视听说教程 P39

1. acquire (v), acquired (adj):
We know that children acquire some behavior from their family members. Honesty and discip
line, for example, are acquired values.
2. alternative (adj), alternatively (adv):
Single-gender education and coeducation are two alternative models of education.
alternatively, children may even do homeschooling.
3. benefits (n), beneficial (adj):
Families provide many benefits to their members. For example, eating with other members of 
the family is very beneficial for children.
4.  clarify (v), clarified (v), clarification (n):
When I was in my early twenties, my father clarified my problems with me. This clarification 
was very helpful. Families often help children clarify their goals.
5. concentrate (v), concentration (n):
My son’s teacher says if he develops his concentration, he will do much better in school. I alw
ays tell him to concentrate on what he’s doing, too.
6. conflict (n), conflicting (adj):
When there is a conflict between children and their parents, most experts say that the two pare
nts should not give conflicting opinions. That does not help the situation.
7. conform (v), conforming (n):
Conforming to group behavior is not always a good idea. It’s important to use your own judg
ment, even when there is pressure to conform.
8. consequence (n), consequently (adv):
People are influenced by others around them. As a consequence, they tend to follow te behavi
or of the group. consequently, when in a new culture, they often feel like “a fish out of water.”
9. controversy (n), controversial (adj):
There is always a lot of controversy about the best way to bring up children. Education, teachi
ng values, and dealing with peer pressure are all controversial topics.
10. cooperates (v), cooperation (n), cooperative (adj):
My daughter cooperates well with her peers and her siblings. Being cooperative is one of the 
most important things I’ve tried to teach her. cooperation is a key to success.
11. distinctions (n), distinct (adj):
Every country has distinct customs, values, and beliefs, but sometimes the distinctions betwee
n them are small.
12.  emphasized (v), emphatic (adj):
The lecturer was very emphatic when he spoke about cultural differences. I was surprised that 
he emphasized them so much.
13.  generation (n), generational (adj):
There are generational differences, but I think that everyone is affected by his or her peers. In 
my opinion, the older generation is also affected by peer pressure.
14. interact (v), interactive (adj):
My friend’s daughter likes playing interactive computer games, but I think she should interact 
more with other children.
15. react (v), reaction (n):
 Why were you surprised when the lecturer mentioned culture shock? I never saw you react tha
t way before! I was actually shocked when I saw your reaction.

视听说教程 P81
1. accuracy (n), accurate (adj), inaccurate (adj):
It is inaccurate to say that people all behave in the same way. Accuracy is very important in ex
periments about people’s behavior.
2. adjust (v), adjusting (v), adjustment (n):
Now that he has begun college, he is adjusting well to his new environment. The adjustment p
eriod usually takes about a month.
3. adult (n), adulthood (n):
As adolescents enter the period of adulthood, they begin to be more sensitive to gender roles.
4. availability (n), available (adj), unavailable (adj):
The government is working hard to increase the availability of jobs across the country. Many j
ob opportunities that existed in the past are unavailable today.
5. awareness (n), aware (adj), unaware (adj):
My brother was unaware of the obstacles women face in the workplace until he and his wife h
ad a child. His new awareness means that he will do anything he can to help his wife succeed 
in her career.
6. bond (v), bonding (n):
They say that male bonding is very strong. However, I think that women bond with other wo
men, too.
7. challenge (v), challenge (n), challenging (adj):
Teenagers often challenge their parents’ authority. The teenage years can be quite a challengin
g time.
8. communicate (v), communication (n):
Experts agree that communication is the key to a successful work environment.
9. discriminate (v), discrimination (n), discriminatory (adj):
Gender discrimination is forbidden under the law. However, in practice, many women say peo
ple discriminate against them at work.
10. expert (n), expertise (n):
If they are allowed to explore many different subjects, children often develop an
expertise in something that really interests them.
11.  individual (n), individuality (n), individualistic (adj):
My son is a true individual. He rarely does what others expect. He tends to be very individuali
stic.
12. intelligence (n), intelligent (adj), unintelligent (adj):
Some
intelligence tests are not good. They ask questions that can be considered sexist, such as quest
ions about cars, sports, or cooking. If children get the questions wrong, they could be consider
ed unintelligent.
13. similarities (n), similar (adj), similarly (adv):
Both men and women experience similar challenges. We often talk about the differences betw
een the sexes, but of course there are many similarities, too.
14. tradition (n), traditional (adj), traditionally (adv):
Traditionally, women have taken more responsibility for housework. Now they are questionin
g the traditional role of “housewife.”
15.  visibility (n), invisible (adj):
Many women believe that there are invisible ceilings that stop them from getting promoted.

读写教程 P25
1. Some couples wait until they have saved enough money before they marry.
2. People with higher incomes can buy more things, but they are not always happier than people
with less money.
3. People who are following norms behave appropriately in most situations.
4.Experts give several different reasons for why the age of first marriage has risen in the last 50
years.
5. It is important not to assume that you know other people's opinions before you ask them.
6. In the past, many people had negative opinion about women who did not marry. Today, this has
changed, and more women are choosing to remain single.
7. People often choose to immigrate to another country for economic and political reasons.
8. Blended families can create conflict among family members until everyone adjusts to the new
arrangement.
9.Learning to write in a new language is a difficult task.
10.New immigrants must learn to adapt to the customs of their new countries.
11.If you work hard and are patient, eventually you will reach your goals.
12.There is variation in family structure across different countries and cultures. Families are not
the same everywhere.
读写教程 P48
1. The two sisters look very similar, but they are not twins.
2. We are often not aware of cultural norms because we are so accustomed to following them.
3. It is important to find a balance between our professional lives and our personal lives.
4. The police enforce the laws of the city. They arrest people who break laws.
5. The school children were not very nice to the new student, They ignored him and did not
include him in their games.
6. Teenagers often rebel against the authority of their parents. They do not want to follow their
parents' rules.
7. Athletic students often play on several different teams in school, for instance, basketball,
football, and tennis.
8. There are many different theories about the origin of the universe.
9. The pain in his arm persisted for a long time after the accident.
10. A positive attitude is an important element of success.
11.The roof on the old house collapsed in the strong wind.
12.The teacher was worried about her student's abnormal behavior. She was concerned
that he might have psychological problems.

读写教程 P79
1. The students' grades on their writing assignment depended on how much they improved
between their initial draft and their final draft.
2. Doctors emphasize/reinforce the importance of exercise and a healthy diet.
3.The heat at the Equator can be very intense.
4.Until recently, the heroes in most television programs were primarily/consistently men.
5. His feelings about the election were neutral. He did not care who won.
6.Teenagers receive messages about body image from many different sources.
7.Every day the teacher devotes some class time to a discussion of the day's news.
8. Girls usually mature more quickly than boys, both physically and emotionally.
9.The little boy's most attractive feature was his curly brown hair.
10.Many students of English discover that academic language is somewhat different from the
language of everyday conversation.
11. Students in the United States consistently score lower on the PISA test than do students from
many other countries.
12. When parents teach their children how to behave, they are trying to transfer their norms and
values to the next generation.
读写教程 P104
1. The math problem was very complex; it had many steps. The student found it difficult.
2. Her goal in life has always been to become a doctor.
3. The flight from London to Sydney lasts approximately 21 hours.
4. It is important to maintain a healthy weight so you avoid health problems.
5. He always enjoyed math and science, so he decided to pursue a degree in engineering.
6. Women have often experienced discrimination in the workplace. They may earn less than men
who do the same work.
7. When you look for a new job, you should consider many factors, but for most people,
compensation is probably the first. Everyone has to pay bills.
8. Some occupations, such as that of a secretary and a teacher, are often associated with women.
9. Money is not the sole factor in choosing a job. Working conditionsare also important.
10. It is a mistake to equate physical maturity with emotional maturity.
11. When the new workers made mistakes, it became apparent that they needed more training.
12. Girls quickly understand the underlying message of many advertisements - "thinner is better."

英译汉 P20
HOW WE LEARN TO BEHAVE
我们如何学习做人
Academic Skills
学术技能
A man turns off his cell phone as he enters a movie theater.
一名男子在进入电影院时关掉了手机。
A woman eats her lunch and puts the paper wrapper in a trash can.
一个女人吃着午餐，把纸包装纸放在垃圾桶里。
A young man helps an elderly woman who has fallen.
一个年轻人帮助一个摔倒的老妇人。
Being polite, neat, and helpful are characteristics of a person who is well socialized into U.S. 
culture. Socialization is the process of learning how to behave in the society we live in. Societies 
must have some organized way of teaching new members what is expected of them and how they 
should behave. Through socialization, children develop into adults who know how to behave appr
opriately in their culture.
礼貌、整洁和乐于助人是一个善于融入美国文化的人的特征。社会化是学习如何在我
们生活的社会中表现的过程。社会必须有某种有组织的方式来教导新成员对他们的期望以
及他们应该如何行事。通过社会化，儿童发展成为知道如何在他们的文化中适当行事的成
年人。
The task of socialization is performed by several groups and institutions called socialization a
gents. The family, school, and friends are the most important socialization agents. Of these, the fa
mily is the most important, especially during the first years of life. How do families and other age
nts teach children how to behave? Two important ways are by sanctions and by modeling.
社会化的任务由几个称为社会化代理的团体和机构执行。家庭、学校和朋友是最重要
的社会化推动者。其中，家庭是最重要的，尤其是在生命的最初几年。家庭和其他代理人
如何教孩子如何表现？两个重要方式是制裁和建模。
Sanctions are consequences following a behavior that influence whether the behavior will be 
repeated. Negative sanctions are punishments. This means that something bad happens after undes
ired behavior occurs. If a child says, “Gimme some gum,” and the parent says, “No gum until you 
learn to ask politely” and does not give the child the gum, then the child learns that it is not a good 
idea to speak this way. If he does, he will not get what he wants. Positive sanctions are rewards. In 
other words, the behavior is followed by something pleasant, or enjoyable. If a child asks a parent, 
“May I have some gum, please?” and the parent gives the child some gum, the child learns that sa
ying “please” at the end of a request results in getting what he asked for. Parents generally use neg
ative sanctions when their children are disobedient or rude and positive sanctions when they are p
olite and well behaved.
制裁是影响行为是否会重复的行为后的后果。消极制裁是惩罚。这意味着在发生不良
行为后会发生不好的事情。如果一个孩子说，“给我一些口香糖”，而父母说，“在你学
会礼貌地问之前不要口香糖”并且不给孩子口香糖，那么孩子就会知道这样说话不是一个
好主意。如果他这样做，他将无法得到他想要的。积极的制裁是奖励。换句话说，行为之
后是令人愉快或愉快的事情。如果一个孩子问父母，“我可以吃点口香糖吗？”而父母给
孩子一些口香糖，孩子就会知道在请求结束时说“请”会导致得到他要求的东西。父母通
常在孩子不听话或粗鲁时使用负面制裁，当他们礼貌和行为乖巧时，使用正面制裁。
Modeling is another way that children learn to behave appropriately. Modeling refers to learn
ing by watching the behavior of others – especially parents – and copying that behavior. Modeling 
influences both positive and negative behavior. For example, children who are respectful to elderl
y people have probably seen their parents do things such as helping older people onto trains and b
uses. On the other hand, children whose parents fight all the time are more likely to behave the sa
me way when they become adults.
模仿是孩子们学习适当行为的另一种方式。模仿是指通过观察他人（尤其是父母）的
行为并复制该行为来学习。模仿会影响积极和消极的行为。例如，尊重老年人的孩子可能
已经看到他们的父母做了一些事情，例如帮助老年人上火车和公共汽车。另一方面，父母
一直吵架的孩子长大后更有可能表现得同样。
It is easy to assume that every culture socializes children in the same way. Research studies, 
however, show that there are cross-cultural differences in what families expect of their children an
d in how they socialize them to behave appropriately. For example, in some Asian families the nee
ds of the group are traditionally seen as more iportant than the needs of the individual. Children le
arn that their first responsibility is to their parents rather than to themselves. For example, many c
hildren work hard at school so that their parents will be proud of them.
人们很容易假设每种文化都以同样的方式将儿童社会化。然而，研究表明，家庭对孩
子的期望以及他们如何社交以适当行事存在跨文化差异。例如，在一些亚洲家庭中，群体
的需求传统上被认为比个人的需求更重要。孩子们知道他们的首要责任是对父母而不是对
自己。例如，许多孩子在学校努力学习，以便他们的父母为他们感到骄傲。
There are also differences in the amount of responsibility children are expected to take within 
their families, and this has an important effect on their behavior. A study of six- to eleven-year-old 
children in six communities in the United States, Kenya, Japan, India, the Philippines, and Mexico 
revealed a considerable difference across these cultures in the level of responsibility children had. 
The children in Kenya and Mexico were expected to take care of the other younger children in the 
family and do household chores that helped the whole family. These children quickly learned to be 
responsible and caring toward others. Parental expectations about work around the house were an i
mportant part of children’s socialization. In contrast, in the United States, children had fewer chor
es, and they were less likely to develop these traits at an early age. All of these forms of socializati
on determine how we behave when we become adults.
儿童在家庭中应承担的责任也存在差异，这对他们的行为有重要影响。一项针对美国、
肯尼亚、日本、印度、菲律宾和墨西哥六个社区的 6 至 11 岁儿童的研究表明，这些文化中
儿童的责任水平存在相当大的差异。肯尼亚和墨西哥的孩子们应该照顾家里的其他年幼的
孩子，做家务，帮助整个家庭。这些孩子很快就学会了对他人负责和关心。父母对在家工
作的期望是儿童社会化的重要组成部分。相比之下，在美国，孩子们的家务较少，他们不
太可能在很小的时候就发展出这些特征。所有这些形式的社会化决定了我们成年后的行为
方式。

英译汉 P42
The power of the group is important for peers and friends, but it can also have an impact on
total strangers. Have you ever had an experience like either of these?
群体的力量对同龄人和朋友很重要，但它也会对完全陌生的人产生影响。你有过这样
的经历吗？
You are at a football game. Some people in the crowd stand up and wave their arms in the air.
Another group of people does the same thing. Soon, you are standing up and doing it, too. Finally,
the whole stadium is involved in the action and the excitement of the “wave.”
You are walking along the street on your way to work or school when you see a crowd on the
corner. Although you are in a hurry, you walk toward it. You discover that the crowd is watching a
man selling gold and silver watches. He is a good salesman and, even though the watches are not
cheap, many people are lining up to buy them.
你正在看一场足球比赛。人群中的一些人站起来，在空中挥舞着手臂。另一群人做同
样的事情。很快，你也站起来做这件事了。最后，整个体育场都参与了“浪潮”的动作和
兴奋。
当你在去上班或上学的路上，当你看到拐角处有一群人时，你正沿着街道走。虽然你
很着急，但你还是朝它走去。你发现人群正在看一个卖金银手表的人。他是个优秀的推销
员，尽管手表不便宜，但很多人都在排队买。
Actions by crowds are one example of what sociologists call collective behavior. Collective
behavior is social behavior that is relatively unorganized, spontaneous, and unpredictable. It
contrasts with institutional behavior, which occurs in a well-organized, rather predictable way.
Institutional behavior is frequent and regular; for example, every weekday, masses of people hurry
to work. At every university, groups of students walk to classes. These predictable patterns are
controlled by social norms and are essential for social order. We could not survive without them.
Collective behavior, however, is unpredictable and occurs outside these norms.
群体行动是社会学家所谓的集体行为的一个例子。集体行为是相对无组织、自发和不
可预测的社会行为。它与制度行为形成鲜明对比，制度行为以组织良好、相当可预测的方
式发生。制度行为频繁且有规律;例如，每个工作日，群众都赶着上班。在每所大学，学生
成群结队地步行去上课。这些可预测的模式受社会规范控制，对社会秩序至关重要。没有
他们，我们就无法生存。然而，集体行为是不可预测的，并且发生在这些规范之外。
So what exactly is a crowd? A crowd is a group of people temporarily doing something while
they are physically close to one another. They may be gathered on a street corner watching a
salesman or at a stadium watching a football game. They may be on a street, throwing things at
police, or they may be at a rock concert or a religious meeting. Many psychologists believe there
are three basic human emotions: joy, anger, and fear. Collective behavior in a crowd can be
categorized according to these emotions. A crowd at a rock concert may act together in joy and
excitement. In contrast, a group of people who have gathered to protest a government action may
express their anger. A group of people running away from people who are shooting at them will
act in fear.
那么究竟什么是人群呢？人群是一群人在身体靠近时临时做某事。他们可能聚集在街
角看推销员或体育场看足球比赛。他们可能在街上，向警察扔东西，或者他们可能在摇滚
音乐会或宗教聚会上。许多心理学家认为人类有三种基本情绪：喜悦、愤怒和恐惧。人群
中的集体行为可以根据这些情绪进行分类。摇滚音乐会上的人群可能会在欢乐和兴奋中一
起行动。相比之下，一群聚集在一起抗议政府行动的人可能会表达他们的愤怒。一群人逃
离向他们开枪的人会感到恐惧。
Sometimes emotional crowd behavior can lead to tragedy. A hostile crowd may turn violent,
throwing rocks and breaking windows. Fear in a crowd may lead to panic, that is, a sudden and
irrational fear. In 1990 in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, thousands of Muslim pilgrims were walking
through a very long tunnel when the lights accidentally went out. The people were frightened and
started a stampede. They pushed their way through the tunnel, sometimes stepping on other people
in their path. 1,426 people died. A frightened crowd at a festival caused a similar stampede on a
bridge in Cambodia in 2010. More than 300 people died in that tragedy.
有时情绪化的人群行为会导致悲剧。敌对的人群可能会变得暴力，投掷石块和打破窗
户。人群中的恐惧可能导致恐慌，即突然的、非理性的恐惧。1990 年，在沙特阿拉伯的麦
加，成千上万的穆斯林朝圣者走过一条很长的隧道，突然灯光意外熄灭。人们被吓坏了，
开始了踩踏事件。他们穿过隧道，有时会踩到路上的其他人。 1426 人死亡。2010 年，一个
节日上受惊的人群在柬埔寨的一座桥上引发了类似的踩踏事件。 300 多人在这场悲剧中丧
生。
Nearly all crowds share a few traits. First, the individuals in the crowd do not share a clear
idea about how to behave or about what will happen. Another characteristic is that a feeling,
attitude, or idea spreads very quickly among members of a crowd. Crowd members also tend to
follow the actions of others without thinking too much about them. Finally, people in a crowd tend
to say and do things they would not normally say and do.
几乎所有人群都有一些共同的特征。首先，人群中的个人对如何表现或将要发生的事
情没有明确的想法。另一个特征是，一种感觉、态度或想法在人群中传播得非常快。人群
成员也倾向于跟随他人的行为，而不会考虑太多。最后，人群中的人们倾向于说和做他们
通常不会说和做的事情。
One theory to explain why crowds seem to act collectively is Gustave Le Bon’s social
contagion theory. Le Bon believed that the large number of people in a crowd allows our primitive
side to emerge. His theory was that we normally hide this primitive side behind a “mask” of
civilized behavior. When we are in a crowd, the large numbers give us a different kind of mask. In
a crowd we are faceless and nameless, and this allows us to act in an emotional and irrational way.
We would probably never behave this way in our normal, civilized lives.
解释为什么人群似乎集体行动的一种理论是古斯塔夫·勒邦的社会传染理论。勒庞认为，
人群中的大量人群让我们原始的一面得以显现。他的理论是，我们通常将这种原始的一面
隐藏在文明行为的“面具”后面。当我们在人群中时，大量的数字给了我们一种不同的面
具。在人群中，我们是无面无姓的，这使我们能够以情绪化和非理性的方式行事。在我们
正常的文明生活中，我们可能永远不会有这种行为。
Today most sociologists think this explanation is too simple. It only seems that everyone in a
crowd is acting in the same way, but they probably are not. A different perspective is found in the
emergent-norm theory. This theory says that members of a crowd develop a new norm to guide
their behavior in a particular situation. Although not everyone might agree about what to do, there
is great social pressure to behave like other members of the crowd. For example, not everyone in
the football crowd feels comfortable about taking part in the wave, but they feel that they have to
do it because everyone else is doing it. Sometimes, people may be in crowds where dangerous or
antisocial behavior becomes the norm – fighting, pushing, or burning cars, for example. Again, not
every person in these crowds is likely to follow these behaviors or think they are a good idea, but
the crowd has a power of its own.
今天，大多数社会学家认为这个解释太简单了。人群中的每个人似乎都以同样的方式
行事，但他们可能不是。在涌现规范理论中发现了不同的视角。该理论认为，人群成员发
展出一种新的规范来指导他们在特定情况下的行为。虽然不是每个人都同意该怎么做，但
有很大的社会压力要像人群中的其他成员一样行事。例如，并不是足球人群中的每个人都
对参与浪潮感到自在，但他们觉得他们必须这样做，因为其他人都在这样做。有时，人们
可能会在人群中，危险或反社会行为成为常态 - 例如打架，推或燃烧汽车。同样，并非这
些人群中的每个人都可能遵循这些行为或认为这是一个好主意，但人群有自己的力量。
英译汉 P73
There are many agents of socialization that influence gender roles, including parents, schools,
and peers. The mass media is another very important agent of socialization. Magazines, television,
movies, advertisements, and video games all affect the way we view the roles of women and men
and how we think they should behave. Traditionally, they tended to define the female role in terms
of the home and motherhood and the role of men in terms of work and action.
有许多社会化因素会影响性别角色，包括父母、学校和同龄人。大众媒体是另一个非
常重要的社会化媒介。杂志、电视、电影、广告和视频游戏都会影响我们看待女性和男性
角色的方式，以及我们认为他们应该如何表现。传统上，他们倾向于从家庭和母亲的角度
来界定妇女的角色，从工作和行动的角度来界定男子的作用。
Television commercials, for example, have until recently presented women primarily as sex
objects or as dutiful homemakers. Today, advertisers are more careful, and they present women in
a variety of professional roles, such as doctors, athletes, and artists. One study found that these
changes are mainly on nighttime television, however, with daytime commercials still tending to
portray women doing household chores such as cleaning and cooking. It is also still quite common
to see advertisements in which beautiful young women are dressed in sexy clothes in order to sell
cars or other products.
例如，直到最近，电视广告还主要将妇女作为性玩物或尽职尽责的家庭主妇。如今，
广告商更加谨慎，他们向女性展示各种专业角色，例如医生、运动员和艺术家。然而，一
项研究发现，这些变化主要发生在夜间电视上，白天的广告仍然倾向于描绘女性做家务，
如清洁和做饭。看到美丽的年轻女性穿着性感衣服以出售汽车或其他产品的广告仍然很常
见。
Socialization into gender roles affects how we behave. It also affects how we look – or want
to look. The physical appearance of women in the mass media is very different from the
appearance of most ordinary women. In general, women in the media are taller, but they also
weigh much less, which means they are very thin. Many movies use younger, thinner women as
“body-doubles” for close-ups of female movie stars. All of these thin, beautiful women in the
media may result in negative body images for ordinary women. Body image is how people
perceive their own bodies. One Canadian study found that 90 percent of girls and women were
unhappy with their physical appearance. Most of them wanted to be thinner. An American
women’s magazine surveyed their readers in 2010. Over 71 percent said they were too fat.
社会化到性别角色会影响我们的行为方式。它还会影响我们的外表——或者想要的样
子。大众媒体中女性的外貌与大多数普通女性的外表大不相同。一般来说，媒体中的女性
更高，但她们的体重也轻得多，这意味着她们很瘦。许多电影使用更年轻、更瘦的女性作
为女性电影明星特写镜头的“替身”。媒体上所有这些瘦弱、美丽的女性，都可能导致普
通女性的负面身体形象。身体意象是人们如何看待自己的身体。加拿大的一项研究发现 ，
90%的女孩和妇女对自己的外表不满意。他们中的大多数人都想更瘦。2010 年，一家美国
女性杂志对读者进行了调查。超过 71%的人说他们太胖了。
Women are not alone in their concern about their bodies. Research shows that many young
men today also have a negative body image. Many of them think they are thinner and less
muscular than they really are. They think they should be more muscular and athletic. However,
because men are socialized not to care about their appearance as much as women do, it may be
difficult for them to discuss their feelings about their bodies.
女性并不孤单地关心自己的身体。研究表明，今天的许多年轻人也有负面的身体形象。
他们中的许多人认为他们比实际情况更瘦，肌肉更弱。他们认为他们应该更加肌肉发达和
运动。然而，由于男性的社会化不像女性那样关心自己的外表，他们可能很难讨论他们对
自己身体的感受。
Stereotypes of women have also appeared on many television programs in the past. Women
were usually shown as weaker and more passive than men. These kinds of roles can still be seen
today, for example, in many of the telenovelas from Latin America. However, today’s television
programs also offer a broader range of roles for women. They are more likely to be presented as
successful, professional, and able to support themselves and their families. In movies, there are
also stronger and more independent female roles than in the past. For example, the American
actress Angelina Jolie has played several action roles in which she is more powerful than her male
co-stars. Yet, even when women are shown as successful professionals and assertive characters,
the storylines often suggest that they should be sexy, as well.
过去，许多电视节目中也出现了对妇女的陈规定型观念。女性通常表现为比男性更弱
小、更被动。例如，在拉丁美洲的许多电视小说中，今天仍然可以看到这类角色。然而，
今天的电视节目也为女性提供了更广泛的角色。他们更有可能被表现为成功、专业，能够
养活自己和家人。在电影中，也有比过去更强大、更独立的女性角色。例如，美国女演员
安吉丽娜朱莉扮演过几个动作角色，她比她的男性联合主演更强大。然而，即使女性被展
示为成功的专业人士和自信的角色，故事情节也经常表明她们也应该性感。
Television programs also include stereotypes of men. Many male characters are portrayed as
capable, strong, and ready to fight to defend themselves or to protect others. Using their power
and strength, they can gain the respect of other men and attract women. They rarely show their
emotions. This stereotype reinforces the idea that men should always be strong and in control and
that showing their feelings is a sign of weakness. However, as with female characters, this picture
is changing. Some television programs now include male characters who are willing to show
weakness and are able to talk about their feelings.
电视节目还包括对男性的陈规定型观念。许多男性角色被描绘成有能力、坚强，随时
准备为保护自己或保护他人而战。利用自己的权力和力量，她们可以获得其他男人的尊重
吸引女人。他们很少表现出自己的情绪。这种刻板印象强化了这样一种观念，即男人应该
始终坚强和控制，表现出自己的感受是软弱的表现。然而，与女性角色一样，这种情况正
在发生变化。现在一些电视节目包括愿意表现出弱点并能够谈论自己感受的男性角色。
Comics are another source of gender-role socialization. Perhaps the best example is in
Japanese manga, in which males are usually dominant and females are generally dependent and
submissive. Some stories do include strong women characters. However, even those characters are
usually looking for a man who will protect them. Western comics, too, are filled with male
superheroes and helpless women. Many also often include violence against women.
漫画是性别角色社会化的另一个来源。也许最好的例子是在日本漫画中，男性通常占
主导地位，女性通常是依赖和顺从的。有些故事确实包括坚强的女性角色。然而，即使是
那些角色通常也在寻找一个会保护他们的人。西方漫画中也充斥着男性超级英雄和无助的
女性。许多案件还经常包括对妇女的暴力行为。
A relatively recent form of mass media is the computer game. These games usually include
male heroes and often portray women as victims. Recently, however, there have been more strong
female characters in videogames, such as Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, Heavenly Sword, and
Bayonetta. These female characters, although powerful, are also sexualized. Their images have
exaggerated physical features and their clothing often barely covers their bodies.
一种相对较新的大众媒体形式是电脑游戏。这些游戏通常包括男性英雄，并经常将女
性描绘成受害者。然而，最近，电子游戏中出现了更多强大的女性角色，例如劳拉克劳馥
古墓丽影、天堂之剑和刺刀。这些女性角色虽然强大，但也被性化了。他们的形象具有夸
张的身体特征，他们的衣服通常几乎遮不住身体。
Messages about gender and gender roles are all around us. Initial socialization into gender
roles occurs in the family, but these messages are reinforced by other agents, such as schools,
employers, and the mass media. Because gender is one basis for social inequality, that is,
privileges and access for some groups but not for others, it is especially important to understand
these messages about gender and gender roles.
关于性别和性别角色的信息就在我们身边。性别角色的最初社会化发生在家庭中，但
这些信息得到了其他因素的强化，如学校、雇主和大众媒体。由于性别是社会不平等的基
础之一，即某些群体的特权和准入，而另一些群体则不然，因此理解这些关于性别和性别
角色的信息尤为重要。

英译汉 P98
In the past, women did not have the right to vote, to go to school, to borrow money, to own
property, or to work in certain occupations. Women who worked usually made far less money than
men. Underlying these inequalities has been a prejudice against women that is based on sexism.
Over the years, women have fought for their rights, and now gender equality is protected by a
number of laws and rulings in many countries of the world.
过去，妇女没有投票权、上学权、借钱权、拥有财产权或从事某些职业的权利。工作
的女性通常比男性赚的钱少得多。这些不平等的基础是基于性别歧视的对妇女的偏见。多
年来，妇女一直在为自己的权利而战，现在性别平等受到世界许多国家的一些法律和裁决
的保护。
One of the areas where women have fought for equality is in the workplace. They have made
great progress toward this goal. However, women remain unequal to men economically. It is still
typical for women to hold lower-status, lower-paying jobs than men. In many traditionally female
occupations – such as nursing, teaching, and secretarial work – women work in positions that are
subordinate to positions usually held by men.
妇女争取平等的领域之一是工作场所。他们在实现这一目标方面取得了很大进展。然
而，妇女在经济上仍然不平等。女性从事比男性地位低、收入更低的工作仍然是典型的。
在许多传统的女性职业中 - 例如护理，教学和秘书工作 - 女性在通常由男性担任的职位下
工作。
Thus, nurses are often subordinate to male doctors, teachers to male principals, and
secretaries to male executives. Many people still like it this way. One survey asked Americans if
they preferred a man or a woman in jobs that are traditionally male or female. Many respondents
said they would prefer a woman as an elementary schoolteacher and a man as a police officer and
airline pilot.
因此，护士往往隶属于男医生，教师隶属于男校长，秘书隶属于男高管。很多人仍然
喜欢这种方式。一项调查询问美国人，他们更喜欢男性还是女性从事传统上男性或女性的
工作。许多受访者表示，他们更喜欢女性担任小学教师，男性担任警察和航空公司飞行员。
Many countries have passed laws to prohibit gender discrimination in employment. The
United States passed a law against gender discrimination in 1963. This means, for example, that a
company may not advertise a job for men only. It also means that employers must pay men and
women the same wage for jobs that require the same skill, effort, and responsibility. Similar laws
followed in the 1970s and 1980s in Europe and in other parts of the world. Since then, women
have made significant gains in the workplace. More women are working (see Figure 4.2), and their
pay is higher than ever before.
许多国家都通过了禁止就业性别歧视的法律。美国于 1963 年通过了一项反对性别歧视
的法律。这意味着，例如，公司不得只为男性做广告。这也意味着雇主必须为需要相同技
能、努力和责任的工作向男性和女性支付相同的工资。 1970 年代和 1980 年代，欧洲和世
界其他地区也制定了类似的法律。从那时起，女性在工作场所取得了重大进展。越来越多
的妇女在工作（见图 4.2），她们的工资比以往任何时候都高。
The disparity in wages between men and women in employment remains in spite of these
laws. Some researchers believe that one reason is women’s commitment to the family. One study
found:
尽管有这些法律，男女在就业方面的工资差距仍然存在。一些研究人员认为，其中一
个原因是女性对家庭的承诺。一项研究发现：
The majority of women . . . want to pursue serious careers while participating actively in the
rearing of children . . . most of them are willing to trade some career growth and compensation for
freedom from the constant pressure to work long hours and weekends.
大多数女性 . . .想在积极参与抚养孩子的同时追求严肃的事业......他们中的大多数人愿
意用一些职业发展和补偿来换取长时间工作和周末工作的持续压力的自由。
However, this is probably not the most important reason. A report by the World Economic
Forum found that a major factor is the male-dominated culture in many workplaces. All over the
world, women enter the workforce in jobs that are lower paying and have lower statuses than
men’s, regardless of their level of education. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development reports that in industrialized countries, men earned an average of 17.6 percent more
than women in 2006. The biggest disparity was in South Korea, where the wages for men are
almost 40 percent higher than for women. Belgium had the smallest difference at 9.3 percent.
Even when women hold the same jobs as men and have equal skills, training, and responsibility,
they tend to earn less. In the United States, women’s wages are 77 percent of men’s wages for the
same job.
但是，这可能不是最重要的原因。世界经济论坛的一份报告发现，一个主要因素是许
多工作场所中男性主导的文化。在世界各地，无论教育水平如何，女性进入劳动力市场的
工作收入较低，地位也低于男性。经济合作与发展组织报告说，在工业化国家，2006 年男
子的平均收入比妇女高 17.6%。最大的差距发生在韩国，男性的工资比女性高出近 40%。
比利时的差异最小，为 9.3%。即使女性从事与男性相同的工作，并拥有相同的技能、培训
和责任，她们的收入也往往较低。在美国，同一工作的女性工资是男性工资的 77%。
In spite of their lower pay, women’s overall participation in employment is increasing rapidly.
Women now hold over 50 percent of all management and professional jobs in the United States.
This is an increase of 26 percent since 1980. A study of 20 industrialized countries shows that
women are in the majority in financial and professional services. In China, more than 40 percent
of private businesses are owned by women. Women currently dominate 13 out of the 15 jobs that
are predicted to have the highest growth in the coming decades. However, it is important to note
that these are not the jobs with the highest pay.
尽管妇女的工资较低，但她们的总体就业参与率正在迅速提高。女性现在占美国所有
管理和专业工作的 50%以上。自 1980 年以来增长了 26%。对 20 个工业化国家进行的一项
研究表明，妇女在金融和专业服务部门占多数。在中国，超过 40%的私营企业由女性拥有。
目前，在预计未来几十年增长最快的 15 个工作岗位中，妇女占 13 个。但是，重要的是要
注意，这些不是薪水最高的工作。
Why is this happening? It may not simply be a result of laws or a decrease in discrimination.
It is possible that the modern, post-industrial economy favors women. Industrial jobs favored
men’s size and strength. In contrast, post-industrial jobs require people with communication and
social skills. These are attributes generally associated with women. Many of these new jobs
emphasize creativity and working as a team, rather than competition and taking risks. Finally,
today’s jobs often require a high level of education. Since today more women than men are getting
a college education, women are often more attractive to employers.
为什么会这样？这可能不仅仅是法律或歧视减少的结果。现代后工业经济可能偏爱女
性。工业工作有利于男性的体型和力量。相比之下，后工业工作需要具有沟通和社交技能
的人。这些是通常与女性相关的属性。这些新工作中的许多都强调创造力和团队合作，而
不是竞争和冒险。最后，今天的工作通常需要高水平的教育。由于今天接受大学教育的女
性多于男性，因此女性往往对雇主更具吸引力。
Gender equality in employment is the law in most Western countries now. However, in
reality, the disparity in pay remains. Women have made great progress in closing the gap in recent
years, but full equality still remains a goal for the future.
就业中的性别平等是现在大多数西方国家的法律。然而，实际上，薪酬差距依然存在。
近年来，妇女在缩小差距方面取得了巨大进展，但完全平等仍然是未来的目标。