Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines

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Wave propagation analysis of electro-rheological

fluid-filled sandwich composite beam

Ali Shariati, S. Sedighi Bayrami, Farzad Ebrahimi & Ali Toghroli

To cite this article: Ali Shariati, S. Sedighi Bayrami, Farzad Ebrahimi & Ali Toghroli (2020): Wave
propagation analysis of electro-rheological fluid-filled sandwich composite beam, Mechanics Based
Design of Structures and Machines, DOI: 10.1080/15397734.2020.1745646

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MECHANICS BASED DESIGN OF STRUCTURES AND MACHINES
https://doi.org/10.1080/15397734.2020.1745646

Wave propagation analysis of electro-rheological fluid-filled

sandwich composite beam
Ali Shariatia,b, S. Sedighi Bayramic, Farzad Ebrahimic, and Ali Toghrolid
a
Division of Computational Mathematics and Engineering, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc
Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; bFaculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi
Minh City, Vietnam; cDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini
International University, Qazvin, Iran; dInstitute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da
Nang, Vietnam

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

In this article, wave propagation of the sandwich composite beam with Received 13 August 2019
tunable electro-rheological (ER) fluid core is investigated. The sandwich Accepted 17 March 2020
composite beam is made of three layers consisting of the basic layer, ER
fluid core, and the limiter layer. ER fluid core embedded withindoors the KEYWORDS
Wave propagation; electro-
basic and limiter layers. The upper and lower layers are constructed of the rheological fluid core;
elastic materials. Hamilton’s principle is utilized for deriving the governing sandwich composite beam;
equations of motion. Using an analytical solution, the wave frequency and elastic layers; electric field
the phase velocity can be gathered by solving eigenvalue problem.
Moreover, the effect of different parameters such as electric field, core-to-
top layer thickness ratio, and thickness of ER core is investigated on the
wave dispersion characteristics.

1. Introduction
In the last few decades, due to material science development and construct ability of new materials, it is
observed that inclination in the use of lightweight constructions has increased in different engineering
applications, such as civil structures and shipbuilding. The material properties are predestined in the
design and manufacture and they can so hard adapt themselves with environmental changes. In order
to solve this problem, smart materials such as piezoelectric materials or electro-rheological fluids
(ERFs) are very useful in the designing of systems. Making the sandwich beam with tunable electro-
rheological (ER) fluid core when it is exposed to an electric field is very efficient to alteration the
response of the system. ERFs are suspensions of extremely fine nonconducting but electrically active
particles (Winslow 1949). These smart materials can change from liquid to quasi-solid phase under the
electric field and therefore, the hardness of the sandwich beam enhances. From the significant charac-
teristic in these materials can be pointed to rapid changes, well reversibility, and controlled function
that create them suitable to usage in different constructions and devices. Other applications of ERF-
base component can be pointed to controllable valves, clutches, brakes, suspensions, shock absorbers,
oscillation insulators, and actuators (Stanway, Sproston, and El-Wahed 1996; Brooks 1992). It should
be noted that for understanding the functions of these smart materials, various analysis should be
investigated. These analyzes can be included dynamic stability, bending, buckling, wave propagation,
and vibrations that have been conducted in many researches (Adhikari and Singh 2019; Ding et al.
2018; Ansari and Kumar 2019; Eroglu and Tufekci 2018; Dastjerdi and Tadi Beni 2019; Biswas 2019;

CONTACT Farzad Ebrahimi febrahimy@eng.ikiu.ac.ir Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin 3414896818, Iran; Ali Toghroli alitoghroli@duytan.edu.vn Institute of
Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam.
ß 2020 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2 A. SHARIATI ET AL.

Ebrahimi, Hosseini, and Bayrami 2019; Ebrahimi and Sedighi 2020). In order to have a good under-
standing from the behavior of these materials, many efforts have been made. As the first work in the
field of empirical research, Choi, Thompson, and Gandhi (1989) conducted oscillation control and
active damping utilization for ingenious constructions consisting of ERFs. Afterwards, Choi, Sprecher,
and Conrad (1992) studied forced oscillation of sheeted composite beams that include ERFs. They real-
ized that exerting an electric field, enhances the frequency of the different intensification modes.
Kamath and Werely (1997) investigated nonlinear viscoelastic-plastic mechanism for pre-yield and
post-yield demeanor of ERFs damper. Lee (1995) offered finite element method (FEM) of a sandwich
beam with ER core. Kang, Kim, and Choi (2001) applied FEM to study the inactive and active damping
specifications of symmetrical, multilayer straticulate beams with double ERFs layers for different fiber
directions and various electric fields to achieve the most of the damping content. Yeh, Chen, and Wang
(2004) studied dynamic durability of the sandwich beam with a limiter layer and an ERF core. They
extended FEM procedure to gain the dynamic durability areas of the sandwich beam. Yeh and Chen
(2004) presented that the oscillation demeanor of the sandwich plate consists of limiter layer and ERF
core. Lu and Meng (2006) carried out empirical and analytical research about the dynamic specification
of a pliable sandwich plate with ERFs. Arikoglu and Ozkol (2010) appraised natural frequencies and
modal loss factors of a three layered composite beam with viscoelastic core by applying differential
transform method. Furthermore, Sun and Thomas (2011) designed an ER dynamic absorber under
shear mode for decreasing torsional rotor oscillations. Allahverdizadeh et al. (2013) investigated
dynamic demeanor of a sandwich beams that are made of functionally graded materials (FGM) and
ERFs. For gaining the intricate shear modulus of ERFs, they offered a method. Tabassian and
Rezaeepazhand (2013) studied dynamic durability of the intelligent sandwich beam comprising ERFs
putting on Winkler elastic base exposed to harmonic pivotal forces. They examined the effect of various
parameters consisting of beam geometry, base stiffness, static force, exerted voltage, and attributes of
ERFs on acute dynamic forces and durability areas of the beam. Dynamic specification of the sandwich
structure with magneto-rheological fluid core was investigated by Ramamoorthy, Rajamohan, and
Jeevanantham (2016). They demonstrated that by enhancing the magnetic field severity, natural fre-
quencies of the sandwich structure increase. In addition to these investigations, in the recent years, a
number of good studies have been done in this area. Oscillation specification of the sandwich beams
consisting of FGM and ER core was examined by Allahverdizadeh et al. (2015). They compared the the-
oretical and practical results on constructed ER fluid composite beam and gained well agreement
between them. Eventually, Ivanov et al. (2017) studied the insulator attributes and stream of ERFs over
a dynamic shear in electric fields. Now, by observing the conducted researches in the literature, it is
clear that no study has been done in this field consisting of wave propagation analysis. Wave propaga-
tion is a special state of vibrations. It is clear that the vibration responses of the system in different con-
ditions are very important because the vibration is an agent which can reduce the fatigue life of every
system. Moreover, ERFs can operate like a damper. Thus, they can be used for vibration control due to
wave propagation in every system and various structures such as sandwich structures. In this article,
for the first time, wave propagation of an ER sandwich composite beam is investigated. The sandwich
composite beam is made of three layers: base layer, ERFs core, and constraining layer. ER core
embedded within two elastic layers. Applying an analytical solution, wave frequency and phase velocity
can be gathered solving eigenvalue problem.

2. Problem formulation
2.1. Fundamental relations
Figure 1 indicates the schematic diagram of the sandwich composite beam with tunable ER fluid
core with the length a, width b, and thickness h that consists of thickness of upper layer (h1),
thickness of ER core (h2), and thickness of lower layer (h3).
 MECHANICS BASED DESIGN OF STRUCTURES AND MACHINES 3

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the sandwich composite beam with tunable ER fluid core.
The basis and limiter layers are supposed to be undamped and cross-ply elastic composite
sheeted. It is supposed that the elastic and ER core layers do not slip on each other. The lateral
movement of each point on a cross-section of the sandwich composite beam is supposed to be
same. Besides, there is no normal stress in the ER layer and also nor lateral shear strains in the
laminated layers 1 and 3. The total movement field at a material point ðx, y, zÞ withindoors the
basis and limiter elastic layers can be written as follows (Leissa, McGee, and Huang 1993):
@w
uðiÞ ðx, z, tÞ ¼ ui ðx, tÞ  zi
@x
wðiÞ ðx, z, tÞ ¼ wðx, tÞ (1)
where zi ði ¼ 1, 3Þ is the lateral peculiarities in the local peculiarities system of the upper and
lower beams located on their associated mid-plane, and ui ðx, t Þ and wðx, t Þ are the movement
field ingredients in the x and z directions, respectively. Applying strain–displacement relations
the strain ingredients can be defined as below:
@ui @2w
eðiÞ ¼  z i (2)
x
@x @x2
where i ¼ 1, 3: Furthermore, the lateral shear strain ingredients in the ERFs can be expressed as
below (Yeh and Chen 2004):
Ix d @w ðu1  u3Þ
cð2Þ
xz ¼ ¼ þ (3)
h2 h2 @x h2
where Ix ¼ dhx þ ðu1  u3Þ and d ¼ h1þ2h2þh3
2 :
Moreover, proposing a situation of surface stress withindoors the upper and lower cross-ply
sheeted entails that the stress component withindoors the kth orthotropic sheet in every elastic
plate can be defined as below (Reddy 2004):
2 3k
8 9k ðiÞ ðiÞ 8 9
> ð iÞ > Q 11 Q 12 0 > ðiÞ >
> r
< x = > 6 7 > e >
6 ðiÞ ðiÞ 7< x =
0 6
¼6 Q Q 0 7 (4)
> >
12 22 7> 0 >
>
: 0 ; > 4 ði Þ 5 >
: 0 ; >
0 0 Q 66

ðiÞ
where Q ab ði ¼ 1, 3Þ illustrates the lessened converted elastic constants in each orthotropic sheet
withindoors the ith layer that about isotropic materials decrease to:
ð iÞ ðiÞ Ei
Q 11 ¼ Q 22 ¼
1   2i
ðiÞ  i Ei
Q 12 ¼ (5)
1   2i
ðiÞ Ei
Q 66 ¼  
2 1 þ  2i
where Ei and  i are Young modulus and Poisson ratio, respectively. Eventually, the lateral shear
stresses in the ER fluid can be expressed by the following relationships (Yeh and Chen 2004):
4 A. SHARIATI ET AL.

rð2Þ ð2Þ ð2Þ

xz ¼ G cxz (6)
where Gð2Þ is the viscoelastic shear modulus of the ER fluid layer.

2.2. Governing equations

In this portion, Hamilton’s principle is utilized for deriving the governing motion equations for the
sandwich composite beam. The total form of the Hamilton’s principle can be expressed as below:
ð t2 ð t2
dI ¼ d Ldt ¼ d ðT  U þ W Þdt ¼ 0 (7)
t1 t1
where d signifies the first variation processor, L signifies Lagrangian, and T, U, and W are total
kinetic energy, total strain energy, and work done by the external forces, respectively. The vari-
ation of the total strain energy can be written as below (Fung and Tong 2017):
X ð  ð Þ ð Þ ð  
dU ¼ rxi dexi dVi þ rðxz2Þ dcðxz2Þ dV2
i¼1, 3 Vi V2
X ð  ð Þ ð Þ ð  
dU ¼ Nxi dexi dX þ Qðx2Þ dcðxz2Þ dX (8)
i¼1, 3 X X

where V1 , V2 , and V3 demonstrate the volume of the upper beam, ER fluid, and lower beam,
respectively. And X indicates the two-dimensional plane of any layer in the xy plane. As well as,
the pertinent stress resultants withindoors the upper, lower, and core beams, can be expressed as
below (Fung and Tong 2017):
ð hi =  
ð iÞ
rðxiÞ dzi ði ¼ 1, 3Þ
2
Nx ¼ (9a)
hi
=2
ð h2 =  
Qðx2Þ ¼ rðxz2Þ dz2
2
(9b)
h2 =
2

where z2 is the lateral peculiarities in the local peculiarities system of the ER core plate located on its
mid-plane. Then, regardless of rotational inertia, the alteration of the kinetic energy of the sandwich
composite beam can be defined as below (Leissa, McGee, and Huang 1993; Yeh and Chen 2004):
X ð 1 ð   2 
 2  1
dT ¼ d qi hi u_ i þ þw_ i dX þ d
2
q2 h2 w_ i þ I2 c_ ð2Þ
2
xz dX (10)
i¼1, 3 X 2 X 2

where q1 , q2 , and q3 signify the mass density of the upper, ER core and lower layers, respect-
ively. And I2 is the mass moment of the inertia of the ERFs beam. Furthermore, there is no
external force applied to the structure in this problem. Finally, by exerting strain–displacement
relations in the Eqs. (8) and (10) and substituting total strain energy and total kinetic energy
equations into the Hamilton’s principle (Eq. (7)), the governing motion equations of the sand-
wich composite beam with ER fluid core can be written as following relationships:
!  
ð2Þ
ðiÞ @ 2
ui di G di I2 ðiÞ @ w
3 €
di I2 d @ w
dui : A11 2  qi hi u €i  ðu1  u3 Þ  ð €
u 1  €
u 3 Þ  B 
@x h2 h22 11
@x 3 h2 2 @x
!
 
di Gð2Þ d @w ðÞ ðÞ @ w
3
  B12i þ 2B66i ¼0
h2 @x @x3
(11)
 MECHANICS BASED DESIGN OF STRUCTURES AND MACHINES 5

!
X   3   ð2Þ
ðÞ @ 3
ui ðÞ ðÞ @ u i I2 d @ G d @
dw : B11i þ B12i þ 2B66i þ €1  u
ðu € 3Þ þ ðu1  u3 Þ
i¼1, 3
@x 3 @x 3 h2 @x
2 h2 @x

!
X   4   2  2 ð2Þ 2

ðiÞ @ 4
w ðiÞ ðiÞ @ w d @ €
w G d @2w
 D11 4 þ 2D12 þ 4D66 þ I2 þ
i¼1, 3
@x @x4 h2 @x2 h2 @x2
w¼0
 ðq1 h1 þ q2 h2 þ q2 h2 Þ€
(12)
ðiÞ ðiÞ
where, in above equations i ¼ 1, 3; di ¼ 1, if i ¼ 1 and di ¼ 1 when i ¼ 3: Besides, Ajk , Bjk ,
ðiÞ
and Djk denote rigidity constants that can be expressed as below:
  ð hi =
ðiÞ ðiÞ ðiÞ 2  
Ajk , Bjk , Djk ¼ 1, zi , zi2 Q jk dzi (13)
hi
=2

3. Solution procedure
By proposing the movement fields of the waves propagating in the x–y surface with the following
form:
8 9 8 9
>
> uð1Þ
ð x, t Þ >
> >
> U ð1Þ
exp ð kx  xt Þ >
>
< = < =
ð3Þ ð Þ
u ðx, tÞ ¼ U exp ðkx  xtÞ
3 (14)
>
> > > >
: wðx, tÞ > : W exp ðkx  xtÞ >
; > ;

in which, U ð1Þ , U ð3Þ , and W are the unknown coefficients; k is the wave number of wave propa-
gation along x direction and eventually x is wave’s angular frequency. Substituting Eq. (15) into
Eqs. (11) and (12) gives:
   T
½K   x2 ½M U ð1Þ , U ð3Þ , W ¼ f0g (15)
The dispersion relations of the wave propagation in the sandwich composite beam with ER core
can be developed by putting the following determinant to zero:
 
½K   x2 ½M ¼ 0 (16)
By placing k1 ¼ k2 ¼ k, the phase velocity can be defined as below:
x
C¼ (17)
k

4. Results and discussion

4.1. Validation of study
In this section, the results of this article are compared with results available in the literature.
Owing to the wave propagation analysis of sandwich beam consisting of ER fluid has not been
conducted, results of this article compared with vibration analysis of FG sandwich beam with ER
fluid core. The top and lower layers of the present model are made by aluminum and the top
and bottom layers of the model by Allahverdizadeh et al. (2013) are created by FG material. The
results are compared in Table 1.
6 A. SHARIATI ET AL.

Table1. Comparison of the frequencies of the sandwich beam with ER fluid

 
core. h1 ¼ h2 ¼ 0:0005 m, q2 ¼ 1700 kg m3 :
Allahverdizadeh
Mode number Present et al. (2013)
1 7.86 9.54
2 38.22 41.38
3 88.14 92.42
4 148.56 152.69
5 246.76 249.81

Figure 2. The effect of the electric field on the wave frequency of the sandwich composite beam for different wave num-
bers ðh2 ¼ 0:0005 mÞ:

4.2. Numerical results

In this portion, wave propagation analysis of the sandwich composite beam with tunable ER fluid
core is conducted. By considering several numerical samples, total behavior of the solution is
demonstrated. The sandwich beam is made of three layers that consisting of aluminum/ER fluid
core/aluminum with fixed length ðb ¼ 0:4 mÞ and thicknesses of upper and lower layers
 
ðh1 ¼ h2 ¼ 0:0005 mÞ, and core-to-top layer thickness ratio h2 h1 ¼ 1, 2, 3 : The material proper-
ties of the aluminum layers are chosen as q ¼ 2700 kg=m3 , E ¼ 70 Gpa, and  ¼ 0:3: Moreover,
other parameters can be expressed as follows:
Gð2Þ ¼ G1 ðEÞ þ iG2 ðEÞ (19)
where G1 ðEÞ ¼ 50000 E2 is the shear storage modulus, G2 ðEÞ ¼ 2600E þ 1700 is the loss modu-
lus, and E is the electric field power. Moreover,
  we set q2 ¼ 1700 (density of ER fluid).
The alteration of the wave frequency f ¼ 2p x
of the sandwich composite beam with respect to the
electric field for different the wave numbers is demonstrated in Fig. 2. It is clear that by enhancing
the wave number, the domain of the wave frequency enhances. As well as, by increasing the electric
 MECHANICS BASED DESIGN OF STRUCTURES AND MACHINES 7

Figure 3. The effect of the electric field on the phase velocity of the rectangular sandwich plate for various wave num-
bers ðh2 ¼ 0:0005 mÞ:

Figure 4. The influence of the core-to-top layer thickness ratio on the phase velocity of the sandwich composite beam for vari-
ous wave numbers ðE ¼ 0 kv=mmÞ:

field, the magnitude of the wave frequency increases. Besides, by enhancing the electric field, the
gradient of the graph enhances. It means that, the variation of the wave frequency respect to the wave
number increases.
8 A. SHARIATI ET AL.

Figure 5. Effect of the core-to-top layer thickness ratio.

Figure 6. The variation of the wave frequency for different electric fields with respect to the thicknesses of the ER core.

In Fig. 3, the variation of the phase velocity of the sandwich composite beam with respect to
the electric field for various wave numbers is indicated. As can be seen from the figure, by increas-
ing the value of the electric field, the magnitude of the phase velocity increases. It should be noted
that the process of increasing the phase velocity in various electric fields is different. In other
words, by enhancing the value of the electric field, the curvature radius of the graph enhances.
Furthermore, in Fig. 4, the influence of the core-to-top layer thickness ratio on the phase vel-
ocity of the sandwich composite beam is illustrated. As can be seen, by enhancing the value of
the core-to-top layer thickness ratio, the magnitude of the phase velocity decreases. In other
words, the effect of the thickness ratio is applying on the gradient of the graph and by increasing
the thickness ratio, the gradient of the graph decreases (Figure 5).
In Fig. 6, the variation of the wave frequency for different electric fields with respect to the
thickness of the ER core is demonstrated. It is observed that by enhancing the thickness of
 MECHANICS BASED DESIGN OF STRUCTURES AND MACHINES 9

the ER core, the magnitude of the wave frequency decreases. Also, by increasing the electric field
the value of the wave frequency increases. In addition, as can be seen in the Fig. 7, by increasing
the thickness of the ER core, the wave frequency becomes constant. In other words, in upper
thicknesses of ER core, the influence of thickness of ER core is negligible.

5. Conclusion
Wave propagation of the sandwich composite beam with tunable ER fluid core is investigated in
this study. The sandwich composite beam is made of three layers consisting of the base layer,
ERFs core, and the constraining layer. ERF embedded within upper and lower layers. Hamilton’s
principle is utilized for deriving the governing equations of motion. For obtaining the results, we
consider aluminum for the upper and lower layers and used the properties of that. Besides, the
effect of the electric field, core-to-top layer thickness ratio and thickness of ER core are examined
in this article. It is observed that by enhancing the value of the electric field, the magnitude of
the wave frequency and the phase velocity increases and by enhancing the core-to-top layer thick-
ness ratio the value of the wave frequency and the phase velocity decreases. Moreover, in investi-
gation of the wave frequency for various thicknesses of ER core, it is observed that by increasing
the thickness of the ER core, the wave frequency moves towards the constant. In other words, in
upper thicknesses of ER core, the influence of thickness of ER core is negligible.

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