ESCAPE & EVASION (E&E)

Potential Escape & Evasion : Escaping from being Held prisoner ;

Escaping from potential kidnappers ; Being pursued by hostile forces.

E&E ATTITUDE : Live every day of your life prepared !

• Keep minimal tools on your person at all times. • Dress accordingly.

• Layer your tools - Accessible from many angles or situations.
• Always be aware of your surroundings and where you are.
• Always know which way safety is located.
• Live a healthy life that includes a fitness training program.
• Exercise your memory. Develop a Survivor’ s Mindset:
• Mentally prepare yourself to win at all costs in case you cannot flee and
are forced to a fight. You must be prepared to incapacitate the threat!

E&E PRINCIPLES

• Planning Your Movement • Gathering Your Tools (Kit) • Movement •

Camouflage : FOMECBOT • Shelter• Noise Discipline • Light Discipline

Most opportunities for successful escape exist during the first few hours.
•Captured person will be closer to a familiar area.
•Captured person will still be fit and possibly still have items that will aid
in his escape.
•The attacking forces are most confused and unorganized due to the “fog
of war”.
•Initial capture is more likely to have least complicated restraints.
•The attacking forces lack the "home field" advantage.(It will get much
worse for you, security-wise, once they get you back to their area of
operations).
-Appear hurt or injured to the enemy if captured (depending on situation).
Make it your goal to get OUTSIDE the attacking force perimeter.
(When taking over a place, forces will attack inward. You will probably be
found if you are hiding within their perimeter. If you get out before a
perimeter is set up, you are well on your way to success. All bad guys in
the States know this. Cops will set up a perimeter and call the dogs. They
will then spend all their effort and time in searching that secured perimeter.
If you have beaten them out before the perimeter is set up, they will most
likely not find you, thus giving you lead time in getting away while they
are focused elsewhere.)

If the prisoner is not blindfolded, he should:

•Be aware of escape opportunities during transit.
•stay alert and take advantage of diversion such as road blocks or other
stops.
•If escape is not possible, the prisoner should note his whereabouts and
collect any useful items that may aid his escape at a later date.

EVASION PLANNING

•Maintain a positive attitude.

•Plan your evasion before an attempted escape.
•Remember that your pursuers are typically not highly trained (but don’ t
underestimate them).
•Be patient and flexible : ( flexibility is one of the most important keys to
successful evasion. The evader is primarily interested in avoiding
detection. Remember that people catch people. If the evader avoids
detection, success is almost assured)
•Drink water ; Eat what the locals eat.
•Conserve strength for critical periods.
•Rest and sleep as much as possible.
•Gather as many tools as possible.
•Stay out of sight once you begin to move.

Avoid using the following before and during your escape/evasion attempt :
•Scented soaps and shampoos.
• Shaving cream , after-shave lotion , or other cosmetics.
• Insect repellent , use a camouflage stick or mud.
• Gum and candy , have strong or sweet smell.
•Tobacco , the odor is unmistakable.

Where to go ? Initiate evasion plan of action :

- Near a suitable aera for recovery .
- Selected aera for evasion (SAFE).
- To a neutral or friendly country or aera .
- Designated aera for recovery (DAR).
 SHELTER

•Use camouflage and concealment.

•Locate shelter using the BLISS acronym: B - Blend, L - Low silhouette,
I - Irregular shape, S - Small, S - Secluded location
•Choose an area: (a) Least likely to be searched (drainages, rough terrain,
etc.) and blends with the environment, (b) with escape routes, with
observable approaches - Do not corner yourself.
• Be wary of flash floods in ravines and canyons.
•Try to select a natural concealment area. Concealment with minimal to
no preparation
•Always J-Hook into your shelter.
•Locate entrances / exits in brush and along ridges, ditches, and rocks to
keep from forming paths to site.
•Ensure overhead concealment.
•Use battle damaged buildings for urban evasion and shelter.

NOISE DISCIPLINE : Noise Discipline Means Total Silence!

•Secure anything loose on your person or in your pack.

•After securing, jump up and down. If anything makes any sound, secure
it. •Get rid of, or tape up, all Velcro.
•Ensure watch alarms and hourly chimes are turned off.
•Travel during rainfall or wind if possible (or un-natural noises such as
moving trains).
•Turn off cell phones or other non-essential electronic devices.
(If any cell phone is ever used in an evasion , be sure to remove the battery
after the phone is used. Phones can (and are) tracked routinely by calls.
Technology is now available to track a phone that has the battery installed
but is turned off. The ONLY way to avoid being tracked is to remove the
battery or ditch the phone altogether. After each call, remove the battery
from the phone. If possible, use talk and toss phones only but still remove
the battery when finished!)

LIGHT DISCIPLINE

•Avoid using any light source unless absolutely necessary.

•No smoking or cigarette lighters.
•No electronic devices or watches with backlights or tritium.
•Avoid black or white colors since they project a strong IR signature. Earth
tones are best.
•Be aware of glass glint (binoculars, scopes, eye glasses, reflective items
on clothes or pack).
•Break up body outline with natural vegetation even at night due to night
vision.
•Remember that most peopie (including tracking teams) have very poor
light discipline in a wilderness environment. Exploit the white-light night
blindness if need be.
--Remember that items reflect in moonlight (vehicle glass, light-colored
water bottles, light-colored packs, etc.)

E&E MOVEMENT

•Disturb the area as little as possible. •Avoid activity that reveals

movement to the enemy.
•If travel is necessary: Mask with natural cover and restrict movement to
periods of low light, bad weather, wind, or reduced enemy activity.
•Avoid silhouetting . When observing an area, do it from a prone and
concealed position.
•Move sporadic (NOT ON AN AZIMUTH!).
•STOP at a point of concealment.
•LOOK for signs of human or animal activity ( peripheral vision is more
effective for recognizing movement at night and twilight).
• LISTEN for vehicles, troops, aircraft, weapons, animals, etc.
•SMELL for vehicles, troops, animals, etc.
•Employ noise discipline in your movement and with your clothing and
equipment.
•Avoid disturbing the vegetation above knee level.
•When possible, avoid breaking branches, leaves, or grass.
•Use a walking stick to part vegetation and push it back to its original
position.
•Do not grab small trees or brush (This may scuff the bark, and create
movement that is easily spotted. In snow country, this creates a path of
snowless vegetation revealing your route).
•Avoid building fires. (If necessary then keep fires small and low , building
in heavy forested areas dissipate smoke signatures better).
•Pick firm footing. Carefully place the foot lightly, but squarely on the
surface avoiding: (a) Overturning ground cover, rocks, and sticks,
(b) Scuffing bark on logs and sticks, (c) Making noise by breaking sticks
(cloth wrapped around feet helps muffle this), (d) Slipping, (e) Mangling
of low grass and bushes that would normally spring back).
•When tracks are unavoidable in soft footing, mask by: (a) Placing track in
the shadows of vegetation, downed logs, and snowdrifts, (b) Moving
before and during precipitation allows tracks to fill in. (c) Traveling during
windy periods, (d) Taking advantage of solid surfaces (logs, rocks, etc.)
leaving less evidence of travel, (e) Brushing or patting out tracks lightly to
speed their breakdown or make them look old).
•Do not litter. Trash or lost equipment identifies who lost it and many
times how long ago it was lost or discarded. Secure everything, hide, or
bury discarded items.

If pursued by dogs, concentrate on defeating the dog handler, not the dog

COUNTER-TRACKING
•Create doubt in the dog handler’ s mind and physical exertion (If time
permits the escapee may try to create doubt in the dog handler's mind
(most all tracking dogs are attached to the handler, so wherever the dog
goes the handler must go). Move in zigzag patterns through brush and
rough terrain. This creates doubt in the handler's mind as well as the follow
up team. One must keep in mind that it also creates fatigue for the
escapee.)
•Set booby traps. (even if they aren't meant to be effective, this will slow
the pace of the follow up team and cause them to move with more
caution.)
•Don't move on an azimuth! (the tracking team command only needs to
move another tracking team ahead to intercept the escapee. Instead, move
in a general direction.)
•Don't move toward an obvious location (avoid known shelters, a relative's
house, etc.)
•Figure "4" movement or box movement in a large proportion may help to
throw off trackers.
• "J hook” into shelter or concealment site (so the tracking team has to
move past before finding the shelter).
•Create distance. (a lone follow up team, even with a dog is slow if the
team is maintaining proper security. If the escapee has properly prepared,
then his conditioning will give him the ability to create distance.) Keep in
mind that the more deceptions the escapee tries to create, the more scent
and sign he leaves behind. The more time you spend trying to confuse
trackers, the more they may be gaining on their target .

URBAN E&E : Avoid Urban Areas If Possible, But If You Can’t:

*Once you make it to an urban area, blend with the locals as much as
possible.
•Change clothing and clean up as soon as it is safe to do so. Dress down.
•Hide E&E tools in your clothing and on your body in case you are
captured.
•Avoid groups of children since they are quicker to recognize strangers.
•Avoid over-eating or appearing to be hungry.
•If you choose to stay in a hotel, 2 nd floor is recommended. (Block all
doors. Make sure window escapes are accessible)
•Sleep with clothes and shoes on. All gear packed and ready to move (30
second drill).
•Avoid using any phone to communicate.
•Test / defeat alarm systems and dogs before breaking into structures.
•Steal vehicles as a last resort. Disable dash and interior lights.
•Steal official uniforms / badges / ID as a last resort.
•Familiarize yourself with local weapons (observe and understand before
attempting to use).
•Use cash to bribe as a last resort.
• Look like you belong there. •Act casual, don't run or appear frantic.
•If you think you’re being followed, use your surroundings (mirrors or
windows) to observe.
•Be aware of curfews and local habits (such as prayer times).
•Avoid markets, but during off hours they can be a good source of thrown
away garb, food, tools, etc.

-- Worse case scenarios: in larger cities you can use the city drain system
to move undetected and/or hide. Never use sewer systems.

Safe houses were dangerous; the contradiction in terms was accurate,

Servicemen on the run had to be smuggled in without being seen. From the
outside, household patterns had to look unchanged with no significant
variation in visitors, and food requests via coupons or extra washing on
the line. In apartments and properties close to each other, the fugitives had
to stay away from windows, speak quietly and expedite great care when
moving around indoors. If the main occupants went out, little movement
was permitted and difficulties could arise around using or flushing the
toilet. A single lapse could lead to arrest and disaster for the escape line.

How to Evade Capture Part One - Top Twenty Tips

1) If you have landed at night and are not badly injured, count your
blessings. You are mobile and still free.

2) Bury or conceal your parachute, dispose of any secret papers,

operational maps etc. and get away from the landing area immediately
otherwise your liberty may not last long. Enemy patrols usually motorised,
will reach the area within half to three quarters of an hour. If you’ve not
been spotted already, full searches and sweeps will begin at first light.

3) If you’ve crash landed destroy the aircraft and all secret documents,
divide into parties of no more than two and head off initially in different
directions (should have been decided before take-off). Endeavour to get
clear of a five mile radius from the aircraft, searches rarely cover beyond
that.

4) Once you are well away from the landing point - hide. Good places
are woodland, bushes, a ditch next to a hedge or a haystack. Treat farm
buildings with care. Surveillance of the place in daylight is advisable
before any approach is made. If you land in a town or city, find a deserted
shed, hut or garden to conceal yourself until it is daylight.
.
5) If you bale out during the day, avoid opening your parachute until the
last moment so as not to make yourself too visible. Once your chute is
sighted there may be a race between the locals and Germans to reach you
first. * Airmen reported seeing parachutists machine gunned or shot at
from the ground whilst drifting down.
.
6 ) When you reach the ground, unclip and bundle up your chute, then run
away from the site, checking the lie of the land as you go. Make for any
nearby trees; observation without being seen is vital to the next decision
you will have to make.

7 )On your way to the first hiding place, carry out minor alterations to your
uniform to make it resemble as far as possible civilian clothing. Try to
avoid being seen and do not arouse suspicion by being too furtive. Evaders
have bluffed the Germans by carrying a bundle of wood, or pretending to
work in fields and vineyards.

8) Try to make your hiding place as near to water as possible – searches

can last for three days. During this time use the rations from your escape
kit box sparingly. From your ‘bolt hole’, look and listen, wait to see if you
spot anyone that looks friendly. The local inhabitants may contact you
first.

9) If there are signs of the enemy searching (especially with dogs), the
hiding place may have to be abandoned.

10) Make sure you are clear on the names and descriptions of members of
your crew. Individual members of an aircrew may be picked up by the
Resistance in different locations, this will enable the Underground to check
up amongst themselves that each airman is genuine and not an enemy
agent masquerading as an Allied airman to try and infiltrate escape lines.

11) Be prepared for further travel alone before you manage to obtain help,
and always adopt the attributes, clothing and manners of the local
population on your journey back.

12) It is imperative to remember that one evasion has begun, the

sailor,soldier or airman adopts the guise of a civilian, all arms and weapons
must be discarded and force must no longer be employed. This does not
rule out the rare occurrence where an evader may have to dispose of an
enemy, but even then, this method will only be used if and when the lines
of helpers are not thereby jeopardised and there are no eye-witnesses.

13) If travelling on foot across the countryside, try to move at night,

resting up in the day in a suitable hiding place.

14) Keep close to hedges and avoid walking in the centre of fields. It is
harder to notice a moving object if it is set against a dark background. Also
be wary of crossing the skyline.

15) Keep to the edges of woods as opposed to walking through the

middle; this improves your field of vision and decreases the noise you will
make.

16) Conserve your energy and rations (in case you are chased), take care
of your feet and try to sleep in the day when holed up.

17) Exercise caution if approaching civilians and never approach anyone

who is not alone, unless instructed by a helper.
.
18) Consider isolated farms off the main roads for assistance. Watch the
buildings and activity during the day from a hidden vantage point and if
the location is considered free of the enemy make an approach for help
once it is dark. Once you are convinced of the owner’s or inhabitant’s good
intention, you should declare your true identity and give full particulars.
This will assist in verifying who you are.
.
19)Remember that the punishment for helping an evader is death, whereas
the evader if discovered will eventually be transferred to a POW camp.
.
20) Never take chances.

How To Evade Capture Part Two - Last Twenty Tips Plus Information for
Escapers

Rules for Escapers of All Services : In the early stages of capture every
opportunity should be taken to try and accumulate and hide an iron ration.
This will require strength of mind, since the food provided by captors may
be meagre in quantity and quality.
Look for every opportunity to escape during the early stages of capture.
Regular troops are likely to be detaining you as opposed to specially
trained guards on the journey to prisoner of war camp.
Remember that once in captivity the state of mind and powers of resistance
of prisoners can start to deteriorate, especially on long and difficult
journeys. The escaper should try their luck whilst still fit in mind and body.
Feigning sickness or lameness may deceive the guards into relaxing their
vigilance, creating an opportunity to get away. Once on the run escapers
should follow the same strategies as evaders.

21) Keep your feet dry and clean. When resting, keep them elevated if
possible. Leave your shoes off as long as possible, wash and dry your
socks and change them from one foot to another. When faced with the
possibility of frostbite, wrap your feet in straw or brown paper/ newspaper
and keep them as dry as possible. Author’s note - which airman would
ever take a spare pair of socks on an operation just in case he got shot
down and had to evade.

22) Try to get regular sleep. Make a wind break by piling branches and
grass against tree trunks. Haystacks are warm and comfortable. In extreme
cold try to snatch odd half hours during the marching at night whilst the
blood is circulating well.

23) Keep eyes and ears open; watch the behaviour of birds and cattle well
ahead. They are easily disturbed and will give the enemy’s position away
as well as your own (especially jays, magpies, plovers and black-birds.)
The main dangers are in front, but remember someone may be following
you.

24) A moving object is more easily noticed than a static one. A person will
often not be spotted at distance or in general observation if standing still.

25) Farm dogs bark easily at night, but people rarely leave warm beds to
investigate. A dog barking in the distance may denote a guard or
policeman.

26) Many rivers are fordable. Sluggish waters are deep; a ford is often
indicated by a line of rippling foam over shallow rocks below.

27) Water can be difficult to find. A line of bushes and trees following a
valley often denotes a stream. Very green lush grass and plants often cover
a natural spring. Digging a hole there can result in clean water seeping
through. Boil water from ponds and ditches for two minutes.

28) If you hear a noise crouch down and listen, rushing or ‘hurrying on’
may give yourself away.

29) A cigarette is often as good as a meal, but do not smoke in the daytime
or when on the march. The smoke may give your position away. Save your
butt ends, you may be thankful for them later on.
30) The dawn is in the east and sunset in the west, moss does not grow
only on the northern side of tree trunks and the Northern or Pole star is a
very accurate guide on cloudless night. Churches on the continent are not
necessarily aligned East and West.

31) Survival Off The Land - All animals of the European continent are
edible. Animals may be eaten raw or cooked. The official instructions go
into graphic detail about catching, killing, preparing, cooking and eating
rats, mice, birds, frogs, snails, dogs, cats, grass snakes, lizards ,
hedgehogs , eels, coarse fish, horse meat etc. They are not for the faint
hearted, but provide important information that could keep an evader alive
and are likely to apply today. Similar survival information is given around
cultivated and wild vegetables such as stinging nettles, clover, bracken
fern, sow thistle, dandelion, corn, fruits hips and haws, yew berries and the
arrowhead plant. The dangers of mushrooms against other edible fungi are
mentioned as are poisonous weeds such as all docks and sorrel, plus
rhubarb leaves, buttercups and hemlock. The leaves of all cultivated root
vegetables are seen as ‘first class food’ and a slight mould on the over ripe
fruit ‘is a penicillin and quite harmless’ How to make a smokeless fire for
cooking is also covered.

32) Aircrew should make sure that their Escape Kit is carried on their
person at every operation and secured so that it will not be lost when
baling out. They should make careful use of their Escape kit once evading

33) If you are Aircrew make sure the photographs carried in your uniform
are kept clean and uncreased, otherwise they cannot be used on a new
identity card.

34) Do not wear a wristwatch. Conceal it in your pocket. Compasses must

be kept in a safe place when travelling. These can easily become damaged.

35) If acting alone try to collect a bicycle to avoid public transport and
improve distance covered.

37) In public, adopt a tired slouch. Do not march in military fashion.

38) Sling your haversack over one shoulder. French peasants usually carry
theirs this way, not over their back as a pack. Do not use a cane or walking
stick unless directed, this is a British custom.

39) Use a beret in France, it is a good disguise.

.
40)Follow the instructions of your helpers and guides exactly and if
approached and spoken to by a stranger, pretend not to hear or understand.

NATO fishing kit daté 16 July 1986 :

Ligne de 30 mètres , Hameçons 12 : 4 moyens -8 petits , Plombs divers
24 , Émerillons 4, Mouches 4.

Trousse « escape box « - 1 couteau de poche -1 boussole

- 1 miroir de signalisation - allumettes et
. - 10m cordelette nylon briquet magnésium

– kit de pêche : 6 hameçons # 6 ; 2 hameçons # 2 ; 1 cuiller hameçon #

2 , 1 cuiller hameçon # 0 , 2 doubles crochets # 19 , 10 plombs
assortis , 10 émerillons, 5m fil de crin 0,30 mm , 5m fil de crin 0,35
mm , 5m fil de crin 0,45 mm

2 aiguilles à coudre pour grosse toile 3 aiguilles a coudre

6 épingles de sûreté ( 3 grandes,3 petites ) 1 carte de fil noir
3m de fil de cuivre de 0,5mm 1,30 m de fil d'acier de 0,5 mm