PROBLEM 12.61 Knowing that the coefficients of friction between the component / and member BC of the mechanism of Prob. 12.60 are 1, = 0.35 and 4; =0.25, determine (a) the maximum allowable speed vj if the component is not to slide on BC while being transferred, (6) the values of @ for which sliding is impending, SOLUTION For constant speed, a, = 0 w ma, Ye with vp = 0.7 mis, p = 0.2m ° = e a ma,: F = ma, cos Fow ma, maj: N-W=-ma,sing N= mg - ma,sind ma, cosO cosO cosO of. Ratio = Manos? _— N” mg = ma,sind & _ sing ‘sind 4 c0s0 ) cos? @ ~ (u~ sind) (sind) d0\u — sind (u—sinay The corresponding ratio £ F = = tand = yw, = 0.35 yn ind =H, (a) For impending sliding to the le gp 0 = arctan(0.35) = 19.29, vg" = (9.81)(0.2)sin19.29° = 0.648 m?/s? vy = 0.805 mis €PROBLEM 12.61 CONTINUED For impending motion to the right: = ~tand = 4, = 035 6 = arctan(-0.35) = 160.71° wt = "2 = sind, vg? = (9.81)(0.2)sin160.71° = 0.648 m/s? gp 805 mis << o For impending sliding to the le, @ = 19.3° For impending sliding to the right, @ = 160.7°PROBLEM 12.62 In the cathode-ray tube shown, electrons emitted by the cathode and attracted by the anode pass through a small hole in the anode and then ‘travel in a straight line with a speed vp until they strike the screen at 4 However, if a difference of potential V is established between the two parallel plates, the electrons will be subjected to a force F perpendicular to the plates while they travel between the plates and will strike the sereen at point B, which is at a distance 6 from 4. The magnitude of the force F is F = eV /d, where -e is the charge of an electron and d is the distance between the plates. Neglecting the effects of gravity, derive an expression for the deflection 6 in terms of V, vp, the charge -e and the ‘mass m of an electron, and the dimensions d, ¢, and L. SOLUTION Consider the motion of one electron. For the horizontal motion, let x = 0 atthe let edge ofthe plate and x = ¢ atthe right edge of the plate. At the screen, t xelee 2 Horizontal motion: There are no horizontal forces acting on the electron so that a, = 0. Let 1, = 0 when the electron passes the left edge of the plate, when it passes the right edge, and ¢ For uniform horizontal motion, fy when it impacts on the screen. saw, wt 4-2 wf 42+! * tan Vertical motion: The gravity force acting on the electron is neglected since we are interested in the deflection produced by the electric force. ‘While the electron is between plates (0 < ¢ < 4,), the vertical force on the electron is F, = eV /d. After it passes the plates (, <1 5 tp), itis zero. For 0<1< tyPROBLEM 12.62 CONTINUEDPROBLEM 12.63 In Prob. 12.62, determine the smallest allowable value of the ratio d/é in terms of e, m, Vp, and Vif at x= the minimum permissible distance ‘between the path of the electrons and the positive plate is 0.075d. Problem 12.62: In the cathode-ray tube shown, electrons emitted by the cathode and attracted by the anode pass through a small hole in the anode and then travel in a straight line with a speed vp until they strike the screen at A. However, ifa difference of potential Vis established between the two parallel plates, the electrons will be subjected to a force F Perpendicular to the plates while they travel between the plates and will strike the screen at point B, which is at a distance 3 from 4. The magnitude of the force F is F =eV/d, where -e is the charge of an electron and dis the distance between the plates. Neglecting the effects of gravity, derive an expression for the deflection 5 in terms of V, vp. the charge -e and the mass m ofan electron, and the dimensions d, ¢, and L. SOLUTION Consider the motion of one electron. For the horizontal motion, let x = 0 at the left edge of the plate and x = ¢ at the right edge of the plate. At the sereen, selon 2 Horizontal motion: There are no horizontal forces acting on the electron so that a, = 0. Let f= 0 when the electron passes the left edge of the plate, ¢ = f ‘when it passes the right edge, and ¢ = f, when it impacts on the screen, For uniform horizontal motion, xv, sotht y=5 ond Vertical motion: The gravity force acting on the electron is neglected since we are interested in the deflection produced by the electric force. While the electron is between the plates (0 < # < f), the vertical force on the electron is F, asses the plates (1, <¢ < fy), itis zero, F, ForOsts, © EF, =ma,: a,=—= mPROBLEM 12.63 CONTINUED é eV ateey, Sy we)?” mds a But y < 4 —a07sd = o42sd eve St iit ty toes fh a Faas ag 7? Ms So thatPROBLEM 12.64 Rod OA rotates about O in a horizontal plane. The motion of the 400-g collar B is defined by the relations (00 + 300sin xt and @ = 2x(r° — 21), where r is expressed in millimeters, ¢ in seconds, and @ in radians. Determine the radial and transverse components of the force exerted on the collar when (a) 1=0, (6) ¢=0.8 5. SOLUTION r= (05 + 03sinzt)m 0 = 2n(? - 21) rad # = O3rcosat mis 6 = 4(t-1) nas 0.32" sinzt 6 = 4rraas* (@ Atr=0, 7 =05m a=0 # = 0.94248 m/s 6 = ~12.5664 rad/s 6 = 12,5664 rad/s r6® = 0 ~ (0.5)(~12.5664)° = -78.957 mis a, = rb + 20 = (0.5)( 12.5664) + (2)(0.94248)( 12.5664) = ~17.4040 m/s tga, F, = (0.4)(~78957) = -31.6 F=-316N 4 Imgay: Fy = (04)(-17.4040) = -6.96 Fy, = -696N 4 ()) Ate = 08s, r = 0.67634m @ = ~6.0319 rad 0.76248 m/s 6 = -2.5133 rads # = =1,74040 m/s* 6 = 12.5664 rad/s* =r = -1,74040 (0.67634)(-2.5133)" = -6.0126 m/s a, = r8 + 276 = (0.67634)( 12.5664) + (2)(~0.76248)(~2.5133) = 12.332 m/s* (0.4)(~6.0126) = -2.41 F, 241N Fy = myay: Fy = (0.4)(12.332) = 4.93 Fy =493N4PROBLEM 12.65 Rod OA oscillates about O in a horizontal plane. The motion of the 200-2 collar B is defined by the relations r=5/(t+2)and 0=(4/7) ‘where r is expressed in meters, in seconds, and @ in radians. Determine the radial and transverse components of the force exerted on the collar when (a) 1=2 s,(b) ¢ SOLUTION r= 5i(r+2)m 0 = Asinat rad x P= -S/(t+2) mis 6 = Acosat rad/s 10/(1 + 2) mis? 6 = ~Axsinzt rad/s? @ Atr=2s, 7 =125m o-0 F = -0.3125 mis 6 = 4rad/s 0.15625 m/s? =0 19,844 mis? 18° = 0.15625 ~ (1.25)(4)" = ay = r6 + 2F6 =(1.25)(0) + (2)(-0.3125)(4) = -2.50 mvs? F, = mo,: F, = (0.2)(-19.844) = -3.97 397N 4 Fy = my: Fy = (0.2)(-2.50) = -0.500 -0.500N 4 (b) Att =7s, r= 0.55556m o=0 F = 0.06173 m/s 6 = -4rad/s F = 0.013717 mis d=0 ¥ —r@? = 0.013717 ~ (0.55556)(-4)" = -8.8752 mis? ay = r6 + 2F6 = 0+ (2)(~0.06173)(~4) = 0.49384 m/s F, = mya,: F, = (0.2)(-8.8752) = -1.775 JISN Fi = mgay: Fy = (0.2)(0.49384) = 0.0988 0.0988N €PROBLEM 12.66 A 1.2-b block B slides without friction inside a slot cut in arm OA which rotates in a vertical plane at a constant rate, 0 = 2 rad/s. At the instant when 0 =30°, r= 2 ft and the force exerted on the block by the arm is, zero. Determine, at this instant, (a) the relative velocity ofthe block with respect to the arm, (6) the relative acceleration of the block with respect tothe arm, SOLUTION 0 = 30°, 6 = 2rad/s, B= 0 mde ra2t, wa . ~ Block B: Only force is weight Ww ma, F, = We0s30", (@) Fy, = may = m(rb + 276): Fo = MSN30" 4g = —gsin30° — rd m Wig _gsin30° + rd __ (32.2)sin30° + (2)(0) 2 (2)(2) Vina = 403 Us “60° 4.03 fs 164 Fw 16? 4 MOS? «62s gc0030° m Wie = (2)(2)° + (32.2)c0s30° = 35.9 fs? 5.9 fis? “60°PROBLEM 12.67 ‘A 1.216 block B slides without friction inside a slot cut in arm OA which rotates in a vertical plane. The motion of the rod is defined by the relation ° 6 =10 rad/s*, constant. At the instant when 4s", 4 ft and the velocity of the block is zero. Determine, at this instant, (a) the force exerted on the block by the arm, (b) the relative acceleration of the block with respect tothe arm. SS) Da SOLUTION 0 = 45, 24ft, 6 =10radis? mae a 4 0, w= J Ey = may: N - Weos45° = m(r6 + 276) tw ma, mae ( ) N= Weosas? + "(rd +270) 8 = 1.2eos4s° + +2 [(2.4)(10) + 0] 322 =1.783 N=L73 Ib. 43° € -r6*) MH sinase + r6* = g sin4s® + 16 = (32.2)sin 45° + 0 = 22.8 fs Apes = 228 fs “S 45°PROBLEM 12.68 The 6-Ib collar B slides on the frictionless arm 44’. The arm is attached to drum D and rotates about O in a horizontal plane at the rate 6 =0.8¢, where @ and 1 are expressed in rad/s and seconds, respectively. As the arm-drum assembly rotates, a mechanism within the drum releases cord so that the collar moves outward from O with a constant speed of 1.5 fV. Knowing that at ¢=0, r=0, determine the time at which the tension in the cord is equal to the magnitude of the horizontal force exerted on B by arm Ad’. SOLUTION Kinematics: = += 1.55, 7 =0 Gar=frdt or St ft 6 = 0.80 rads, 6 = 0.8 rad/s? = # ~r6® = 0 ~(1.51)(0.8%)? = -0.960 fis? dy = rb + 276 = (1.5t)(0.8) + (2)(1.5)(0.8r) = 3.60 fs? Kinetics: Sketch the free body diagrams for the collar. mak ma, +/ 3K, = ma,: -T = ma, . = ABA) = may may a Set T = Q to obtain the required time. ~ma, = may or Using the calculated expressions 0.960 = 3.61, 9365 4PROBLEM 12.69 ‘The 4-oz pin B slides along the slot in the rotating arm OC and along the slot DE which is cut in a fixed horizontal plate. Neglecting friction and knowing that arm OC rotates at a constant rate 0, =10 rad/s, determine for any given value of 8 (a) the radial and transverse components of the resultant force F exerted on pin B, (6) the forces P and Q exerted on pin By arm OC and the wall of the slot DE, respectively. SOLUTION sina g 2 (cos?@)(cos9) cos? @ (1+ sin?) with 6 =0 = 2htan® asec ay = rb + 2r6 = 0+ 22509 6 - aptandsec0 6? cos? 2)(0.28)(t0 (2)(025)(10)' tan? ascc0 322 way: Fy =e tanosecod g g . (2yeasyiey tanOsec8 Fy = 1.16Standsecd Ib (6) Forces P and Q exerted on the pin by the arm OA and the wall of the 8 Fo of Fe. slot DE, respectively. EF, = Poosd = F,sind ~ Fycos0 arg. P =1.165tandsec’@ Ib NO +/ EF, = Qeosd = F, Q = 1.165 tan? @sec? 8 Ib—PROBLEM 12.70 Disk A rotates in a horizontal plane about a vertical axis at the constant rate of 6) =15 rad/s. Slider B has a mass of 230 g and moves in a frictionless slot cut in the disk, The slider is attached to a spring of constant = 60 N/m, which is undeformed when r=0. Knowing that at given instant the acceleration of the slider relative to the di =12 mvs* and that the horizontal force exerted on the slider by the disk is 9 N, determine at that instant (a) the distance r, (b) the radial component of the velocity of the slider. SOLUTION 6 = 15 rads, m= 230g = 0.230 kg, 6 = 0, Fy =9N, F=—12 mss? Due tothe spring, F, = kr, k = 60 Nim an fe a ~hr = m(7- 16") (@) Radial coordinate. (0.230)(-12) 60 ~ (0.230)(15)° = 033455 m = 335 mm Eig = may: Fy = m(rd + 240) 216 = Fa 16 iis wre Ope a 2m ~ (2)(0.230)(15) (6) Radial component of velocity. va 1.304 m/s 4oS 0 A 3 PROBLEM 12.71 The horizontal rod OA rotates about a vertical shaft according to the relation @ = 101, where @ and f are expressed in rad/s and seconds, respectively. A 250-g collar B is held by a cord with a breaking strength of 18 N. Neglecting friction, determine, immediately after the cord breaks, (a) the relative acceleration of the collar with respect to the rod, 7 (b) the magnitude of the horizontal force exerted on the collar by the rod. SOLUTION 7 6 = 104 rad/s, 10 rad/s | ma, T a 2 a, im = 250 g = 0.250 kg Before cable breaks: F, = -T and (2503) ~'“ 6 = 12 rad/s Immediately after the cable breaks: F, = 0, # = 0 (@)_ Acceleration of B relative to the rod. or # = r6* = (0.5)(12) = 72 mis? {85 /mq = 72 m/s" radially outward (8) Transverse component ofthe force. Fy = may: Fy = m(rb + 240) 125N 4 (0.250)[(0.5)(10) + (2)(0)(12)]= 125 FyPROBLEM 12.72 ‘The two blocks are released from rest when r = 0.8 m and 0=30°. Neglecting the mass of the pulley and the effect of friction in the pulley rh and between block 4 and the horizontal surface, determine (a) the initial tension in the cable, (b) the initial acceleration of block 4, (c) the init acceleration of block B. 20k ste| SOLUTION Let and @ be polar coordinates of block 4 as shown, and let yy be the position coordinate (positive downward, origin at the pulley) for the rectilinear motion of block B. Constraint of cable: r + yy = constant, Ftvy=0, Ftap=0 oF =a, (1) For block A, 42EF, = myay: TeosO = myay or T= mya,seeO (2) For block B, +] EF, = mpay: mpg -T = may 3) Adding Eq. (1) to Eq. (2) to eliminate 7, mgg = mja,secO + mpay (4) Radial and transverse components of a. Use either the scalar product of vectors or the triangle construction shown, being careful to note the positive directions of the components, 6 1, = aye, = -a,0080 6) Noting that initially 6 = 0, using Eq, (1) to eliminate #, and changing signs gives dy = a,0080 © Substituting Eq. (6) into Eq, (4) and solving for ay, mg (25)(9.81) Mf __ = 5.48 mis? m,sec0 + my.cosO 20sec30° + 25c0s30" * From Eq. (6), ay = 5.48cos30° = 4.75 mis? (@) From Eq. 2), T 20)(5.48)sec30° = 1266 T= 126.6N (b) Acceleration of block 4. a, = 5.48mis"—~ 4 (©) Acceleration of block B. ay = 4.75 mis? | 4PROBLEM 12.73 The velocity of block A is 2 mvs to the right atthe instant when r = 0.8 m and 6 =30°, Neglecting the mass of the pulley and the effect of friction in the pulley and between block A and the horizontal surface, determine, at this instant, (a) the tension in the cable, (b) the acceleration of block 4, (6) the acceleration of block B. Let and @ be polar coordinates of block 4 as shown, and let yp be the position coordinate (positive downward, origin at the pulley) for the rectilinear motion of block B. Radial and transverse components of v Use either the scalar product of vectors or the triangle construction shown, being careful to note the positive directions of the components. yp = V4 @, = 1400830" -2¢0830° = ~1.73205 mis rhawy= 4° 8y = —¥ysin30° = 2sin30° = 1.000 mis Yo _ 1.000 r 08 25 rad/s Constraint of cable: r+ yy = constant, Ftvp=0, Pray ‘ay (1) For block 4, 4. BF, = maa, C050 = myay ot T = maysecO (2) For block B, +| EK, = mga : mag -T = maa (3) Adding Eq, (1) to Eq, (2) 0 eliminate 7, mag = mya,secO + mgay (4) Radial and transverse components of a4 Use @ method similar to that used for the components of velocity. FP aye, = 240088 () Using Eq. (1) to eliminate # and changing signs gives a = a,c0s@ ~ r6* a)PROBLEM 12.73 CONTINUED Substituting Eq, (6) into Eq, (4) and solving for a4, mj(g +r) _ (25) 9.81 + (0.8)(1.25)° _ 4 ~ 77,3000 + migc0s0 2080030" + 2500830" 10 mis? From Eq. (6), ag = 6.18c0s30° - (0.8)(1.25)° = (a) From Eq. (2), T = (20)(6.18)sec30° = 142.7 T= 1402.7N 4 (b) Acceleration of block 4. a, =6.18m/s?— 4 (©) Acceleration of block B.PROBLEM 12.74 A particle of mass mis projected from point A with an initial velocity v4 perpendicular to line QA and moves under a central force F directed away from the center of force O. Knowing that the particle follows a path defined by the equation r=r,/,/e0s20 and using Eq, (12.27), express the radial and transverse components of the velocity v of the particle as functions of 8. SOLUTION Since the particle moves under a central force, = constant. Using Eq. (12.27), h =O =h, =r, Radial component of velocity. yy = 4 = 20 Jeos20 vy = vy e020PROBLEM 12.75 For the particle of Prob. 12.74, show (a) that the velocity of the particle and the central force F are proportional to the distance r from the particle to the center of force O, (b) that the radius of curvature of the path is proportional to r?. Problem 12.74: A particle of mass m is projected from point 4 with an initial velocity v, perpendicular to line OA and moves under a central force F directed away from the center of force O. Knowing that the particle follows a path defined by the equation r= r,/,fc0s20 and using Eq, (12.27), express the radial and transverse components of the velocity ‘of the particle as functions of 8. SOLUTION Since the particle moves under a central force, /t sonstant. Using Eq, (12.27), h= 126 = y= ry or 6 = lite = 10¥000828 _ Mo cosa r nn ro Differentiating the expression for r with respect to time, a d(_m_\g_,sin20 5) sin20_ sin26 Hg-4 B= ry 20 = my 8028" 60520 = vy ao 4 ea] "°(cos20)"* 20)" Teos28 Differentiating again, ad d sin20 \, 2cos’ 26 + sin® 20 vy? 20s? 26 + sin? 20 5-4 16 = vy 2008 20+ sin 20 5 _ wo a6 a") = (cuts) % vleos20 vn sin26 vy = rd = 00820 feos26 % 1 sin? 20 + cos? 20 v valor ee Since the particle moves under a central force, ay = 0PROBLEM 12.75 CONTINUED Magnitude of acceleration: ‘Tangential component of acceleration. 4, = 4 Normal component of acceleration, > * "PROBLEM 12.76 ‘A particle of mass m is projected fom point A with an initial velocity vy perpendicular to line OA and moves under a central force F along a semicircular path of diameter 04. Observing that r=) cos@ and using Eq, (12.27), show that the speed of the particle is v= vp /cos* 8. SOLUTION Since the particle moves under a central force, = constant. Using Eq. (1227), h= 78 = hy = vy or 6 = 5% =f _W 1? 90089 T0088 Radial component of velocity. da . # = L rpcoso) = ~(rsind)d “Transverse component of velocity. vp = r= (rpco48)6 sped, va dF oa =n = 2 vet 70088 0s"PROBLEM 12.77 For the particle of Prob. 12.76, determine the tangential component F, of (@ 0 = 0°, (b) 0= Cd the central force F along the tangent to the path of the particle for SOLUTION Since the particle moves under a central force, / = constant Using Eq. (12.27), h = Radial component of velocity. ‘Transverse component of velocity. vy = r= (rcos0)O Speed. v= yy,” + vy: ‘Tangential component of acceleration. nO = ne ae NE in0)O _2ysin@ _v% 2vy? sind ae cos cos Tyc0s'O 1ycosO ‘Tangential component of force. R= ma: f= 2mesind ee none (@) 0=0, F=0 2m, cos 45 (6) 0=45, R=PROBLEM 12.78 ‘The radius of the orbit of a moon of a given planet is three times as large as the radius of that planet. Denoting by p the mean density of the planet, show that the time required by the moon to complete one full jon about the planet is 9(z/Gp)'" revoh gravitation. + Where G is the constant of SOLUTION For gravitational force and a circular orbit, Let r be the periodic time to complete one orbit. vr = 2ar | 2er? Solving for 5 = 2 But, M=SaR'p, hence VGM = 2)/>Gp ®? mm (BE) Using = 3R as given leads to v2 [Be Gp Gp 9(x/Gp)?PROBLEM 12.79 ‘Communication satellites are placed in a geosynchronous orbit, that is, in ‘circular orbit such that they complete one full revolution about the earth in one sidereal day (23.394 hr), and thus appear stationary with respect to the ground, Determine (a) the altitude ofthese satellites above the surface of the earth, (b) the velocity with which they describe their orbit, Give the answers in both SI and U.S. customary units. SOLUTION For gravitational force and a circular orbit, GMm _ my? lel= Let r be the period time to complete one orbit. But vr=2ar or _ GMP Then = SE Data: r = 23.934h = 86.1624 x 10° s (@ InSlunits: g = 9.81 m/s’, R = 6.37% 106m GM = gR° = (081(637 10°) = 398.0610" mis? ma , _[lessapanr)ecencey | altitude =r ~ R= 35.775 x 10° +h = 35800 km InUS units: g = 32.2 fls*, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10° ft GM = gR* = (32.2)(20.909 10°)" = 14.077 «10! R/s? {(14077x10)(s6.1624x10) | - = 138.334 x 10° ft 4x? J altitude = r ~ R= 117.425 x 10° f= 22200 mi €(eM In US units: (om r PROBLEM 12.79 CONTINUED 9806510 = 56710? ms 14.077 x 10% ~ 138.334 x 10° 10.09 x 10° fils v=3.07kmis v = 10.09 x 10? fs <<PROBLEM 12.80 Show that the radius r of the orbit of a moon of a given planet can be determined from the radius R of the planet, the acceleration of gravity at the surface of the planet, and the time r required by the moon to complete one full revolution about the planet. Determine the acceleration of gravity at the surface of the planet Jupiter knowing that R=44,400 mi, T=3.551 days and r=417,000 mi for its moon Europa. SOLUTION For gravitational force and a circular orbit, GMm _ mv? from which GM = ant? But GM = gk, hence, e-r aw Solving for r, Data: r = 417,000 mi = 2.202 x 10° ft R = 44,400 mi = 234.4 106 ft 1 = 3.551 days = 85.224h = 306.8 10° s Using (D), 20210?) 1 — = 815 fs® = 815 fs? ** 06x10") (2344 10°) : aPROBLEM 12.81 ‘A spacecraft is placed into a polar orbit about the planet Mars at an altitude of 230 mi. Knowing that the mean density of Mars is 7.65 lb-s/ft* and that the radius of Mars is 2111 mi, determine (a) the time r required for the spacecraft to complete one full revolution about Mars, (b) the velocity with which the spacecraft describes its orbit. SOLUTION For gravitational force and a circular orbit, Solving for r, = a Yow Q Data: p = 7.65 Ib-s?/ft*, R= 2111 mi = 11.146 x 10° ft (@) From Eq. (2), r= = 6.989 x10" s Vis268 x10" y= frs26esc10™ 12.360 x 10° (6) FromEq.(1), volume of Mars = $° = 4n(11.146 10°) = 5.800107"? M = px volume = (7.65)(5.800 x 10!) = 44.37 x 107 Ib s?/ft IM = (344 10°)(44.37 10) = 1.5264 10 i? r= 2111 + 230 = 2341 x 10° mi = 12.360 x 10° ft 2n(12.360 10°)" 94th 1.1110" fus v = 7580 mishPROBLEM 12.82 Determine the mass of the earth knowing that the mean radius of the ‘moon's orbit about the earth is 384.5 Mm and that the moon requires 27.32 days to complete one full revolution about the earth. SOLUTION For gravitational force and a circular orbit, 4 Solving for, M ns ae Data: r = 384.5 x 10° m 1 = 27.32 days = 655.68 h = 2.3604 x 10° s G = 66.73 x10? m'ikg- 5? én? (a845 x10) —___—_____, = 6.04 x 10 (66.73 x10") (23608 « 10°) M= M = 6.04 x10" kgPROBLEM 12.83 ‘The periodic times of the planet Jupiter’s satellites, Ganymede and Callisto, have been observed to be 7.15 days and 16.69 days, respectively. Knowing that the mass of Jupiter is 319 times that of the earth and that the orbits of the two satellites are circular, determine (@) the radius of the orbit of Ganymede, (6) the velocity with which Callisto describes its orbit. Give the answers in U.S. Customary units. (CThe periodic time of a satellite isthe time it requires to complete one full revolution about the planet.) SOLUTION For gravitational force and a circular orbit, Salving for, (2e) © ® For earth: R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10° f, g = 32.2 fis? GM = gh? = (32.2)(20,909 x 10°) = 14.077 x 10" 8/5? For Jupiter: GM = (319)(14077 x10") = 4.4906 «10! wy? (a) For Ganymede: r = 7.15 days = 171.6 h = 617.76 x 10° s (6) For Callisto: 16.69 days = 400.56 h = 1.4420 x 10° s 1.4420 «107PROBLEM 12.84 ‘The periodic time (see Prob. 12.83) of an earth satellite in a circular polar orbit is 120 minutes. Determine (a) the altitude h of the satellite, (6) the time during which the satellite is above the horizon for an observer located at the north pole. SOLUTION For gravitational force and a circular orbit, ve = 2ar or 2ar Solving forr, For earth, R = 3960 mi = 20.909 x 10° ft, ¢ = 32.2 fs? (32.2)(20.909 « 10°) = 14.077 x 10" ws? = 7200s (14.077 x 10'5)(7200)° p= | | = 26441 x 10° oe (a) altitude h = r~ R = 5.532 10° ft h = 1048 mi € vs £ “4 R _ 20,909 x 10° b) cos = & = 2090910" _ 9 r5978 / ; 0080 = = 36.481 x 10° | \ pemnae \ \ J tap = Poe = ASM) «1599.65 . 7 360 360 typ = 25.2 min €PROBLEM 12.85 ‘A 540 kg spacecraft first is placed into a circular orbit about the earth at an altitude of 4500 km and then is transferred to a circular orbit about the ‘moon. Knowing that the mass of the moon is 0.01230 times the mass of ‘the earth and that the radius of the moon is 1740 km, determine (a) the ‘gravitational force exerted on the spacecraft as it was orbiting the earth, (B) the required radius of the orbit of the spacecraft about the moon if the periodic times of the two orbits are to be equal, (c) the acceleration of zravity at the surface of the moon. (The periodic time of a satellite is the time it requires to complete one full revolution about a planet). SOLUTION Forearth: R, = 6370km = 6.37 10° m, g, = 9.81m/s? For the given orbit: 7, = 6370 + 4500 = 10870 km = 10.870 x 10° m (0:81)(637 10°)’ = 398.06 « 10"? m/s? Gu (ci).m (398.06 x 10"*)(540) ——=1819N F=1819kN F(io870 x10°) For gravitational force and a circular orbit, GMn me l= = 7 Let r be the periodic time to complete one orbit. were op fay @ ee Since earth orbit and moon orbit have the same periodic time, 24rd _ ann? GM, GM, 0.01230)!" (10:870« 10°) = 2.509 108 m ry = 2510km 617 mis?PROBLEM 12.86 trate 488 fist approximation tothe analysis of a spaceflight from the earth to mia" Mars, assume the orbits of the earth and Mars are circular and coplanar. \ ‘The mean distances from the sun to the earth and to Mars are 149.610" km and 227.8 10° km, respectively. To place the spacecraft into an elliptical transfer orbit at point 4, its speed is increased over a }¥ short interval of time to v, which is 2.94 kms faster than the earth's orbital speed. When the spacecraft reaches point B on the elliptical one tansfer orbit, its speed vy is increased to the orbital speed of Mars. Knowing that the mass of the sun is 332.8% 10" times the mass of the earth, determine the increase in speed required at B. SOLUTION 398.06 10"? m°is? For earth, (GM), = gR? =(9.81)(6.37 x 10° Forsun, (Gi) 32.474 «108%? (332.8 x 10")(398.06 «107 For circular orbit of earth, rp = 149.6 x 10° km = 149.6 x 10° mis GM) «10% vp = ffm. 132474 X10" 39 758 10! mvs Te 149.6 x10 227.8% 10? m Fortransfer orbit AB, r= re, tp = Ty vg = Ve + (Av), = 29.758 10° + 2.94 x 10° = 32,698 x 10° mvs rr jig = Marg . : "% 227.8 x10" vp = For circular orbit of Mas, GM) «10!® the fem = PENI aa rian! at (A) = vay = vp = 24.115 «10? ~ 21.473 x10? = 2.643 x 10° mvs Speed increase at B. 2.64 km/s <€ (4),PROBLEM 12.87 During a flyby of the earth, the velocity of a spacecraft is 34.210" fUs as it reaches its minimum altitude of 600 mi above the surface at point 4. ‘At point B the spacecraft is observed to have an altitude of 5160 mi ‘Assuming that the trajectory of the spacecraft is parabolic, determi velocity at B. SOLUTION R = 3960 mi = 20.909 « 10° rq = 3960 + 600 = 4560 mi = 24.077 x10° ry = 3960 + 5160 = 9120 mi = 48.154 10° f mga = mrg(Y0)y 24.077 x 10°)(34.2 «10° ope tte ATPL) gg eo ny “48.154 x 10" Parabola 4B. o Ant neon A810 R 24077 x10° f : x from which k = 2 * a 2yex 2 ade = DE a Xe 2)(24077 «108 48.154 x I y= 4s _ 17.100 10° 4.2 «10° fs sinds®sind5® Vp = 24.2% 10" fs 45° 4PROBLEM 12.88 ‘A space vehicle is in a circular orbit of 1400-mi radius around the moon. To transfer to a smaller orbit of 1300-mi radius, the vehicle is first placed in an elliptic path AB by reducing its speed by 86 ft/s as it passes through A. Knowing that the mass of the moon 5.03 x 107! Ib-s?/A, determine (@ the speed of the vehicle as it approaches B on the elliptic path, (b) the amount by which its speed should be reduced as it approaches B to insert it into the smaller circular orbit. SOLUTION Circular orbits: v 14 = 1400 mi = 7.392 x 10° ft [4a 107950310") (va), = : = 4.8382 «10° fs 7392 x10 1 = 1300 mi = 6.864 x 10° ft 34.4 x 10)(5.03 x 107” (on) = [OSHS 17) aa 10 ws 6.864 x 10° (@) Transfer orbit 4B. (vay = (v4); + (Av), = 4.8382 x 10° ~ 86 = 4.7522 x 10° fs amra(va), = mre), (ogy teas. (39210 (4752107) 7 = 5.1178 x10? fis ts 6.864 x10 (vg), = 5:12 «10° € (b) Speed change at B. (ap) = (vn), ~ (vp), = 5:0208 «10? fis ~ 5.1178 « 10? is = -97.0 fs Speed reduction at B. [aval = 97.0 fisPROBLEM 12.89 A space shuttle S and a satellite 4 are in the circular orbits shown. In order for the shuttle to recover the satellite, the shuttle is first placed in an elliptic path BC by increasing its speed by Av, =85 m/s as it passes through B. As the shuttle approaches C, its speed is increased by Ave=79 mis to insert it into a second elliptic transfer orbit CD. Knowing thatthe distance from 0 to C is 6900 km, determine the amount by which the speed of the shuttle should be increased as it approaches D to insert it into the circular orbit of the satellite, SOLUTION R= 6370 km = 637 x10'm, 1 = rp = 6370 + 610 = 6980 km = 6.98 x 10°m ry = 6370 + 290 = 6660 km = 6,66 x 10°m, re = 6900 km = 6.90 x 10m (9.81)(6.37 10°) hry V 698x100" a 7 9.81)(6.37 x 10°) (ada = fo = (onn(eara Oy aiones0 mt ' 5.66 x 7.55173 x 10° m/s For path BC. ¥y = (Vp)aig + (Av) = 7.73102 x 10° + 85 = 7.81602 x 10° m/s revs = mre(Yo), sang _ (666 «108)(7.81602 x10) , (vc), = 22 = 2 = 7.54416 x 10° mis a 690% 10 For path CD. (ve), = (He), + (Av)g = 7.54416 « 10" + 79 = 7.62316 x 10° mis mre(Vc), = ™rD¥D 690 10(162316 x10) tne 6.98 x10" Ve ~ Yo = 755173 10? ~ 7.53879 x 10? = 15,94 mis (av), =15.94 ms €PROBLEM 12.90 A L-lb ball and a 2-1b ball 8 are mounted on a horizontal rod which rotates freely about a vertical shaft. The balls are held in the positions shown by pins. The pin holding B is suddenly removed and the ball ‘moves to position C as the rod rotates. Neglecting friction and the mass of the rod and knowing that the initial speed of 4 is v, =8 fs, determine (@) the radial and transverse components of the acceleration of ball B immediately after the pin is removed, (6) the acceleration of ball B relative to the rod at that instant, (c) the speed of ball A after ball B has reached the stop at C. SOLUTION Let rand @ be polar coordinates with the origin lying at the shaft. Constraint of rod: Oy = 0, + x radians; 6, by (@) Components of acceleration ‘Sketch the free body diagrams of the balls showing the radial and transverse components of the forces acting on them. ionless sliding of B along the rod, (Fy), = 0. Radial component of acceleration of B. F, = ma(ap),: ‘Transverse components of acceleration. (aay fb 2 = rab a) (atn)p = ra + Dig ‘Since the rod is massless, it must be in equilibrium. Draw its free body diagram, applying Newton’s 3rd Law. 4) EM = 0: ru(Fi)y + ra(Fa)y = rata (aa)y + roma (ap), = 0 rama fi-+ rym + 24) = 0 Dry ma Mary Atr=0, f,=0 sothat G=0. From Eq. (1), (ay), = 0-4PROBLEM 12.90 CONTINUED (®) Acceleration of B relative to the rod. Ate=0, (v4) =805 = 96inis, 6 = We = 6 - o6 rats e re 10) ig ~ 196” = (ag), = 0 (8)(9.6)? = 737.28 ins? ip = O14 fs? (© Speed of A Substituting (m8) for rFy in each term of the moment equation gives S (mr) a Integrating with respect to time, L0(00) + NG)" (96) - 5.5765 rd ()(00)* + 206) (va) = 18s = (10)(3.5765) 5.765 inls (v4), = 2.98 Us