The Fourth Industrial Revolution has ushered in a new dimension to global civilization.

4IR can
be defined as an era in which emerging technologies and digitization are impacting life in an
unprecedented and unanticipated manner. The process and potential of this revolution are already
being felt across the globe. The Bangladesh government has been working tirelessly to create
skilled manpower to make Bangladesh well equipped for the 4IR.
The technological impetus of the 4IR is everywhere. This revolution is making a huge difference
in the world of thought, in the production of goods, and in the provision of services. Human
lifestyles and the nature of the earth are changing drastically. The walls of distinction between
the biological, terrestrial, and digital worlds are forever blurred.
The revolution is a combination of artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, virtual
reality, 3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum computing, and other technologies. The
magnitudes of this revolution, the technological modernity, and the complexities involved have
put governments across the world to the test.

To cope with the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, both developed and
developing countries will face serious challenges. Developed nations will, perhaps, face fewer
risks than developing nations like Bangladesh because of their advanced technologies and skilled
human resources. Because of a lack of skilled human resources, large-scale investments, modern
infrastructure, unstable political culture and ineffective public policy, developing countries are
lagging on a global scale.

Bangladesh has to be prepared for the challenges and opportunities offered by the ongoing
Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). The country has to hone the technical skills of its human
resources, to avail of the full potential and economic rewards of this phase of industrialisation.

Technical and vocational education and training are the master key to the socio-economic
development of a country. Graduates of technical and vocational education and training are
majorly considered the key change-makers in the labour market. For global competitiveness,
major graduates should have 21st-century skills as well as the ability to adopt and adapt to the
disruption of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Without this ability shortly, no one will get a job
or sustain on the job market for a longer period. Poor quality in technical and vocational
education and training can lead us to produce poor products and services and dissatisfied
customers.
The government is working on 39 high-tech parks and software technology parks to develop the
high-tech industry and create employment. When the construction is completed, more than three
lakh people will be employed. To meet the competition of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 31
specialized labs of high technology in IoT, robotics, and cybersecurity have been set up in
various universities and IT business incubators will be set up in the universities. Sheikh Kamal
IT Training and Incubation Center is being set up in every district to build technology and
knowledge-based generation.

The study has presented some significant challenges such as poor infrastructure, availability of
cheaper labour, expensive installation of technologies, lack of government supports and lack of
knowledge. Therefore, it is very much challenging for the country to get the immense benefits
from Industry 4.0.

The challenges include poor infrastructure, availability of cheaper labour, and expensive
installation of technologies, lack of government supports and lack of knowledge.

Bangladesh is gearing up for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Hardly a day goes by when
a national political leader or a prominent civil society stalwart does not bring up the issues
relating to 4IR in the national media. One could even say that 4IR is the new buzzword for the
country. There are many challenges and opportunities for us as we embrace this major global
movement which, if handled adroitly, could lead to major transformation, growth and
improvement. So, the million-dollar question is: What are the major policy actions that the
government can initiate to prepare the country for 4IR.

First a caveat. While 4IR has the potential to "raise global income levels and improve the quality
of life for populations around the world" according to Klaus Schwab, it also is not the be-all and
end-all for the future of the globe. I say that because while the previous industrial revolutions in
the last 200 years have left their indelible marks on society, the failure of the political, economic
and social leaders to anticipate and steer clear of the negative side-effects—or landmines—have
resulted in the current global crises, including climate change, income inequality, and the
conflict-ridden landscape that we now witness.

The First Industrial Revolution used water and steam power to mechanise production, mostly in
England. The Second harnessed the advent of electricity to create mass production, and an
example could be Henry Ford's Model-T assembly line. The Third, which lasted from the end of
the Second World War to the emergence of the Internet, used electronics and information
technology to automate production. The Fourth, which is really at its infancy now, began with
the use of artificial intelligence (AI), digitalisation, biotechnology, and global connectivity, and
has touched the entire systems of production, management, and governance. Billions of people
are now connected with mobile devices, and collaborate—using digital tools and AI—and live in
a metaverse. 4IR promises to shape the future by linking the physical, digital, and biological
worlds more tightly.

The promise and power of 4IR are evident in the world of the Covid-19 pandemic. New
technologies will emerge more rapidly now that we know how to adapt to a major catastrophic
event, and eventually address disease, climate change, and poverty.

Bangladesh's challenge is to transform our education programmer and skills development

infrastructure to deliver the talents needed for an innovative, digitised, and post-agricultural
economy as we also march into upper-income status.

The forces driving 4IR are various digital technologies including robotics, AI, virtual reality,
blockchain, internet of things, nanotechnology, genomics, biotechnology, cloud computing, 3D
printing, big data, and others. We can expect to see smart factories, cyber-physical systems, self-
organization, new systems in distribution and procurement, new systems in the development of
products and services, adaptation to human needs, and corporate social responsibility.

Is Bangladesh prepared for 4IR?

Bangladesh is well situated to take advantage of 4IR. It has a growing manufacturing base,
skilled manpower, and a creative entrepreneurial class. On the other side, the level of automation
is still weak, the manufacturing sector is limited to garments and a few other minor industries,
inadequate infrastructure and the institutions leave much to be desired. If Bangladesh wants to
grab the opportunities arising from 4IR, it will need to put in place certain measures to overcome
issues around accessibility, affordability, and the application of technologies in a fast-moving
global environment.

Fortunately, our leadership is fully cognizant of the potential benefits of 4IR and the enormous
tasks that lie ahead. The planning minister assured a gathering of business leaders that the
government would provide full support for the formulation and implementation of a national
strategy to make Bangladesh 4IR-responsive. The country is poised to review its progress
periodically, having set specific growth targets for the years 2026, 2031 and 2041. To name a
few, the country aims to graduate from LDC status in 2026, become an upper-middle-income
country (UMIC) by 2031 and achieve high-income country status by 2041. In addition, there are
18 development targets to be achieved by 2030 under the UN's Sustainable Development Goals
(SDGs).

Opportunities and challenges

Bangladesh has in the last 30 years gained significant knowledge in industrial growth to leapfrog
directly into using more advanced technologies and bypass many of the early growing pains of
adopting 4IR. Consequently, there are plenty of opportunities for transformation, growth, and
improvement at all levels of governments, non-governmental organisations, and professions.

For example, during the Covid pandemic, our healthcare and IT sectors showed an extraordinary
degree of adaptability, resilience, and engagement in the R&D ecosystem. The infrastructure
needed for the health policy dissemination including vaccination, testing, and contact-tracing
platforms were put in place in a short period of time.

In a UNIDO report entitled "Economics of Technological Leapfrogging", countries such as

Bangladesh are identified as having the most promise in terms of leapfrogging into smart
factories. The Bangladesh government has taken several initiatives in this regard, underscoring
the need for leveraging information and communication technologies (ICT) to achieve its Vision
2041.

According to Oxford Internet Institute, Bangladesh is the second-largest supplier of online

freelance labor. As an observer noted, "Urban life in Bangladesh is much more advanced in
terms of transportation, banking, telecommunication, digital payments, e-commerce etc.

A precondition for joining the 4IR is having the absorptive capacity and basic technological
capabilities for the businesses to capitalise on the opportunities that it presents. We also need to
be mindful to shift our focus on building our capabilities to move into higher-end segments of
existing global value chains.

An area that needs careful planning and public-private cooperation is the degree of automation
appropriate for a country with excess labour. A recent study released by McKinsey Global
Institute reports that roughly one-fifth of the global workforce will be impacted by the adoption
of AI and automation. While the most significant impact of automation can be expected in
developed nations like the UK, Germany, and the USA, emerging nations will not be safe. By
2022, 50 percent of companies believe that automation will decrease their numbers of full-time
staff and by 2030, robots will replace 800 million workers across the world.

Professor Daron Acemoglu of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), on the other
hand, sees a silver lining. "It's not all doom and gloom," says Acemoglu. "There is nothing that
says technology is all bad for workers. It is the choice we make about the direction to develop
technology that is critical."

As Bangladesh attempts to upgrade the level of automation, the country will need to leverage
local skills and training institutions. Given our nascent manufacturing base, we can also benefit
from seeking out 4IR-related service start-ups with innovative business models or customising
existing models to suit local conditions. Obviously, in such cases, access to initial financing and
venture capital is crucial for small, medium, micro enterprises (MSME) to enter the market.

To take the case of RMG, it is possible to use blockchain technology to record, track, and trace
garment shipments. Blockchains achieve bookkeeping without a bookkeeper and allow
individuals to make transactions anonymously and quickly. Such innovative use of this emergent
technology will provide consumer confidence about their source and compliance with safety and
human rights best practices. Producers can receive an increased return on their labour, as
consumers will then be ready to pay a premium for the end-product.

Organizations such as the Enhanced Integrated Framework, the International Trade Centre, the
World Bank Group, the World Trade Organization and the World Economic Forum can provide
software as well as hardware support to LDCs.

The role of government

The role of the government to usher in 4IR and to provide a suitable environment for that is
pivotal. The education sector will also play a vital role in training the workforce needed for the
new jobs. As mentioned, many of the existing jobs will be phased out and the laid-off workers
will need to be retrained and the government can play a big role to provide the workers with the
incentives to relocate.
Just as government policy was an important driver during the growth of the RMG sector in the
70s and 80s, the policy framework for 4IR must be tweaked to nudge the private sector and the
universities to move in the right direction. Changes in the curriculum to steer our students in the
direction of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) must be initiated at the
lowest level of the educational system.

To borrow a page from a global consultant's report, several steps need to be taken at the national
level:

1.Make a plan. Set out the goals and work with the industry leaders to direct the latter into new
kinds of technology to address customers' needs better.

2.Seek out new opportunities and the low-hanging fruits. Identify areas that are ready for change
and lead to increased productivity.

3.Invest in human capital and manpower development to create a workforce that is ready to
succeed in a digital environment.

4.Encourage all government agencies and the private sector to incorporate environmental
responsibility and eco-efficiency. To compete successfully in the global environment, businesses
need to pay more attention to reducing waste and using resources efficiently.

Concluding remarks

New technologies and 4IR can be instrumental in transforming our agriculture. The term
industrial revolution is a misnomer since biotechnology and scientific research can boost our
agricultural production and transform the lives of the rural population. Bangladesh has seen the
spread of mobile technology, including mobile financial services making significant headway in
rural areas. Software-enabled products provide real-time market information, on-time delivery of
supplies, and faster transactions, and have already made inroads in remote villages.

Blockchain applications have the potential to transform the entire economy. Like railroads,
electricity, telecommunications and the internet, blockchain technology could be a game
changer. Blockchain databases have the ability to create and maintain decentralised marketplaces
and distributed recordkeeping (land records, contracts, and legal transactions), and remove many
institutional bottlenecks.
New Pera

The world is witnessing a not-so-silent revolution. Unlike other revolutions, this one is taking
place in bits and pieces. Some parts of the revolution have already progressed far in some
countries or regions, while many countries wonder how to move ahead in the game. Yes, I am
talking about the Fourth Industrial Revolution or 4IR that is poised to change how we experience
technology, understand the economy, avail services and do our jobs. With the introduction of the
"Digital Bangladesh" ideology, the government had started to take steps in the right direction.
However, with the rapidly changing technology scenario, the government needs to be flexible,
forward-thinking, inclusive and proactive to prepare Bangladesh to reap the benefits of more
than a decade's drive towards digitization.

To begin with, 4IR is largely about digital technologies and how these technologies can be
managed. There need to be proper policies to govern the use and development of emerging
technologies. Regrettably, Bangladesh is not in a position to formulate policies fast. It takes
years to formulate or revise policies. Another challenge is the severe shortage of qualified human
resources who can appropriately support policymakers to develop and revise policies faster per
the changes or developments in the international policies or technology development. If we think
that we will be able to address the challenges of the 4IR by only revising policies formulated in
the colonial era, then we are very wrong. The policies developed during the colonial period had
different purposes, and digital technologies were not even dreamt of by the policymakers of that
time. For the twenty-first century and the 4IR, we will need policies that are developed to
address the challenges that come with 4IR -- for connected economies, data protection, trans-
border online trade, virtual currency, digital economy, ethical use of AI, IP Protection, digital
currency, virtual products, start-up ecosystem, digital financing, trans-border cybercrimes and
many other emerging phenomena that are yet to be defined. The good news is that some policies
have already been formulated, and some are being formulated. Nonetheless, those are nowhere
near meeting the requirement.

An indication of how we are doing in technology governance can be found in one of the most
comprehensive rankings, the Cisco Digital Readiness Index. Bangladesh ranked 126th out of 141
countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index in 2019, whereas the overall rank was 108th.
Attracting investments from the tech giants shaping the 4IR would be crucial for Bangladesh to
stay ahead in the competition. The businesses will be driving the 4IR; hence the government
needs to ensure a conducive environment to encourage global businesses to invest. We have
already seen how changing policies can build industries. For instance, the change in the taxation
policies has allowed the emergence of mobile phone manufacturing in Bangladesh. Cash
incentive policy on IT/ITES export has increased the revenue of the whole industry. Drawing
from these practical examples, the government must focus on formulating relevant policies and
subsequent laws and ensure the implementation. We also can't forget that any policy or law
without enforcement has no value. The recent e-commerce fiasco is a gentle reminder of this.

The discussion on the policy issues brings out the second enormous concern regarding
Bangladesh's preparedness for 4IR. Every technology business in Bangladesh suffers from a
shortage of skilled human resources. There is absolutely no shortage of human resources in
Bangladesh. The challenge is with the skilled part. It may sound unreal but, the fact is, almost
every technology company is eager to hire highly skilled people with handsome salaries.
However, there is hardly anyone skilled enough in the market to take those jobs. The 4IR will
give rise to this issue even more. The demand for skilled people will soar. However, the present
system of churning out graduates or certificate holders will not meet the demand. One of the
significant facts about the 4IR is that it will reduce 4D jobs. These are jobs that are dumb, dull,
dirty and dangerous. Many new jobs will be created, and there will be a rapid increase in the
demand for highly skilled people who can develop solutions, work with new technologies, learn
new skills regularly, and develop technology solutions for 4D jobs. The most concerning part for
Bangladesh is that the level of skills is nowhere near where it needs to be to get the benefits of
4IR.

In fact, if we go back to the Cisco Digital Readiness Index 2019, we can see that Bangladesh
ranked 118th for people, and if we look into the Network Readiness Index (NRI) 2020 by the
Portulans Institute, we will see that the rank for people is 115th. These two indicators tell us that
whatever we are doing to produce skilled resources for 4IR or the technology sector is not
working. This calls for the government to rethink and establish a mechanism/body that will
dedicatedly work to ensure the supply of skilled resources, provide guidelines to reduce the
demand-supply issues, bring academia and businesses closer and reskill/upskill the existing
resources with appropriate skills.
The most talked-about part of the 4IR is the physical infrastructure to support the adoption and
growth of the technologies. Hence the revolution needs R&D centres and knowledge-based
technology-specific hubs to be established that can lead the development of home-grown
technologies and collaborate with pioneering innovators globally to develop practical solutions
to business problems. Along with these, the requirements for high-speed internet connectivity
throughout the country will significantly increase. In the last four years, we have progressed
considerably in ensuring broadband connectivity at the district levels. Still, to ensure the full
benefit of 4IR, we will require high-speed internet connectivity at the union/village levels. The
positive thing is that the government has undertaken multiple projects, and it seems that in the
next few years, broadband connectivity will improve significantly in rural areas. Another
essential part will be to have robust data centres that can support the government requirements
and serve the businesses. It will be crucial to engage the global leaders in cloud storage like
Amazon, Microsoft, and Google to develop data centres in Bangladesh. If they are not interested
in developing data centres, establishing collaborations with them to develop the local capacity
will be the alternative. The government has already established Tier 4 and Tier 3 data centres,
and their capacity has increased significantly. However, to realise the benefits of 4IR, these
physical establishments need to be on par with their international counterparts in terms of
services offered and their quality. Another salient aspect of 4IR is 5G connectivity. 4IR will be
launched on the 5G platform. The implementation of 5G will enable businesses to access high-
speed data transfer on the go. So, ensuring 5G is offered at an affordable cost may become one of
the necessary prerequisites of the 4IR.

Finally, we must recognise that the 4IR is looming just around the corner. It is a grave concern
that we might get caught unprepared in some areas. To prepare for the 4IR, Bangladesh's
approach needs to be holistic. It is too big of a challenge to be tackled by one ministry or agency.
The 4IR will impact not only the IT industry, but also education, agriculture, manufacturing,
health, economy, services, and many other areas. This is a challenge of global magnitude, and all
the ministries need to collaborate to ensure that they are doing their part to make Bangladesh
ready to ride the wave. At the same time, it is also falling on the shoulders of the businesses and
trade bodies to do their part by engaging the government to create a win-win situation for
everyone. These are uncertain times, and the pandemic has accelerated the pace of 4IR as
dependency on technology has increased very quickly. Thus, the speed of the readiness of
Bangladesh needs to accelerate to ensure we are fully prepared when the time comes.

. Challenges related to the Fourth Industrial Revolution and policies to deal with them

Major technological achievements may imply significant public policy issues. McKinsey [8] in
its report underlines that the key for the successful adaption to the new technological conditions
is the ability of governments to adopt the right policies. Governments that will not be able to
follow the appropriate long-term policies will set their economies at risk, that is, when all the
other economies will run with great speed, their inability to be adapted to the new reality will
drive to the deterioration of their competitiveness, the reduction of their revenue, and the
increase in their spending with the possibility of a bankruptcy to be increased. But it is not only
the ability of governments to be adapted to the new conditions. There are also severe social
problems that may get bigger due to the Fourth Industrial Revolution making policy intervention
crucial. Political leaders must ensure that the technological progress will work for the benefit of
the society and not against it. Some of the most significant challenges that may arise due to the
Industry 4.0 and basic policies to deal with them are given below (see [4, 9, 10] among others).
Given that the Industry 4.0 is directly related to socioeconomic growth, these policies must be in
complete accordance to the Sustainable Development Goals (SGs) adopted by United Nations
Member States in 2015.4,5

A major area on which governments should focus is that of work. The world of work becomes
increasingly complex driving to loss of millions jobs. In the EU a significant decrease in the
number of low and medium skilled jobs is already observed. The use of robots significantly
reduces the labor cost and the likelihood of human error, while artificial intelligence begins to
substitute the human factor even in jobs that require personal contact such as sales and customer
service. The World Bank [10] estimates that the increase in automation will get at risk almost
57% of jobs in OECD countries, 47% of jobs in the United States, and 77% of jobs in China.
Substantial differences concerning the impact of automation on jobs are also observed among
countries, for example, the proportion of workers at high risk (due to automation) in Germany
and in Austria is 12%, while in the technologically advanced Korea and Estonia is 6%. However,
it is a common ascertainment that in all countries, the most educated and high-skilled workforce
is able to be better adapted to the new technological requirements and enjoy higher real wages,
while less educated and low-skilled workers are burdened by the cost of automation, being more
exposed to income loss and unemployment.

Therefore, the basic policy that governments should follow in order to reduce the risk exposure
of employees to automation is the investment in education and training for people of all ages so
as to be able to be better adapted to new technologies and digitization. More specifically, a
government should support (i) the practical training of professionals through job-related re-
skilling and up-skilling programs so as to help people to get familiar with new technologies and
become more competitive in labor market, (ii) the practical education and training of children
and young people in new technologies so as to enter into the labor market having the appropriate
skills and the necessary knowledge, (iii) the direct connection between education and labor
market, (iv) the training in STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) subject
areas and the active participation of young people in such programs as young people in South
Korea, Japan, Singapore, India, and China do, (v) internships and practice for young people (up
to 24 years old) in order to gain work experience during their studies, and (vi) adult learning and
lifelong learning programs so as to help elder people to be smoothly adapted to new technologies
and digitization. Another significant goal of governments must be the job creation. The
investment in education and training can be effective only if the right jobs are available. The
public investment in sectors such as infrastructure and housing could benefit the long-term
productivity of the economy driving to the increase of demand and the job creation.

Another issue that may arise due to the Fourth Industrial Revolution is the income inequality gap
widening. Nowadays, global income inequality is at very high levels with the richest 8% of the
world’s population to earn half of the world’s total income and the remaining 92% of people the
other half. The income inequality rises globally in a fast pace. Between 1990 and 2010, the
income inequality in developing countries reached at 11%. The rapid technological progress and
the introduction of new technologies in all sectors, in combination with factors such as the
insufficiently regulated financial integration and the growing competition in product and service
markets, may widen this income inequality gap. The most educated and highly qualified staff has
the ability and the skills to be better adapted to automation, and thus they will be widely
benefited by the technological achievements. Moreover, people whose income, skills, and wealth
are already high will be further favored by the significant increase of their assets’ value because
of the technological progress. On the other hand, low-skilled workers will experience
unemployment and constant downward pressure on their wages and their income. The workers
that will be most affected by the Fourth Industrial Revolution will be those that may now feel
invulnerable to competition with robots, that is, those whose jobs require moderate skills such as
customer service that could be easily replaced by artificial intelligence. Many studies and reports
underline that without the appropriate policies, the Fourth Industrial Revolution may contribute
to the widening of the income inequality gap with unfavorable consequences for the society.
Figure 4 below depicts this decreasing trend between income percentile and the share of workers
at high risk of automation; people with lower income percentile (less than 10%) are the most
exposed to the risk of automation, while well-paid employees with income percentile more than
75% are the most protected against the risk of automation. The fact that the well-paid employees
are usually highly educated people highlights once more the importance of the education as a
shield against the risk of automation.

Overcoming 4IR Challenges

The Fourth Industrial Revolution has ushered in a new dimension to global civilization. 4IR can
be defined as an era in which emerging technologies and digitisation are impacting life in an
unprecedented and unanticipated manner. The process and potential of this revolution are already
being felt across the globe. The Bangladesh government has been working tirelessly to create
skilled manpower to make Bangladesh well equipped for the 4IR.

An agency report carried in this newspaper states that Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on
Thursday underlined the need for taking preparation from right now to deal with the possible
changes that would happen in the domestic and international labour markets as a result of the 4th
industrial revolution (4IR). “We have a huge labour force, which will have to be included in it.
They will have to be trained, educated and developed as skilled manpower.

The government is working on 39 high-tech parks and software technology parks to develop the
high-tech industry and create employment. When the construction is completed, more than three
lakh people will be employed. To meet the competition of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 31
specialized labs of high technology in IoT, robotics, and cybersecurity have been set up in
various universities and IT business incubators will be set up in the universities. Sheikh Kamal
IT Training and Incubation Center is being set up in every district to build technology and
knowledge-based generation.

As we know, the fourth industrial revolution is the fusion of physical, digital, and biological
spheres. Here physical is human, biological is nature and digital is technology. It is becoming
difficult to separate these three. What is happening as a result? What kind of change is happening
in society? This results in intellectualization, the human-machine interface, and realism and
virtuality becoming one. Now if we want to prepare for our 4IR, we have to take heed of things
like emotional intelligence, physical intelligence, social intelligence, contest intelligence, etc.
Then in the future, we will be able to prepare everyone for the revolution.

The technological impetus of the 4IR is everywhere. This revolution is making a huge difference
in the world of thought, in the production of goods, and in the provision of services. Human
lifestyles and the nature of the earth are changing drastically. The walls of distinction between
the biological, terrestrial, and digital worlds are forever blurred.

The revolution is a combination of artificial intelligence, robotics, the Internet of Things, virtual
reality, 3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum computing, and other technologies. The
magnitudes of this revolution, the technological modernity, and the complexities involved have
put governments across the world to the test.

To cope with the technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, both developed and
developing countries will face serious challenges. Developed nations will, perhaps, face fewer
risks than developing nations like Bangladesh because of their advanced technologies and skilled
human resources. Because of a lack of skilled human resources, large-scale investments, modern
infrastructure, unstable political culture and ineffective public policy, developing countries are
lagging on a global scale.

Bangladesh has to be prepared for the challenges and opportunities offered by the ongoing
Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). The country has to hone the technical skills of its human
resources, to avail of the full potential and economic rewards of this phase of industrialization.
Technical and vocational education and training are the master key to the socio-economic
development of a country. Graduates of technical and vocational education and training are
majorly considered the key change-makers in the labour market. For global competitiveness,
major graduates should have 21st-century skills as well as the ability to adopt and adapt to the
disruption of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Without this ability shortly, no one will get a job
or sustain on the job market for a longer period. Poor quality in technical and vocational
education and training can lead us to produce poor products and services and dissatisfied
customers.