FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

● John Locke was an English philosopher and physician "Father of Liberalism" ; to

form character (mental, physical, and moral) ; Education as Training of the
mind/Formal discipline ; Notable ideas - "Tabula rasa"

● Francis Bacon was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator and
author. "Father of scientific method" "Father of empiricism"

● Jean Jacques Rousseau was a Francophone Genevan philosopher, writer and

composer of the 18th century."Hollistic education"(physical,moral, intellectual)

Notable ideas - moral simplicity of humanity; child centered learning; Famous novel:
"Emile" or On Education; Human Development

● Edgar Dale was an American educator who developed the "Cone of Experience"

aka "Father of Modern Media in Education"

● Erik Erikson was a German-born American developmental psychologist and

psychoanalyst known for his theory on "psychosocial development" of human beings.

● Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was a swiss pedagogue and educational reformer who
exemplified Romanticism in his approach. "Social regeneration of humanity" Notable
ideas: "Four-sphere concept of life" his motto was " Learning by head, hand and heart"

● Friedrich Frobel was a German pedagogue a student of Pestalozzi who laid the
"foundation of modern education" based on the recognition that children have unique
needs and capabilities. "Father of kindergarten"

● Johann Herbart was a German philosopher, psychologist and founder of pedagogy

as an academic discipline. ;

● Edward Lee Thorndike was an American psychologist ; " Father of Modern

educational psychology; connectionism; law of effect. ; "Realize the fullest satisfaction
of human wants"

PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

● IDEALISM Plato (own ideas) nothing exist except in the mind of a man/ what we
want the world to be

● REALISM Aristotle;Herbart; Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori; Hobbes; Bacon;

Locke

(experience) fully mastery of knowledge

● BEHAVIORISM always guided by standards/by procedure; purpose is to modify the
behavior

● EXISTENTIALISM Kierkegaard; Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he lives"

Focuses on self/individual

● PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALISM William James; John Dewey - learn from

experiences through interaction to the environment

Emphasizes the needs and interests of the children

● PERENNIALISM Robert Hutchins

focuses on unchanging/universal truths

● ESSENTIALISM William Bagley - teaching the basic/essential knowledge

Focuses on basic skills and knowledge

● PROGRESSIVISM Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of development)

focuses on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality

● CONSTRUCTIVISM Jean Piaget

Focused on how humans make meaning in relation to the interaction b/w their
experiences and their ideas. Nature of knowledge w/c represents an epistemological
stance.

● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM George Counts - recognized that education was the

means of preparing people for creating his new social order

highlights social reform as the aim of education

ACCULTURATION - learning other culture; the passing of customs, beliefs and

tradition through interaction and reading.

ENCULTURATION - the passing of group's custom, beliefs and traditions from one
generation to the next generation

Convergent questions - are those that typically have one correct answer.

Divergent questions - also called open-ended questions are used to encourage many
answers and generate greater participation of students. Higher order thinking skills; to
think more creatively.

90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law

 30 days - "lapse"

PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF LEARNING & MOTIVATION

● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis - Sigmund Freud

● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's Theory of Personality

● Ecological Theory - Eric Brofenbrenner's Theory of Development

● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic Theory - Lev Semanovich Vygotsky

● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget; John Dewey; Jerome Brunner

● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers; Louis Raths

● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike; Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner

● Moral Development - Lawrence Kohlberg

● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning

● Edward Thorndike - connectionism

● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning & reinforcement

● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll" experiment; modelling; self eficacy

● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception Theory

● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning Theory/Inquiry method

● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning Problem

● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's - Information Processing Theory

● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning Theory

● Howard Gardner - Multiple Intelligence

● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his concept of life space

● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System Theory

● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism; Zond of Proximal Development (ZPD) * gap b/w
actual and potential development

● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach

● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology

● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern Psychology"

● William James - wrote the "Principles of psychology"/ consciousness

● hypothalamus - brain's stress center

● Abraham Maslow - physiological needs; "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ;

safety&security; love & belongingness; self-esteem; self-actualization

● John B. Watson - (behaviorist approach) an American psychologist who established

the psychological school of behaviorism.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE

● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w things w/c are essentially not alike.

Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties because He is a wet blanket"

● Simile - is like a metaphor and often uses the words "like" or "as"

Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"

● Personification - when something that is not human is given human-like qualities, this
is known as personification.

Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on the cold October afternoon"

● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a humorous way to make a particular point is

known as hyperbole.

Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the mile-high ice cream cones we we're having for
dessert"

● Onomatopoeia - when you name an action by imitating the sound associated with it.

Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their hive is disturbed"

● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used by a particular group of people with a

meaning that is only known through common use.

Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the bucket."

● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure of speech using a word/words that are a part

to represent a whole.

Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic" is a synecdoche

● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel sound in a phrase, it is an assonance.

Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."

● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of speech where one thing is replaced w/a word
that is closely associated with it such as using "Washington" to refer to the United
States

REPUBLIC ACTS

● RA 7836 - Philippine Teacher Professionalization Act of 1994

● RA 7796 - TESDA Act of 1994

● Article XIV 1987 Philippine Constitution (Educ.Sci & Tech,Arts,Culture& Sports) this
is the very fundamental legal basis of education in thr philippines.

● Education Act of 1982 (Batas Pambansa 232, Sept 11,1982) an Act providing for
the Establishment & Maintenance of an Integrated System of Education

● RA 4670 - Magna Carta for Public School Teachers (June 18,1966)

● RA 6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical Standards For Public Officials and Employees

● RA 7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment Act of 1995

● RA 9155 - Decentralization; Legal basis of Shared Governance in Basic Education

● RA 7784 - Establishment of Center of Excellence

● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic Education Curriculum

● RA 90210 - "An Act to Integrate Information Teachnology into the Public

Elementary & Secondary Curricula & Appropriating funds

● RA 10121 - DRMM approval headed by OCO office of Civil defense May 2010

LITERATURE

● Folklore - traditionally derived and orally transmitted literature

● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs handed down from generation to generation by
word of mouth

● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of non-dramatic literary work

● Genre - distinctive type of literary composition such as epic, tragedy, comedy & novel

● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you going"

● hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian writing

● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is beneath the surface

● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief

● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic pentameter lines

● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the adventure of a great hero who reveals his country's
aspirations; narrates heroic deeds and supernatural happenings w/local actor in w/c
people sing/chant

● Soliloquy - speech made by a person who reveals his thoughts

● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother Leon brought home a wife"

● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a Sleepy Hollow"

● Fall of the house of usher - hypochondriac living in morbid fear

● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier noted for his Peculiar nose

● "The Illiad of Homer" - great epic poem whose plot centers around the anger & wrath
of Achilles against agamemnon

● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for being"

● Cacophony - literary term w/c means harsh & discordant sounds introduced for poetic
effect

● George Bernard Shaw - know for his excellence of characterization, swiftness of

narrative & clarity of style.

● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American writer of horror and detective stories

● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for his collection of poems called Gitanjali/song
offerings

● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the best modern American poets.

● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of English Literature

● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"

● Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"

● Charles Darwin - Origin of species

● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point pen

● Harry Potter - epic kind of story

VOCABULARY
Emulate imitate

Vouchsafe grant

Abeyance suspended

Denigrate malign

Furtive sneaky

Remonstrate protest

Corroborate confirm

Gullible easily deceived

Germane relevant

Plebeian common

Vulpine cunning

Spendthrift spender

Impolitic unwise

Terse concise

Parsimonious stingy

Stupefy make numb

Pariah outcast

Wizened shrivelled

Dubious doubtful

Incriminates accuse

Frivolous worthless

Susceptible inclined

Impertinent irrelevant

Ostracized excluded

Conglomeration diffusion

Cacophonous loud and unpleasant

Carnal worldly

Aplomb composure

Candor honesty

Contemptuous scornful

Feeble weak

Inevitable certain

FILIPINO

● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang may kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)

● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian ng mga kastila"

● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang tagalog

● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning panlipunan ng bayan

● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo de Nieva unang aklat na nalimbag sa pilipinas

● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang tagalog

● Juan Luna - La Spolarium

● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng pilipinas

● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno Nacional Filipino"

● Liwayway - nabigyan ng pagpapahalaga ang sariling wika

● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng pilipino"

● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"

● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi kailanman ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar

● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang manunulat ng kasaysayan

● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang Pambansa

● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng awit na "Ang Bayan Ko"

● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang tagalog

FEW TIPS ON HOW TO PASS THE BOARD EXAM

 Do not change your answers. UNLESS you are very uncertain about your first answer.
Kung sure na sure kayo na nabasa nyo o nareview tlga ung tanong na un why not
baguhin nyo pero sabi ng nagbriefing sa amin "YOUR FIRST ANSWER CHOICE"
USUALLY TAMA.

Make the most intelligent guess you can kung di nyo tlga alam ung tanong.

Find KEY WORDS or phrases in the question that will help you choose the correct
answer.

Make sure you understand what the question is asking.

Watch out for these words: (first,primary,initial,early,best,most/least,most

important,priority,except)

LONG TIME PREPARATION - need po paghandaan ang board exam, malayo pa

magreview na or magbasa basa ng notebooks or mga xerox noong college, kung super
bc yung simpleng pagbasa ng 1-2 pages sa isang araw makakatulong un

REVIEW CENTERS(RECOMMENDED) - kung kaya nmn ng budget nyo maghanap kayo

ng reviewcenter sa lugar nyo kasi iba din po ung weekly may nagtuturo, at merong
handouts silang bnibigay na makakatulong sa pagrereview ninyo. Meron rn libreng mga
reviewcenter na pinapatupad ng gobyerno sa ibang lugar tulad dto samin maging
resourceful po kayo. Kung di kaya ng budget ok lang naman mag self review

BE RESOURCEFUL(WAG MAHIHIYANG MAGHANAP) - maghanap kayo ng maraming

reviewers , books, or mga xerox copies sa mga kakilala wag mahihiyang maghanap
Mas maraming mababasa, mas marami matututunan nyo malaki pa chance mo
makapasa kasi mrami ka alam.

PRAY (WAG MASASAWANG MAGDASAL)

Wag kalimutan magdasal dahil lagi nanjan ang Diyos para satin, wag sabihin sakanya
na sana makapasa kayo , but instead " Bigyan nyo po ako ng linaw ng pag iisip upang
maunawaan ko lahat ng tanong sa exam upang makuha ko ang tamang sagot at
matapos ko ito sa takdang oras"

THINK POSITIVE/POSITIVE MINDSET

wag kayo mawalan ng pag asa lalo na sa repeaters tandaan nyo lang po to

" WINNERS NEVER QUIT, AND QUITTERS NEVER WIN" kailangan lakasan nyo loob nyo
mahal tayo ng Diyos hndi nya tayo papabayaan

GOOD LIFESTYLE (BE HEALTHY & SMART)

wag pabayaan ang sarili, kung hndi kakain sa tamang oras, balewala ung pag aaral
ninyo, kumain muna bago mag aral at matulog ng maaga, Kumain lagi ng maraming
prutas at gulay esp nuts and dark chocolate recommended ko yan pampatalas ng isip.

PS: IWASAN ang junk foods nakakatuyo po ng utak yun hndi kayo makakafocus mag
ara