Design and Implementation of Flyback MPPT
Converter for PV-applications
P. Suskis, Member, IEEE (Riga Technical University), I. Galkin, Member, IEEE (Riga Technical
University), J. Zakis, Member, IEEE (Riga Technical University),
 MPPT converters or PV-modules [1]. Galvanic isolation
Abstract— One of major problems related with PV-
applications is common mode currents. The issue can be solved
in two ways: galvanic decoupling of AC-grid and chopping the
common mode currents by additional actively controlled
circuitry. Flyback converter is good solution for MPPT
tracking for PV-modules up to 100-150 W with galvanic
decoupling. The problem of designing of this type of converter
is that most of design guides and literature is dedicated to
consumer electronics applications. MPPT converter design
have different starting points of calculations. The paper
contains the suggested approaches to the calculations, design
recommendations, considering the specific nature of PV-
sources and NOCT model of PV-module.
The approach calculations, design guidelines,
recommendations and simulation of power electronics part of
MPPT converter and experimental results with implemented
circuit are presented and discussed. In order to increase the
efficiency during tests the circuit was upgraded with active
clamp. After the tests active clamp was upgraded to the
forward active clamp topology. The efficiencies and key
waveforms of voltages are compared and analyzed.
Index Terms—active clamp, flyback, forward, MPPT,
photovoltaic.
I. INTRODUCTION
Nowadays the renewable sources of energy gets more
popular. The solar energy is one of them. However, most of
the solar systems are not stand-alone. Grid-tied photovoltaic
systems are very common. One of the main problems for
this kind of systems are common mode currents.
The origin of the common mode currents are strict
regulation rules that prescribes necessity of the grounding of
metal frames of photovoltaic modules, large leakage
capacitance of photovoltaic modules and grounding of
neutral of AC-grid. If the system has no galvanic decoupling
between the PV-panel and AC-grid this kind of currents
occurs. The grid with grounded neutral, MPPT (Maximum
Power Point Tracking) converter and leakage capacitance of
photovoltaic module makes a closed loop. 50 times per
second the leakage capacitance of the module gets the high
and low potentials of the AC-grid [1], [2], [3].
There are several ways to avoid this problem. The
inverter topologies like HERIC and H5 for grid-inverter that
chops-off the currents on the stage of AC-forming. Other
way is introducing current interrupters at the section of
This research work has been supported by Latvian Council of Science
(Grant 673/2014).
P. Suskis, I. Galkin and J. Zakis are with Institute of Industrial
Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Riga Technical University,
Kronvalda blv., Riga, Latvia (e-mail: pavels.suskis@rtu.lv,
gia@eef.rtu.lv, janis_zakis@yahoo.com)
eliminates the connection between grounded grid and PV-
panel leakage capacitance. The benefit of this solution is
eliminating the reason of occurring the common mode
currents, while chopping the currents is just struggle of the
consequences. In case of malfunction of current choppers
the human or animal being can be damaged while galvanic
decoupling provides safer solution. In papers [4] [5], [6] this
problems are eliminated due to galvanic isolation, but with
different converter topology.
The fly-back converter was chosen as MPPT converter
for photovoltaic modules because of simple structure, low
production issues and, therefore, prospective of a good
power density in case of efficient design. Acceptable energy
conversion efficiency is obtained for this type of converters
for power up to 150 W that matches most of the BIPV
(Building Integrated PhotoVoltaic) modules. [6], [7], [8].
The correct approach for calculations is necessary for the
proper design of converter. The most of the scientific
sources considers it as a converter that have constant output
and relatively stable input. In case of MPPT converter for
PV-panels the input and output are dependent on many
conditions [8]. All above makes the start of design hard.
This paper is dedicated to the calculations of power part of
the fly-back. Several MPPT converters of this type can be
easily cascaded in system as in [10].
II. THE APPROACH OF CALCULATIONS ON FLYBACK MPPT
CONVERTER FOR PV-MODULES
The design for PV-Panel must be started with estimation
of extreme operation points. This is the way the designed
converter will avoid over-load conditions. First of all NOCT
(Nominal Operating Cell Temperature) model must be used
to calculate the power points for maximal irradiation (and
this means the maximal generated power within conditions)
and extreme temperatures for given climatic zone. The
values used for calculations overlaps the ones that real
MPPT converter can meet in real life, but certainly will give
higher margin of safety.
The example of calculations will be for climatic zone of
Latvia and for PV-module SPR-90-WHT-I produced by
SunPower. The parameters of the PV-panel are listed in
Table 1. [7]
A. NOCT-Model
The rated parameters of photovoltaic solar cell array are
obtained within laboratory conditions. For better reflection
of power module behave NOCT-model must be used.
Formula (1) is for calculation of real temperature of the cell
and formulae (2), (3), (4) for calculations of parameters
under calculated temperature conditions [9]:
 TNOCT  20C  Choice of maximal duty cycle
 Tcell  Tamb  Irr  
800W / m 2  Current ripple coefficient choice
 Assuming of efficiency for further calculations
where Tamb is actual ambient temperature, Irr is actual
In this example we will use the switching frequency of
irradiation that been assumed as 1000W/m2 to get maximal
100 kHz (fsw), Dmaxap maximal duty cycle of 0.45 for first
converted power value.
calculation, current ripple equal coefficient to 25%. The
 VOCx  VOC  V Tcell  25C    choice of prospective efficiency must be done after some
experimental draft-design for the approximately equal
 I SCx  I SC  I Tcell  25C    parameters [7], [11]. In this case we take 82% value. The
 PMPPx  PMPP  PTcell  25C    output voltage is important value. Most of the design guides
are based on the constant output while the input can have
where VOCx, ISCx and PMPPx are the open circuit voltage, some pulsation of voltage. The difficulty of the MPPT fly-
short-circuit current and maximal power point power of the back converter design is that the input voltage and output
module for calculated cell temperature. voltage are variable. In this case it was decided to take 10
MPPT converters and connect them in series. The voltage of
TABLE I. PARAMETERS OF SUNPOWER SPR-90-WHT PANEL
DC-grid is varying from 540V to 660 V. The reserve for
Parameter Description Abbreviation Value malfunction or irradiation disturbance of one or few MPPT
Maximum Power Point at 1000W/m2 converters can be considered as option. In this case for
PMPP 90
and 25ºC, AM1.5 [W]
calculation simplification this option is skipped. Injecting
Open Circuit Voltage (VOC) [V] VOC 21.2
energy to the DC-grid when the voltage of 650V must be
Short Circuit Current (ASC) [A] ISC 5.5
avoided for overvoltage protection. So, the single converter
Maximum Power Point Voltage
(VMPP) [V]
VMPP 17.7 output is 65V. For more deep analysis and explanation on
Maximum Power Point Current decisions is explained below.
IMPP 5.1 The circuit of flyback converter is shown in Fig.1.
(AMPP) [A]
Voltage change by temperature
ΔV -60.8
increase [mV/ºC]
Current change by temperature Csn Dout
ΔI 2.2 Rsn
increase [mA/ºC] Vin Cout Vout
Maximal power change by Dsn
temperature increase [%/ºC]
ΔP -0.38 Cin
NOCT cell-temperature TNOCT 48,5º C Qmain
NOCT conditions: Irradiation of 800W/m², wind velocity 1m/s and
20º C of Ambient temperature Fig. 1. Flyback converter circuit diagram.

For the climatic zone of Latvia two extreme conditions
are chosen +35º C and -40º C and maximal irradiation of
1000W/m2. These are extreme temperature points for the
region and will be used as two reference points as there is
different currents and voltages are expected in each of cases.
The calculation results for the panel are given in Table 2:
TABLE II. REFERENCE VALUES FOR TWO TEMPERATURE
CONDITIONS
Ambient temperature
Parameter Description
+35
Open Circuit Voltage (VOC1, VOC2) [V] 18.426
Short Circuit Current (ISC1, ISC2) 5.6
Maximum Power (PMPP1, PMPP2) 75.649
Approximate Maximum Power Point
Voltage (VMPP1, VMPP2)
15.4
Approximate Maximum Power Point
4.92
Current (IMPP1, IMPP2)
The values of approximate maximum power point voltage
and current can be used as reference numbers for converter
input calculation. Both of values will be needed in further
approach as the converter must be able to handle the
generated energy in both of cases that have different input.
B. Flyback Converter Approach
Once the input reference values are estimated following
decisions must be made:
 Choice of frequency
 Choice of output voltage
As the voltage is smaller and current is larger in case of
low-temperature conditions these values will be used for
calculations as default. However, in some cases the high-
temperature condition reference-values must be used as
well.
The turn ratio of fly-back transformer is:
Dmax ap VMPP1
 N pts     ap  
Dmax ap  1 Vout
where Npts is ratio of turns of primary to secondary winding,
-40
Dmax is the maximal duty cycle, ηap is approximate
22.986
efficiency of converter. The forward voltage of output diode
5.435
of classic equation is not included as the efficiency ratio is
100.046
included and the output voltage is relatively high comparing
19.2 to the voltage drop on diode. Usually the obtained value gets
rounded (to integer number) for easier approach and new
5.22 maximal duty ratio is calculated, but using the modern
calculation software the use of the precise value is not
problem anymore. For inductance calculation the current
ripple must be obtained, according to [11], [12], for better
efficiency it must be for most of the design cases:
 i1  25%  I MPP1  
In the same manner gets calculated Δi2 for different
conditions with IMPPT2. In the case of low temperature
conditions the PV-output voltage is higher that means the
duty cycle is lower:
 N pts
 DMPP 2  
V MPP 2
N pts 
Vout
Now the inductance for both of cases can be calculated.
The larger value will be able to keep current pulsations at
the rated ripple limit [12], [13]. The chosen one value get
V MPP1 D max
 L p1  
2 f SW i1
The secondary inductance is equal to [14]:
2
 1  estimated value in formula (15). But choice of core with too
 L sek    L p 
 N pts 
 
Transformer input RMS current is equal to [14], [15]:
iin2
 I inRMS  DI in2  D 
3
The equation for output RMS current [13]:
iin2
 I outRMS  (1  D) I in2  (1  D)
3 chosen core size for the considered example is ETD29 (that
Currents for both of cases must be calculated. In case of
high-temperature conditions the duty cycle D has the value
of Dmax, Iin is equal to the IMPP1 and Δiin is equal to the Δi1.
In case of calculation for low-temperature operation DMPP2,
IMPP2 must be used. Current pulsation must be recalculated
for chosen primary induction value.
For fly-back transformer the value of maximal current
must be estimated. For the safety reserve reasons the sum of
short-circuit current value and current ripple is used as
saturation current. Using of this variable in equation is
making a reserve that will never be reached at any case.
Even if the MPPT converter control system is failed, the
saturation current is never reached. Note, the current ripple
decreases in the PV-module current-source region as the
voltage of the source gets smaller. Saturation current for this
case:
 I sat  I SC 2  i 2 
Further approach refers to the fly-back calculation
mentioned in the [7], [16]. Magnetic current Itot is needed
for estimation of geometrical constant of core.
I outRMS
 I tot  I inRMS  
N pts
Once both total currents for both of magnetic currents are
calculated, the largest value should be used in geometrical
constant (kg) calculation:
L2p I tot
2 2
I over
 kg  
k u Bsat PCu
where ρ is the resistivity of copper at room temperature
equal to 1.724∙10-6 [Ω∙cm]; ku is winding window utilization
ratio or fill factor that commonly gets assumed as 0.3; Bsat is
saturation flux density for corresponding material, PCu is
assumed copper loss. Calculation of this value is
complicated and is strongly dependent on the choice of the
core geometry that has not been done at this approach point.
So it get assumed as some part of total converted energy.
 In the considered example maximal converted power is
about 100 W. We take 2% or 2 W to be dissipated in both
windings of fly-back transformer. The reference [7] contains
the table of geometrical constants for common ferrite core
geometries in Appendix 2 that is defined as:
Ac2W A
 kg   
MLT

where Ac is the core cross-sectional area, WA is the window
area, and MLT is the winding mean-length-per-turn. The
geometrical constant of the core must have larger than the
 large geometrical constant than estimated one leads to
increase of core losses according to equation [7]:
 PFe  k Fe B  Ae l e  
Coefficient kFe is expressing relative losses for the
 corresponding frequency, ΔB is flux density ripple, β is core
loss exponent, le is effective magnetic path, Ae effective
cross-section of magnetic path. The best core that fits the
estimated values is P 2213. But this kind of cores has small
material list in the retail. Therefore, due to the popularity the
 
has larger geometrical constant). As the core geometrical
constant is larger than estimated, the total copper loss will
be smaller than 1W. To avoid core saturation and energy
storage the lg air gap must be calculated.
2
 0 L p I sat
 lg   
Bsat Ae
The minimal turn number of the primary winding is:
L p I over
 N p min   
Bsat Ae
The obtained number of turns is minimal and expected as
non-integer number. The number of turns of secondary
winding is equal to the same number divided by primary to
secondary turn ratio. The numbers are 8 turns and 45.
 C. Spread of Transformer Losses
The losses in the core can be found both from material
datasheet and from the core losses graph from material
technical specification. [7]
The copper losses of windings are defined by formula:
   MLT
k  n 2j I 2j 
 PCuTot 
WA ku  
 j
j 1 
 



The copper losses of windings and total copper loss are
shown in the Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. Diagram of winding loss as the function of allocation factor
 There is common opinion, that the copper loss is minimal
in the point where the copper losses of windings (cross-
point of loss functions) are equal. As it is obvious from the
figure, the point of minimal total copper losses is close but
is not exactly in the same. For this reason (22) derivation by
α (fraction of allocation of winding and α1 is allocation
fraction of a primary winding, secondary winding allocates
the rest of window area) must be equated to the zero. The
solution of the equation is the minimum of the function and,
therefore, the optimal winding allocation that leads to the
optimal cross-section of wires [7]:
I inRMS
 1  1  
N pts I outRMS  I inRMS
The estimated value for the example is 0.427. This means
the part of winding window for the secondary winding is
0.573.
The cross-section of the winding conductors are
calculated by formula:
 1k uW A
 AW  
Np
The cross-section of conductor is not always value that
can be used for wire choice. Due to the skin effect the
winding must be wound of couple of isolated wires. The
effective wire size of winding working on 100 kHz
frequency is # 33 AWG according to [7]. Therefore must be
used several wires which cross-section sum is equal to the
values estimated using formula (22).
III. THE EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
The flyback converter has been designed according to the
calculations. After several experiments the topology showed
net enough satisfactory efficiency. The semiconductor parts
required additional cooling. For this reason the circuit has
been upgraded by active clamping technique. This allowed
to take the overvoltage spikes and provided ability of
switching the transistor in the decreased voltage periods.
Using active clamp technique allow to skip chopping the
current off and get the energy kept in clamp- capacitor till
next cycle start. The flyback with active clamp topology is
shown in Fig. 3.
Dout
Cin Cout Vout
Qmain Cclamp
Qclamp
Fig. 3. Active clamp flyback converter circuit diagram.
As seen from the image the converter has two switches:
main switching N-channel MOSFET, active clamp switch
P-channel MOSFET. There is two ways for driving P-
channel switch that are shown in Fig. 4.
+15
PWM
A)
GND
GND
PWM
 B)
-15
Fig. 4. Gate Driver A) optocoupled field transistor.
Both of solutions has the advantages and disadvantages.
A) is good for the MOSFETs with low gate charge. Due to
reduced costs and easy circuit structure. On the other side
most of MOSFET transistor with low RDSOn have large gate

charge. Circuit A is not able to carry enough energy to
provide proper semiconductor device switching. For this
purpose circuit B) is shown. Drawbacks of this topology is
power supply needed for negative voltage and
recommended complementary pair of npn/pnp transistors.
Most of opto-coupling drivers are not good enough to pull-
up gate potential of the ground. On the other hand the
currents flowing through the P-channel MOSFET are
significant and reducing the conduction losses is able to
increase circuit overall efficiency.
The other way to increase efficiency of the converter is
change of flyback topology to actively clamped forward
converter. The circuit diagrams are close enough and there
is no large mismatch in circuit work principles.
Both testing for conventional and active clamp flyback
are made with equal capacitance on output and input of the
converter. The output part of active clamp forward converter
is different to the two mentioned above.
Dout1 Lout
Cin Dout2 Cout Vout
Vin
Cclamp
Qmain
Qclamp
Fig. 5. Active Clamp Forward converter circuit diagram
Active clamp allows the use of duty ratios above 50%
that are restricted for flyback with RCD-snubber. The same
transformer coilformer with the same winding was used for
three tests. The active clamp forward converter have
different relationship between input voltage, output voltage,
duty ratio and turn ratio than other two. For these reasons
the maximum duty ratio for active clamp forward was
changed to higher. [17], [18].

Fig. 6. Efficiency for three types of converters (conventional flyback with
RCD snubber, active clamp flyback and active clamp forward) for voltage
of 15.4 V
Three topologies were tested, efficiency values estimated
by the Precision Power analyzer PPA5530 KinetiQ.
Fig. 7. Efficiency for three types of converters (conventional flyback with
RCD snubber, active clamp flyback and active clamp forward) for voltage
of19.2 V
The oscillograms for all three converters at the same input
conditions are shown in Fig. 8, Fig. 9, Fig. 10.
VdsMain VgsMain
Fig. 8. Oscillograms for flyback converter with RCD snubber, Drain-
Source voltage and gate-source voltage for voltage of 19.2 V and current
3.5 A.
VdsMain VgsMain
VgsClamp
Fig. 9. Oscillograms for flyback converter with active clamp, Drain-
Source voltage and gate-source and drain-source voltage of active clamp
switch voltage for voltage of 19.2 V and current 3.5 A.
Time period of reduced voltage is relatively short. This
makes the switch control signal timing a significant
problem. If the main switch is not switched on in right time
the losses are rising very dramatically. Taking in account
efficiency diagram of topologies in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. the
implementation of this topology becomes irrational. [17]
VgsMain
VdsMain
VgsClamp
Fig. 10. Oscillograms for forward converter with active clamp, Drain-
Source voltage and gate-source and drain-source voltage of active clamp
switch voltage for voltage of 19.2 V and current 3.5 A
For the test in diagram in Fig. 10. the same coilformer
with the same windings was used as the transformer. Only
difference to the previous two tested converter topologies
was the lack of air gap. The air gape in core is essential for
the flyback topology as the transformer is working rather as
the two-winding inductor. In forward topology the
transformer is functioning rather as the HF-transformer, not
inductor.
Next issue of forward converter is the relationship
between input voltage (Vin), output voltage (Vout), turn ratio
(N) and duty ratio (D) [18]:
 V  V DSon 
 Vout   in  VQrec   D  
 N 
There is two additional variables VDSon and VQrec that are
that stands for the voltage drop on main switch drain-to-
source voltage drop and rectifier semiconductor voltage
drop. As the relationship is different the maximum duty
cycle duration has been changed to the larger value. The
maximum ratio of flyback is strictly limited by 0.5. [7], [13]
Forward converter with Active Clamp has big
opportunities for synchronous rectification due to
rectangular waveforms of the transformer voltage.
Introducing this technique is able to rise the overall
efficiency.
As seen from the oscillogram in Fig. 10. the reduced
voltage region is longer. Duration and degree of voltage
reduction is strictly related to the leakage inductance of
primary side. Rising stray inductance on primary side is able
to reduce the voltage to the zero and achieve ZVS [17], [18].
Increase of stray inductance can be achieved by: designing
the transformer, adding the inductor to the circuit, design of
PCB. On the other side this parameter is decreasing the
voltage that is provided to the magnetic inductance. If the
design has too high stray inductance on primary side, the
required power flow between input and output can be
disturbed.
The design of the correct transformer is sophisticated
question that different research can demand the individual
research, respecting the NOCT model and attach to the
certain photovoltaic module as it is done in this paper.
 Respecting arguments expressed above the topology is
recommended rather to the applications that require higher
input voltage.
IV. CONCLUSION
The paper contains the detailed design process for flyback
converter. Despite the most of guidelines for flyback the
calculations are reversed in respect to the input. Some of the
formulae have been changed, because the efficiency has
more significant role than the voltage drop of output
rectifier in this case. The efficiency of the conventional
flyback converter is above 90% as shows the experimental
test. For this reason it is desired to apply improvements to
the circuit. Adding the active clamp have decreased the
efficiency of converter. Minor changes in the circuit and
elimination of air gap in transformer core were done to
implement the forward converter with active clamp.
According to test the most efficient topology is forward
converter with active clamp, less efficient is common
flyback converter. Adding the active clamp to the flyback
according to several literature sources and this research
results has no sense due to complicated control system
design and low efficiency.
The design of transformer for active clamp forward
converter is tradeoff between the main switch switching
voltage reduction and power flow. As the leakage
inductance dependent on the transformer design is affecting
both of these parameters significantly.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research work has been supported by Latvian
Council of Science (Grant 673/2014).
REFERENCES
[1] Bo Yang; Wuhua Li; Yunjie Gu; Wenfeng Cui; Xiangning He,
"Improved Transformerless Inverter With Common-Mode Leakage
Current Elimination for a Photovoltaic Grid-Connected Power
System," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on , vol.27, no.2,
pp.752,762, Feb. 2012
[2] Erginer, V.; Sarul, M.H., "Modified reduced common mode current
modulation techniques for Z-Source inverter used in photovoltaic
systems," Power Electronics, Drive Systems and Technologies
Conference (PEDSTC), 2013 4th , vol., no., pp.459,464, 13-14 Feb.
2013.
[3] Habib Khan, M.N.; Khan, S.; Gunawan, T.S.; Shahid, Z., "DC-AC
inverter with perspective of common mode and wave-shaping," Smart
Instrumentation, Measurement and Applications (ICSIMA), 2013
IEEE International Conference on , vol., no., pp.1,5, 25-27 Nov.
2013.
[4] A. Blinov, A. Andrijanovits "New DC/DC Converter for Electrolyser
Interfacing with Stand-Alone Renewable Energy System", Electrical,
Control and Communication Engineering. Volume 1, Issue 1, Pages
24–29, ISSN (Online) 2255-9159, ISSN (Print) 2255-9140, DOI:
10.2478/v10314-012-0004-1, January 2013
[5] Husev, O.; Stepenko, S.; Roncero-Clemente, C.; Romero-Cadaval, E.;
Strzelecki, R., "Experimental Investigation of high frequency 3L-
NPC qZS inverter for photovoltaic application," Industrial Electronics
Society, IECON 2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE , vol.,
no., pp.5969,5974, 10-13 Nov. 2013
[6] Mingzhi Gao; Min Chen; Chi Zhang; Zhaoming Qian, "Analysis and
Implementation of an Improved Flyback Inverter for Photovoltaic AC
Module Applications," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.29, no.7, pp.3428,3444, July 2014
[7] R. W. Ericson, D. Maksimovic, Fundamentals of Power Electronics,
Second edition, Kluwer Academic Publishirs, 2001, Sixth Printing
2004.
[8] Nanakos, A.C.; Tatakis, E.C.; Papanikolaou, N.P., "A Weighted-
Efficiency-Oriented Design Methodology of Flyback Inverter for AC
Photovoltaic Modules," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.27, no.7, pp.3221,3233, July 2012
[9] Suskis, P.; Galkin, I., "Enhanced photovoltaic panel model for
MATLAB-simulink environment considering solar cell junction
capacitance," Industrial Electronics Society, IECON 2013 - 39th
Annual Conference of the IEEE , vol., no., pp.1613,1618, 10-13 Nov.
2013
[10] D. Picault, B. Raison, S. Bacha, “Reducing Mismatch Losses in Grid-
Connected Residental BIPV Arrays Using Power Conversion
Components,” European photovoltaic Solar Energy Converence
2012, EUPVSEC`2010., pp. 5141 – 5144 , September 2010
[11] C. Hang-Seoki, " Design Guidelines for Flyback Converters Using
FSQ-series Fairchild Power Switch", AN-4150, Application Note,
Fairchild Semiconductor
[12] A. A. Saliva, "Design Guide for Off-line Fixed Frequency DCM
Flyback Converter", Infinion Corp., Design Note DN 2013-01, V1.0
January 2013
[13] Power Integrations, “TopSwitch Flyback Design Methodology”,
Application Note AN-16, PowerInt., 1994.
[14] C. Hang-Seoki, " Design Guideline for Primary Side Regulated (PSR)
Flyback Converter Using FAN103 and FSEZ13X7", AN- 4140,
Application Note ,Fairchild Semiconductor 2009
[15] C. Hang-Seoki, "Transformer Design Consideration for Off line
Flyback ", AN- 4140, Application Note ,Fairchild Semiconductor
[16] Power Integrations, "Flyback Transformer Design for TopSwitch
Power Supplies", Application Note AN-17, PowerInt., 1994.
[17] D. Dalal , "Design Considerations for Active Clamp and Reset
Technique , Texas Instruments, unpublished
[18] OnSemiconductors, "Design of a 100 W Active Clamp Forward DC-
DC Converter for Telecom Systems Using the NCP1562",
Application Note, AND8273/D, unpublished
BIOGRAPHIES
Pavels Suskis has presented his Bachelor
Science degree and Master degree in Riga Technical
University, Faculty of Electrical Technologies in
2008 and 2010, respectively. His bachelor thesis
was focused in “Frequency converter applying to
crane drive” while master thesis and engineering
project was devoted to to research and development
of control system for voltage source inverter.
Research interests of Pavels Suskis are in the field
of intelligent microprocessor control of electric
drives.re asked to provide their short biographies.
Ph. D. Thesis is dedicated to Photovoltaic energy sources.
Ilya Galkin received his Bachelor‟s (1994),
Master‟s (1996) and Doctor‟s (2001) Degrees in
the field of electrical engineering at Riga
Technical University, Faculty of Power and
Electrical Engineering, Department of Power
Electronics and Electrical Technologies. The
main research field includes design and
applications of matrix converters. In particular it
regards integrated designs with the matrix
converters, smart control of their semiconductor
switches, thermal and conductor‟s design.
Another research field includes smart power
supplies for various applications, for example, for
LED lighting.
The working experience of Ilya Galkin includes 6 year of practical
engineering job at research and manufacturing enterprise “Lasma” (Latvia)
in the field of elaboration and development industrial automatics, as well as
14 years of research and educational job at Riga Technical University. At
the given time he is a professor at the Department of Power Electronics and
Electrical Technologies of RTU-EEF-IEEI. Ilya Galkin is the author of
various publications.
Ilya Galkin is IEEE member since 2006 in societies of Power
Electronics, Industrial Electronics, Automatic control and Education.
Janis Zakis (M’10) received B.Sc., M.Sc. and
Dr.Sc.ing. degrees in electrical engineering from
Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia, in 2002,
2004 and 2008, respectively.
He is presently a Senior Researcher in the
Institute of Industrial Electronics and Electrical
Engineering, Riga Technical University.
He has over 30 publications and is the holder of
one Utility Model in power converter design. His
research interests include flexible ac transmission
systems (FACTS), simulation of power systems,
switching mode power converters, applied design
of power converters and energy storage systems.