized governance, there is an increased need

for effective, accountable and transparent administrative management and structures based on

collaboration and partnership among the essential players (government, business, and civil society) of

the state.

DEFINITION OF GOVERNANCE

Governance is the management of the resource endowment of a state. It is a practiced through

processes, mechanism and institutions through which the citizens and other groups of society articulate

their interest, exercise legal rights, meet their obligations and meditate their differences.

It is further defined as the manner in which the power of government authorities is exercised through

the economic and social resources of the country’s development.

However, manasan and gaffud (1999) believe that governance is not simply about how government

conducts business in its own sphere. It is also about how government interacts with the civil society. It

tells how the government encourages and facilitate people’s participation not only in the delivery of

services, but also in the evaluation and monitoring of government performance.

The manner in which the responsibility is discharged by government officials is through governance

which can be acquired by means of election, appointment pr delegation in the public domain or in the

area of commerce-corporate governance.

DEFINITION OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Good governance pertains to the existence of an efficient and accountable institution, be it judicial,

executive, administrative, economic, corporate, and entrenched rules that protect human rights, respect

the rule of law, and ensure that people are free to participate in and will be heard on, decisions that

affect their lives, and most especially for the promotion of society’s development.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Good governance demands the following characteristics from effective and efficient government

officials.

1. Accountable. This means that the government authority is answerable to the public for the

decision it has rendered.

2. Participatory. This means that the government official practices participatory management

wherein the public is involved in decision making, in all the activities they are undertaking

through their representatives.

3. Transparent. The public is entitled to information and can access documents, provided it will

not bring danger to the state.

4. Based on the rule law. There is fairness in decision-making and the enforcement of the law is

not impartial.

5. Efficient and effective. The services rendered by the government officials to the public meet the

needs of their constituents.

PRINCIPLES OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Good governance is guided by the following principles for officials to render effective and efficient

service to the public.

1. It focuses on the organozation’s purpose and on the outcomes for citizens and service users.

This means that the purpose of the organization is clear for the users to receive a high quality

service and the taxpayers receive value for what they have paid.

2. It performs effectively in clearly defined functions and roles.

The government officials carry out their responsibilities effectively in consonance with their

defined functions and roles.

3. It promotes values for the while organization and demonstrats these values of good

governance through behavior.

All the good values expected of the government officials are put into practice. They serve as good

models to their constituents.

4. It means that the informations relative to their decision and risk management are

transparent.

The leader sees to it that there is an effective risk management in operation for the organization

and the information is accessible to the public.

5. It develops the capacity and capability of the governing body tobe effective.

The elected government officials undergo seminars and training to enhance their skills, knowledge,

and experience the need to perform their task well.

LESSON 2: SAFEGUARDING THE ELECTORAL AND POLITICAL PROCESSES

A good citizenship guide to responsible voting

Why should I Vote?

Voting or suffrage is privilege and right given to every Filipino citizen. More than anything else,
however, it is a responsibility of every Filipino to fulfill in earnest.

By voting, a Filipino is given the opportunity to be directly involved in the affairs of the nayion and have

a stake in national interest. Thus, voting is a privilege.

Upon having met the prescriptions of the law., every citizen is entitled to vote and cannot be deterred

from fulfilling this function. Hence, voting is one of the Filipino’s most inalienable rights.

By casting his vote, a Filipino makes himself a part of the nations, the well-being of his community and

the fate of his family . Therefore, by deciding the fate and interest of the whole nation, the Filipino is

charged with the responsibility to promote and uphold what is beneficial to the common Good. Thus,

voting is a critical responsibility of every qualified Filipino citizen.

Cheating During Elections

Registration

1. Registration of non-qualified voters

This can also be called “packing of voters lists”. To ensure that a candidate will have captive votes,

he will haul in voters even if these voters do not meet citizenship, age, or residence requirements.

When the registration period has already lapsed, the same objective can be achieved through the

manipulation of inclusion proceeding in court.

2. Disenfranchise of qualified voters

This is resorted to when a candidate believes that a voter or group of voters will vote for his

opponent/s. It can come in the form of discouraging them from registering at all or, if they managed

to register, to exclude them from the voters lists through an ostensibly legal exclusion proceeding in

court.

Election

1. Vote buying

a. With or Without chained balloting

Some candidates will take the world of the “bought” voter. However, if he wants to be sure

that he gets his money’s worth the candidate will employ chained balloting or “lansadera” at the

start of the day, all the potential “buyees” are gathered in one place and, as soon as the pools

are opened, one of them is sent to the polling place.

After he has signed and has been given a ballot by the clerk, he now takes it with him to the

polling both.

What he does with the ballot becomes the heart of the illegal scheme. Instead of filling out the

ballot, he puts it in his pocket and casts something that looks like a ballot into the ballot box.

Thereafter, he presents the blank official ballot to the buyer who pays him an amount for his effort. The
buyer then fills out the ballot himself and hands the same to the second voter. The second voter goes to

the polling place and obtains a blank official ballot, which he turns over later to the buyer and cycle is

repeated.

b. With or Without identifying marks

Another way of ensuring that the “brought” voter will live up to his end of the bargain is to

specify how thwt voter will fill out his ballot. The voter can be required to write the candidates name in

peculiar way, e.g first name last, with nickname, misspelled names, etc.

2. Negative vote buying

This is the simplest way of buying votes, where a candidate is certain that a voter will not vote for him,

he can pay him not to vote. Efficiency can be achieved by herding the voters together and getting them

on a bus that will take them away for the rest of the day.

A lot times, the voters are compelled to have their index fingers smeared with endelible ink.

3. Waylaying of voters

a. Through fraud or stealth

This has the same objective as negative vote buying except that no financial benefit accrues to the voter.

With the connivance of the board of election inspectors (BOI), the voters name is deleted from the list.

This results in confusion resulting to voters disenfranchisement.

b. Through intimidation or downright terrorism

4. Stuffing of ballot boxes with fake ballots

5. Ballots writing by only one person or group of persons

6. Voting by persons other than the registered voters

7. Misreading of ballots.

8. Ballots/ballot Boxes snatching or destruction

9. Ballots/ballot boxes substitution

10. Falsification (Tampering) of election returns

After counting is completed in the precinct, the votes are recorded in a document called the

election return.

The intercalation of a single digit can result in a hundred votes in favor of a candidate. This is so

easy to do because by this time the level of awareness has been relaxed, the recording being

anti-climactic to the counting.

11. Falsification of Statement of Votesb or Certificate of Canvass in the Municipal or City Board of

Canvassers
Falsification even becomes more vicious when the manipulation is done at the level of the city or

municipal board of canvassers.

The results of all the precincts in a city or municipality are recorded in a document called the

statement of voters prepared by the board of canvassers. The insertion or intercalation of one or

two digits can result in tens of thousands of votes undeservedly added.

Overseas Absentee Voting Act of 2003

Who may apply?

All citizen of the Philippines abroad, at least eighteen (18) years of age on the day of election, not

otherwise2 disqualified by law land who are not registered as voter under R.A no. 8189, known as

the Voters Registration Act No.8189 (system of continuing Registration). (article 7)

Who are disqualified?

1. Those who have lost their citizenship in accordance with Philippines laws;

2. Those who have expressly denounced their Philippine citizenship and who have pledged

allegiance to a foreign country;

3. Those who have been convicted by final judgement of a court or tribunal of an offense

punishable by imprisonment for not less than one year, unless such disability has been removed

by plenary pardon or amnesty;

4. An immigrant or permanent resident who is recognized as such to the host country, unless

he/she executes upon filling of an application for registration as overseas absentee voter, an

affidavit declaring that:

a. He/she shall resume actual physical permanent residence in the Philippine not later three

(3) years from approval of his/her Registration; and

b. He/she has not applied for citizenship in another country.

5. Any citizen of the Philippine abroad previously declared insane or incompetent by competent

authority in the Philippines.

Do’s and don’ts

Do’s

1. Choose a credible candidate;

2. Support the campaign for a peaceful and orderly conduct of election;

3. If possible, attend and participate in the “miting de avance” of the candidates for you to be able

to know their platforms and goals.

4. Encourage voters to exercise their rights;

5. Adhere to the results/procedures set by the COMELEC;

6. Prepare a lkist of your chosen candidates before going to your respective polling place;

7. Go to the polling center early to avoid the rush

8. Beware of trouble-makers who intend to disrupt the conduct of the election; and

9. Report any untoeard incident to the nearest police station or COMELEC.

Don’ts

1. Raise fund thru dances, lotteries, and cockfighting in support of particular candidates;

2. Carry firearms and deadly weapons;

3. Post, display, distribute, and use of illegal campaign materials

4. Sell, furnish, offer serve or take intoxicating liquor

5. VOTE-SELLING

6. Vote more than once or in substitution of another;

7. Hold fairs, cockfights boxing horse races or similar sports;

8. Open booths of stalls of the sale,etc. of wares, merchandise or refreshments , within thirty (30)

meters radius from polling places; and

9. Accept free transporation, food, drinks, and things of value from any candidate of their parties.

LESSON 3: SOCIAL PROBLEMS IN THE COMMUNITY

There are some conditions that exist in the community which are threatening the lives of the people

such poverty, unemployment, drug addiction, prostitution, cybersex, child abuse, street children,

squatting, pollution etc.

Poverty

There are many myths and stereotypes- and many theories exist about the poor and the causes of

poverty. It focuses on societal needs and social forces as explained by sociologists. It is also defined as

lack of sufficient wealth (usually understood as capital, money, material goods or resources, especially

natural resources) to live what is understood in society as a “normal life”. An example of a normal life is

when we are capable of raising a healthy family, by providing all the basic needs, and especially

educating children and participating in a society.

Poverty is an outcome of longstanding conflicts between haves and have nots. It has an effect of limiting

opportunities and justifying social inequality. Thus, poverty is perpetuated through class discrimination

and unequal opportunities for upward mobility. Hence, it is often strongly correlated with social

problems such as crime, disease, squatting, unemployment, homelessness, terrorism, malnutrition and

illiteracy. As a result, many societies employ social workers from the Department of social welfare and

development (DSWD) and the National Anti-Poverty Commission (NAPC) to fight poverty by variety of

methods, which range from moral persuasion to financial subsidy to physical coercion.
The following are the social, scientific and cultural disciplines about poverty:

1. In economics. There are two kinds of poverty being considered; the relative and absolute.

 Absolute poverty is defined in terms of cash income or expenditures in food, clothing and

shelter.

The following are the situations of a family under absolute poverty:

1. The family cannot afford to buy adequate and balanced diet food;

2. They cannot afford to buy atleast 3 sets of clothing;

3. They cannot send their children even up to grade VI,

4. They cannot attend to their medical needs, such as buying vitamins, medicine for their illness;

5. They don’t pay attention to the sanitation of their families, home and surroundings;and

6. They cannot pay their house rentals.

Relative poverty – it is defined in terms of median family income. According to the national economic

development authority (NEDA), the median family income can be determined by arranging the

different income ranges by increasing or decreasing order, hen determine the middle -income level,

people earning lower than the median family income are considered poor.

2. In politics- the fight against poverty is usually regarded as a social goal, and most governments

have done so, through active intervention in the form of housing plans, social pensions, special

job opportunities, or requirements.

3. In law- It is recognized as mitigating factor for the determination of punishment, poverty is

considered as one of the causes of increased crime rates amongst the poor by increasing their

stress.

4. In education- poverty affects the learning ability of the pupils to effectively profit from the

conducive learning environment. No matter how much the teacher motivates, if the children are

hungry, no learning will take place. Pupils coming from poor families, whose primary needs are

not met as described in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the need for a stable home to live in,

clothes to keep warm and protect them from the heat of theb sun and regular meals, are

hampered in their ability to learn.

There is a term used in education circles which states that the “rich getting richer and the poor

getting poorer and this is called the Mathew effect”

Causes of Poverty

Poverty is political issue. People with the right -wing views often consider it as related to laziness

and population explosion.

Those who are of the leftists view poverty as related to social justice, lack of opportunity in

education, graft and corruption and unequal distribution of wealth.

Types of causes of poverty

A. Individual

Poverty is explained by individual circumstances and/or characteristics of poor people. Some

examples are:

 Status of education, skills experience and intelligence;

 Health, handicap, and age;

 Work orientation, time horizon, and culture of poverty; and

 Discrimination, together with race and sex, etc.

B. Aggregate

These are two types of the aggregate poverty theory and these are; case and generic.

1. Case- According to this theory, aggregate poverty is just the sum of individual poverty.

2. Generic- This is explained by general economy-wide problems,

Such as:

 Inadequate non-poverty employment opportunities

 Inadequate overall demand (macro problems, macro policy)

 Low national income (Less Developed Country)

Eliminating Poverty

The following are the different measures that should be considered in addressing the underlying causes

of poverty:

1. Broaden access to education and technology among the marginalized groups, and especially

among girls and women.

If all the citizens are educated and have developed their inherent potentials or God-given talent,

especially the women who have a strong bearing on the well-being of their families, no one will

become poor.

2. Share the benefit of economic growth through an emphasis on more widespread

employment.

The government policies should consider not only aggregate economic impact, but also the equal

distribution of employment.

3. Rout out corruption, Which harms society as a whole.

What places a heavy cost on society is the effect of graft and corruption, not only in the government

but in businesses as well.

4. Improve government capacity to provide universal access to essential goods and services,

including potable water, affordable food , primary health care, education, housing and other

social services.

Government should make a commitment to these social welfare programs. It is often politically

difficult to raise adequate resources through effective taxation and other mechanism.

Non-government Organization (NGOs) play also a vital role in the actual provision of services by

providing essential assistance and help articulate a vision of a healthy society.

LESSON 4: CHILD ABUSE

INTRODUCTION

There is no single accepted definition of child abuse or cruelty to children. This result in confusion about

which behaviors and intentions are abusive. Only the legal or health professional can label a person or

family as abusive by using different criteria. Differences between physical abuse, sexual abuse,

emotional abuse and neglect oftentimes confuse the situation.

One useful definition of an abused child is “any child who receives non-accidental physical injury as a

result of acts or missions on the part of his parents.

Physical, emotional and sexual abuse and neglect have profound immediate and long-term effects on a

child’s development. Higher rates of psychiatric disorders increase rates of substance abuse, and variety

of severe relationship difficulties. Child abuse and neglect are intergenerational problems. The

perpetrators of abuse and neglect were most frequently victims of abuse and are profoundly damaged

people.

Links between neglect and abuse are clear and later psychological, emotional, behavioral and

interpersonal disorders are manifested. The basis for this linkage is the impact on the brain

development of the abused and neglect children.

The brains of abused and neglected children are not as well integrated as the brains of non-abused

children. This is the reason why they have significant difficulties with emotional regulations, integrated

functioning and social development. Their early interpersonal experiences have also a profound impact

on the brain.

The effects of early maltreatment on ac child’s development are profound and long lasting. It is the

impact of maltreatment on a child’s developing brain that causes effects seen in a wide variety of

domains including social, psychological and cognitive development.

These discussion strongly suggest that parents should have an effective treatment that requires an

effectively attuned relationship with children. Their children feel secure; hence their development is

balanced.
1. Child Abuse. This refers to the maltreatment of a child whether habitual or not, which includes

any of the following:

a. Psychological and physical abuse, sexual abuse, cruelty, neglect and emotional

maltreatment

b. An act which could either be by words or deeds which debases, degrades or demeans the

intrinsic worth and dignity of a child as a person;

c. Deprivation of the child’s basic needs unreasonably for survival such as food, clothes and

shelter; and

d. No medical treatment is given to an injured child which results in a serious impairment of

his growth and development or in his permanent incapacity or death.

2. Sexual Abuse. It is any sexual act between an adult and a minor or between two minors when

one exerts power on the other.

a. It is any employment, use, persuasion inducement, enticement, coercion of a child to engage in,

or assist another person engage in sexual intercourse or lascivious conduct, or the molestation,

prostitution, or incest with children.

3. Battered child syndrome refers to child abuse and neglect.

Forms of child abuse

The kinds of child abuse are:

a. Physical abuse. It is any act which results in non-accidental and/or unreasonable inflicting of

physical injury to a child which (includes but is not limited to lacerations, fractures, b urns,

strangulations, human bites, and similar acts. It is also known as child battering.

b. Psychological abuse. It is any harm to a child emotional or intellectual functioning through

verbal assault, which includes but is not limited to cursing, belittling, rejecting and other similar

acts.

c. Deception. It is the deprivation of children’s proper learning opportunity by giving them

incorrect ideas and concepts. As a result they may develop an inclination to solve problems

through violence, promiscuity, or drug abuse.

d. Child Trafficking. It is the act of engaging in trading, and dealing with children including but not

limited to, the act of buying and selling a child for money or for any consideration, or barter.

e. Neglect. It is the deprivation of the child’s basic needs unreasonably , such as food, shelter,

clothing, education ,medical general care, love and concern, and supervision by parents,

guardians or custodian.
f. Child labor. Children below 15 years of age are employed, allowed ,permitted to suffer from

work in any public or private establishment not directly under the responsibility of their parents

or guardians or employing minors as artist, actors, actresses, entertainers, and the like without a

work permit. The number of child workers under the age of 10 far from negligible, although the

internationally recommended age for work is fifteen years old (ILO Convention No.138). almost

all the data available on child labor concerns the 10 to 14 age groups.

g. Abusers and neglecters.

The special parent. The parent who has the potential to be abusive, most often has also been

abused during his childhood days. He has been described as emotionally immature , lacking self-

esteem, inexperienced and having unrealistic expectations of the child like having in mind that

the child should be “someone to love me and never leave me”

The special child. The child is viewed differently from other children in the family. The child may

be physically handicapped or maybe regarded with special meaning (a child of a former

marriage or resembles a negatively regarded person).

Characteristics of abusive parents

1. Inadequate parenting skills and lack of knowledge concerning normal child development are

exhibited;

2. Emotional immaturity with poor impulse control is often demonstrated;

3. They are socially isolated especially from community resources and lack of social support

system; and

4. They often come from families with violent parents.

Helping the young child cope with child abuse

The child who is a victim of sexual abuse will seldon share/her his ordeals with the parents. The best

thing that parents can do is to tell the child that she/he believes her/him, and failure to believe can be

far from devastating than the abuse itself.

1. The most significant factor that can reduce the negative impact of sexual abuse is the support

and belief by parents and significant other adults.

2. Stay calm. You should not show to your child that you are shocked with what she discloses to

you and don’t get hysterical.

3. Let the child know that she/he is not to be blamed for what happened. Do not blame the child.
Let her understand that it is not her fault.

4. A child’s own internal coping resources will have an impact effect if the child has not had any

serious life stressors other than those she has already encounter, life stressors such as physical

abuse and domestic violence. The self stem and resiliency of the child are already lowered;

hence she faces even greater difficulties from an additional stress of sexual victimization.

5. The child developmental level, age and gender influence the effect of sexual behavior.

If the victim is still young in the chronological age and in the developmental stage, there are strong and

serious negative effect on their child.

There is a strong impact on girl victims than on boys. The latter are more apt to act out there anger

about the abuse while the former are prone the keep their anger inside and direct it to themselves.

6. The child who is sexually abused by the person whom she trusts and has a type of parental type

of relationship with the perpetrator has a more serious effect on the victim than a child who is a

victim of a non-friendly member.

7. The child appears to be more seriously affected when physical abuse, threats or intimidation

accompany the sexual abuse.

Sexualized Behaviors

The children who are sexually abused at an early age are prematurely introduced to sexual acts. They

experience sexual stimulation and pleasure, hence, they are unable to understand and cope because of

their young age. They also tend to increase their interest in sexual matter. Their sexual behaviors are a

learned response to their experience from the perpetrator and sexual abused acts.

The victims of sexual abuse appear to have more problem behavior in the area of sexuality. These

Include:

1. Acting out with peers sexually;

2. False pseudo-mature sexual behavior;

3. Excessive masturbation; and

4. Confusion on sexual identity and what is appropriate sexually between children and adult

LESSON 5: THE DANGERS OF PORNOGRAPHY

Introduction

The word “pornography” comes from the Greek words “porne”, which means a harlot, prostitute or

whore and “graphos” means a writing or depiction.

It is defined by Mackinnon (1983) as the very embodiment of dominance which means that:
Pornography is the celebration, the promotion, the authorization and the legitimization of rape,

harassment, battery and the abuse of children, for the sexual pleasure of men. Pornography eroticizes

dominance and submission, of which rape, battery, sexual harassment, and the sexual and physical

abuse of children, It employs the enforcement of other’s powerlessness.

It is also defined by Russell (1993) as “material that combines sex and/or the exposure of genitals with

abuse or degradation in a manner that appears to endorse, condone, or encourage such behavior.”

Steinem (1978) concludes that pornography’s message is “violence, dominance, and conquest. It is sex

being used to reinforce some inequality, or to create one, or to tell us that pain and humiliation are

really the same as pleasure.

The harmful effects of pornography

There are eight harmful effects of pornography on a person such as:

1. Sexual arousal;

2. Aggression;

3. Desensitization:

4. Attitude towards women;

5. Decline in family values;

6. Causal model of rape;

7. Feminist ideological effects; and

8. Catharsis

Sexual Arousal. This is brought by visual and literary pornography. This effect has been shown both

mentally and physically. The males and females are sexually aroused from material portraying nudity or

sexual acts according to the research of Kinsey (1948).

Aggression. This is related to idea of arousal that exposure to pornography leads men to greater levels

of aggression towards women. Bandura (1973) hypothesized that emotional arousal would intensify

aggressive behavior. A numbers of experimental studies have tested this hypothesis.

Desensitization. Studies conducted by Donnerstein and Linz (1988) have found that prolonged

exposure to so called “slasher films” desensitizes viewers to violence against women.

Sexually violence slasher films that were originally anxiety provoking and depressing became less so with

repeated exposure. Men exposed to the slashers films also reported seeing less violence with continued

exposure, and films found to be degrading to women were judged to be less so after prolonged

exposure (kraftka, et all., 1997) Desensitization effects were strongest among R-rated slasher films
which, while containing sexual scene, were not pornography.

Attitude towards women. Exposure to pornography leads to a”ntisocial attitudes about women.

Decline in family values. Those massively exposed to pornography will become distrusting of theirs

partners in extended relationship. There is also growing dissatisfaction with sexual reality. According to

Linz and Malamuth (1993) exposure to pornography “fosters a lack of respect for social institutions such

as the family and traditions sex roles for women.”

Casual model of rape. Russek(1993) argues that pornography predisposes some males to want to rape

women by:

1. Pairing sexually arousing stimuli with rape;

2. Increasing males self-generated rape fantasies;

3. Sexualizing dominance and submission; and

4. Creating an appetite for increasingly stronger material.

Ideological effect. This view grows out of the traditional feminist critique of patriarchy which finds that

the oppression of women is an institutionalized and socially constructed tool which men used to

maintain the status-quo.

In short, the systems of sexism male power- or male supremacy is institutionalized so that men, as a

group have access to economic, social, sexual, and political power that women do not have.

Catharsis. Pornography prevents harmful effects like rape and other sex crimes. The cathartic effects of

pornography is believed due to a substitutions effect, by which potential sex offenders receive sexual

gratification from pornography content, rather than from criminal acts against individuals.

Cybersex

An introduction to virtual worlds: The cybersex

Everyday we are facing a new area of danger especially for the youths- the Internet. The internet is an

exciting new territory for many young people as well as adults especially if they use it in cybersex or

computer sex. Many of our young women are hooked into cybersex. It is now being considered as one of

the problems in our society, in the urban as well as in rural areas.

Definition

Cybersex or computer sex is a virtual sex encounter where in two or more persons are connected

remotely via computer network and send sexually explicit messages describing a sexual experience to

one another. It is a form of role-playing where in the participants pretend to have an actual sexual

intercourse by describing what there are doing and by responding to their chat partners mostly in

written form with the intention of motivating their own sexual feeling and fantasies.

Disadvantages
1. Considering the fact that the Philippines is a Christian country, everybody believes that cybersex

could deteriorate the values of our youths if it will be allowed to continue.

2. It is also a form of infidelity.

3. While is does not involve physical contact, critics claims that powerful emotions involved can

cause martial stress, especially when cybersex culminates in an internet romance.

4. Internet adultery became the ground for divorce in the United States.

5. There is also the separated risk factor of internet addiction, which is perceived to be the cause

of social isolation and loss of work productivity.

Danger and Advantages

Cybersex, according to its defenders satisfies the sexual desires without the risk of being

contaminated be sexually transmitted disease, It is a safe way for young people who have not yet

engaged in sexual activity to experiment. It allows husband and wife to carry out elaborated sexual

fantasies even when they are physically separated. Some people who are suffering from long-term

ailments (including HIV), engage in cybersex as a way to satisfy their sexual desire and gratification

without putting their partner at risk.

LESSON 6: POPULATION EXPLOSION

Introduction

There are questions being posed whether population explosion in a boon or a curse. For the European

countries like Italy and Spain, where the population is decreasing, this might be considered a boon.

However, for our country which is developing, population explosion is a curse and is damaging the

development of the country and its society. With the rapidly increasing population, the developing

countries are already facing a lack in their resources, the availability of which is reduced further, thus

leading to increased poverty, malnutrition, and other large population related problems.

Definition of population and population explosion

As defined in the webster dictionary (1992), population is “the whole number of people or inhabitants in

a country or regions” and population explosion is a “pyramiding of number of a biological population.”

As the number of people in a pyramid increase, so do the problems related to the increased population .

The birth rate, death rate and migration to urban places, especially in Metro Manila are the main factors

affecting the population change. According to Miller (2000), birth rate is the ratio between births and

individual in a specified population and time. The death rate is ratio between the number of deaths and

individuals in a specified population and time. He also defined migration as the number of people

moving in (immigration) or out (emigration) of a country, places or locality. The population change is

calculated by the formula: population change = (birth + immigration) – (death + emigration)

The recent increase in world population has been caused by the following major reasons:

1. Increase in birth rates due to medical improvements;

2. Decrease in death rates due to better medical facilities and advancements in the field of

medicine; and

3. Migration to urban cities due to several reasons like better job opportunities, rebellion and

natural causes like floods, earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and so forth.

The Philippines being one of the third world countries and still on the developing stage has had to face

several economic and political challenges, one of which is population explosion that greatly affects the

lives of the people.

Effect of population explosion

The population explosion has led to the following effects:

1. Unemployment

2. Poverty

3. Malnutrition

4. Air and water pollution

5. Domestic violence

6. Juvenile delinquency

7. Shortage of basic needs and

8. Increased deaths rates.

Measure to control population explosion

The success of birth control lies in the hands of women or mothers and their status. It is imperative

for them to be educated so that they can decide on how many children they can afford to raise and

be aware of the available birth control measures. They should be made aware of the impact on their

health as well as on their children. Not only the young ones are to be educated but also the older

women so that they can teach the right family planning to their own daughter.

LESSON 7: JUVENILE DELIQUENCY

INTRODUCTION

Juvenile delinquency is one of the effects of population explosion and poverty. This is regarded as a

serious problem not only in our country, but in many other countries aa well. It is particularly wide

spread in highly industrialized nations that have large cities.

Juvenile delinquency refers to the violation of a law by a juvenile. It includes those acts that would be

crimes if committed by adults, such as car theft and burglary. It includes acts that are illegal for children
like buying alcoholic beverages. Many people use the term juvenile to include anything the youngsters

do that violates the standards of society regardless whether these are committed legally or illegally.

The legal age in which a person is considered a juvenile varies from place to place. In most countries, it is

under 17 years old.

WHAT IS JUVENILE DELIQUENCY

The term juvenile delinquency was established so that young offenders could avoid the disgrace of

being classified as criminals in the logbook of police headquarters. Juvenile delinquency laws were

designed to provide treatment, rather than punishment.

A youngster can be branded as delinquent for breaking any of a number of laws ranging from running

away from home to robbery. An act committed in one place, which is considered as a crime, may be

treated differently in another community. In other places, the policemen may just ignore children who

are accused of minor delinquencies or refer them directly to their parents.

PREDICTORS OF DELIQUENCY

The following are the causes of delinquency:

1. Community disorganization

2. Availability of drugs and firearm

3. Persistent poverty

4. Violence in the home

5. Problem behaviors

6. Poor parental monitoring

7. Inconsistent disciplinary parents, and

8. maltreatment

LESSON 8: DRUG ABUSE

A drug is defined as a substance that by virtue of its chemical nature alters the structure or function of a

living organism. It is any absorbed substance that changes or enhances any physical or psychological

function in the body.

Four stages and patterns in using drugs

1. Experimental use. Just to give it a try.

2. seeking the mood swing/occasional use. Using drugs for socialization or out of “pakikisama”

3. harmful use/intensified. The craving for drug starts

4. dependence. There is already a need for continuous administration of drugs.

Personality dynamics contributory to drug abuse are:

1. impulsivity and egocentricity

2. emotionally instability

3. low frustration tolerance

4. immaturity

5. poor self-image

6. weak ego control

7. strong need for independence

8. need for acceptance and belongingness

Description of a drug dependent

1. He resorts to commit criminal offenses like stealing, killing, rape and other forms of acts which

are contrary to law.

2. He enjoys the company of peers who are also into drugs

3. He prefers the company of similarly troubled individuals, shares the same habits, attitudes and

general life style

4. He acts without guilt feelings.

5. He develops trust with peers and dissociates himself from his own family

6. He becomes a lonely isolated individual

7. He is insensitive and inconsiderate to his surroundings

8. He becomes suspicious

9. His value diminish

10. He becomes troublesome and fights even his own parents.

Other factors contributory to drugs are:

1. Impact of the influence of mass media like printed materials, radio, television and movies;

2. Ignorance, apathy and permissiveness; and

3. Laxity of government authorities

Harmful effects of drugs

1. Physical effects

a. Malnutrition

1. Secondary infection

PTB bronchitis

Hepatitis, cirrhosis

Gastric ulcer

2. Skin infection

3. Fetal deformity
4. Impaired perception and judgement

5. Secondary psychosis

2. Psychological effects

a. Amotivational syndrome

b. Lowering of IQ

3. Social effects

a. Socially non-functional

b. Interpersonal relationship deterioration

c. Socially maladjusted

4. Economic effects

The treatment and rehabilitation of drug dependents is very expensive

5. Spiritual/moral effect

a. Pathological liars,

b. No relationship with god as he forgets God’s existence, drugs become his god.

c. Lowering of their moral values

d. Indulge in prostitution

Effects on the drug dependent worker

1. Absenteeism

2. Resentment

3. Reduced morals

4. Shunning of friends

5. Nervousness

6. Long lunch breaks

7. Irritability

8. Arrives late and departs early from work

9. Hand tremors

10. Involved in quarrels with fellow workers resulting from belligerent behavior.

LESSON 9: POLLUTION

INTRODUCTION

Pollution is something that is added to the ecosystem which has a detrimental effect. The high rate of

energy usage by a modern growing population is one of the causes of pollution.

The different kinds of pollution are:

1. Air pollution
2. Noise pollution

3. Water pollution

4. Land pollution

1. Air pollution

These are substances which are accumulated in the air. It endangers human health once it is in sufficient

concentration or produced other measured effects on living things and other materials.

The power and heat generations are among the major sources of pollution as well as the burning of solid

wastes, industrial processes and especially transportations. The six major types pollutions are carbon

manoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, particulate, sulfur dioxide, and photochemical oxidants.

Examples of air pollution

 Tobacco smoke. This is one of the major forms of pollution in buildings. It is not only the smoker

who is affected, but also everyone who inhales it. Smoking and lung cancer have a very strong

connection with each other. Bronchitis is common among smokers. The unborn baby whose

mother is smoker, also suffers from the harmful effects of smoking.

 Exhaust gases of vehicles. Pollution from exhaust gases which are emitted by vehicles is

responsible for 60% of all air pollution and in cities up to 80%. One of the most dangerous gases

is lead which is present in a large variety of harmful chemicals present in the air.

2. Noise pollution

This pollution is also known as unwanted sounds that are carried by the air. It has irritating and

detrimental effects on humans and animals. In order to control noise pollution, there should be careful

planning of streets and buildings constructions in busy roads.

 Combustion of coal. There can be serious consequences if the combustion of coal has no special

precautions. If the winds do not blow away the poisonous gases, they can have fatal effects on

people that may lead to their death.

 Acid rain. This is a pollution which is present in other countries. This is caused swhen sulfur and

nitrogen dioxides combine with atmospheric moisture to produce highly acidic rain, snow, hail

for fog. The acid eats into stone, brick and metal articles and pollutes water sources. Coal in

south Africa is rich in sulfur and power stations in the Mpumalanga province could be

responsible for acid rain over other areas in said country.

Control measures

It is through the concerted effort of the people that we can combat or minimize air pollution. It is

through legislation where air pollution can be controlled efficiently. The common control measures
enforced include the following:

 Establishment of more smokeless zones as mandated by republic act no.9211.

 Control over the kinds of fuel used in cars, airplanes, power stations, etc.

3. Water pollution

Water pollution is the introduction of chemical, physical or biological material into fresh or ocean waters

that degrade the quality of water and affects the organism living in it. This process ranges from simple

addition of dissolved or suspended solids that discharge the most insidious and persistent toxic

pollutants (such as non-biodegrable, bioaccumulative, chemical compounds, pesticides and heavy

metals).

Examples of water pollution

 Sewage disposal and domestic wastes

These are domestic and farm wastes as well as sewage that are the thrown into rivers and dams.

 Mining and agricultural wastes

large quantities of acid water are thrown into the rivers and seas by mines, especially gold and coal

mines. Agricultural pesticides, fertilizes and herbicides may wash into rivers and stagnant water bodies.

 Industrial affluent

This is water thrown by factories and industries after having been used in production processes. This

wastewater may contain acids, alkalis, salts, poisons and oils and, in some cases, harmful bacteria.

Control measures

 Through the cooperation of the filipino people not to pollute water in any manner;

 Education of the community people by the NSTP students; and

 Through research and legislation.

4. Land pollution

land pollution is brought by the degradation of the earths land surface through misuse of the soil by

poor agricultural practices, industrial wastes dumping, and indiscriminate disposal of urban wastes

and mineral exploitation.

Examples of land pollution

 Waste disposal

Accumulated waste matter invites household pests and turns urban areas into dirty, eyesores and

unhealthy places to live in. this threatens the health of the people living in this environment.

Control measures

 An anti-littering campaign can make the people aware about the effects of land pollution on

their health.
 Organic wastes should be thrown and dumped in places far from residential houses.

 Recycling of inorganic materials such as cans, glass, plastic, paper and metas.