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SV - Topic 1 - Conceptual Framework
SV - Topic 1 - Conceptual Framework
TOPIC 1:
Learning objectives
Conceptual Framework After studying this topic, you should be able to:
Explain the roles and structures of key regulatory bodies
Describe efforts to construct a conceptual framework
Understand the objective of financial reporting.
Identify the qualitative characteristics of accounting information
Define the basic elements of financial statements
Describe the basic assumptions of accounting
Explain the application of the basic principles of accounting
Understand the concepts of capital maintenance.
Contents
1.IASB
2.Overview of conceptual framework
3.Objective of financial reporting
4.Underlying assumptions IASB
5.Qualitative characteristics
6.Elements of financial reporting
7.Recognition criteria of elements
8.Measurement bases
9.Capital maintenance
IASB: cung cấp BCTC có thể sử dụng trên phạm vi toàn cầu (IFRS)
Có thể sử dụng các IAS vẫn áp dụng phù hợp, IFRS được ban hành thay thế các IAS
cũ, không còn phù hợp
The IASC Foundation is an
independent foundation based in the
US.
VAS được ban hành vào 2001 - 2005, dựa trên các IAS. Từ thời
điểm đó đến bây giờ chưa thay đổi chuẩn mực, nên giữa VAS và
IFRS(thay đổi liên tục) có sự khác nhau.
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International
Accounting Standards
Board
IASB is responsible for
• developing and issuing new international standards; The objectives of the IFRS
• which are known as International Financial Advisory Council are:
Reporting Standards (IFRS). • To give advice to the IASB on
agenda decisions and
IASB consists of 15 members and their foremost priorities in its work;
qualification is technical expertise. All members are
• To inform the IASB of the
appointed for a terms of 5 years, renewable once.
views of organizations and
Before a standard, exposure draft or a final IFRIC individuals on the Council on
major standards setting
interpretation can be published, at least 8 out of the 15
projects;
members must approve it.
• To give other advice to the
All existing IASs and SICs remain in force until Board or to the Trustees
amended or withdrawn in the future.
Therefore, IFRS includes IFRSs, IFRIC, IASs and SIC
Interpretation. 7
Khuôn mẫu
What is the Framework?
Apr 1989
mục tiêu và nội dung
• Set out the objectives & concepts that underline the preparation lập và trình bày Framework for the Preparation and
History
& presentation of general purpose financial statements for approved by the IASC Board.
Jul 1989
external users. đối tượng sử dụng bên ngoài The Framework was
Những vấn đề chưa được đề cập trong chuẩn mực cụ thể => sd CF
Vấn đề được đề cập trong CF và chuẩn mực cụ thể có sự mâu thuẫn => sd chuẩn mực cụ thể
do chuẩn mực cụ thể có thể ban hành trước CF ban hành nên có sự mâu thuẫn. CF ban hành
là khuôn mẫu cho các chuẩn mực sau khi CF ban hành tham chiếu với nó, nên sẽ không có sự
mâu thuẫn.
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CF 2018
nguyên tắc Chapter 3: Financial statements and the reporting entity
Chapter 4: The elements of financial statements
Qualitative Chapter 5: Recognition and derecognition
characteris Elements Chapter 6: Measurement
đặc điểm chất lượng yếu tố
thông tin BCTC tics
Chapter 7: Presentation and disclosure
Chapter 8: Concepts of capital and capital maintenance
objective
mục tiêu
BMKT- 18 13 1
4
Other creditors in their capacity as capital providers.những người cấp tín dụng
financial reporting
Investors use that information to make decisions
Who? about buying, selling or holding equity or debt
instruments quan tâm đến khả năng sinh lời
Decisions?
Lenders and other creditors use that
information to make decisions about providing
or settling loans or other forms of credit.
quan tâm đến khả năng thanh toán
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Financial reporting provides the following information: (i) Information about economic resources and claims:
thông tin nguồn lực và nghĩa vụ của dn
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Financial reporting provides the following information: Financial reporting provides the following information:
Settlement ability
Users use these information in assessing the entity’s
Short-term liabilities nghĩa vụ past and future ability to generate net cash inflows.
Short-term Claims
assets Long-term liabilities
The changes in an entity’s economic resources and
nguồn lực claims are presented in the statement of
Econonic
resources
comprehensive income/ and statement of cash flows
Long-term assets Equity
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Financial reporting provides the following information: Financial reporting provides the following information:
?
°
° Related parties and transactions
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Assumptions
Assumptions giả định Economic entity
Company keeps its activity separate
from its owners and other business
unit.
Monetary unit
fulfill objectives and commitments.
đơn vị tiền tệ
Periodicity kỳ kế toán
Periodicity Monetary unit
Accrual cơ sở dồn tích Company can divide its economic Money is the common denominator.
activities into time periods.
2
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Qualitative
characteristic
s of useful
financial
information
Qualitative
thích hợp trình bày trung thực
characteristics đặc điểm cơ bản
dự đoán khẳng định trọng yếu đầy đủ khách quan không sai sót
đặc điểm bổ sung
Hữu ích khi vừa thích hợp và trình bày trung thực hợp lí
2 LO 4
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Financial information has predictive value if it has Relevant information also helps users confirm or
value as an input to predictive processes used by correct prior expectations.
investors to form their own expectations about the
future.
LO 4 LO 4
Faithful representation means that the numbers and Completeness means that all the information that is
descriptions match what really existed or happened. necessary for faithful representation is provided.
LO 4 LO 4
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Neutrality means that a company cannot select An information item that is free from error will be a
information to favor one set of interested parties over more accurate (faithful) representation of a financial
another. item.
LO 4 LO 4
Application Áp dụng
1. Identify economic
phenomenon that has the
potential to be useful;
2. Identify type of information
about phenomenon that
would be most relevant;
3. Determine if information is
available and can be
faithfully represented
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9 0
Application Example
• Leasing is an economic
phenomenon useful in evaluating
enterprises’ claims.
• Relevance + Faithfully representation = Useful
• Asset value, long-term liability or
• Example: settlement proceedings are
• Accounting estimates relevance information and could
• Contingent liabilities be faithfully represented.
• This information available and
can be faithfully represented
(based on the contract and market
information.
4 4
1 2
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Information that is measured and reported in a Verifiability occurs when independent measurers,
similar manner for different companies is considered using the same methods, obtain similar results. dùng cách độc lập kiểm tra độc
comparable. lập
Có thể kiểm chứng phát sinh khi đo lường một cách độc lập, sử dụng phương pháp giống đưathìra
vànhau sẽ thông tin tương tự
LO
Thông tin được đo lường và báo cáo theo cùng một cách thức cho các công ty khác nhau được xem là có thể so 4.
sánh cho ra kết quả giống nhau. LO 4
Assets Income
Liabilities
Elements of
financial reporting Equity
Expense
3 yếu tố về THTC
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Assets: An asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past Income: Income is increases in economic benefits during the
event and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to
the entity. accounting period in the form of inflows or enhancements of assets or
decreases of liabilities that result in increases in equity, other than
those relating to contributions from equity participants.
Liabilities: A liability is a present obligation of the entity arising from past
events, the settlement of which is expected to result in an outflow from
the entity of resources embodying economic benefits.
Expense: Expenses are decreases in economic benefits during the
accounting period in the form of outflows or depletions of assets or
Equity: Equity is the residual interest in the assets of the entity after incurrences of liabilities that result in decreases in equity, other
deducting all its liabilities. than those relating to distributions to entity participants.
49 50
Gains represent other items that meet the definition of income and
may, or may not, arise in the course of the ordinary activities of Losses represent other items that meet the definition of expenses and
an entity. Gains represent increases in economic benefits and as may, or may not, arise in the course of the ordinary activities of an
such are no different in nature from revenue. Hence, they are not entity. Losses represent decreases in economic benefits and as such
regarded as constituting a separate element in the IFRS framework. are no different in nature from expenses.
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53 54
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1. Presentation obligation;
- Legal obligation – Contract or statutory obligation • Increases in economic benefits during the period
- Construction obligation – valid expectation
• In the form of inflows/ enhancements of assets
2. Resulting from past event;
- Look for obligating event – avoidance test. • Or decreases of liabilities
3. Settlement expected to result in outflow of resources
• That result in increases in equity,
embodying economic benefits (FOF- Future outflow)
- Time value of money • Other than those relating to contributions from equity
participants.
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• Encompasses both revenue and gains • Decreases in economic benefits during the period
• Revenue – ordinary business activities • In the form of outflows/ or depletion of assets
• Gains – increases in economic benefits (same in nature, but not • Or incurrences of liabilities
from ordinary activities) • That result in decrease in equity,
• Eg gains from sale of non-current assets • Other than those relating to distributions from equity
• Includes unrealised gains ( eg revaluation and fair value participants.
gains)
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Recognition criteria
Recognition is the process of capturing for
Recognition criteria of inclusion in the statement of financial
elements position or the statement(s) of financial
performance an item that meets the
definition of one of the elements of financial
statements—an asset, a liability, equity,
income or expenses.
là quá trình thu thập, cho việc trình bày trên BC tình hình tài chính và
BC kết quả hoạt động, một khoản mục đáp ứng định nghĩa của tài sản,
nợ phải trả, vốn chủ sở hữu, thu nhập hay chi phí
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Measurement
Measurement bases
Factors to consider when selecting a measurement basis
2 cơ sở đo lường Cơ sở đo lường theo giá gốc (Historical cost)
Measurement bases Giá gốc cung cấp thông tin phát sinh từ, hay ít nhất một
Giá gốc Giá hiện hành phần, từ giá trị của nghiệp vụ kinh tế hay các sự kiện khác
Historical cost Current value liên quan đến khoản mục được đo lường.
giá gốc phân bổ: Gtri tài sảnmang lại được quy về Giá gốc của tài sản sẽ giảm nếu chúng bị tổn thất và giá gốc
HTK, TSCĐ ~ market value hiện tại với tỉ suất nào đó
khấu hao
historical cost, amortized cost, fair value, value in use/dùng cho tài sản
của nợ phải trả sẽ tăng nếu chúng có rủi ro cao (onerous).
dùng cho
(= book value):
carrying amount...
Giá trị còn lại NPT
fulfilment value, current cost is Cách thức áp dụng cơ sở đo lường này cho tài sản tài chính
Derived from the transaction or updated at measurement date.
event that created them capture any positive or negative và nợ phải trả tài chính là đo lường chúng theo giá trị phân
Do not reflect changes in prices, do changes bổ (amortised cost).
reflect change in consumption
(depreciation or amortization),
impairment, or fulfilment.
historical cost of the asset is no
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longer recoverable. 5
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Measurement Measurement
Factors to consider when selecting a measurement basis
Factors to consider
when selecting a
measurement basis
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1
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Capital maintenance
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4
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Capital concept
Capital can be
• the net assets of an entity
or
• the amount of capital
Vốn và contributed by the owners
bảo plus increases in the net
toàn vốn assets that remain in the
entity.
77
It can also be expressed in 7
terms of productive capacity. 8
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Capital = Net asset or equity of the entity. Capital = Productive capacity of the entity
All price changes of Increases in the Only that part of the
(measured as units of output per day) the assets and prices of assets may increase in the prices
Used if the main concern of the user of liabilities are viewed not be recognized of assets that
the financial statements is the Used if the main concern of the user of the as changes in the until the assets are exceeds the increase
measurement of the disposed of in an in the general level of
maintenance of the nominal value financial statements is the operating Increase in the physical productive exchange transaction. prices is regarded as
capacity of the entity profit. The rest of the
invested capital. capacity of the entity. prices as capital increase is treated as
maintenance a capital maintenance
Profit is the difference in money terms Profit is earned only if the operating adjustments that are adjustment and,
part of equity and not hence, as part of
between the opening and closing capital capacity at the end of the period exceeds as profit. equity.
excluding any contributions from and that of the beginning of the period. 7 8
9 0
distribution to owners.
Example
BT 1.7. (Bảo toàn vốn - Capital maintenance)
Doanh nghiệp A bắt đầu kinh doanh vào ngày 1/1/x1 với
On 1 Jan X0, an inventory was purchased with the vốn chủ sở hữu ban đầu là 2.000 triệu đồng, được sử
sức mua
price of 100 CU. On 31 Dec X0, the purchasing power dụng để mua 200 sản phẩm với giá mua là 10 triệu
increase by 10%. The current value of the inventory đồng/ sản phẩm. Vào ngày 31/12/x1, 200 sản phẩm này
was 130 CU. The inventory was sold in Dec X0 at the được bán ra bên ngoài với giá bán 2.200 triệu đồng.
price of 150 CU.
Trong năm x1, giá mua sản phẩm này đã tăng lên 10,75 để duy trì kinh doanh
phải bỏ ra 10,75 để
Required: Calculate the carrying amount of inventory, triệu đồng/ sản phẩm và chỉ số giá tăng 5%. mua
P/L and OCI under different capital maintenance
Yêu cầu: Xác định lợi nhuận của doanh nghiệp theo 3
views.
khái niệm bảo toàn vốn: bảo toàn vốn vật chất, bảo
toàn vốn tài chính về mặt tiền tệ danh nghĩa và bảo
toàn vốn theo sức mua không đổi.
8 8
1 2
End of Topic 1
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