Technical Report Writing for CA#2 Examination

THE PHYSICS OF SPORTS

[BS-PH 101]

NAME: AISHEE DUTTA

ROLL NO: 2218771028
STREAM: CSE [DATA SCIENCE]
YEAR: 1ST
SEMESTER: 1ST
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 21.11.2022

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 CONTENTS

SL TOPIC PAGE REMARKS

NO.

1 Abstract 3

2 Introduction 4

3 Analysis 6

4 Conclusion 10

5 References 11

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ABSTRACT
We all are associated with sports in some way or other. Be it we play it ourselves or follow any specific
tournament either way we are involved in it. But have you ever wondered how it works? How the shuttle
floats at the directed way? How we dunk basket ball in the basket? How we control our footing in ice while
we skate our way through it making a beautiful way? How we fly a kite up in the air with just a string? How
we hit a small ball into another small hole? How a player keeps the ball at their feet while cutting through
opponents and shooting their shot?

Isn’t all this so common that it feels like isn’t this just happen. But no nothing just happens; everything
happens for a reason. And all the above happened because of PHYSICS. Without it, we would not be able
to even walk or do daily activities. Everything starts and ends with physics itself. We can not see if light was
not being reflected or hear if there were no waves to carry it.

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INTRODUCTION
The history of sports takes us back to the world of our ancestors. The physical activity that developed into
sports had early connection with ritual, warfare and entertainment of such. Study of the history of sport can
teach us some valuable lessons about social changes and about the nature of sport itself, as sport seems
impenetrable in the development of basic human skills. As one delves further back in history of sports, fade
away evidence makes theories of the origins and purposes of sport more and more difficult to support and
even understand.

With the first Olympic Games in 776 BC—which involved events such as foot and chariot races, wrestling,
jumping and javelin throwing—the Ancient Greeks introduced sports to the world. The following by no
means exhaustive list that takes a look at the beginning of some of today's most popular sporting pastimes.

Cricket: The game of cricket was originally originated in south-east of England sometime in the late 16th
century. By the 18th century, it had become popular and became the national sport, making inroads outside
of England in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Football: Football is a descendant of rugby and soccer. While Rutgers and Princeton played what was then
known as the first college football game on November 6, 1869, the game did not happen until 1879 with
rules instituted by Walter Camp, a player/coach at Yale University.

Volleyball: William Morgan invented volleyball in 1895 at the Holyoke, Massachusetts, YMCA where he
was Director of Physical Education. Originally it was called Mintonette, but after a demonstration match
during which a spectator commented that the game involved a great deal of "volleying," so that is why the
sport was renamed volleyball.

What elements became physics were drawn primarily from the fields of astronomy, optics, and mechanics,
which were methodologically clamped through the study of geometry. Ancient philosophy is what was
called "Physics". Physics and natural philosophy were used interchangeably for the science whose aim is to
discover and formulate the fundamental laws of nature.

The ultimate aim of physics is to find a defined set of laws governing matter, motion and energy at
microscopic subatomic distances, at the human macroscopic scale of everyday life and out to the largest
distances. Although a completely defined theory of physical phenomena has not yet been achieved, a
remarkably small set of fundamental physical laws appeared to account for all known phenomena. The body
of physics developed in the 20th century is known as classical physics. It can briefly account for the motions
of macroscopic objects that move slowly with respect to the speed of light and for such phenomena as heat,
sound, electricity, magnetism, and light. The modern developments of relativity and quantum mechanics

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modify these laws as they apply to higher speeds, very massive objects and to the tiny elementary
constituents of matter such as electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Mechanics: Mechanics is meant for the study of the motion of objects under the action of given forces.
Classical mechanics is taken as a branch of applied mathematics. It consists of kinematics, motion and
dynamics, the study of the action of forces in producing either motion or static equilibrium.

Gravitation: Newton’s gravitational law states that every particle in the universe attracts each other with a
force that acts along the line joining them and whose strength is directly proportional to product of their
masses and inversely proportional to square of their separation.

The physics of sports has a vast application and is useful for boosting performance in diverse athletic
disciplines. Some extraordinary player is born when they have perfect balance between control and
coordination in their movement and some other extraordinary player is born when they understand physics
and use it to their advantage.

Considering the physics of motion can influence all areas of sports, from making athletes move swiftly, to
preventing fatal injuries, devising more efficient trainings, and developing aerodynamic equipment and
clothing. Physics and sports are intimately co-existed. Every sport’s discipline depends on the capability of
an athlete to exercise a force, and a force is one of the key elements of Newton’s laws of motion and other
physics concepts.

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ANALYSIS
THE LAWS OF PHYSICS IN VOLLEYBALL

A volleyball serve immerses one’s body in a fluid. The distance between the start and the finish is covered
by a trajectory that is determined by many other elements such as the angle of the start, the direction and the
speed of the ball. With the serve, the ball is put back into field with each action made by the players. Hitting
the ball can be distinguished by power and precision. The trajectory of the ball in a low serve is parabolic so
it will be considered as a slow serve with a very predictable course. In the floating serve, the ball is hit hard
so that it does not rotate around its own axis. In this way, the ball passes over the net at a non-constant and
wobbling speed and it will tend to brake and deviate from its trajectory, unpredictably. If the ball is upward,
the parabolic range is broadened. If the angle of the ball is downward, it is shortened.

The most powerful shots can reach, on average, the speed of about 100 km / h. However, there have been
some extraordinary athletes who far exceeded the speed of 130 km / h (36 m / s). A ball shot at that inhuman
speed has a kinetic energy of 181 joules, according to the following formula:

In volleyball, the phenomenon of the ball deformation occurs every time it collides with the hands of the
players. The ball, in fact, undergoes a deformation due to the impulse produced on the surface. The
deformation is clear when hitting the floor and in abatement at the moment of the blow. It can only be
highlighted in a “still image” of a high-speed capture camera, since it only lasts for about few milliseconds.
The ball returns to its original state during the parabolic trajectory and this happens before passing over the
net. The restoration of the equilibrium condition occurs because of the internal pressure exerted by the ball,
due to the air present inside, pushes in the same way in all directions, returning the ball to its original shape,
given the elasticity of the components. When the ball comes into contact with another player again, it is back
to its original shape and will undergo a new deformation after the new contact.
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THE LAWS OF PHYSICS IN BASKETBALL

The technical motions, hops, shots, parabolas, forces and other events that occur during a basketball game
all are related to fundamental principles of physics and mathematics. The force of gravity is, obviously, the
main topic. A basketball game played on some other planet, would most likely elicit a very different reaction
from players who might perform poorly. This is due to the fact that the human body, including muscles and
other organs, is not accustomed to reacting to external influences. Because the human body is incredibly
elastic and responsive, it quickly adapts to new working conditions and works accordingly. Only a few
training sessions is what would be required for players to play in different planetary settings.

Numerous basketball players like to spin the ball on their fritters. It's some kind of juggling move that can be
learned in as many days. For the ball to spin in balance on your fritters, it must rotate snappily around its
perpendicular axis with its ambit parallel to the ground. As long as the ball rotates snappily, the balance is
more stable and the exercise lasts several seconds. The ball cannot balance if the spin ends, just like the
perpendicular balance of a bike. It's really intriguing to calculate the rotational kinetic energy of a body. A
body rotating with angular haste ω around a fixed axis has a rotational kinetic energy, according to the laws
of rotational kinematics. Each point of the body has its own kinetic energy equal to:

The ball thus remains standing due to the gyroscopic effect. When it turns in an inclined way, it doesn't fall
because, thanks to this effect, a force arises which generates a conical movement of its gyration axis (the
precession movement). But when the gyration speed falls below a certain value, the weight force prevails
and the ball falls. In other words, when the ball is stationary, the force of graveness (which acts down)
manages to overcome the constraint response (which acts overhead), causing it to fall to the side.

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THE LAWS OF PHYSICS IN BADMINTON

Speed and haste are two of the main rudiments to any exertion including sports. Speed is the distance
travelled in a certain quantum of time; haste is the speed of an object in one direction. the speed of the
shuttlecock determines the opposing players action (e.g., If the players smash the chatter the shuttlecock will
go over to the other side of the net incredibly presto and requires a quick response or the player would win a
point). The speed of a shuttlecock and go up to over 206 long hauls an hour in a game. The player has to run
around at a fast pace if they want to make a response and/ or not lose a point. The haste is changed when a
player hits a shuttlecock and changes the direction. Speed is one of the main rudiments of the sport
Badminton.

Acceleration is the increase/ drop the speed or haste of an object. Acceleration applies to the shuttlecock in a
veritably simple way. Acceleration occurs again when the other player hits it back over the net and changes
the haste. Acceleration also takes place in the player as he she sprints across the court also gradationally
comes to a stop before hitting the shuttlecock. It also takes place while swinging a chatter as we move it
sluggishly first to a lot briskly latterly and also back to the rest position. Acceleration is what makes
Badminton, Badminton.

Gravity keeps the game veritably simple, and down to the earth. Gravity is the force that pulls everything
towards the ground and keeps effects from floating around. The part of stir of the shuttle incline when hit in
badminton is twisted. Without any gravity the shuttlecock would keep going. It would also be harder to
swing the chatter without gravity and a force pulling the chatter down. Gravity keeps the game going but not
ever!

Friction is the resistance of stir when one object aggravations against another. disunion works against the stir
and acts in the contrary direction. Air resistance or drag (fluid friction) is the friction that ultimately slows
the shuttlecock in the air down. The further drag there's the briskly the birdie will come to a stop. stationary
friction is present when the shuttle incline is resting on the ground. It also takes place when the player holds
the chatter.
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THE LAWS OF PHYSICS IN GOLF
Its features have changed radically over the times. The first golf ball was made of hard wood also balls
started being made of leather and filled with feathers. They were unexpectedly hard and precious. latterly
on, wood uprooted from Gutta Percha, a veritably common tree in Malaysia, was used. The material is
veritably hard but becomes soft and malleable at the temperature of boiling water. In 1932, the standard for
the size and weight of the ball was approved, according to the following characteristics.

Diameter: 1.68 elevation (42.67 mm);

Weight: 1.62 ounces (45.93 grams).

Golf balls have evolved and have come briskly. They can fluently exceed the speed of 320 km/ h,
accumulating a lot of kinetic energy.

The backswing is a veritably important movement in which the body must be prepared to induce maximum
speed and power transmitted on impact through the boom. It takes into account the physical characteristics
of a player and the motor chops and movement of the club. The purpose of this phase is to load the muscles
like a spring, accumulating the fresh kinetic energy that will also allow hitting the ball with the maximum
speed and power. The boom involves the inversion between the ascent and descent and the movements and
positions assumed in the lading phase are reversed in the release phase. However, barring the necessary
fluidity and control, if you try to hit (and not cross) you exorbitantly increase the pressure of the hands and
the stiffness of the arms. The finish of a golf shot isn't just an aesthetic position but serves to give the player
with a lot of data related to the shot taken. This information is handed by the gyration of the bases, the
position and gyration of the hips and shoulders and the general balance of the body.

In swing, the synergistic action of a large number of muscles is of particular significance, which allows the
club to accelerate to over 160 km/ h in a veritably short time. To achieve optimal results, the body must be
squinched onto itself as presto as possible. Although these movements feel easy and accessible to everyone,
they're a set of veritably complex ways that can only be acquired after times of practice and ferocious
training. The main purpose is to transfer maximum energy to the club, with the topmost possible perfect.

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CONCLUSION
In conclusion these papers and my exploration of physics in sports showed me that physics is far and wide.
Physics isn't only used in sports but in everyday life. The ways physics can help society are endless. Physics
in sports is only a small illustration of how humane effects like vectors, trampoline effect, and strain energy
can advance a sport so much. In doing this design I really learned that physics is so much further than just
equations and scientific terms. The literature provides strong substantiation that the principles of physics
have vital part in sports performance. In current sports period the athlete should be biomechanical strong.
His or her ways should be corrected by using stir- analysis software. The operation of principles of physics
not only improves sports performance but also reduce the chance of injuries. The sports accoutrements
assiduity must produce sports accoutrements while taking the consideration of principles of physics. The
accoutrements should ensure safety of sports person, further aerodynamics, ameliorate performance and
continuity. The trainers and athletes must work to improves chops which are biomechanically strong.
Enhancing the knowledge of biomechanics is imperative in ultramodern sports. Track and field are the sport
that has the most quantum of physics involved in it. Your performance in track and field will always
continue to ameliorate the more you understand about physics. However, you'll be more likely to do a better
job at it, if you have a good understanding of how physics ties in with your sport. It’s a way of life, it’s a
way to really ameliorate the world and make it a better place and I appreciate physics a lot further now for
that.

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REFERENCES

▪ journalofsports.com
▪ https://www.elsevier.com/
▪ https://express.adobe.com/
▪ https://www.eetimes.eu/

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