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TYPESOF RNA

tRNA
(tranfer RNA)

mRNA -houskeeping ncRNA

messenger RNA)
mRNA
(nessenger RNA)
RNA

>200 nucleotides
ncRNA microRNA
(non-coding RNA) ncRNA
(19 to 22 nucleotides)
regulatory ncRNA (long non-coding RNA)

SnoRNA
(small nucleolar RNA)

200 nucleotides
cedens sncRNA siRNA

tuform
s Small non-coding RNA) (Snal interfering RNAA)

in snRNA
gmeic
ulo (STmall nuclear RNA)

apus
piRNA
PIWI interacting RNA)

mRNA (coding RNA): S-1D, Otoka eulularn kNA

mRNA is transcribed from DNA and contains the genetic blueprint to make proteins. Prokaryotic
mRNA does not need to be processed and ean proceed to synthesize proteins immediately. In
eukaryotes, a freshly transcribed RNA transeript is considered a pre-mRNA and needs to undergo
maturation to form mRNA. A pre-mRNA contains non-codingand codingregions known asintrons
and exons, respectively. During pre-mRNA processing, the introns are spliced, and theexonsare
joined togethei) A 5"cap known as 7-methylguanosine is added to the 5' end of the RNA transeript
andthe 3' end is polyadenylated.)Polyadenylation refers to the process where a poly(A) tail,which 1s -2So A
asequence of adenine nucleotides, is added to the transeript. The 5'cap protects themRNA from
degradation, and the 3' poly(A)tail contributestothe stability of mRNA and aids it in transport
Researchers are also studying mRNA as an anti-cancer treatment due to its ability to modify cells.

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Common ways of depicting transter RNA (RNA) During translation

AA rMAlanine
TY(oowm Growing polypeptide chain

Amino acId
Peptide moves

Doswwn attachment site

Amino acids
to next tRNA

(I0-25 nt) tRNA tRNA

2st tRNA

tRNA tRNA
tRNA
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tRNA

Anticodon
Anticodon loop

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OVr m Ribosome
Codons

tRNAs are RNA molecules that translate mRNA into proteins They have a cloverleaf structure that
consists of a 3' acceptor site, 5' terminal phosphate, D arm, T arm, and anticodon arm. (The primary
function of a tRNA is to carry amino acids on its 3 acceptor site to a ribosome complex with the
help of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are enzymes that load the
appropriate amino acid onto a free tRNA to synthesize proteins/ Once an amino acid is bound to
tRNA, the tRNA is considered an aminoacyl-tRNA. The type of amino acid on a tRNA is dependent
onthemRNA codon, which is a sequence of threenuclcotides that codes for an amino acid)The
anticodon arm of the tRNA is the site of the anticodon, which is complementary to an mRNA codon
anddictates which amino acid to carry) tRNAs also regulate apoptosis through acting as a
cytochrome c scavenger.

rRNA: wMo almdam RAA, arsumd Bo°/D .

rRNA forms ribosomes, which are essential in protein synthesis. A ribosome contains a large and
small ribosomal subunit) In prokaryotes, a small 30S and large 50S ribosomal subunit make up a 70S
ribosomc)ln cukaryotes, the 40S and 60S subunit form an 80S ribosome.The ribosomes contain an
exit (E), peptidyl (P), and acceptor (A) site to bind aminoacyl-tRNAs and link amino acids together
to create polypeptides.)

Long Nucleotide RNA: Long noncoding RNAS are a heterogeneous group of non-coding transeripS
larger than 200 nucleotides in size and make up the largest portion of the mammalian non-coding
transcriptome. It is estimated that more than 8,000 IncRNAS encoded in the human genome.
IncRNAS are essential in many physiological processes. To date, various mechanisms ot gene
regulation by some IncRNAs have been reported, whereas most are still of unknown function.
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Small Nuclear RNA (SnRNA)
Small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) are non-coding RNAs that are responsible for splicing introns. Ihe
snRNAs join with proteins to form small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNP), which most commonly
contain U1, U2, U4, U5, and U6 snRNA molecules. Spliceosome assembly and activity begins once
Ul of the snRNP binds a complementary sequence on the 5' splice site ofa pre-mRNA transeript.
Introns are then removed from the pre-mRNA transcript by the spliceosome complex and mature
mRNA forms.

MicroRNA (miRNA)
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are non-coding RNAs mainly involved in gene regulation. T hey are mostly

processed from introns and are transcribed into primary miRNA from the host gene by RNA
lI. then modified by endonucleases, such asDrosha and Dicer into a mature
polymerase They are
miRNA. Studies have shown that miRNAs that bind to an untranslated region (3'UTR) on mRNAS

suppress translation, while miRNA binding to promoter regions can upregulate transcription.
miRNAs can also function similarly to hormones. They are released into the extracellular fluid and
taken up by target cells for regulation of cellular activity. Additionally, researchers are studying these
extracellular miRNAs as ideal biomarkers for various diseases. Research has already shown
circulating miRNAs to be involved in eancer through its role in controlling oncogenes and tumor

suppressors.

Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

Small Interfering RNAs (siRNA) are double-stranded, non-coding RNAs that inhibit gene expression
through RNA interference! They interfere with gene expression by degrading mRNA and preventing
the translation of proteins. siRNAs form from long double-stranded RNAs with the assistance of
Dicer. Once fully formed, siRNA binds to an RNA induced silencing complex (RISC) and cleaves
mRNA through a catalytic RISC protein, Argonaute. Small interfering RNAs have the potential to be
therapeutic agents for diseases due to their potency and ability to knock down genes. Unlike
miRNAs, siRNAs can specifically target a gene of choice, and a single siRNA guide strand can
function multiple times.

Small Nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)

Small nucleolar RNAs are components of small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs), which are
complexes that are responsible for sequence-specific nucleotide modilication.
Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA)
Piwi-interacting RNAs bind the PIWI subfamily proteins that are involved in maintaining genome
stability in germline cells. Piwi-interacting RNAs also play a role in gametogenesis.
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