MFGE 4315/5315 Energy and Thermofluids Engineering

Lecture 3

Energy, Energy Transfer, and Energy Analysis

Namwon Kim, Ph.D.

Ingram School of Engineering

Forms of Energy

○ Energy can exist in numerous forms such as thermal, mechanical,

kinetic, potential, electric, magnetic, chemical, and nuclear, and
their sum constitutes the total energy, E of a system.
○ Macroscopic forms of energy: Those a system possesses as a
whole with respect to some outside reference frame, such as
kinetic and potential energies.
○ Microscopic forms of energy: Those related to the molecular
structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity.
○ Internal energy, U: The sum of all the microscopic forms of
energy.

○ Kinetic energy, KE: The energy that a system possesses as a result

of its motion relative to some reference frame.
○ Potential energy, PE: The energy that a system possesses as a
result of its elevation in a gravitational field.
 Forms of Energy
𝑉
KE 𝑚 kJ Kinetic energy
2

𝑉
ke kJ/kg Kinetic energy per unit mass
2

PE 𝑚𝑔𝑧 Potential energy

pe 𝑔𝑧 kJ/kg Potential energy per unit mass

𝑉
𝐸 𝑈 KE PE 𝑈 𝑚 𝑚𝑔𝑧 kJ Total energy of a system
2

𝑉
𝑒 𝑢 ke pe 𝑢 𝑔𝑧 kJ/kg Energy of a system per unit mass
2

Control Volume

• Control Volume (open system) involves fluid flows

• Volume flow rate: volume of fluid flowing through a cross section per unit time

𝑉 𝐴𝑉 m3/s

• Mass flow rate: the amount of mass flowing through a cross section per unit time
𝑚 𝜌𝑉 𝜌𝐴𝑉 kg/s
which is analogous to 𝑚 𝜌𝑉

• The dot over a symbol is used to indicate time rate

Energy flow rate 𝐸 𝑚𝑒 kj/s or kW
which is analogous to 𝐸 𝑚𝑒
 Some Physical Insight to Internal Energy
The various forms of
microscopic
energies that make
up sensible energy.
Sensible energy: The portion
of the internal energy of a
system associated with the
kinetic energies of the
molecules.
Latent energy: The internal
energy associated with the
phase of a system.
Chemical energy: The internal
energy associated with the
atomic bonds in a molecule.
Nuclear energy: The
tremendous amount of energy
associated with the strong
The internal energy of a bonds within the nucleus of the
system is the sum of all forms atom itself.
of the microscopic energies.
Thermal = Sensible + Latent
Internal = Sensible + Latent + Chemical + Nuclear

Mechanical Energy

• Mechanical energy: The form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work
completely and directly by an ideal mechanical device such as an ideal turbine.
• Kinetic and potential energies: The familiar forms of mechanical energy.

P V2
emech    gz • Mechanical energy of a flowing fluid per unit mass
 2
 P V2 
E mech  me
 mech  m    gz  • Rate of mechanical energy of a flowing fluid
 2 
• Mechanical energy change of a fluid during incompressible flow per unit mass

P2  P1 V22  V12
emech    g  z2  z1   kJ/kg 
 2
Rate of mechanical energy change of a fluid during incompressible flow
 P  P V 2  V12 
E mech  m emech  m  2 1  2  g  z2  z1    kW 
  2 
 Example 1

A water jet that leaves a nozzle at 60

m/s at a flow rate of 120 kg/s is to be
used to generate power by striking
the buckets located on the perimeter
of a wheel. Determine the power
generation potential of this water jet.

Example 2

A ski lift has a one-way length of 1 km and a vertical rise of

200 m. The chairs are spaced 20 m apart, and each chair
can seat three people. The lift is operating at a steady speed
of 10 km/h. Neglecting friction and air drag and assuming
that the average mass of each loaded chair is 250 kg,
determine the power required to operate this ski lift.
 Energy Transfer by Heat
Heat: The form of energy that is transferred between two systems (or a
system and its surroundings) by virtue of a temperature difference.

*Energy can cross the boundaries Temperature difference is the driving

of a closed system in the form of force for heat transfer. The larger the
heat and work. temperature difference, the higher is
the rate of heat transfer.

Energy Transfer by Heat

Heat transfer
per unit mass
Amount of heat transfer
when heat transfer rate
is constant
Amount of heat transfer
when heat transfer rate
During an adiabatic process, a
changes with time
system exchanges no heat with its
surroundings.
Energy is
recognized
as heat
transfer only
as it crosses
the system
boundary.

The relationships among q, 𝑄, and 𝑄.

 Energy Transfer by Heat

• The total energy of a system, can be contained or stored in a

system, and thus can be viewed as the static forms of energy.
• The forms of energy not stored in a system can be viewed as the
dynamic forms of energy or as energy interactions.
• The dynamic forms of energy are recognized at the system
boundary as they cross it, and they represent the energy gained or
lost by a system during a process.
• The only two forms of energy interactions associated with a closed
system are heat transfer and work.

• The difference between heat transfer and work: An energy

interaction is heat transfer if its driving force is a temperature
difference. Otherwise it is work.

Energy Transfer by Work

• Work: The energy transfer associated with a force acting through a distance.
 A rising piston, a rotating shaft, and an electric wire crossing the
system boundaries are all associated with work interactions
• Formal sign convention: Heat transfer to a system and work done by a
system are positive; heat transfer from a system and work done on a system
are negative.
• Alternative to sign convention is to use the subscripts in and out to indicate
direction. This is the primary approach in this text.
Work done
per unit mass

Power is the
work done per Specifying the directions
unit time (kW) of heat and work.
 Energy Transfer by Work
Electrical Work
We  VN Electrical work Electrical power in terms of
resistance R, current I, and potential
We  VI W Electrical power difference V.

When potential difference

and current change with time

2
We   VI dt  kJ 
1

When potential difference

and current remain constant

We  VI t  kJ 

Energy Transfer: Heat and Work

• Both are recognized at the

boundaries of a system as they cross
the boundaries. That is, both heat and
work are boundary phenomena.
• Both are associated with a process,
not a state.
• Unlike properties, heat or work has no
meaning at a state.
• Both are path functions (i.e., their
magnitudes depend on the path
followed during a process as well as
the end states). Properties are point functions; but
heat and work are path functions
(their magnitudes depend on the
path followed).
 The First Law of Thermodynamics

• The first law of thermodynamics (the conservation of energy principle)

provides a sound basis for studying the relationships among the various forms
of energy and energy interactions.
• The first law states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed during
a process; it can only change forms.

Energy cannot
be created or The increase in the energy of
destroyed; it a potato in an oven is equal
can only to the amount of heat
change forms. transferred to it.

The First Law of Thermodynamics

In the absence of any work The work (electrical) done on an

interactions, the energy change of a adiabatic system is equal to the
system is equal to the net heat increase in the energy of the system.
transfer.
 The First Law of Thermodynamics

The work (shaft) done on an The work (boundary) done on an

adiabatic system is equal to the adiabatic system is equal to the
increase in the energy of the increase in the energy of the system.
system

The First Law of Thermodynamics

• Energy Balance
 Total energy entering the system    Total energy leaving the system    Change in the total energy of the system 

Ein  Eout  Esystem

The net change (increase or

decrease) in the total energy of
the system during a process is
equal to the difference between
the total energy entering and the
total energy leaving the system
during that process. The energy change of a system during
a process is equal to the net work and
heat transfer between the system and
its surroundings.
 Energy Change of a System, Esystem

The change in the total energy of a system

during a process is the sum of the changes in
its internal, kinetic, and potential energies

For stationary systems, ΔK

E = ΔPE = 0; thus ΔE = ΔU.

Mechanism of Energy Transfer, Ein and Eout

Energy can be transferred to or from a system in three forms:

heat, work, and mass flow.

(kJ)
 Example 3

A fan is to accelerate air at rest to a

velocity of 8 m/s and 9 m3/s.
Determine the minimum power that
must be supplied to the fan. Take the
density of air to be 1.18 kg/m3

Energy Conversion Efficiencies

• Efficiency is one of the most frequently used terms

in thermodynamics, and it indicates how well an
energy conversion or transfer process is
accomplished.
Desired output
Efficiency
Required input

• Efficiency of a water heater: The ratio of the energy

delivered to the house by hot water to the energy
supplied to the water heater.
• Typical efficiencies of conventional and high-
efficiency electric and natural gas water heaters.

Type Efficiency
Gas, conventional 55%
Gas, high-efficiency 62%
Electric, conventional 90%
Electric, high-efficiency 94%
 Efficiencies of Mechanical and Electrical Devices

Mechanical efficiency
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸 , 𝐸 ,
𝜂 1
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐸 , 𝐸 ,

A pump receives shaft work (mechanical energy) and transfers

it to the fluid as mechanical energy.
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 ∆𝐸 ,
𝜂
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊 ,

A turbine converts the mechanical energy of a fluid to shaft

work (mechanical energy).
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑊 ,
𝜂
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 ∆𝐸 ,

Example 4

In a hydroelectric power plant, 65

m3/s of water flows from an elevation
of 90m to a turbine, where electric
power is generated. The overall
efficiency of the turbine-generator is
84 percent. Disregarding frictional
losses in piping, estimate the electric
power output of this plant.