FSSM-3ER
Equations Sheet: Solar Energy
360
Solar radiation : Go = 1 367 W/m2 ± 1 %, 𝐺𝑒𝑥𝑡 = 𝐺𝑜(1 + 0,033𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( (𝑁𝑗 − 4)), Nj day number
365
Solar angles
• Declination : δ=23,45sin(360 (284+Nj )/365)
• Solar angle: (°) = 360[TSV(h) -12] / 24=15*(TSV(h)-12)
• True solar Time : TSV(h)=TL(h)-C(h)+(L-Lref)/15+ET/60, TL local Time (legal time)
𝑁𝑗−81
• Equation of time: 𝐸𝑇(min) = 9.87 sin(2B) − 7.53 cos(B) − 1.5 sin(𝐵) , 𝐵 = 360
364
• Solar Zenith angle: 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃𝑧) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛(h) = sin(φ) sin(δ) + cos(φ) cos(δ) co s( ω),
cos(𝛿)sin(𝜔)
• Solar Azimut a: 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑎) =
co s(ℎ)
𝟐𝝎𝒐
• Sunset/sunrise Hour angle: 𝝎𝒐 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 (− 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝛗) 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝛅)), 𝑫𝒖𝒓é𝒆 𝑱𝒐𝒖𝒓 = ,
𝟏𝟓
• 𝜔'𝑜 = 𝒎𝒊𝒏( 𝜔𝑜 , 𝑎𝑟 𝒄𝒐𝒔( − 𝑡𝑔(𝜙 − 𝛽)𝑡𝑔(𝛿))
• Incidence angle on surface ( tilt and azimuth ) :
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = cos (𝛽)sin(h) + sin(𝛽) cos(h) cos(a − 𝛾)
• Incidence angle( =0), 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛿)sin(𝜑 − 𝛽) + sin(𝛿) cos(𝜑 − 𝛽) cos(𝜔)
Irradiance and Irradiation
• Beam Irradiance on surface (incidence angle ): G=DNI cos ()
• Horizontal: G =G +G H =H +H
gh bh dh gh bh dh
• Tilted () : G =G +G +G H =H +H +H
g b d r g b d r
• Diffuse Irradiance: Gd =Gdh*Fcapteur-ciel Isotropic model (see class notes for other models, Perz,..)
• Reflected Irradiance: Gr = Ggh*Fcapteur-sol
Tilt factor
• Instantaneous: Rb=Gbb/Gbh=cos/ cosz
𝜋𝜔′
𝐻𝑏𝛽 𝐻𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜙−𝛽) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔′𝑜 + 180𝑜 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜙−𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿
• Daily : 𝑅̄𝑏 = = 𝑜
=[ 𝜋𝜔𝑜 ]
𝐻𝑏ℎ 𝐻ℎ𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜙) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑜 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿
180
𝜔′𝑜 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛( 𝜔𝑜 , 𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠( − 𝑡𝑔(𝜙 − 𝛽)𝑡𝑔(𝛿))
Estimating Irradiation on tilted surface (from global irradiation on horizontal surface for a typical day)
𝐻𝑔ℎ ̄
• Clearness index: 𝐾̄𝑇 = ̄
𝐻ℎ𝑜
𝐻̄ℎ𝑑
• Evaluate Hdh from correlation Example :
𝐻̄𝑔ℎ
= 1.39 − 4.027𝐾̄𝑇 + 5.531𝐾̄𝑇2 − 3.108𝐾̄𝑇3 (Liu and
Jordan)
• Evaluate Hg from Hgh and Hdh, 𝑅̄𝑏 , view factors and albedo
180 𝜋𝜔𝑜
• 𝐻ℎ𝑜 = 2 𝐺𝑒𝑥𝑡 ∗ [𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜙) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛿 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑜 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜑 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿]
15𝜋 180
𝑃
• Ashrae clear sky model, 𝐺𝑏𝑛 = 𝐷𝑁𝐼 = 𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ∗ 𝐵 𝑚)
𝑃𝑜
A =1162.12 + 77.0323 * cos(Nj *360/365) , B= 0.171076 + 0.0348944 * cos(N *360/365)
j
C = 0.0897334 + 0.0412439*cos(N *360/365), P/Po=exp(- 0.0001148(Z)), Z altitude
j
PV Power Production
𝐺𝑔𝛽
• DC power production of PV array: 𝑃𝐷𝐶 (𝑇, 𝐺) = 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝑘 𝑇 ∗ 𝑃𝑐(𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 ) ∗ , 𝐺𝑔𝛽 =POA Irradiance,
𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑓
Pc=peak power
• kg other f actors reducing efficiency (IAM, soiling, mismatch, tolerance,)
• 𝑘 𝑇 = [1 + 𝛼𝑝 (𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓 )]
FSSM-3ER
𝐺𝑔𝛽 𝐺𝑔𝛽
• 𝑇𝑐 = 𝑇𝑎 + (𝑁𝑂𝐶𝑇 − 20) = 𝑇𝑎 + 𝛥𝑇𝑜
𝐺𝑁𝑂𝐶𝑇 𝐺𝑁𝑂𝐶𝑇
Bifacial
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝑟
• Bifacially factor: 𝜑𝑝max =
𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥, 𝑓
• Equivalent irradiance: 𝐺𝐸 = 𝐺𝑓 + 𝜑𝐺𝑟
Concentration
• 𝑃𝐷𝐶 (𝐶) = 𝑃𝐷𝐶 (𝐶 = 1) ∗ C*(1+ 𝑛𝑉𝑇 ln(𝐶) /𝑉𝑜𝑐), VT=kT/q, n ideality factor
• 𝑃𝐴𝐶 (𝐶) = 𝜂𝐴𝐶 𝑃𝐷𝐶 AC efficiency: = *(1-AC losses/100)
AC o
PV Energy Production:
𝐻𝑔𝛽
•
𝑗
Daily DC production: 𝐸𝐷𝐶 = 𝜂𝑅 ∗ 𝑃𝐶 ∗
𝑗 𝐺𝑆𝑇𝐶
• Relative efficiency: 𝜂𝑅 = 𝑘𝑔 ∗ 𝐾𝑇
𝐻𝑔𝛽/𝑗
• AC production: 𝐸𝐴𝐶/𝑗 = 𝜂𝐴𝐶 𝜂𝑅 ∗ 𝑃𝐶 ∗
𝐺𝑆𝑇𝐶
• AC efficiency: = *(1-AC losses/100)
AC o
Parameters of PV plant :
𝐻𝑔𝛽
• Reference yield: 𝑌𝑅 =
𝐺𝑆𝑇𝐶
𝐸𝐷𝐶
• Array yield: 𝑌𝐴 = = 𝜂𝑅 𝑌𝑅
𝑃𝑐
𝐸𝐴𝐶
• Final yield: 𝑌𝐹 = = 𝜂𝐴𝐶 𝜂𝑅 𝑌𝑅
𝑃𝑐
𝑌𝐹 𝜂𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑃𝑉
• Performance ratio : 𝑃𝑅 = = 𝜂𝑜 𝜂𝑅 =
𝑌𝑅 𝜂𝑆𝑇𝐶
Compatibility rules
+ 𝑈𝑀𝑃𝑃𝑇,min 𝑈𝑀𝑃𝑃𝑇,𝑚𝑎𝑥
• 𝑁𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸 ( ) , 𝑁𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐸 − ( )
0.85∗𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝 1.25∗𝑉𝑚𝑝𝑝
𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙
• 𝑵𝒑 = 𝑬 ( )
𝟏.𝟐𝟓∗𝑰𝒄𝒄
• 0.9< Pc/PAC-nom< 1.1 (DC/AC ratio)
Sizing battery for a given daily DC energy needs BEJ/day and Nj days of autonomy
• Cn= Nj*BEJ/(b DOD V ) avec (n =24*Nj)
• V system Voltage, DOD : depth of discharge, b : battery efficiency and can include other factors
that fact the capacity: temperature, aging in..
Flat plate collector
𝑄̇𝑢 = 𝐴𝐹𝑅 [(𝜏𝛼)𝐺 − 𝑈𝐿 (𝑇𝑓,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑎 )] = 𝐴[(𝜏𝛼)𝐺 − 𝑈𝐿 (𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇𝑎 )] = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑝 [𝑇𝑓,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑓,𝑖 ] = 𝜂𝐴𝐺
Useful power transferred to the fluid,
G=POA Irradiance, 𝜂 collector efficiency, useful Power, FR=heat removal, Tfj=inlet fluid temperature, Ta
ambient temperature, Tfo : fluid outlet temperature, Tp : absorber mean temperature, UL overall loss
factor, (𝜏𝛼) absorbance-transmittace product
𝑈L = 𝑈𝑎𝑣 + 𝑈𝑎𝑟 + 𝑈𝑙𝑎𝑡
Concentrators
𝑄̇𝑢 = 𝐹𝑅 [𝐴𝑜(𝜏𝛼)𝐺 − 𝐴𝑟𝑈𝐿 (𝑇𝑓,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑎 )] = [𝐴(𝜏𝛼)𝐺 − 𝐴𝑟𝑈𝐿 (𝑇𝑝 − 𝑇𝑎 )] = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑝 [𝑇𝑓,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑓,𝑖 ] = 𝜂𝐴𝑜𝐺
Ar: receiver surface area, Ao aperture area, C=Ao/Ar : centration factor
