Brain Tumor Detection Using Deep Neural Network
And Machine Learning Algorithms
Fahad Siddique Faisal
Dept of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering
Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology
Chittagong, Bangladesh
u1808046@student.cuet.ac.bd
Md. Azad Hossain
Dept of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering
Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology
Chittagong, Bangladesh
azadhossain@gmail.com
Abstract—Brain tumors can be divided into two types, namely
benign and malignant, and the timely detection and treatment
of the disease can improve the quality of life and life expectancy
of patients. Deep Neural Network (DNN) is a useful method
for achieving this goal, and in this study, a Convolutional
Neural Network (CNN) was used to detect brain tumors from
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images. The CNN was able
to accurately classify the images with an accuracy of 98.67
percentage using the Softmax Fully Connected layer, while the
Radial Basis Function (RBF) classifier achieved an accuracy of
97.34 percentage and the Decision Tree (DT) classifier achieved an
accuracy of 94.24 percentage. In addition to accuracy, Sensitivity,
Specificity and Precision were used as benchmarks to evaluate
the performance of the network. Based on the results obtained
from the categorizers, the Softmax classifier was found to be
the most accurate method for the CNN. This novel method
combines feature extraction techniques with the CNN for brain
tumor detection, and was able to achieve an accuracy of 99.12
percentage on the test data. The accuracy of doctors in diagnosing
and treating tumors is also crucial in ensuring positive outcomes
for patients.
Index Terms—Brain tumor, deep neural network, Convolu-
tional neural network, magnetic resonance imaging
I. I NTRODUCTION
There are two main types of brain tumors: benign tumors,
which are non-cancerous and do not spread to other parts of
the brain, and malignant tumors, which are cancerous and
can quickly spread to other tissues, worsening the patient’s
condition[1]. Normally, old or damaged cells in the brain are
eliminated and replaced by new cells. However, if the old or
damaged cells are not eliminated, new cells may continue to
be produced and can accumulate to form a mass of tissue,
which is known as a tumor or growth.
Detecting brain tumors is a challenging and complex task,
as the size, shape, location, and type of tumor in the brain
can make it difficult to diagnose. Additionally, diagnosing
brain tumors in the early stages of tumor development can
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Md. Farhad Hossain
Dept of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering
Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology
Chittagong, Bangladesh
farhad.hossain@cuet.ac.bd
be difficult because it is challenging to accurately measure the
size and resolution of the tumor[2].
If a brain tumor is diagnosed and treated early in its for-
mation process, the patient’s chances of successful treatment
are high, highlighting the importance of timely diagnosis.
Diagnosis is usually performed through medical examination,
computer tomography, or magnetic imaging, with MRI being
one of the most accurate and commonly used methods for
evaluating the brain. MRI imaging is particularly useful in
medical detection systems due to its high contrast in soft
tissue.[3]
The proposed technique in this study utilized CNN to
identify and categorize brain tumors from images. One key
advantage of the neural network used in this study is its
ability to automatically extract features from each image,
allowing for more accurate detection of tumors. Additionally,
a clustering algorithm was used for feature extraction to
improve the accuracy of the CNN in identifying tumors. By
extracting features before applying the CNN, the proposed
method was successful in increasing network accuracy and
reducing medical errors that can occur due to misinterpretation
of fatty masses as tumors, or vice versa.[4]
II. R ELATED W ORK
In reference [7], a Super Pixel Technique-based automated
method is utilized to categorize MRI images by classifying
each Super Pixel as tumor or normal. The performance of
the method using the Extremely Randomized Trees (ERT)
classifier is compared with SVM, and two datasets of MRI
FLAIR images and BRATS 2012 are used to demonstrate good
performance.
In reference [8], a CNN with 3 × 3 small kernels is used
for an automatic classification method to identify a tumor,
achieving the first position in dice similarity coefficient metric
for complete, core, and enhancing regions at the BRATS
Challenge 2013.
 In reference [9], the Alexnet model CNN is used to si-
multaneously diagnose MS and normal tumors, with 98.67
percentage accuracy in classifying images into three classes.
In reference [10], a multi-stage Fuzzy C-Means (FCM)
framework is proposed to segment brain tumors from MRI
images.
In reference, a CNN-based method is proposed for classifi-
cation and segmentation using Image-Net to extract features,
achieving 97.5 percentage accuracy for classification and 84
percentage accuracy for segmentation.
In reference , deep learning structures are compared to
base neural networks for tumor grading using multi-phase
MRI images, and the results show that the sensitivity and
specificity of CNN improve by 18 percentage compared to
neural networks.
In reference, a deep learning-based supervised method is
introduced for detecting changes in synthetic aperture radar
(SAR) images. The method trains a DBN using input images
and images obtained from applying morphological operators,
and the results demonstrate the suitability of deep learning
algorithms for change detection problems.
Finally, reference proposes a completely automated brain
tumor classification method based on DNN, utilizing a new
cascading architecture of CNN’s to be used for both low-grade
and high glioblastoma disease images.
III. FEATURE EXTRACTION
In the fields of machine learning and image processing,
it is common to create features from the original dataset to
facilitate the learning process. When the input data is too large,
it can be simplified into a smaller set of features through
a process called feature extraction. The selected features
include relevant information from the input data, allowing for a
reduced representation of the agent rather than the full initial
dataset. Feature extraction is especially important in image
processing, where it is used to distinguish desired segments
or the shape (features) of a digital image or video stream.
IV. DEEP LEARNING
One of the most modern and practical varieties of machine
learning is deep learning. In other terms, education is referred
to as ingrained architecture. In reality, these architectures use
the same old nerve networks that have evolved into DNN.
These networks are data-driven, and feature engineering is
carried out automatically without our intervention. This is
exactly how they achieve their high levels of accuracy and
performance across a variety of domains. In actuality, it is
a deep learning of a number of nerve-based algorithms that
automatically learns features from our own input data.
A. Convolution Neural Network
The CNN are a unique class of DNN whose design was
motivated by the biology of the cat’s visual cortex . The
CNN is organized in layers and has a hierarchical structure.
Input, output, convolutional, pooling, normalizing, and fully
connected layers are also included in CNN. The number of
layers used, the size and quantity of pictures, as well as the
kind of activation functions used, are all varied in CNN. The
CNNs’ parameters are selected empirically, using trial and
error. The Convolutional layer and the Sub-sampling layer,
which have been introduced in the following sections, are the
two main layers that make up each CNN.
1) Convolution layer: Insofar as statistics are a component
of the image in the same way as the other components,
natural squirrels have fixed properties. This implies that
acquired skills If one area of the image can be applied
to further areas, and related elements are employed in all
image parts. once the the characteristics of the Convolu-
tional layer are acquired used to classify pictures.
2) Sub-Sampling layer: The size of the supplied image is
reduced through operations in this layer. At the conclu-
sion of the CNN, this layer provides us with a vector of
points. The mean pooling or maximum pooling is done
using the aggregation or sub-sampling technique.
V. METHODOLOGY
A. Dataset
The 153 individuals with brain tumors and those with
normal brain function who were referred to imaging centers
due to headaches are represented in the data set images used
in this work. 80 healthy people’ brain scans were among the
images gathered after the doctor had examined and diagnosed
the patients. Contains 1321 photos, of which 515 images are
used for train data and 56 images are used for testing data.
73 tumors in patients Contains 571 photos, including 170 for
test data and 1151 for train data. The age range of the patients
with brain tumor disease ranged from 8 to 66 years old, with
86 women and 68 males making up the total. 1892 pictures
of 153 patients were acquired in total, including 1666 photos
for train data and 226 images for whose initial size of 512 ×
512.
B. Simulation
The ability of the doctor to make the most accurate diagno-
sis is entirely dependent on their training. Occasionally, some
areas of fat in the images are wrongly identified as tumors, or
the doctor may not be able to notice the tumors. In this study,
brain scans were used to detect tumors using CNN. The images
acquired from the imaging centers have additional margins.
To stop the photographs’ noise, these margins were trimmed.
In order to improve the accuracy of the network, one of the
key motivations for applying the feature extraction technique
and combining it with CNN is to retrieve the picture feature
extraction. CNN’s findings on the early photos suggest that in
order to strengthen the network. Here the clustering algo for
the sake of feature extraction is given.
C. Feature extraction method
A clustering technique is central clustering. This technique
contains a duplicate procedure that attempts to get points
as cluster centers—which are actually the same mean points
belonging to each cluster—iteratively for a fixed number of
clusters. Also, assign each sample of data to a cluster that
has a minimum distance between it and its center. In the
straightforward version of this procedure, the cluster centers
are first chosen at random. New clusters are created by
allocating points to cluster centers based on how similar they
are to one another. The first-order clustering approach has
been utilized in this paper to feature extract the The image
produced after the clustering technique was applied to the
image is shown in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Applying the clustering algorithm to the image.
D. Convolutional neural method
The photos were initially put to CNN without using any
feature extraction techniques. The submitted photos are ini-
tially 227227 in size. The photos were recognized and clas-
sified using the Alexnet design, which has five convolutional
layers, three layers of sub-sampling, normalization, and fully
connected layers, and one layer for classification. There are
4096 neurons in the completely linked layers. At this layer,
there are two classes: patients with brain tumors and healthy
patients (see figure 2).
Fig. 2. Proposed CNN to gender detection using MRI images
E. SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
With a precision of 98.67%, CNN was able to classify the
images into tumor patient and normal patient tumors. Based
to the CNN’s analysis of the original images, a combination
of CNN and the Clustering algorithm for feature extraction is
employed to enhance network performance. The effectiveness
of the suggested method has been assessed using additional
classifiers such the Softmax Fully Connected layer classifier,
RBF classifier, and DT classifier in the CNN architecture.
According to the results obtained from the categorizers,
the Softmax classifier has the best accuracy in the CNN.
After reviewing the results obtained from different categorizers
in the CNN, the SoftMax classification has been used in
the proposed method. Initially, the dataset were given to the
traditional CNN.
The CNN classifier with the best accuracy is the Softmax
classifier, per the results from the categorizers. The proposed
method makes use of the SoftMax categorization after examin-
ing the CNN findings from various categorizers. The standard
CNN was initially given the dataset.
On the test images in Fig. 5, the network accuracy process
diagram is also visible. The network accuracy process, which
is the estimated outcome of the data, is depicted in the
following graph. This method determines how closely the data
resembles the real value.
The test photos in Fig. 6 also display the network loss
process diagram.
VI. A PPLICATION AND I NTERFACE
This software application, a brain tumor detector web app,
analyzes medical pictures like MRI or CT scans to find the
existence of brain tumors. It does this by using cutting-
edge algorithms and machine learning approaches. Medical
professionals can quickly upload medical photos to this web
application and get quick, precise results because of its user-
friendly interface.
Compared to conventional methods of brain tumor detec-
tion, the brain tumor detector online application has a number
of advantages. It takes less human effort and is quicker and
more accurate. This web-app enables medical practitioners
to immediately identify the presence of brain tumors and
promptly treat patients, increasing the likelihood of a full
recovery.
Additionally, because this web-app is available from any-
where, medical practitioners can use it remotely to diagnose
patients in need with speed and accuracy. This function makes
it easier for those who need medical treatment to get it, which
is especially helpful in locations with constrained medical
resources.
Medical practitioners’ burden has also been lessened as a
result, freeing them up to concentrate on other crucial facets
of patient care.
In conclusion, the web-based brain tumor detector software
is a potent tool that has completely changed how doctors find
 and identify brain tumors. It is a useful and efficient method
for locating brain tumors and giving patients prompt treatment
due to its sophisticated algorithms and user-friendly interface.

Fig. 3. Images by the CNN are mistakenly classified

Fig. 7. Basic interface of the Brain Tumor Detector

Here the outlook of the functionality of the Brain Tumor

Detector:

Fig. 4. Images that are wrongly categorized by the proposed method

Fig. 8. Webapp in action

VII. CONCLUSIONS
This study develops a low-cost, portable, robust, and reliable
brain tumor detector. The system’s conception, development,
implementation, and testing all function as intended. The
project is thus a huge success. Several things can still be done
with minute progress in terms of future enhancements.
R EFERENCES
[1] M. Karuna and A. Joshi, Automatic detection and severity analysis of
Fig. 5. Network accuracy process
brain tumors using gui in matlab, International Journal of Research in
Engineering and Technology, 10, pp. 586-594, 2013.
[2] KS. Aboody, A. Brown, et al, Neural stem cells display extensive
tropism for pathology in adult brain Evidence from intracranial gliomas,
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 97 (23), pp. 12846-
12851, 2000.
[3] A. joshi, D. H. Shah, et al, Survey of brain tumor detection techniques
through MRI images, International Journal of Research in Engineering
and Technology, 10, pp. 586-594, 2013.
[4] JP. Poonam, Review of image processing techniques for automatic
detection of tumor in human brain, International Journal of Computer
Science and Mobile Computing, 2(11), pp. 117-122, 2013.
[5] H. Cecotti and A. Graeser, Convolutional neural network with embed-
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[6] R. Bayot and T. Gonalves, A survey on object classification using
convolutional neural networks, 2015.
[7] M. Soltaninejad, et al, Automated brain tumour detection and segmenta-
tion using superpixel-based extremely randomized trees in FLAIR MRI,
Fig. 6. Network loss process
International journal of computer assisted radiology and surgery, 12(2),
pp. 183-203, 2017.
 [8] S. Pereira, et al, Brain tumor segmentation using convolutional neural
networks in MRI images, IEEE transactions on medical imaging, 35(5),
pp. 1240-1251, 2016.
[9] Halimeh Siar, Mohammad Teshnehlab, Diagnosing and Classification
Tumors and MS Simultaneous of Magnetic Resonance Images Using
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[10] L. Szilagyi, et al, Automatic brain tumor segmentation in multispectral
MRI volumes using a fuzzy c-means cascade algorithm, In 2015 12th
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(FSKD), IEEE, pp. 285-291, 2015.
[11] The working webapp link : https://jacksparrow1770-brain-tumor-
detector-new-brain-hofkus.streamlit.app/
[12] The dataset : https://www.kaggle.com/navoneel/brain-mri-images-for-
brain-tumor-detection