GE 9 – Living in the IT Era

Module 4 – Information, Control, and

Privacy

Week 10-12: March 21 – April 8, 2022

Submit by April 11, 2022
 MODULE 4
Information, Control, and Privacy
This module will discuss the following:

A. Introduction to Resources
B. Information as a Resources
C. Information Economics
D. Information Overload
E. Information Control
F. Information Privacy

INTRODUCTION

The Information privacy, or data privacy (or data protection), is the relationship between
collection and dissemination of data, technology, the public expectation of privacy, and the legal
and political issues surrounding them.

Privacy concerns exist wherever personally identifiable information or other sensitive

information is collected and stored – in digital form or otherwise. Improper or non-existent
disclosure control can be the root cause for privacy issues. Data privacy issues can arise in
response to information from a wide range of sources, such as: Healthcare records, Criminal
justice investigations and proceedings, Financial institutions and transactions, Biological traits,
such as genetic material, Residence and geographic records, Ethnicity, Privacy breach, Location-
based service and geolocation.

The challenge in data privacy is to share data while protecting personally identifiable
information. The fields of data security and information security design and utilize software,
hardware and human resources to address this issue. As the laws and regulations related to Data
Protection are constantly changing, it is important to keep abreast of any changes in the law and
continually reassess your compliance with data privacy and security regulations.

INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

At the end of this module, the learner will be able to:

a. Tackle the issues on information control and privacy with reference to the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines and the Data Privacy Act of 2012.
ACTIVITY

Complete the crossword puzzle below.

2 3

6 7

10

Across

2. Information can be checked for correctness and authenticity.

5. Refers to useful information.
6. Information is error-free.
8. Information is delivered when it is needed.
9. The process of converting data or information in such a way that only authorized parties can
understand.
10. Information contains all the important facts.

Down

1. Information can be used for different purposes.

3. Refers to processed data.
4. Information should be _______ from access by unauthorized users.
7. A set of exclusive rights granted by a state to the creator of an original work.
ANALYSIS

Reading
Read the following paragraph excerpted from the “Letter to Isaac McPherson, August 13, 1813” in
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson, Vol. XIII, edited by A. Lipscomb (1904):

"If nature has made any one thing less susceptible than all others of
exclusive property, it is the action of the thinking power called an idea, which an
individual may exclusively possess as long as he keeps it to himself, but the moment
it is divulged, it forces itself into the possession of everyone, and the receiver cannot
dispossess himself of it. Its peculiar character, too, is that no one possesses the less,
because every other possesses the whole of it. He, who receives an idea from me,
receives instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at
mine, receives light without darkening me. That ideas should freely spread from one
to another over the globe, for the moral and mutual instruction of man, and
improvement of his condition, seems to have been peculiarly and benevolently
designed by nature, when she made them, like fire, expansible over all space,
without lessening their density at any point, and like the air in which we breathe,
move, and have our physical being, incapable of confinement or exclusive
appropriation. Inventions then cannot, in nature, be a subject of property."

Answer the following questions.

1. What is your understanding of exclusive property?

2. How did Thomas Jefferson understand the principle of an "idea" as a non-exclusive

property?

3. Is there a possibility of an "idea" becoming exclusive?

4. Do you agree with Thomas Jefferson's concept of an "idea"?

ABSTRACTION

Key Terms

BSA- Business Software Alliance

CSS- Content Scramble System

DRM- Digital rights management

DVD- Digital versatile disc

IPR- Intellectual property rights

NDA- Non-disclosure agreements NFC Near field communications

PM- Private message

Conceptual resources- are non-tangible and considered valuable for what they represent.

Copyright- is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to the creator of an original work or his or
her assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for public disclosure of the work, and
includes the right to copy, distribute, and adapt the work.

Data scrambling- is done to hide sensitive information from unauthorized users.

Digital rights- pertain to the permission of individuals to legitimately perform actions involving the
use of a computer, any electronic device, or a communications network.

Digital rights management - is used to describe the processes by which the author or publisher
of a work exerts his or her rights to control what the purchaser of his or her work is entitled to do.

Facts- are considered relevant truths which have been validated and identified.

Information- refers to processed data.

Information control- is allowing those who have appropriate authority access to and use of
information on the basis of the authority that they hold.

Intellectual property- is a number of distinct types of intangible assets for which a set of
exclusive rights are recognized.

Knowledge - refers to useful information.

Metadata- is used to identify the owner's name, author, and date of purchase, among other
pertinent pieces of information.

Mobile commerce (m-commerce)- is the delivery of electron commerce capabilities directly into
the consumer's hand anywhere, via wireless technology.

Patent- is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to an inventor for a limited period of time in
exchange for the public disclosure of an invention.

Personal data breach- is a subset of a security breach that actually leads to accidental or
unlawful destruction, loss alteration, unauthorized disclosure of, or access to, personal data
transmitted, stored, or otherwise processed.

Physical resources - are tangible and can be easily identified.

Scrambling- is accomplished by the addition of components to the original signal or the changing
of some important components of the original signal in order to make extraction of the original
signal difficult.

Security incident- is an event or occurrence that affects or tends to affect data protection, or may
compromise availability, integrity. or confidentiality.

Software piracy- is the unauthorized copying or distribution of copyrighted software It can be

done through copying, downloading, sharing, selling, or installing multiple copies of software onto
personal or work computers.

Trade secret - is the term used for any method, formula, device process, or any information that
gives the business a unique competitive advantage over its competitors.
Trademark- is a distinctive sign used by an individual, business organization, or other legal entity
to identify products or services to consumers. The mark comes from a unique source and it
distinguishes its product (trademark) or services (service mark) from the others.

INTRODUCTION TO RESOURCES

Organizations treat company assets, such as buildings, equipment, and their manpower as
important resources. Resources are the total means available to a company for increasing
production or profit, including land, labor, capital, and raw materials

Without resources, organizations would cease to exist Imagine a bank without money, a
manufacturing plant without forklifts, or a school without teachers. These resources are known as
physical resources. They are tangible and can be easily identified. Physical resources usually start
from acquisition and are then assembled to be available for use when needed. Very often, the
assembly process entails converting an essentially raw material into a refined form, such as wood,
cement, and steel for building construction. Once these resources have been assembled, a
manager strives to maximize their use; this includes allocating space for office use and identifying
key areas in the building plans. Finally, the manager asks for replacement or repairs and
maintenance of these resources at a critical time-before they become inefficient or obsolete.

Figure 4.1 A building construction site

Figure 4.2 Philippine peso bills representing monetary values

The other type of resource is called conceptual resources. Conceptual resources are non-
tangible and are considered valuable for what they represent rather than their physical make up.
Money is considered a conceptual resource as each paper bill represents a specific monetary
value as opposed to the paper where it is printed. The same goes for human resources. While
everyone can be considered employees in a company, their skills, knowledge, and job experience
set them apart from one another, thus identifying the staff, managers, executives, and laborers.

Managers use conceptual resources to manage physical resources or vice versa. One such
example is the use of computers. in organizations. A computer unit, by itself, may cost thousands
of pesos. However, once used, the content saved in those computer units become even more
valuable resources, making the computer unit irreplaceable. The integrity of the saved files may be
compromised, so security checks are often identified on the computer units-e.g., firewalls, anti-
virus, biometric access, etc - to make sure they will not be lost. In this case, the saved computer
files (conceptual resource) identify how the computer units (physical resource) will be managed.
The same applies to personal assets such as smartphones. Losing a mobile phone is considered
a tragedy, especially if it contains personal data, such pictures, videos and numerous contacts.
The pictures, videos, and contact list saved in the phone are considered conceptual resources
while the smartphone is the physical resource (managing the conceptual resources). In both
instances, the conceptual resources identified are called information

INFORMATION AS A RESOURCE

Information can be simply defined as "facts about something or someone that are provided
or learned." Facts are considered relevant truths which have been validated and identified Data
are considered facts, therefore, processed data are considered as information as they are
organized in such a way that they have additional value beyond the value of the facts themselves.
Unlike other organizational resources, information is considered:

 Expandable

Information can be expanded without compromising its integrity. In fact, by having

additional information, much more can be understood from it. An example is a person's personal
information. While knowing his or her name, contact details and current work may be useful,
having the person's full curriculum vitae becomes more useful for those in, for example, the HR
Department.

 Compressible

Although expanded information can give a more detailed explanation, it may not always be
needed. An example of this is in news sites. Instead of a barrage of details, news sites would often
give one-liner headlines that provide enough information about the news. Another example is
research abstracts. An abstract is normally a half or a one-page summary of the entire research.

 Transportable

Information especially digital information transportable with the use of the internet and
various technologies information can be sent though any of the following:

1. Send via email

2. Share via facebook
3. Copy onto a flash drive
4. Upload on YouTube

 Diffusive

Gossip or rumors tend to spread easily Unfortunately, the same applies to any kind of
information-be it true or not.

 Sharable

Since information can be easily spread, it is considered sharable as well. Information can
be kept calling it a secret. However, once a person decides to tell it to someone, then he or she
will no longer have control over it In some cases, certain parts of the secret can be kept. One such
example is the secret recipe of KFC It is known that there are 11 secret herbs. and spices, but as
to what these herbs and spices are people can only guess
 Information is not all different from other resources. Similar to how physical resources are
managed, information is considered valuable and also has a life cycle It begins with transforming
raw materials into a finished product-processing data to come up with valuable information.
Weather forecasting is one such example Scientists use statistical data from previous days to
predict possible weather conditions the next day. Another example is the academic grades of
students in a university. By determining the students weighted average from first year to senior
year, the school can identify valedictorians and salutatorians based on their academic standing

Information can also be available in different grades and types and prices can be measured
in monetary equivalent There are two options in acquiring software applications online a free of
trial version or a full version Free versions have limitations in functionality To maximize the full
range of functions of a certain application, one should pay a certain amount depending on the type
of upgrade needed A certain software can have personal editions and enterprise editions, among
others which cost more as the functions become broader in scope

Depending on how it is used, information can be substituted and its consumption can be
either expanded or capitalized. An individual can search for a person's contact number through at
telephone book. The same information may also be found by directly calling the phone company
and asking the operator for the needed details. But nowadays, you can also search for the contact
details of people through the internet, specifically through social media such as Facebook and
Twitter. Thus, contact details are no longer restricted to just phone numbers. A person's contact
details can now also include email addresses, mobile phone numbers, and even Twitter handles

And just like physical resources, the cost of information can be controlled through various
accounting techniques. An example is the price difference of DVD movies in different countries like
the Philippines and the U.S. DVD prices are controlled based on the codes set by each country.
Basically, a DVD can only play on a DVD player with the same region code setting (Hedden,
2017). This is to prevent people from say, the U.S. buying DVDs. online from an e-commerce site
in China. DVDs in countries like China are much cheaper than those in the U.S. due to "production
costs" However, bear in mind that the "production costs" mentioned here are not the costs in
making the movie, but rather the costs in mass-producing the DVD.

Just like physical resources, managing information is just as important as managing any
other resource in the organization, such as people, money, and equipment Information,
information related activities, technologies, and personnel are also important organizational
resources

VALUABLE INFORMATION

Let us say your professor assigns you to research on the different parts of a computer
system. You plan to look for information online through search engines such as Google How can
you tell if the information you get is useful, or in this case, valuable for your research?

Information is said to be valuable if it has the following characteristics (Stair & Reynolds,
2016):

 Accurate

Accurate information is error-free. In some cases, inaccurate information is generated

because inaccurate data was processed. Analysts call this as "garbage-in-garbage. out" By typing
"parts of a computer" in the search bar, Google gives you a list of several websites which contain
the information you are looking for However, how do you determine which are accurate and which
are inaccurate? Usually, it is better to trust sites that are formal in nature rather than informal ones
such as blogs or forums.
Table 4.1 Formal Information vs. Informal Information
Formal Information Informal Information
It is official and authoritative It is more casual, and less authoritative.
It is meant to be taken seriously and is It is presented in a less formal manner.
presented in a formal manner
It is usually more carefully prepared and verified It is possibly less reliable.
than informal information, and its accuracy and
reliability should also be higher.

Formal information for your research work could come from technical websites as well as
academic websites. Pieces of informal information can still be considered accurate as long as they
provide enough reference and the data can later be verified from the said reference Bits of
informal information include those from blogs, wikis, social sites, and public forums. Nowadays,
the use of wikis has become a norm when it comes to information research. The most popular wiki
today is Wikipedia.org. The question, however, is How accurate is the content in Wikipedia.org?

 Complete

Complete information contains all the important facts. This is especially important field of
medicine. Missing information could spell disaster, or worse, lead to death. If the information
regarding allergies has been left out, doctors might inadvertently give wrong medication that could
cause severe allergic reactions to the patient

 Economical

Information should be relatively economical to produce decision-makers must always

balance the value of information with the cost of producing it with the spread of the internet;
information dissemination has become easier, faster, and a lot cheaper. However, is the price
worth it for the integrity of the information?

 Reliable

Reliable information can be depended on. In many cases, the reliability of information
depends on the validity of the data collection method In other cases, reliability depends on the
source of information, which brings us back to valuable information being economical Torrent sites
offer pirated software, music, and movies for free However, the resolution of the movie
downloaded, for example, might not be clear and might even contain malware and virus that could
infect the computer system

 Flexible

Flexible information can be used for different purposes. Depending on the situation,
personal information can be used for a variety of ways. A school ID can be used to enter the
school premises. The same ID can be used to transact business with the registrar's office during
enrolment. It can be used to open a bank account or to apply for a student driver's permit

 Relevant

Relevant information is important to the decision-maker. For example, your assignment

calls for searching "parts of a computer" online. You do not visit sites that tackle "parts of the
human body" because they are irrelevant to your research topic

 Simple
 Information should also be simple, not overly complex. Sophisticated and detailed
information may not be needed. Complex information may sometimes lead to confusion which
could result in inaccuracy of details.

 Timely

Timely information is delivered when it is needed. This is true in the case of weather
predictions, stock market forecasts, and traffic management.

 Verifiable

This means that information can be checked for correctness and authenticity. Most authors
include references, bibliography, or citations in their works to enable readers to verify the content.

 Accessible

Information should be easily accessible by authorized users to be obtained in the right

format at the right time to meet their needs. In Korea, the U.S the UK and China, a mobile phone
can be used to pay for day-to-day transactions A mobile pay app can be downloaded on the
smartphone in which the user's credit card or debit card is enrolled Samsung Pay, Apple Pay, and
Google Pay all use near-field communications (NFC) technology so instead of swiping the physical
card for payment the mobile phone is simply tapped on the card reader or terminal and payment is
immediately recorded (Savvides, 2017).

 Secure

Information should be secure from access by unauthorized users. Mobile pay systems such
as Samsung Pay and Apple Pay use biometric authentication, typically a fingerprint scan, before a
transaction is made. This ensures that only the owner of the phone can use the app for payments,
nu

VALUE OF INFORMATION

Information is considered valuable mainly for business purposes as businesses depend on

it to produce quality products and services. This helps organizations become globally competitive
and be up to date with the latest trends and technology. With businesses gearing towards IT
automation, the strategy now is to come up with business activities that shorten time frames while
increasing productivity All of this is possible if companies have access to valuable information.
Valuable information helps managers make good decisions which is why valuable or useful
information is called knowledge

Some pieces of information have entertainment value, and some have business value, but
regardless of the source of value, people are willing to pay for information. Many strategies for
purveyors of information are based on the fact that consumers differ greatly on how they value
particular information goods Some information is given away for free Examples are weather
forecasts, stock index, and personal information. However, as valuable as it may be, a phone
number cannot be sold But some information is costly such as cable TV subscriptions-the more
channels, the more expensive the monthly cable bill. So how much will valuable information cost
you?

Information, as a resource, has four characteristics, namely it (1) has zero marginal cost,
(2) is non-rivalrous; (3) is non-exclusive:and (4) does not exhibit high degrees of transparency
(Leickly,2004).

 Zero-marginal cost
 The cost of producing the first copy of an information good may be substantial, but the cost
of producing (or reproducing) additional copies is negligible Avengers: Age of Ultron released in
2015 is one of the most expensive Hollywood movies ever made with an estimated budget of
US$250,000,000. However, buying a DVD copy of the said movie today would cost about $20 in
Amazon.com.

 Non-rivalrous

Simultaneous consumption of information by consumers is possible. Movies nowadays are

sold not only as DVD copies. There are also digital formats which anyone can watch online or
download on their mobile devices, either as a rental or paid subscription

 Non-exclusive

Exclusion is not a natural property of information goods, though it is possible to construct

exclusion artificially. However, the nature of information is that if it is known, it is difficult to exclude
others from its use Through emails and SMS, one can identify only intended recipients of the
message through a specific email address or a phone number However, emails and SMS have the
capability of forwarding the exact information to other recipients, without the original sender
knowing it. This is much more evident in social media such as Facebook, in which a "share"
automatically means sending to everyone else

 No transparency

To evaluate the information, the information must be known, so one has to invest in
learning how to evaluate it. A programmer undergoing boot camp training to learn a new
programming language needs to invest time, money, and effort The more complicated the training,
the more expensive the cost and the longer the time needed to learn it.

INFORMATION ECONOMICS

Since people have widely different values for a particular piece of information, value-based
pricing leads naturally to differential pricing. In economics, a good is considered to be an
experience good if consumers must experience it to value it Virtually any new product is an
experience good, and marketers have developed strategies such as free samples, promotional
pricing, and testimonials to help consumers learn about new goods.

Information, on the other hand, may be treated differently, since it is not the asset that
provides value in today's economy what provides value is the information about the asset. When
buying a shirt, are given the opportunity to try it on prior to deciding if they want to buy it or not
Food catering companies offer free taste tests of their complete menu so their customers get to
experience the food they offer prior to reserving for an event With information, organizations
cannot give the full experience to customers as this could mean lost interest afterwards.

Imagine you are in a movie theater and you are choosing from two movies to watch. If the
movies are to be treated the same way as the shirt and the food, that would mean you need to
watch both movies in their entirety before you decide which one is good to watch The decision
would make no sense anymore as you were able to watch both movies anyway. To avoid this
situation, organizations use various strategies to get wary customers to overcome their reluctance
to purchase information before they know what they are getting. The tension between giving away
your information to let people know what you have to offer and charging them for it to recover your
costs, is a fundamental problem in the information economy. These strategies include. browsing
previews, branding, and reputation.
  Browsing previews

An example of this strategy is movie trailers Movie trailers that normally run from 1 to 3
minutes give viewers at glimpse of what the film is all about Trailers normally include. highlights
from the film which can leave the audience excited to watch the entire film later on. Another
example is music downloaded from iTunes A 5. to 15-second preview of the song can be listened
to prior to buying it This gives the user an idea of the song he or she wants to download if it is
worth the amount to be paid.

 Branding

Big names such as Microsoft and Apple have no issues when it comes to launching new
products as people have already established their trust on these brands. According to American
telecommunications (telco) company, Sprint, when Apple introduced iPhone 7 in September 2016,
pre-order sales shot up by 375% compared to the launch of iPhone 6.

 Reputation

When a movie is announced, people would often be skeptical if it would be good enough
However, the reputation of directors and the cast of actors and actresses normally remove this
skepticism. For example, Michael Bay is known for successfully directing the Transformers movie
franchise. This reputation has made his movies blockbuster hits as people have made a
connection that if it is a Michael Bay film, it must be good This is the reason why his films would
often include an introduction as a "Michael Bay film" instead of just the movie introducing itself

In the digital world an experience good may not necessarily translate into a good which is
physical or directly used by consumers. With mobile games becoming more popular, users feel the
need to excel in them, in which the need for more equipment, higher experience levels, and better
gaming results become more of a necessity. For this reason, game apps offer virtual goods such
character gears, equipment, and even level-up boosts in exchange for virtual money. However,
there are cases in which some would pay real money, usually in U.S. dollars, in exchange for a
virtual item.

In general people value an organization's ability to make their lives easier and better by
using information about their products and operations. This includes providing pre-determined
information to lessen the decision-making of individuals. Think of it as providing additional
information regarding the information itself Google.com is an example Whenever you try to search
for something in Google Search, it gives you a list of websites that pertain to the keywords you
have typed in. This means that Google has provided you with a list of information regarding the
information you are looking for Another example is buying online via Amazon.com When you
browse through different items, Amazon would also suggest at the bottom of the screen other
items related to what you are looking for, or inform you about what other items people who bought
the item you are looking at also bought

INFORMATION OVERLOAD

Information is now available so quickly, ubiquitously, and inexpensively Last March 2016,
Cisco conducted a study that by the end of 2016, global internet traffic will have reached 11
zettabytes per year, and by 2019, global traffic is expected to hit 2 zettabytes per year just how big
is 1 zettabyte? A typical external drive is 1 terabyte in size. One zettabyte is equal to
1,000,000,000 terabytes or one billion external drives. This is because information is produced at
rapidly-increasing rates due to the following reasons

 Easy duplication and transmission of information

 A picture posted on Facebook which is also posted on Instagram and Twitter means that
the same picture has been posted three times on three different sites.

 Increase in communication methods

What used to be mobile phones for SMS and computers for emails are smartphones that
can do both Also, a simple text message is no longer restricted to SMS via telco providers.
Through mobile apps such as Viber and Messenger, people can now send private messages (PM)
or direct messages (DM).

Figure 4.3 Messaging apps: Messenger and Viber

 Growth archives of historical information

Print or hard copies are now being replaced by digital ones These digital copies are stored
on cloud servers that offer maximum storage capacity for end users. One such example is libraries
which contain not only physical books but also computers and other mobile devices to access e-
books, e-journals, electronic readings, and other online resources.

Figure 4.4 Electronic readings

So where does all this information come from? Who and where are these producers and
consumers of information? According to the 2018 Global Digital Suite of reports from We Are
Social and Hootsuite:

 More than half the world now uses the internet (up to 7 percent year-on-year).

 Qatar and United Arab Emirates top the internet penetration ranking with 99% of
their total population using the internet

 For three years in a row, Filipinos have been spending the greatest amount of time
on social media with an average of four hours a day.

 More than two-thirds of the world's population now has a mobile phone, with most
 people now using smartphones.

 More than half of the world's web traffic now comes from mobile phones.

 More than 60% of all mobile connections around the Tal world are now, 'broadband'

 More than one in five of the world's population shopped online in the past 30 days.

Figure 4.5 Digital around the world in 2018

Compared to the year 2017, 2018 has seen exponential growth in terms of digital
information. This could be attributed to the fast growing internet as well as to the latest
technological advancements, especially in mobile devices. The infographic above shows the
number of internet users, active social media users, unique mobile users, and active mobile social
users. The study also highlights how social media has created a big impact on internet. usage with
Facebook dominating the global social landscape, reaching more than 2 billion users at the start of
2018.

This report reveals that while the Philippines has one of the slowest fixed internet
connections in the world - 4.2 Mbps compared to the global average of 6.3 Mbps, the country has
one of the fastest mobile connection speed, averaging at 13.9 Mbps. This is probably the reason
why more Filipinos like to spend their time online through different social media sites such as
Facebook and YouTube This report further reveals that the Philippines topped the ranking for time
spent on social media among other countries, with Filipinos spending almost four hours a day on
social media compared to people in other countries (Kemp, 2018).

With the overwhelming "amounts" of data brought about by the exponential growth of
internet users-both producers and consumers of information-information overload, as in dealing
with too much information for one to absorb, happens.

MOBILE SOCIAL MEDIA AND MOBILE COMMERCE

The abundance of mobile devices has greatly changed the way people manage their day-
to-day activities. In business, for example, having a shop where customers can easily go to used
to be enough. However, with the introduction of the internet, market shifted from a brick-and-
mortar set-up to an online operation more commonly known as e-commerce And now with mobile
internet, people can access internet services without the need for computers. They have their
smartphones, tablets, and other mobile devices connected to the network to send and receive
information wherever they are and whenever they want to. This connectivity has paved the way to
two new scenarios in communication.
  Mobile social media

Mobile social media is the accessing of social media sites, such as Facebook and
Snapchat, using a mobile device. The device may have an app installed to open Instagram, for
example, or it can use a browser installed in the mobile device to open Twitter A study conducted
by ComScore in 2016 reveals the impact of social media on internet users. The same study also
shows that nearly 80% of individuals browse bull through their social media accounts using their
mobile phones.

Noticeably, people are using their desktops less and less in accessing websites. Mobile has
grown so fast that it's now the leading digital platform, with a total activity on smartphones and
tablets accounting for 62% of digital media time spent, and apps alone now representing the
majority of digital media time at 54% (Lella & Lipsman, 2016).

 M-commerce

M-commerce or mobile commerce was a term used during the 1997 Global Mobile
Commerce Forum by Kevin Duffey. He described it as the delivery of electronic commerce
capabilities directly into the consumer's hand, anywhere, via wireless technology. The use of
mobile devices has paved the way for data to be transmitted and received much faster without
compromising security and scalability. The global trend in using mobile devices for socializing and
doing commercial transactions is increasing. Companies are now using digital platforms to market
their products and services.

Industries that are now embracing m-commerce include:

1. Financial services - Banks have introduced online banking a few years back However,
nowadays, majority of bank transactions such as money transfers, bills payment, and even stock
portfolios and stock transactions can now be done using the bank's mobile app.

2. Mobile ticketing - As payments can be done online, receipts of transactions can also be
sent on mobile devices. Airline companies encourage their customers to book their flights online,
after which, their booking reservation is sent via email or through their mobile app. The booking
ticket can be shown at the airport and is accepted even as an electronic copy.

3. Service/retail- As consumers are now able to place and pay for orders using their mobile
devices, the e-commerce trend has shifted from desktop computers to mobile devices. And it does
not just include retail items. It also includes content purchasing such as music, movies, and
images, among others. Another trend seen is the in-application purchases made by mobile phone
users. This is prevalent in gaming applications in which users buy virtual goods for power boost or
upgrade to the next game level.

4. Information services - These include the delivery of news, stock quotes, sports figures,
emergency reports, and weather and traffic updates to a single mobile device Waze is an example
of an application that delivers customized traffic information which is based on a user's actual
travel patterns. It uses geo-location technology to pinpoint the whereabouts of the user while on
the move. Another example of an application that uses location-based services is Google Maps.

INFORMATION CONTROL

With so much information around, how do you make sure they are safe from illegal
activities? A large requirement for information control comes from commerce, industry, and
copyright owners in general. Information control comes in the form of keeping secrets inside a
business or selling IPR (Intellectual Property Rights) to those prepared to purchase it
 Information control is about allowing those who have appropriate authority access to and
use of information on the basis of the authority that they hold. But why is there a need for control in
the first place? Earlier in chapter, the concept of information being non-rivalrous and non-exclusive
has been discussed. An example is movies being sold in different formats DVDs, MP4, etc If that
is the case, how can you make sure that the said movie will not be distributed illegally?

Software Piracy

Let's say you wanted to watch the latest movie showing in the cinemas. However, you
decided to save the money instead, so you bought a pirated DVD copy of the film in one of the
market places you passed by on your way home. Upon watching it, you noticed the film was taken
by a video inside the cinema and you can hear the audience laughing, and see shadows walking
back and forth, which obviously were not part of the film

In the end you decided to download a torrent file of the fil hoping for a better quality, only to
discover that it was the same pirated video you saw in the pirated DVD.

According to The Software Alliance (www.bsa.org) (2018) software piracy is "the

unauthorized copying or distribution of copyrighted software can be done through copying
downloading, sharing, selling or installing multiple copies software onto personal or work
computers." Most software ha licenses, such as activation keys, that are normally identified was
just one computer Having a pirated software means trying to u the same key for several
computers. Some people upload software onto a website so others can download it, as is the case
of using torrent to upload/download a movie

Examples of software piracy as identified by The Software Alliance (2018) include •

 Distributing software or mobile apps from the internet in a manner that violates the license
terms

 Buying a single copy of a software program and installing it on multiple devices without
authorization

 Making and/or sharing copies of installation CDs

 Sharing the login credentials (without authorization) used to access a web-based software
application ("Software as a Service")

Some might say, "I paid for the software already, shouldn't that be mine to use and
distribute wherever and whenever I want to?" As with the discussion earlier this chapter regarding
information zero-marginal cost, buying a DVD copy of a movie costing 10 dollars, does not mean
buying the movie itself Thus, paying for the movie does not mean you are buying the actual movie,
but paying for the license to watch it for personal use. So just because a bought an original DVD of
the movie does not mean that he or she can create copies and distribute it or share it online.

This typical scenario boils down to the fact that information is difficult to control While
measures are in place such DVD region codes and such Adam Thierer in 2011 dentified four
issues which further complicate the problem on information control (1) (2) scale (3) volume, and
(4) unprecedented individual empowerment/user-generation of content

1. Convergence

Technological advancements and social media have paved the way for media content such
as music and movies to be distributed from their "traditional" distribution platforms. What
consumers used to buy in the form of CDs or DVDs, media content can now be searched.
accessed, and consumed using multiple devices and even through different distribution networks.
One such example is Spotify. Consumers before would buy physical albums in the form of CDs,
then later transitioned to digital copies typically bought via iTunes Store for Apple However, with
social media having a big effect on song reviews and recommendations, a mobile app such as
Spotify is able to create playlists which can be listened to, and if wanted, downloaded for a fee As
a result, it is now possible to disseminate, find, or consume the same content/ information via
multiple devices or distribution networks This convergence of devices and networks, according to
Thierer (2011), has created issues instead of maintaining an effective information control policy.

Another such example is an application called VideoFX which is available in Google Play.
According to the app description, you can "create amazing lip sync music videos with special
effects and your choice of music. Simply select a music track and start lip syncing! Make videos
that you'll be proud to share with your friends!" In one mobile device, you can take a video, select
a saved music file and send it to a social media platform such as Facebook or Twitter The issue
here is, what if the music used is copyrighted?

2. Scale

For those who like to watch Japanese animé and Korean dramas, English subtitles are a
must Before, fans would wait days or weeks before the subtitles become available for viewing.
This is because the subtitles are actually translated, edited, and embedded by fans of the show,
most of whom are not professionals. Majority of them are students and young adults who simply
like watching the series.

With technology and fast internet connectivity, viewers no longer need to wait days to watch
the foreign shows with English subtitles. Oftentimes, the subtitles are ready within a few hours
after the show has been aired in its local country. This is because the internet has given everyone
access to anything they would like to search, upload, and download anywhere in the world.
Technology such as Google Translate has also helped make translation of these shows much
faster. Concerns regarding copyright have greatly increased because of this. But while some
countries such as China and North Korea impose certain restrictions on what their citizens can
and cannot access online, Thierer (2011) mentions that "the scale of modern digital speech and
content dissemination [still] greatly complicates government efforts to control information flows."

3. Volume

Nowadays, news and media outlets abound in print and online News agencies such as
Manila Bulletin or The Philippine Star have not only print copies of their news (i.e., newspapers)
but also digital copies which can be accessed through their websites mb.com.ph and
www.philstar.com, respectively. Broadcasting companies such as ABS-CBN and GMA7 also have
television broadcasts, radio broadcasts, TV radios, and news websites, most of which have the
same content This development can be attributed to the increasing volume of media content and
communications activities happening across the world. greatly complicating government regulatory
efforts to control information.

4. Unprecedented individual empowerment

The popularity of social media such as Facebook,Twitter, and Instagram has made it
possible for individuals to post anything they want This also includes creation of blogs which have
become mainstream media for individuals to showcase their talents, skills, and hobbies. This
creates issues when it comes to content restriction as most people are doing this using their
private accounts. Unless repo the said content will be difficult to control.

So how do we control information dissemination? Organizations, such as The Software

Alliance, software industries such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as government entities in
countries across the globe, are working hand in hand to solve the issue of software piracy. One
solution they have come up with is identifying exclusive rights to information, as with any given
physical asset. This has led to the identification of intellectual property rights.

Intellectual Property (IP)

Intellectual property (IP) refers to a number distinct types of intangible assets for which a
set of exclusive rights are recognized IP includes musical, literary, and artistic works such as
Taylor Swift's new album, J. K. Rowling's new book, and the latest iPhone. However, IP is not just
limited to these items. It can also include words, phrases, symbols, and even designs. Are you
familiar with the following logos found in Figure 4.6?

Figure 4.6 Popular Logos

IP is any creation or product of the human mind and may be expressed in the form of
original ideas, expressions, and processes Intellectual property rights (IPR) are the rights given to
persons over their creations. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of his or
her creation for a certain period of time According to the Intelectual Property Code of the
Philippines (Republic Act No. 8293 s. 1998), IPR consists of the following

1. Copyright and related rights

2. Trademarks and service marks

3. Geographic indications

4. Industrial design

5. Patents

6. Layout designs (topographies) of Integrated Circuits (ICs)

7. Protection of undisclosed information

The Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IP Philippines) is the government agency
in charge of the implementation of the law protecting intellectual property rights in the Philippines
as provided for under R.A. 8293, or the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines, and the
revised Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines known as R.A 10372

Copyright and Related Rights

Copyright is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to the creator of an original work or
their assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for public disclosure of the work, and
includes the right to copy, distribute, and adapt the work Copyright owners can license or
permanently transfer or assign their exclusive rights to others. Digital rights, on the other hand, is
the permission granted to individuals to legitimately perform actions involving the use of a
computer, any electronic device, or a communications network. It is particularly related to the
protection and realization of existing rights in the context of new digital technologies, especially the
internet

Copyright provides protection for original expression which includes literary, artistic,
scholarly, and scientific creations such as books, articles, newspapers, lectures, letters, musical
compositions, and paintings. It also extends to derivative works such as illustrations, maps,
photographic works, advertisements, computer programs, etc

In the Philippines, all copyrighted materials are recorded and stored at the National Library
or the Supreme Court Library (R.A. 10372, 2013).

Digital Rights Management

Digital rights management (DRM) is used to describe the processes by which the author or
publisher of a work exerts his or her rights to control what the purchaser of the work is entitled to
do. This represents the control by which one can prevent a person or an organization from
copying, printing, editing, or otherwise making the privileged information available to other people

With the introduction of technology and the internet, the print age is slowly becoming
obsolete with publishers shifting to the digital age. Before, a person needed to copy or re-print a
physical book for additional copies. With digital technologies, copies are made at zero cost with
minimal detection. And it is not just books. Movies, music, software applications, etc can now be
copied and shared faster, with less cost with this set-up, the prevalence of peer-to-peer (P2P) and
torrent sites have made information control much harder.

While information gets to be disseminated faster to consumers, control as to how it is

shared becomes an issue. Downloading pirated music online does not help the music artists as
they are deprived of the royalties they are entitled to. At the same time, the music for free does not
mean being safe from malicious software and hacking attacks.

Thus, companies and organizations have come up with possible solutions to this digital
dilemma. The following are techniques designed to control access and reproduction of online
information:

1. Encryption

Encryption is the process of converting data or information in such a way that only
authorized parties can understand. Its primary purpose is to protect the confidentiality of digital
data stored on computer systems or transmitted via the internet or other computer networks.
Encryption occurs every time someone uses an ATM or buys something online with a smartphone,
makes a mobile phone call, or presses a key fob to unlock a car. This is done so that information
being sent is kept safe and secure.

DRM systems for multimedia often encrypt material in such a way that only a particular
device can play or retrieve it, enforcing constraints on how it is used DVDs use an encryption
scheme to prevent users from viewing discs on unauthorized players. This is the concept of region
coding discussed earlier. Region coding prevents discs sold in one part of the world from being
used on players sold in another.

2. Serial keys

Also known as a product key or a software key, it is a series of alphanumeric characters

acting as a key to denote that the product or software is original. In some cases, product keys are
used for product activation. One such example is Microsoft Windows OS. A product key is used to
activate the operating system online. Online activation helps maintain software authenticity by
making sure no one else has used the same product key.

3. Scrambling

Data scrambling is done to hide sensitive information from unauthorized users Scrambling
is accomplished by the addition of components to the original signal or the changing of some
important component of the original signal in order to make the extraction of the original signal
difficult. It is often done with the aid of encryption.

While region coding identifies which players can only play certain DVDs, computers with
DVD drives become another option for would-be pirates. Thus, the content scramble system
(CSS) was introduced to restrict access to content only for licensed applications. Meaning, even if
the DVD was recognized by the DVD player in a computer, certain applications or programs
needed to play the video might not allow it

4. Tag embedding

Similar to how pictures can include watermarks to denote information on the owner of the
picture, tag embedding does the same to information content Watermarks are not complete DRM
mechanisms in their own right, but are used as part of a system for copyright enforcement, such
as helping provide prosecution evidence for legal purposes, rather than direct technological
restriction.

In terms of data embedded into the actual content, the use of metadata is included to
identify the owner's name, author, and date of purchase, among other pertinent information.

Patent

A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to an inventor for a limited period of
time in exchange for the public disclosure of an invention. The exclusive right granted to a
patentee in most is the right to prevent others from making, using, selling, or distributing the
patented invention without permission One example of a patented design is that of Apple's iPod.

Trademark

A trademark is a distinctive sign used by an individual, business organization, or other legal

entity to identify the products or services to consumers. The mark comes from a unique source,
and it distinguishes its product (trademark) or services (service mark) from the others. Rights in a
mark shall be acquired through made validly in accordance with the provisions of the IP code For
marks with geographical indications, a notice stating that a given product originates in a given
geographical area must be identified This is relatively new in the Philippine IP regime as marks are
identified based on the territory, region, or locality. attributed. In the Philippines, one of the most
popular trademarks based on locality is the Pampanga's Best delicacies logo.

Protection of Undisclosed Information

Industries and companies need to have information control especially in dealing with
sensitive industry secrets To protect these industry secrets, also called trade secrets, companies
usually require employees to sign contracts with non-disclosure agreements (NDAs)

Trade secret is the term used for any method, formula, device, process, or any information
that gives the business a unique competitive advantage over its competition. It includes company
research and development information software algorithms, inventions, designs, formulas,
ingredients, and devices, among others.
 Examples of popular trade secrets are the formulation of Coca-Cola and Listerine, and the
recipe of Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC).

Table 4.2 IPR terms of protection and penalties as stated in R.A. 8293
Terms of Penalty
protection
Copyright Generally, 1st offense: 50,000 to 150,000 and/or 1-3 years imprisonment
throughout the life 2nd offense: 150,000 to 500,000 and/or 3-6 years
of the author plus imprisonment
50 years after his 3rd and subsequent offenses: 500,000 to 1.5M and/or 6-9
or her death years imprisonment
Patent 20 years (time- Not less than 100,000 to not more than 300,000 and/or not
bound) less than 6 months to not more than 3 years imprisonment
Trademark 10 years from the 50,000 to 200,000 and 2-5 years imprisonment
date of filing of the
application

INFORMATION PRIVACY

The natural state of data is to be copied, logged, transmitted, stored, and stored again. This
is why it takes constant fighting and vigilance to prevent that breach. So what is information
privacy and how private is private?

With Facebook and Twitter often being used as a means of venting out in public, others
may say, "It's my choice in telling everyone on Twitter what I want to say!" Some might even
reveal too much information which can be regarded or termed as inappropriate. However, again, it
is their choice to tell everyone what is supposed to be private information. If that is the case, then,
what is data privacy?

To understand the concept of data privacy, look at Yahoo's privacy policy (now under a
single privacy policy with Oath) when registering for an email address on Figure 4.8.

To highlight a portion of the Yahoo privacy policy, Oath (2018) and its affiliates, including
Yahoo, "collect information from your devices. This information includes device specific identifiers
and information such as IP address, cookie information, mobile device and advertising identifiers,
browser version, operating system type and version, mobile network information, device settings,
and software data" (Information Collection and Use-General)

Knowing a person's IP address can help identify that person's physical location anywhere in
the world A cookie is a small file that is stored in the computer's directory, often a temporary folder.
The cookie contains addresses of websites visited, login credentials, and even credit card account
numbers. This is done so that the next time the person visits the website, the computer system will
no longer reload the same content or data, saving time and processing power for the computer
Obviously, however, this is dangerous, especially when using public computers, such as those in
internet shops, as the next user will be able to access the previous user's account without the
latter's knowing it.

Welcome to the Oath Privacy Center

In June 2017, we announced that Yahoo and AOL had joined to become Oath a digital and mobile media company
and part of Verizon We're now bringing Oath and Yahoo under a single privacy policy. Some things haven't changed,
like the control tools we provide to help you manage your experience with us. If you have an existing Yahoo or AOL
account, you will need to agree to this Privacy Policy. If you have not yet agreed to this Privacy Policy, the legacy
Yahoo Privacy Policy or legacy Oath Privacy Policy (for AOL) still apply to your account. For Oath products or services
that are accessed without signing into an account, this Privacy Policy applies to those products and services starting
May 25, 2018 If you are creating a new account, the terms below apply starting today.

Last updated: April 2018

Our Privacy Pledge

Our commitment is to put users first. We strive to be transparent about how we collect and use your information, to
keep your information secure and to provide you meaningful choices. This Privacy Policy is meant to help you
understand what information Oath, its affiliates and its house of global brands ("Oath," "us," "our" or "we") collect, why
we collect it and what we do with it. This policy applies to Oath brands, websites, apps, advertising services, products,
services or technologies (we'll collectively refer to these as "Services). Additional privacy practices for certain Services
can be found in Details for Specific Products and Services.

Your Controls

We believe you should have tools to control your information. You can find controls to manage or review your account
information, marketing preferences, location data, and search history at Privacy Controls. Some of our Services
provide additional controls and privacy practices. (See, Details for Specific Products and Services)

Information Collection and Use-General

We may collect and combine information when you interact with Oath Services including:

 Information You Provide to Us. We may collect the information that you provide to us, such as:

 When you create an account with an Oath Service or brand. (Please note, when you use our Services,
we may recognize you or your devices even if you are not signed in to our Services) Oath may use
device IDs, cookies, and other signals, including information obtained from third parties, to associate
accounts and/or devices with you.

Figure 4.8 Oath’s privacy policy

This policy regarding the computer's IP address and cookie information is mostly common
to other services including Google Mail, Facebook, etc Yahoo is considered a trusted website
Most people believe an organization such as Yahoo will never compromise their How about other
websites such as Facebook? Facebook has had several revisions on its privacy policies.
According to a BBC news article in 2015, Facebook claims that protecting the privacy of people
and their information on Facebook is one of its highest priorities. However, it is not Facebook that
has come under fire It is the Facebook quizzes made available to everyone offering answers to
trivial questions such as "who will be your soulmate" "who is your celebrity look-a-like etc. The quiz
highlighted in the article was the Word Cloud Facebook quiz or the "most used words Facebook
quiz Apparently by taking the Word Cloud quiz you have given the game developers access to
everything in your Facebook profile including your name profile picture age sex, birthday, entire
friends list everything you have posted on your timeline, all of your photos, home town, education,
employment history, and everything you have ever liked. It starts with the game asking you to login
to your Facebook account Declining means you will not be able to see the results of the quiz

Interactive content firm Vonvon produced the "most used words" quiz reaching an audience
of more than 50 million Since the printing of the article, Vonvon has adjusted the scope of data
request to the minimum requirement so that users who take the quiz will now have the opportunity
to edit the data they provide to Vonvon, such as their timeline data and not their friends lists
(Wakefield, 2015).

This is the reason why it is important to transact only with trusted sites and to avoid doing
private transactions, such as online payments, on public computers. It is also important to always
logout of your online accounts, such as emails, after using them, be it on a private computer or
otherwise. Also, avoid unknown sites and applications which require you to enter personal
credentials like Facebook accounts or passwords. This could be a means for acquiring your
personal information for marketing use, or worse, identity phishing.

Data Privacy Act 10173

With all of these pieces of information made available online and the possible problems
such situation may create, countries have come up with ways to protect their data from malicious
individuals who might use them for illegal purposes. The Philippines, with its booming IT industry,
is no exception Total IT spending reached $4.4 billion in 2016, and the sector is expected to more
than double by 2020. Filipinos are heavy social media users with 6.7 million Facebook users, (We
are Social and Hootsuite, 2018). The country is also in the process of enabling free public Wi-Fi in
major cities nationwide. To protect the privacy of Filipino citizens, Republic Act No. 10173, also
known as the Data Privacy Act of 2012, was signed and approved by then President Benigno
Aquino III on August 15, 2012.

The law defines sensitive personal information as being:

 about an individual's race, ethnic origin, marital status, age, color and religious,
philosophical, or political affiliations,

 about an individual's health, education, genetic or sexual life of a person, or to any

proceeding or any offense committed or alleged to have committed;

 issued by government agencies "peculiar" (unique) to an individual, such as social security

number and

 marked as classified by an Executive Order or an act of Congress.

All processing of sensitive and personal information is prohibited except in certain circumstances.
The exceptions are:

 consent of the data subject, pursuant to law that does not require consent,

 necessity to protect the life and health of a person,

 necessity for medical treatment; and

 necessity to protect the lawful rights of data subjects in court proceedings, legal
proceedings, or regulation

It has also defined the concept of a security incident versus that of a personal data breach.

A "security incident" is an event or occurrence that affects or tends to affect data

protection, or may compromise availability, integrity or confidentiality. This definition
includes incidents that would result in a personal breach, if not for safeguards that have
been put in place.
A "personal data breach," on the other hand, is a subset of a security breach that
actually leads to "accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorized
disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored, or otherwise processed.

Digital data in the Philippines seem to be free-flowing. And the challenges of data privacy
and security also keep on coming so it is important for any organization to invest in good data
security measures.

On March 27 2016, the Commission on Elections (Comelec) website was hacked with
message postings regarding tighter security for the then upcoming May 2016 nationwide elections.
The same day, another group of hackers posted a link to what was claimed to be the Comelec's
entire database. The file was 340 gigabytes and was said to contain voters' and candidates'
information. According to security researchers at Trend Micro, the hack contains a huge amount of
very sensitive personal data, such as full names, email addresses, names of spouses, addresses,
parents' names, and government ID numbers. It also included. fingerprints of 15.8 million voters
and passport numbers of 13 million overseas Filipino workers. That makes this hack potentially the
"biggest government-related data breach in history" according to Trend Micro Incorporated (2016)
"surpassing the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) hack last 2015 that leaked PII, including
fingerprints and social security numbers (SSN) of 20 million US citizens" (para. 2).

A January 2017 article from CNN Philippines has reported that then Comelec Chairman
Andres Bautista will face criminal charges regarding the data breach that has occurred last March
2016 Comelec and Bautista are said to have violated the Data Privacy Act of 2012 The National
Privacy Commission said that the organization failed as a personal information NPC also
underscored the fact that data protection is more than just the implementation of security
measures. According to the law, the violation of the Data Privacy Act due to negligence is
punishable by three to six months' imprisonment, and a fine of P500,000 to P4 million. If a
government official is proven guilty of this crime, he or she will be disqualified from public office.

APPLICATION

A. Answer Guide Questions

1. What is the importance of the Data Privacy Act of 2012?

2. How do you protect data privacy?

3. How are privacy and data protection related to each other?

B. Identify a game you are familiar with and have played frequently online or on your mobile
phone. Explain briefly the mechanics of the game and the reasons why you like playing this
game List the game items that players often buy to either improve their gaming skills or
upgrade their avatars. Identify the items that need virtual money and those that require real
money. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of having your "experience goods."

ASSESSMENT

I – Multiple Choice
Circle the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. Unlike other organizational resources, information can be described as follows, EXCEPT:

a. Transportable
b. Diffusive
c. Compressible
d. Expandable

2. When compared to other resources, information is similar to them in terms of the following
 EXCEPT:
a. Its cost can be controlled with the help of accounting techniques
b. Can be substituted
c. Is available in a standard type, grade, and price
d. Has a life cycle

3. Mr. Puti recently found out his email was hacked and said that the hacker has been sending
spam emails to all his contacts. Which of the following regulations needs to be enforced in
this issue?
a. Content control
b. Defamation control
c. Privacy control
d. Copyright control

4. Ms. Dilaw has a blog which she updates with photos and videos of her day-to-day activities.
She recently received al personal message demanding that the pictures of certain images
she took in an art museum be removed from her site. Which of the following regulations did
she not follow?
a. Content control
b. Privacy control
c. Defamation control
d. Copyright control

5. MP3 files fall under the category of:

a. Digital rights
b. Patent rights
c. Copyrights
d. Trademarks

6. Ms. Berde recently subscribed to a cable TV provider and bought a smart TV along with it.
Her smart TV gives her the capability to record shows she might miss every now and then.
Which control issue could be found in this case?
a. Convergence
b. Scale
c. Volume
d. Unprecedented individual empowerment

7. Ms. Bughaw is an active Facebook user She recently posted a picture of herself with her
friends getting drunk during a party Her boss saw it on her profile and said it was very
unprofessional and asked her to take it down She did, but her friends uploaded the same
picture and tagged her, making her picture still appear on her profile Which control issue is
shown in this case?
a. Convergence
b. Scale
c. Volume
d. Unprecedented individual empowerment

8. These are also called conceptual resources.

a. Tangible resources
b. Complex resources
c. Non-tangible resources
d. Simple resources

9. Information that is important and useful when it is needed is considered ______.

a. Reliable
 b. Accessible
c. Relevant
d. Complete

10. A movie being sold in different formats and mediums such as in DVDs, Google Play,
iTunes, etc. means that the movie is considered as:
a. Non-rivalrous
b. Non-exclusive
c. Not exhibiting high degrees of transparency
d. Having zero-marginal cost

II – Video/Powerpoint Presentation
Note: You can submit Assessment Test II on the LMS only.

Instruction:
Create a short video advertisement/powerpoint presentation highlighting the importance
on information control in the Philippines. You can benchmark on the advertisements shown in
cinemas explaining why movie piracy is considered a crime. The goal is to make the Filipino
viewers understand the need for information control in the country.