4

CHAPTER

Energy Transport
by Work, Heat
and Mass
 4.1. Energy of a System
Thermal
 Mechanical

 Kinetic Energy  KE  Units
Total 
( E )  Potential Energy  PE  Joules  J 
Energy  magnetic
  or kiloJoules  kJ 
 neglected in
 chemical 

nuclear  ME 203
 
E
Specific energy  e    kJ / kg 
m
Energy contained in a system is also a property since it tells us the condition of the system

Energy may be contained (stored) in a system as

Microscopic form Macroscopic form

Energy related to molecular structure Energy related to motion or elevation
called Internal energy of the system e.g.
denoted by U KE = ½ mV2 or PE = mgz
2
4.1. Energy of a System (Cont...)
Internal Energy
 Binding forces b/n the  KE of the molecules
molecules of a substance (Sensible Energy)
(Latent Energy)
- b/n molecules of a substance - translational KE
- b/n the atoms within a molecule - rotational KE
- b/n the particles within an atom - vibrational KE
- spin KE (about thier axes)
 Binding forces – strongest in solids or  average velocity – proportional to
liquids and weakest in gases the temperature

 The internal energy associated with  at higher temperature – higher

the phase change – Latent Energy
internal energy

3
4.1. Energy of a System(Cont…)
Energy is contained in a system as internal, kinetic and potential energy

mV 2
Total energy , E  U  KE  PE  U   mgz
2
E V2
Specific total energy , e   u  ke  pe  u   gz
m 2
U
Specific internal energy , u 
m

Energy transfers at the system boundary as heat ,work and mass.

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4.2. Mechanisms of Energy Transfer by Heat and
Work
 Energy can be transfered to or from a system in
three forms
- Heat
- Work
- Mass flow

4.2.1. Heat
“Heat is a form of energy that is transferred across the
boundary of a system to another system or
surroundings due to a temperature difference existing
between them. ”
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4.2.1. Heat (Cont...)

 Heat transfer during a process is denoted by

Q or Q12,

per unit mass, q=Q/m [KJ/kg]

 Sign convention for energy transport by heat

- Heat transfer to a system = +ve
- Heat transfer from a system = -ve
 A process during which there is no heat transfer

is called adiabatic process. 6

 4.2.2. Work

 Work, like heat is an energy interaction between

a system and its surroundings.

 Work is the energy transfered associated with a

force acting through a distance

 Sign Convention for energy transport by work

- Workdone by a system = +ve
- Workdone on a system = -ve
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4.3. Boundary Work [Lecture Note]
4.4. Energy Transport by Mass[Lecture Note]