Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22K74-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-1035-9
Comparative Analysis of Rotten Tomatoes Movie
Reviews using Sentiment Analysis
2022 6th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS) | 978-1-6654-1035-9/22/$31.00 ©2022 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/ICICCS53718.2022.9788287
Kanishk Soni (2K18/SE/071) Palak Yadav (2K18/SE/092)
Dept. of Software Engineering Dept. of Software Engineering
Delhi Technological University Delhi Technological University
New Delhi, India
kanishksoni_2k18se071@dtu.ac.in palakyadav_2k18se092@dtu.ac.in
Abstract— For many people, deciding on a movie night
begins with a search of online review sites. Consumer
information has been redefined by social media platforms.
Regarding movies, one such platform is Rotten Tomatoes,
which is focused on in this project. The goal is to test
various machine learning methods for predicting the
sentiment of unseen reviews using an upgraded corpus with
more information about the opinions for various sub-
categories. The Amazon Mechanical Turk-annotated
corpus of review of movies mentioned on Rotten Tomatoes
is used, which is considerably optimised and annotated with
a high emotion attribute. This work tests if tighter
sentiment annotations for each root and span for a set of
characters that is parsed into a training set can aid in
determining general emotion or sentiment or opinion of
unnoticed phrases.
Keywords- Naive Bayes, Sentiment analysis, Support Vector
Machine, Rotten Tomatoes, Deep Learning, Movie Reviews,
Neural Network, Natural Language Processing, Machine
Learning
I. INT RODUCT ION
Sometimes it is necessary to comprehend the point of
view of any creators or authors over the subject instead
of considering the subject itself. Sentiment analysis is a
part of Data Mining technology. It is becoming a highly
researched topic among the researchers. It is used in the
field of collecting the users’ feedback over a particular
subject. It is also very necessary to understand the
feedback by getting insights of it. This can be achieved
using NLP.
Today in this ever growing competitive world where it is
highly required to maintain the pace with other
competitors, businesses and organizations are diving
deep into the application of NLP so that they can use
various features of it which may prove beneficial for
them as well as the business. Their main motto is to
understand the customer feedback, views and opinions
over services and products and use it in an effective
manner so that their objectives can be achieved. Users
post various comments and reviews on social media for
any type of service or product they use. Those views can
be classified into positive, negative or neutral comment.
Sometimes it is necessary to examine the traits of
movies. At that time features are extracted and the
meaning or sentiment hidden inside them are
investigated.
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Rahul
Dept. of Software Engineering
Delhi Technological University
New Delhi, India New Delhi, India
rahul@dtu.ac.in
We can see various areas where opinion mining is
employed such as Analysis of Movies, Products which
are commercially used, varying kinds of services, news
and so on.
Subtasks include:
a. Subjective analysis: This is one of the
categories of the subtasks of Sentiment Analysis. Here
after examining the text we classify them as objective or
subjective. Objective means that the meaning hidden
inside the text is neutral. Whereas in the subjective class
of the text, it is inclined towards the positive or negative
side up to a certain degree.
b. Polarity Analysis: This method is used in the
text which is classified as subjective. Here we have two
sub-categories. The text can be positive or negative
which should be decided after considering the polarity of
the meaning concealed in the text.
c. Degree of Polarity: Sentiment analysis as the
name suggests is the investigation and tracking of the
mood of the customers towards a product or service or
topic by collecting their feedback. Now, the polarity
degree expresses the text’s degree of inclination towards
the negative or positive side. Sentiment analysis is used
here in a way to identify the attention of the customers
gained by the movie and the impact it had on audience.
With the developing prevalence of online entertainment
stages which incorporate Facebook and survey sites, for
example, Zomato or Rotten Tomatoes, it's basic to have
the option to naturally translate gigantic measures of
emotionally one-sided information. Sentiment analysis,
which groups abstract human assessments or opinions
utilizing regular language handling and AI procedures, is
rapidly acquiring prevalence as an approach to breaking
down huge corpora for an assortment of utilizations.
In this review, we gather emotional human opinions
from subsets of concentrates, down to the feelings of
individual words. Fusing the feeling of individual words
into learning calculations would provide us with a
superior comprehension of how the opinion of the whole
example is created from its constituents. We trust that
better grained opinion investigation will further develop
exactness on clever models.
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II. RELATED WORK T ABLE I. SUMMARY OF PREVIOUS WORK

Research about sentiment analysis on film audits from

IMDB has been led with Information Gain (IG)
screening components, NB, K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN),
SVM and Random Forest. The exploration expressed
that utilizing IG with a greater edgeworth can assist with
offering some incentive better exhibition. However, as
the edge value is increased, the number of items
included to process in SVM decreases, making SVM
more difficult to construct a classification model.

Utilizing Feature Extraction strategy, a few features are

removed utilizing Bag of Words, which incorporates
terms like TF-IDF and Term Frequency. In the
mentioned work, feature extraction based on Lexicon is
to extricate the accompanying features from the client
audits: Positive word Count, Positive Connotation
Count, Negative word Count, and Negative Connotation
Count. Directed learning calculations, for example,
Naïve Bayes, Maximum Entropy, SVM and KNN are
utilized.

Recognizing semantics or even the importance of the

available content using ML calculation is quite a
difficult undertaking. The use of Lexicon features has
been done to eliminate the evaluations conveyed in the
text. Mockery identification is one of the significant
benefits of picking lexicon features. While another
research work [13] zeroed in on the emoticons/emojis as
well as the slangs that are available in the text to
recognize the emotion. Grasping the opinion of the
available text or the polarity of it, helps in recognizing
the general extremity of the text.

In another work, both ML and lexicon ways were

utilized to deal with perform opinion examination on
Twitter information. Exceptional lexicon features, for
example, Emoticons, N-grams, Punctuations, Elongated
words number, and so on, have been used. Utilization of
the above mentioned features expanded the general
precision. The primary benefit of utilizing the lexicon
features is that it captures the significance or semantics
communicated in audits in this manner adding to the
powerful classification.

Minhoe Hur et al. [15] established the basis for

predicting Boxoffice selection based on audit Sentiments
of the film. They used viewer perceptions as information
variables in addition to indicators, as well as 3 AI-based
methods to obtain a quasi-relationship among the
assortment indications and films.

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 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22K74-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-1035-9
III. CORPUS OF REVIEWS OF A MOVIE
We complete our tasks using an upgraded version of a
previously published movie critic database and compare
the results to those of the original data.
A. Defining the Dataset
Reviews of audiences regarding the movies they
watched are often written and posted on online platforms
like IMDb and Rotten Tomatoes. Since they are very
popular and impactful on various platforms of social
media, we have chosen the dataset from Rotten
Tomatoes.
B. Polarity of the Sentence
The database of samples of reviews given by the users
on Rotten Tomatoes website. To generate a better-
quality version of the dataset, we started by removing
any remaining HTML elements and returning the
authentic capitalization of the words. The Stanford
Parser was used to parse the cleansed sentences into a
binarized tree. Then ratings for sentiments of each of the
spans of binarized trees were collected.
C. Collection of Sentiments
We utilized the Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT)
innovation to gather emotional human opinion
appraisals. The expression related with each range of the
parsed trees was introduced to something like three
human adjudicators, who were approached to rate a
feeling score on a size of 1 (generally pessimistic) to 25
(best). The opinion rating for that expression would be
found the middle value of and standardized to 0 to 1 to
substitute Rotten Tomatoes' twofold sentence extremity
as the ground truth.
Fig.1 Steps to building a classifier
The steps to build a classifier as show in figure 1 are
described below.
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Preprocessing - Data Preprocessing is the method of
declutter the data from unnecessary and insignificant data
elements. During this process, the portion of data is
separated which is in fact useful and makes more sense,
and on which actual processing, that is, training, and
testing will take place. The output is more reasonable
form of the original or initial dataset and is usable and
structured, instead of initial unstructured dataset. The
nature and type and noise present in the data must be
checked beforehand and then apply actual mining
techniques.
1) Stopwords are the phrases or character sequences
which are easy and quick to be disposed of from a text.
Stop words, for instance, an, the, and contribute nothing
to the comprehension and meaning of the text. They are
insignificant for the data mining and analysis process.
Then, at that point, we'll check lowercase and capitalized
letters out to further ease out our efforts and bring the
whole dataset into consistent behaviour. Each of the
letters are changed to lowercase. We likewise dispose of
characters that aren't helpful, aren't in the public space,
or aren't applicable.
2) Text can be applied upon a scheme and this
process is known as annotations. There are mainly two
parts in annotations which are tagging of part of speech
and markup of structure.
3) Schemes consist of terms and these terms can be
mapped or translated. Lemmatization, stemming are
some types of the standardizations which are mainly
used for reduction of linguistics.
4) Feature analysis on a dataset can be done through
manipulating, generalization and statistical probing.
The three main components of Pre-Processing are:
 Tokenization
 Normalization
 Noise removal
This has been shown in the figure 2 below:
Fig.2 Main components of Preprocessing of Text
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D. Tokenization F. Noise Removal

Trimming of large character sequences or strings into
small pieces, called tokens, is known as Tokenization.
So, this applies to all types of cutting. A large volume of
text can be tokenized to be converted into sentences.
Long sentences can be tokenized and converted into
words. Whatever methods of preprocessing are to be
applied on a certain portion of text, are done only after,
once the tokenization of the same has been done. There
are two more names given to tokenization which are text
segmentation and lexical analysis. Nowadays,
transforming a large volume of texts into smaller units
such as paragraphs or sentences is also referred to as
segmentation. So this leaves tokenization which is now
reduced to breaking a large volume of texts into words
which is the smallest unit of text.
E. Normalization
Normalization of text has to be performed before any
further processing. Some tasks that are part of
normalization are: text is transformed in one case
throughout, either uppercase or lowercase; punctuation
removal is carried out, all the numbers are converted into
their word form in English like 1 will be converted to
one; and many more tasks. After normalization, we have
normalized all the words in our data to a uniform level
and now we can proceed with further work on all the
data in a normal and uniform way. There are three
unique steps defined as normalization:
The framework had a substitution task which is
continued by the noise removal. The two preprocessing
tasks that we went through above were tokenization and
normalization. Those two were able to be applied on any
kind of chunk of text data. Now we are talking about
noise removal. This technique doesn’t apply on all types
of text but is task specific.
Dataset Statistics- We divided our dataset into training,
cross-validation, and test sets in a 7:1:2 ratio, which we
used for the majority of this paper. Later on, we'd run our
jobs through 10-fold cross-validation to see how they
compared to other published results.
An examination of the typical split sets is shown here
to prove and verify the current test findings, that they are
not distorted due to an unequal ratio or split of positive
and negative terms in each subset of data. The fraction of
data in the dataset, scored as perfectly neutral, neither
positive nor negative (AM of 0 and 1, i.e., 0.5), that is
going to be summarily executed upto positive rating with
a type of Boolean data for prediction/computation of the
tasks, is shown in figure 3 and figure 4.

1) Stemming: Removal of affixes from a word is

called stemming. After stemming we get the word stem
which is rid of all suffixes, prefixes, infixes, circumfixes
etc. For example: running is converted to run after
stemming is performed on it.

2) Lemmatization: Word’s lemma forms the basis of

the canonical form of a word. Lemmatization captures
that form of word and brings the word to its simplest
form. It works like stemming but is used when the word Figure 3: T he normalised AMT sentiment values of the sentence-level
is not in its simplest form canonically. For example, nodes are distributed. T ake note of the distribution's bimodal shape,
stemming won’t work on “worst” but lemmatization which suggests that most sentences are either positive or negative.
would easily work on “worst” and convert it into “bad”.

3) Miscellaneous: So far, we have seen that

lemmatization and stemming are very important
practices for text preprocessing. They are based on
intricate rules of grammar and aren’t just simple
transformations without any set norms. The grammatical
norms serve as rules for stemming and lemmatization.
Given that, there are other steps which can be followed
to bring all the words of a dataset on the same level to
proceed with other processes of text mining. These steps
consist of basic techniques of removal, substitution,
changing case of alphabets, and trimming of extra white
spaces. They also become an important part of the
process.

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 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2022)
IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP22K74-ART; ISBN: 978-1-6654-1035-9
Figure 4: T he normalised AMT sentiment ratings are distributed over
all phrases in the sample. The neutral score has a high peak, indicating a
large volume of sentences with no significant directional sentiment.
The dataset taken for the training, validation and
testing, consists of the sentences in number of 10215, in
which number of unique phrases are 211245 and out of
them the number of unigrams are 21437.
As per the splitting of the dataset into training set, we
have assigned 7215 number of sentences, which is
composed of unique phrases, 153969 in number.
The set divided for cross -validation consists of 1000
number of sentences which has almost balanced negative
and positive division and they also contain 25284 number
of unique phrases.
Considering the test dataset, this contains around 2000
sentences in number, which also has equal/balanced
positive and negative division. This test set contains
47483 number of unique phrases in all.
Distribution of the evaluations in the dataset
categorised as positive, negative and neutral for all
groups are presented in the figure 5 below.
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Figure 5: T he proportion of positive/(neutral)/negative evaluations in
the dataset is represented by these bars. The proportion of sentence-level
pos/neg ratings is shown in bars 1-3 for each set, while the same ratings
determined for all-span are presented in bars 4-5 of each group. T he
initial Rotten Tomatoes labelling is used for the first bars in each group,
while the rounded AMT labelling is used for the rest. T he 2 nd and 4 th
bars in respective sets show the data percentage as well, scored like
perfectly neutral (AM = 0.5), that has been rounded off as a positive
opinion in our studies. If all the neutral data from each set was deleted,
the 3 rd and 5 th columns for every set reflect now computed the splits for
negative and positive.
IV. METHODOLOGY
Sentiment Analysis - Sentiment Analysis is a
methodology used to decide whether a lump of text is
positive, negative or unbiased. In message investigation,
normal language handling (NLP) and AI (ML) strategies
are joined to allot feeling scores to the themes, classes or
elements inside an expression. Sentiment analysis focuses
around the extremity of a text (good, pessimistic,
unbiased) however it additionally goes past extremity to
recognize explicit sentiments and feelings (irate, blissful,
miserable, and so on), criticalness (pressing, not dire) and
even goals (intrigued or not intrigued).
The root sentiment of the entire excerpt will be referred
to as the root sentiment in the rest of this work, and the
sentiments of the subspans will be referred to as all-
spans.
The methods that we have used for training and
evaluation are described below:
A. Multinomial Naive Bayes (MNB)
Nowadays the amount of data present over the internet
has increased exponentially and it becomes necessary to
classify them so as to generate the desired results.
Classification of documents is a necessity. Some of the
categories in which we can categorize are - politics,
technology, genres, sports etc. Here Multinomial Naive
come into picture. It is widely used in such types of
applications. Here the classifiers used the occurrence or
frequency of the words present in the document as their
predictors or features.
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B. Support Vector Machine (SVM) After performing the 10-cross validation, the results
obtained are as follows:
"Support Vector Machine" is a machine learning model
that classifies some given data into pre-defined
categories, and thus it is a supervised learning method. T ABLE III. RESULT OF 10-FOLD CROSS VALIDAT ION
The classification predictions made via SVM can be
used for various purposes and artificial intelligent # SVM - uni MNB - uni
products. Notwithstanding, for the majority of times, its 1 73.1 75.9
2 72.6 76.1
usage is in the issues of order categorisation. While 3 73.2 75.4
implementing SVM and performing calculation, all the 4 73.8 75.2
data and information provided is considered as a point in 5 74.1 76.3
the space with n-layers, n being the number of attributes 6 73.6 75.9
or elements within the given dataset. The points, 7 73.2 74.5
representing data, are plotted there and each of them has 8 72.9 73.8
9 73.8 74.2
a specific direction. As it is a classification algorithm, 10 74.3 74.9
we observe the hyper-planes which are separating the Average 73.4 75.2
whole dataset into two or more classes in the overall
picture.
In the above results, we observed that this model was
slightly bent towards predicting number of positives more
C. Deep Learning than the number of negatives. This was observed due to
Machine learning has a branch called deep learning. the rounding off the ratings in the initial arrangement
Unlike typical machine learning algorithms, which have from 0 to 1, causing an unequal ratio or balance in the
a fixed ability to learn regardless of the amount of data polarity of the mentioned dataset, basically converting the
they collect, deep learning systems may increase their neutral data too into positive.
performance with additional data: the computer
equivalent of more experience. Machines can be put to In the next step, we have further made some
work for specialized tasks such as text categorization improvisations and optimized the Support Vector
when they have accumulated enough knowledge through Machine model for the sentiment analysis of Rotten
deep learning. Tomatoes reviews. This was done by varying the
regularization parameter for the model. For the best
Deep learning is a method that executes and takes model that would give better accuracy and correct results,
decisions and implement them for multiple applications the regularization parameter was found to be C = 0.08
using the L2-loss and L2-regularization. The percentages
and reasonings, that can even produce and develop
numerous computerized services/products/applications. found for TP, TN, FP, FN were as follows:
Most importantly, it does not require any human
interference or command to decide or perform any T ABLE IV. RESULT SHOWING T P, T N, FP AND FN
service that requires insights and thinking.
True False
The ratings determined during the training process of this Positive 39.6% 13.7%
dataset are impacting whole scale, and the model is Negative 32.4% 11.3%
computed around the same approximately. Therefore, Accuracy 77.5%
another technique is to scale using computed probability Precision 74.7%
and take these intervals into use for each rating from the Recall 79.2%
training set. F-Ratio 76.8%

V. RESULT & ANALYSIS

After performing sentiment analysis using the mentioned

algorithms for unigram and bigram models, the accuracy
obtained is present in the table below.

T ABLE II. ACCURACY RESULTS OF MNB AND SVM

MODELS

Algorithm Accuracy (%)

MNB - uni 74.9
MNB - bi 76.1
SVM - uni 73.0
SVM - bi 74.7

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 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS 2022)
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Figure 6: Plot of TP, TN, FP & FN
As per the results obtained after implementing Deep
Learning technique on this dataset, the accuracy turned
out to be less than the two other models tested before,
that is, 58.6%. We also implemented the same with
various different values of metrics and other factors, but
this model didn’t perform better or well in comparison to
the Multinomial Naïve Bayes and Support Vector
Machine models.
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