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Compressible aerodynamics

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(first lecture)

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L a i Lecturer: Dr Lailai Zhu

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore

lailai_zhu@nus.edu.sg

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 Referred books

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 Pijush K. Kundu and Ira M. Cohen, Fluid Mechanics, Elsevier
Academic Press

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 John J. Bertin and Russell M. Cummings, Aerodynamics for

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Engineers, Person Education International

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 John D. Anderson, Jr., Fundamentals of Aerodynamics,
McGraw-Hill Higher Education

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 Review of Thermodynamics

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The concept of perfect gas (or ideal gas)

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o Theoretical gas model to ease calculations

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o Intermolecular forces between gas particles are negligible

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o Distance between particles are sufficiently large, say, above 10 molecular diameters

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o All gas particles undergo constant motion; interparticle and particle-wall collisions cause pressure

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o Negligible volume of the gas particles compared to that of gas itself

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o Good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions
Perfect gas Real gas
Intermolecular
interaction

From energyeducation.ca 3
 Review of Thermodynamics

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The concept of perfect gas (or ideal gas)

h
o Theoretical gas model to ease calculations

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o Intermolecular forces between gas particles are negligible

a
o Distance between particles are sufficiently large, say, above 10 molecular diameters

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o All gas particles undergo constant motion; interparticle and particle-wall collisions cause pressure

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o Negligible volume of the gas particles compared to that of gas itself

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o Good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions
When to use perfect gas? High density, gas particles are crowded; their volume
 Low density effect become strong

 Low pressure Low pressure, fewer interparticle interactions

Higher temperature, gas particles have larger kinetic

 High temperature energies and are easier to escape from intermolecular
attractions; intermolecular force are less important

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 Review of Thermodynamics

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Perfect Gas Law Celsius scale to Kelvin:
adding 273.15

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Energy per temperature incremental per unit mole

By pushing the piston,

volume decreases; the
number and velocity of
inter-particle collisions
increase, leading to
higher temperature and
pressure

From www.britannica.com 5
 Review of Thermodynamics

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Energy per temperature incremental per unit mole

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Energy per temperature incremental per unit mass

X: specific Y
X: quantity of
Y per unit
mass
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 Review of Thermodynamics
Internal energy

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 the energy associated with random, disordered motion of molecules

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 different with macroscopic energy associated with moving objects (the kinetic energy of a flying

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football)

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 invisible microscopic energy on the atomic and molecular scale

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would not necessarily change when superimposing an ordered large-scale motion of sth as a whole

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

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Macroscopic: no kinetic energy or potential energy

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Image: Bodner research web

Composition of internal energy

 Translational kinetic energy of gas atoms
 Rotational and vibrational energy
(polyatomic gases)
 Potential energy due to intermolecular forces

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Image: www.bartleby.com
 Review of Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics (energy conservation)

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incremental heat

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System

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Thermodynamic system (fixed mass) work done by external environments

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First law of thermodynamics (specific energy)

Adapted from courses.lumenlearning.com

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 Review of Thermodynamics
Specific internal energy and enthalpy

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(energy scale)

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Think about the transition between two states

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 Review of Thermodynamics

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Heat capacity: the amount of heat required to be supplied to a sample

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of substance to increase its temperature by one unit.

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Specific heat (capacity) c: the amount of heat required to be supplied to a

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unit mass of substance to increase its temperature by one unit.

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 Review of Thermodynamics

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In this course, we consider calorically perfect gas (works for low air temperature)

l a i Zh
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Common practical compressible flows are featured by moderate temperatures, hence the
assumption of calorically perfect gas is reasonable.

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 Review of Thermodynamics

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In this course, we consider calorically perfect gas (works for low air temperature)

l a i Zh
L a i Work done to the
piston per mass (>0)

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Adapted from www.tec-science.com
 Review of Thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics (energy conservation)

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incremental heat

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System

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Thermodynamic system (fixed mass) work done by external environments

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First law of thermodynamics (specific energy)

Adapted from courses.lumenlearning.com

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 I. Mechanical

Review of Thermodynamics dissipation

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First law of thermodynamics (energy conservation)

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First law of thermodynamics (specific energy)

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Three thermodynamic processes of our concern:

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II. Electric heating o Adiabatic: no heat exchange

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o Reversable: no dissipation

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o Isentropic: both adiabatic and reversable Caused by friction
! Image opening a
wine bottle
Typical dissipative (irreversible) processes
I. Mechanical dissipation
II. Electric heating
From www.eteknix.com
III. Heat conduct, plastic deformation,
Caused by electric current
through a resistance mass diffusion, etc.

Real world scenarios are all irreversible!

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 Review of Thermodynamics
Elaborating the concept of entropy

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The first law of thermodynamics did not indicate

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the direction of heat transfer!

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Image: OSweetNature/Shutterstock

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Geothermal energy
From www.greenfireenergy.com

Ordered Disordered Increase in entropy

Measure of disorder and the loss

of useful energy

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 Review of Thermodynamics
Entropy and second law of thermodynamics

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The entropy of a closed system always increase, or at best, remain unchanged.

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During an energy transformation process, loss of useful energy always occurs

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Isentropic process of calorically perfect gas: conservation of entropy

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 Compressibility of flows

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L a il a
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 Compressibility of flows

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1

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Flow past airfoil

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Liquid flow
e.g., flow past a jet
Gas flow (general)
e.g., flow past a runner
Gas flow (exception)
Low-speed flow

Image adapted from shutterstock.com

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 Mach number and speed of sound

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Local: the value at a specific point/location in the flow field

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From www.dw.com
P. Doerffer & O. Szulc, IJESMS 2011

Where the flow is not

disturbed by the object

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Mach number and speed of sound

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Sound wave: the disturbance of force or motion travelling like a wave

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Key concepts about sound waves

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 Sound waves propagate bouncing

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motion of atoms or molecules

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 The motion of wave should be

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distinguished from that of
atoms/molecules

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 Sound waves travel at the speed of
sound depending on the materials; the
more incompressible, the faster sound
travels
 Sound waves travel sequentially, one
does not catch up with the following one
 Sound waves are not realistic substance,
Video: Branch Education from Youtube
but represent how small disturbances of
force/motion travel
 Amplitude of sound waves is
infinitesimal 22
 Left-ward propagation of a sound wave to a quiescent medium (inviscid, isentropic)

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Moving wave Mass balance
Quiescent medium

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Considering infinitesimal disturbances, neglecting high-order terms

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(1)

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Momentum balance
Control volume

Stationary wave
(2)
Combining Eqs (1) and (2), we obtain
Image: Kundu and Cohen fluid mechanics book

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 Mass balance

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For a perfect gas undergoing isentropic process,

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Considering infinitesimal disturbances,
neglecting high-order terms

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(1)

L Momentum balance

Combining Eqs (1) and (2), we obtain

(2)

(will be used later)

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 Stagnation properties
 Stagnation point: a position with zero local velocity in the flow domain

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Stagnation point

l a i Zh Microfluidic

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application

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Inviscid flow
A. Brimmo & M. Qasaimeh, RSC Adv., 2017

 Stagnation properties of a point are NOT the properties of a stagnation point!

 A stagnation point corresponds to a specific position
 Stagnation properties of a point are defined as those that would be obtained
if the local flow were imagined to slow down to zero velocity isentropically

 Stagnation properties can be found anywhere in the domain

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 Stagnation properties
 Stagnation properties of a point are defined as those that would be obtained

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if the local flow were imagined to slow down to zero velocity isentropically

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(Use subscript 0 to denote stagnation properties)

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Preliminary knowledge: the sum of enthalpy and kinetic

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energy is kept constant during an adiabatic process

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The imaginary isentropic process is adiabatic (see previous slides)
(Enthalpy and kinetic energy per unit mass)
(Because we examine point-wise quantities)

The imaginary process turns the kinetic energy to enthalpy

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 Stagnation properties
(Use subscript 0 to denote stagnation properties)

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 In an isentropic process, all stagnation properties are constant in space
(not to be confused with the imaginary isentropic process) 27
 Compressible subsonic flows

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Our assumptions

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 Inviscid
Recall the module of fluid mechanics!
 Steady

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 Irrotational

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Inviscid: neglecting the viscosity of fluid for high Reynolds number aerodynamic flows

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 A bit more on vorticity

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Rigid-body rotation Irrotational vortex

Local spin No local spin

(follow a rotational flow) 29
 Compressible subsonic flows

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Our assumptions

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 Inviscid
 Steady

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 Irrotational

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A few comments on viscous/inviscid and (non-)irrotational flows

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 Viscosity commonly induces vorticity (rotational)
 Inviscid flows are irrotational in many cases

Viscous Inviscid

Image: online material by Dr. Hyunse Yoon

Viscous irrotational flow example:

Flow around a rotating cylinder in unbounded space 30
Compressible subsonic flows: Governing equations
Assumptions:

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 Inviscid; Irrotational; Steady; Isentropic; Two-dimensional

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Compressible Navier-Stokes equations (recall your fluid mechanics module)

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(Momentum equation)

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(Continuity equation)

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(Continuity equation)

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Compressible subsonic flows: Governing equations
Assumptions:

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 Inviscid; Irrotational; Steady; Isentropic; Two-dimensional

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(Momentum equation)

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(Continuity equation)

L a il Works for both incompressible and compressible flows

Incompressible flow Advantage of this transformation?

Linear equation 32