STARS AND

THEIR
DYNAMICS
SIX GROUP
01 Aldi Prayoga Syaifullah 02 Serlinda Harareta
2105036003 2105036007

03 Akmal Raiky Aryaputra

2105036011

04 Nurah Muslihah 05 Aprilia Annisa

2105036033 2105036034
 BACKGROUND

The universe is the whole place that existed as long as we live,

both visible to the naked eye and requiring a visual aid, we will
never even see it. Of the objects we often see, we often group
them according to their characteristics. Talking about the
universe, in our minds as ordinary humans a question arises how is
this universe so large and infinitely vast, where it begins, where
does it go, how do the laws of maintaining its order and balance
work. The universe exists as we know it now not without a
process, but this universe exists because it was created and went
through such a long process. Next we will discuss galaxies and the
universe which includes the history of cosmology, quasars, cosmic
rays and interstellar matter.
BASIC
COMPETENCIES :
Dig up information to
gain understanding of
the concept of galaxies
and the universe
 INDICATOR

01 02 03
Describe
Describe the Describe quasars
interstellar
history of and cosmic rays
matter
cosmology
 History of Cosmology
It is discussed for the first time as a branch
of metaphysics dealing with the origin and
composition of the universe, creation,
eternity, vitalism, mechanism, natural law,
space, time and causality.
History of Cosmology

Sumber : https://images.app.goo.gl/ddfAUHunDHzjZ8wP7

It is known, the cosmos is much older and it has been studied that the
universe we live in is just a speck of dust circling a monotonous star in the
farthest corner of the galaxy due to a big bang. At the beginning of the
universe, there were no galaxies, stars or planets, life and civilizations,
only a bright ball filled the entire space. There are seven theories of the
formation of the solar system, namely :
1. Nebula Theory

Sumber : https://images.app.goo.gl/TANaTMRdfhr6B9ty9 Sumber : https://images.app.goo.gl/ko4MRp6kArPWgZkq7

2. Dust Cloud Theory

Sumber : https://images.app.goo.gl/8Cia7TXpDacYNv3RA Sumber : https://images.app.goo.gl/D4ppJ47jPtpp7FHKA

 3. Planetesimal Theory

Sumber : https://www.selamatpagi.id/teori-planetesimal/?amp=1 Sumber : https://images.app.goo.gl/jHPjDu7A68DPvpKQ9

4. Big Bang Theory

Sumber : https://images.app.goo.gl/t3ZV9Ya6dwc8RVen9
5. Tidal Theory

Sumber : https://geohepi.hepidev.com/2020/12/12/tata-surya/
 6. Twin Star Theory

Sumber : https://ilmugeografi.com/astronomi/teori-bintang-kembar/amp

Sumber : https://images.app.goo.gl/UVp3NYZkdvV77u1N7
7. Planetary Orbit Theory

Sumber : https://stanza4.wordpress.com/gambar/orbit-planet/
QUASARS
This most distant quasar
discovery expected to
open door for us to
understand more about
black hole evolution.
Quasars
Quasar comes from the term quasi
stellar radiosource, refer on the type of light source on optical
wavelength seen as a point source very bright as well emit
radio waves the strong one. Actually quasars is a type of
galaxy which has an active core (Active
Galactic Nuclei, AGN) which the brilliance of the center can
hundreds of times the brightness of his home galaxy.

When the first quasar discovered in 1963, was suspected as

a star because appears as a light source point. However, it
turned out to be an object it is at that distance very far
beyond distance the stars are still can be viewed separately.
 Transition from Red to Blue Quasar

Sumber : https://images.app.goo.gl/XkB6BS7mbcs6ZxST9
Red and blue quasars are related within an evolutionary sequence that connects
dust-obscured star formation with quasar activity through gas inflow via merging
galaxies and outflows from the quasar. With this model the rare red quasar
population represents a brief transitional phase between the starburst and the
blue quasar phase during which winds and/or jets drive away the obscuring dust,
revealing an unobscured blue quasar, and ultimately shutting down the star
formation to form a dormant early-type galaxy.
 Difference between Red Quasar and Blue Quasar

Sumber : https://images.app.goo.gl/isaphJjV8DGPPGPz9
Red quasar (left): A brief transitional phase where the nascent quasar is
enshrouded in gas and dust. This phase appears to be associated with young jets
and strong winds, which ultimately drive away the obscuring gas and dust.
Blue quasar (right): An unobscured quasar with signatures of evolved jets and less
extreme winds.
The Earth is bombarded every moment with ionized
atoms and other subatomic particles known as

COSMIC RAYS
Cosmic Rays

Sumber : https://www.sott.net/image/s23/476391/full/cosmicrays_s.jpg

Cosmic rays are radiation that comes from stellar explosion (supernova) and commonly
called Galactic Cosmic Rays. The origin of cosmic rays itself is still a subject of study in
the field of theoretical particle physics and astrophysics. Cosmic rays are generally
charged particles, mainly protons, with a very wide energy range, from 100 to 1020
electron volts. Cosmic rays reaching the earth's surface are dominated by muon
particles, as a product of the interaction of cosmic protons with matter in the earth's
atmosphere. Muon can reach the earth's surface due to high energy, sufficient life time,
and its nature that is difficult to stop by barrier materials.
 Sumber : https://apayangdimaksud.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/apa-itu-Sinar-kosmik.jpg

Elementary particles and atomic nuclei reaching the Earth from space are called
cosmic rays. They occur throughout interstellar space with an energy density of the
same order of magnitude as that of the radiation from stars. Cosmic rays are
therefore important for the ionisation and heating of interstellar gas. Since cosmic
rays are charged, their direction of propagation in space is constantly changed by
the magnetic field. Their direction of arrival therefore gives no information about
INTERSTELLAR
MATTER
Interstellar Matter
Interstellar neutral gas atoms enter the heliopause and reach 1 AU, where
they are detected by the Interstellar Extremity Explorer (IBEX). The flow of
neutral interstellar helium through the turbulent interstellar plasma of the
outer heliosheath (OHS) gives rise to a secondary population of
interstellar He atoms, the so-called warm wind, by charge exchange with
the turbulent ions. A secondary population brings traces of OSH
conditions to his IBEX-Lo instrument.
Pada ruang antarplanet juga merupakan tempat beradanya setidaknya
dua daerah piringan yang berisi debu kosmik. Daerah pertama, awan debu
zodiak, terletak bagian dalam dan merupakan penyebab cahaya zodiak.
Awan ini kemungkinan terbentuk akibat tumbukan dalam sabuk asteroid
yang disebabkan oleh interaksi dengan planet-planet.
 1. Interstellar Dust

Sumber :
https://www.google.com/search?q&tbm=isch&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikjMyZwNv9AhXT1nMBHYSPA
QkQgowBKAB6BAgBECA
The first real evidence of the existence of interstellar dust was obtained around
1930. Space is completely transparent and light can travel indefinitely without
fading. In 1930 Robert Trumpler published his study of the open cluster space
distribution.
 2. Interstellar Gas

Sumber :
https://www.google.com/search?q&tbm=isch&hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8kd2cwNv9AhUs0XMBHdsEBD
YQgowBKAB6BAgBECA

The mass of gas in interstellar space is a hundred times greater than

that of dust. the gas does not cause the general extinction of light.
 3. Interstellar Molecules
Three simple diatomic molecules were detected: methylidyne CH, its
positive ion CH+ and cyanogen CN. hydrogen molecule H2 was
discovered in the early 1970s, and carbon monoxide, which has been
discovered through radio observations. Molecular hydrogen is the most
abundant interstellar molecule, followed by carbon monoxide.
Molecular hydrogen has a strong absorption band at 105 nm, which
was first observed in an experimental rocket in 1970 by George R.
Carruthers. form and that anything formed would be destroyed by
ultraviolet radiation.
 The signal simulation process is similar to that used in Bz2017. First, we
run a global model of the heliosphere to provide the location of the
heliopause and the plasma flow within his OHS. The observed signal is
then synthesized by integrating the contributions to the observed flux
from individual He atoms. The statistical weights of these atoms are
obtained from solutions of the production and loss balance equations. This
equation is solved along atomic orbitals from the undisturbed interstellar
medium through OHS to his IBEX at 1au. The region where atoms passing
through the heliopause to reach IBEX-Lo is an ellipse with a longitude of
about ±60° centered on the inflow direction of the warm wind (secondary
ISN He) discovered by Ku2016. Confirmed. Latitude (see Figure 2 here and
Figure 7 from Bz2017). This is the region of his OHS that is ballistically
associated with his IBEX-Lo equipment. This means that predictions from
heliospheric models outside this region do not affect the results.
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
● Bzowski, M. 2019. Interstellar Neutral Helium in the
Heliosphere from IBEX Observations. VI. The He+
Density and the Ionization State in the Very Local
Interstellar Matter. The Astrophysical Journal, 882:60 :
1&3
● Haida, Sausan Khairunnisa. 2021. Nebula; Newsletter
Tiga-Bulanan Bosscha. Quasar Terjauh dan
Pertanyaan-Pertanyaan Baru, hal. 2-3.
● Iqbal, Imam. 2014. Kosmologi, Sains, dan Teknologi:
Pergeseran Paradigmatik dan Implikasinya terhadap
Studi Agama. Jurnal Studi Agama dan Pemikiran
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● Stavinschi, Magda. dkk. 2019. Tata Surya; NASA
Publication. Solar system, hal. 21
● Yatini, Clara Y. 2010. Analisis Penurunan Intensitas
Sinar Kosmik. Berita Dirgantara, 11(2) : 36.
 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
• Riveli, Nowo. 2018. Pendeteksian Sinar Kosmik
Menggunakan Sensor Cosmos Pada Perangkat
Webcam Komersil. Jurnal Ilmu dan Inovasi Fisika,
Vol. 02, No. 01. hal. 57.
• Maiwan, Moh. 2012. Kosmologi Sejarah Dalam
Filsafat Sejarah : Makna, Teori, dan Perkembangan.
Jurnal Sejarah Lontar, Vol. 9 No. 1. hal. 22.
• Admiranto, A. Gunawan. 2018. Universal Mind.
Kuliah Ekstension Filsafat.
• Karttunen, Hannu. dkk. 2017. Fundamental
Astronomy, Sixth Edition. London: Springer. Hal.
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THANK YOU !