TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY

CHENNAI -97

COURSE 7 (a) PEDAGOGY OF SOCIAL SECIENCE

s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<Gl<!Ljxgt<
(Part I Methodology)
s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<Gl<!Ljxgt<!
(Pedagogy of social science)

nzG!I
nzG! !s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqe<!Ofig<
:! Ofig<gr<gt<!lx<Xl<!Gxqg<Ogit<gt</!!

nzG!II
nzG! : gx<hqk<kZl<!kqm<mlqMkZl<!!

nzG!III
nzG! : s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<Gl<!kqxegjt!ohx!
kqxegjt!ohx!!
gjt!ohx!!hbqx<sq!n
q!ntqk<kz<!!

nzG!IV
nzG! : s&g!nxquqbz<
s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<Gl<!Ljxgt</!!

nzG!V
nzG! : s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kZg<gie!ut&zr<
ie!ut&zr<gt</!!

Prepared by
Dr. K. Rajasekaran
Associate Professor
Department of Educational Planning and Administration
TamilNadu Teachers Education University
Chennai - 97

1
 s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<Gl<!Ljxgt!<
(PEDAGOGY OF SOCIAL SCIENCE)

nzG!2!
nzG!2!
s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqe<!Ofig<gr<gt<!lx<Xl<!Gxqg<Ogit<
git<gt<!

-f<k!nzgqe<!Lcuqz<!li{ui<gt<
t!!

2/ s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqe<!Gxqg<Ogit<gt<!lx<Xl<!Ofig<gr<gt<!hx<xq!uquiqk<K!%Xui</!
3/ s&g!nxquqbz<!Ohikqh<hkqe<!Okju!lx<Xl<!Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jk!g{<M!ogit<ui</!!
4/ s&g!nxquqbz<!-bz<H!lx<Xl<!wz<jz!hx<xq!uquikqh<hi</!
5/ s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqe<!lkqh<Hgt<!hx<xq!uquikqh<hi</!

Le<Ejv!!
jv!!

s&g! nxquqbzieK! uvziX?! Gcjlbqbz<?! ohiVtikivl<?! Huqbqbz<! Ohie<x! himr<gjt!

dt<tmg<gqbkiGl</!

s&g!nxquqbz<!;ohiVt<!(Meaning of Social Science)!

s&g! nxquqbz<! we<hK! leqkEjmb! uip<g<jg! Ljx?! nue<! s&gk<kqx<gig! we<oee<e!

osb<b! Ou{<Ml<! we<hjkh<! hx<xqb! hch<OhbiGl</! Skf<kqvk<kqx<G! hqxG! gz<uqLjxbqz<! ogi{<M!
uvh<hm<m! hz<OuX! lix<xr<gtqe<! uqjtuig?! yu<ouiV! GclgEl<! sqz! h{<Hgjt! njmf<Okbig!
Ou{<Ml</! nf<k! h{<Hgt<! njek<Kl<! -tjl! LkOz! gz<uq! fqXuer<gt<! &zlig! ntqg<gh<hm!
Ou{<Ml<! we<hjk! gz<uqg<! GPg<gt<! uzqBXk<kq! uVgqe<xe/! fz<z! Gclgje! dVuig<Gkz<?!
\efibg! lvHgjt! njeuVl<! ohx<Ox! Ng! Ou{<Ml</! we<x! Ofig<OgiM! s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<!
ogi{<M!uvh<hm<mK/!

s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! we<hK! uvziX?! Huqbqbz<?! ohiVtikivl<?! Gcjlbqbz<! Ngqb!

&e<X!keqk<keqh<! ohiVt<gjtBl<! -j{k<K!dVuig<gh<hm<mK/!uvziX!yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!gizk<kqz<!
uip<f<k! lg<gtqe<! uip<g<jg! Ljxgjt! uquiqg<gqxK/! Gcjlbqbz<! we<hK! yV! leqke<! wu<uiX!
sqxf<k!Gclgeig!uqtr<gOu{<Ml</!nvsir<gl<! we<xiz<! we<e/!NThui<gt<! bii<@!Nth<hMhui<gt<!
bii<@! Nm<sqh<! ohiXh<Hg<gie! kGkqbie! kjzjlh<! ohiXh<jh! ugqh<hui<gt<! ! wu<uiX!
Oki<f<okMg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!nui<gtqe<!gmjlgt<?!sqxf<k!Gclg<gtqe<!gmjlgt<!we<oee<e?!flK!
fim<ce<! nvsqbzjlh<H!sm<mkqm<mr<gt<! wu<uiX!dVuig<gh<hm<me/!nkje!dVuig<gqbui<gt<! bii<@!
wu<uiX!sm<mkqm<mr<gjt!lkqk<K!fmk<kz<! Ou{<Ml<?!we<hux<jxh!hx<xq!uquiqg<g%xg<! %cbkiGl</!
nk<Kme<! flK! fim<ce<! hiKgih<H! Ljxgt<! nkx<gig! fil<! gjmhqcg<Gl<! uqkqLjxgt<!
njek<jkBl<!oktquig!uqtg<Gl</!!

Huqbqbz<! we<hK! h,lqjbh<! hx<xqb! ui<{je/! leqkeqe<! djxuqmlie! Huq! njlh<jhh<!

hx<xqb! hch<Oh! Huqbqbz<?! Huqbqbz<! leqkEjmb! fmucg<jggTme<! okimi<H! ogi{<mKl<?!
leqkEjmb!-bx<jgs<!$p<fqjzjbh<!hx<xqb!%Xgt<!ogi{<mKlie!hch<Oh!NGl</!

Ohvisqiqbi<! mm<zq!^<mil<H!Huqbqbz<! we<hK!dzjgBl<! nkqz<! uip<hui<gjtBl<! ui<{qh<hK!

we<gqxii/! -jkOb! li\q{<mi<! leqkEg<Gl<! $p<fqjzg<Gl<! -jmOb! dt<t! okimi<Oh! Huqbqbz<!
we<gqxii</! -u<uixig! leqk! -er<gTg<Gl<! nui<gt<! uiPl<! $p<fqjzgTg<Gl<! dt<t!
okimi<Hgjt!uqtg<GuK!Huqbqbz<!NGl</!

nk<Kme<! leqk! dxUgjt! uti<g<g! s&g! nxquqbz<! dkUgqe<xK/! nxquqbz<! lx<Xl<!

okipqz<Fm<h! uti<s<sqbqe<! giv{lig! leqke<! hz<OuX! hqs<sjegTg<G! kQi<U! g{<M! uVgqe<xie</!
-Vh<hqEl<! fiTg<G! fit<! ohVgq! ogi{<M! uVl<! hqvs<sjegjtk<! kQi<Ugi{h<! ht<tq%mr<gt<!

2
li{ui<gTg<Gs<! s&g!nxquqbz<! himl<! &zligh<!hbqx<sqbqje!ntqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!fuQe!nxquqbz<!
okipqz<! Fm<hr<gjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! hpjlbie! fx<h{<Hgt<! njek<Kl<! s&g! nxquqbz<! &zOl!
uti<g<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!

s&g!nxquqbzqe<!-bz<Hgt<!(Nature of Social Science)!

!

hjmh<hqe<! -bg<gr<gjt! %Xl<! -bz<hqbz<?! -jbhqbz<?! fqz! dm<%x<xqbz<! dbqiqbqbz<?!

uqzr<gqbz<! Ohie<x! hz! dm<hqiqUgjtg<! ogi{<m! nxqUk<! KjxgjtBl<! sii<f<Ok! -bx<jgbqbz<!
weh<hMl</! -Kujv! fjmohx<x! fqgp<s<sqgt<! njek<Kl<! s&guqbzqz<! okiquqg<gh<hMgqxK/! leqke<!
Sx<Xh<Hx! $p<fqjzBme<! -jbf<K! hqxVme<! SLglie! okimi<H! ogi{<M! uipOu{<Ml<! we<hjk!
uqtg<Gl<! himOl! s&g! nxquqbz</! -u<ujgbqz<! leqke<! s&gk<KmEl<! -bx<jg! $pZmEl<!
ogi{<Mt<t! dxUgjt! s&g! nxquqbz<! uqtg<GgqxK/! s&g! nxquqbz<?! s&g! hqvs<sjegTl<!
fmh<H! fqgp<s<sqgTl<! lm<MOl! Ohikqg<gh<hMgqxK/! we<x! gVk<K! fqzuq! uVgqxK/! leqkEjmb!
sLkib!hqvs<sjegt<! fmh<H!fqgp<s<sqgt<! Ngqbux<jx!Ohikqh<hKme<! leqkEjmb!-bx<jg!$pz<?!
s&gs<! $pz<?! h{<him<Ms<! $pz<! hx<xqBl<! s&g! nxquqbz<! uqtg<GgqxK/! leqk! -ek<kqe<!
Le<Oex<xk<jkh<! hx<xq! li{ui<gTg<G! gx<hqg<gqe<Oxil</! Le<Oex<xr<gt<! wu<uiX! fqgp<f<ke!
we<hjk! Nvib<uOkiM! leqke<! gmf<k! gizr<gtqz<! ke<! $p<fqjzBme<! fmk<kqb! Ohivim<mr<gt<!
kx<Ohijkb! Ohivim<mr<gt<! figiQg! uti<s<sqbqe<! ke<jl! Ngqb! njek<K! himr<gjtBl<! uquiqk<K!
s&g! nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<! himh<ohiVt<! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/! nk<Kme<! s&g! nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<!
dt<t! hGkqgtie! uvziX?! Gcjlbqbz<?! Huqbqbz<! Lkzqb! njek<Kl<! leqkEjmb!
Le<Oex<x< k<kqe<!okimi<Hgjt!uqtg<Gl<!u{<{l<!dt<tK/!

leqke<! Okie<xqb! gizl<! Lkx<ogi{<Om?! s&g! nxquqbz<! Nvl<hligquqm<mK! wezil</!

leqke<! ke<! uip<g<jgjbk<! okimi<f<K! fmk<k?! ose<x! -mr<gt<?! nux<xqe<! njlh<H?! nkx<gie!
g{<Mhqch<Hgt<?! -ke<! uqjtuig! dVuie! figiQg! uti<s<sq! -ux<jxBl<! hx<xq! s&g! nxquqbz<!
uqtg<GgqxK/! leqk! uip<g<jgbqe<! uti<s<sqg<G! hiMhm<mui<gt<! hx<xqBl<! nvsqbz<?! slbl<?! s&gl<?!
-zg<gqbl<?! gjz! Oll<hiM! Ngqbux<xqx<G! dkUhui<gjth<! hx<xqBl<! lx<Xl<! hz! Lg<gqblie!
fqgp<s<sqgjth<!hx<xqBl<!s&g!nxquqbz<!himl<!uqtg<GgqxK/!!

leqk! sLkibk<kqe<! Le<Oex<xk<jkg<! Gxqk<K! fz<zLjxbqz<! li{ui<gTg<G! s&g!

nxquqbz<! himl<! &zligg<! gx<hqg<g! LcgqxK/! s&g! nxquqbzqe<! ucul<! kqef<OkiXl<! uti<f<K!
ogi{<Om! uVgqxK/! okimi<f<K! lix<xr<gTl<! Wx<hm<Mg<! ogi{<Om! -Vg<gqe<xe/! -K! yV!
dbqOvim<mLt<t!hch<hiGl</!Nvl<hk<kqz<! s&g!nxquqbz<! Kjxjb!n[Gukx<Gh<! hbf<k!leqke<?!
-e<X! nxquqbz<! Kjxbqz<! Wx<hm<m! Hkqb! g{<Mhqch<Hgtqe<! uqjtuig! -bx<jgbqe<! vgsqbr<gjt!
fe<G!okiqf<K!ogi{<M!-e<X!-bx<jgjb!ke<ubh<hMk<kquqm<mie/!

nk<Kme<! Osikjegt<?! g{<Mhqch<Hgt<?! nEhur<gt<! Ngqbju! leqk! uip<g<jgBme<!

wu<uqkl<! okimi<H! ogi{<Muqm<me! we<hkjeBl<! s&g! nxquqbzieK! uqtg<GgqxK/! -u<uixig!
s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! ht<tq! li{ui<gtqe<! nxquqjeh<! hzujgbqZl<! uti<k<Kg<! ogit<t!
dXKj{big! -Vg<gqxK/! leqkEjmb! uip<g<jg! uvzix<Xme<! Huq! hx<xqb! njek<Ks<!
osb<kqgjtBl<?! -bx<jgbqe<! -mi<hiMgt<?! nux<jx! wu<uiX! wkqi<ogit<t! LcBl</! olik<kk<kqz<!
ne<xim! uip<g<jgbqz<! Wx<hmg<%cb! hqvs<sjegjt! gjtuK! hx<xqb! nxquqje! s&g! nxquqbz<!
hch<H! Wx<hMk<KgqxK/! SVr<gs<! osie<eiz<! dzgl<?! dzglg<gt<! -bx<jg! nvsqbz<! h{<hiM!
g{<Mhqh<Hgt<!-bx<jg!utl<!njek<jkBl<!hx<xq!s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<gqe<xK/!

s&g!nxquqbzqe<!wz<jzgt<!(Scope of Social Science)!

!

s&g! nxquqbz<! himr<gjtg<! gx<hqh<hke<! uvl<jh?! Wjeb! himr<gTme<! yh<hqMjgbqz<!

lx<x! himr<gjtuqmh<! hvf<K! uqiqf<kK! we<X! %x! LcBl</! gmf<k! gizk<jk! hx<xqb! nxquqje!
LPjlbig! ohx! Ou{<Ml</! NeiZl<! gmf<k! gizk<jkh<hx<xq! Nvib<uK! we<hK! lqgg<! gcelie!
osbziGl</! gmf<k! gizk<jkh<! hx<xqb! uvziX! -Vf<kiz<! lm<MOl! Nvib! LcBl</! Nvl<hgizk<kqz<!
leqkeqe<!uip<g<jg!-bx<jgObiM!-jbf<K!-Vf<k!gizk<kqeiz<!uvziX!wPkh<hmuqz<jz/!

3
 nke<! hqe<eOv! figiqgl<! Okie<xqb! gizk<jkh<! hx<xqh<! hcg<g! fqjxb! uvzix<Xs<! sie<Xgt<!
dt<te/! dmZjph<hqe<! &zOl! njek<Kh<! h{qgjtBl<! osb<K! uf<k! leqke<! -bf<kqv!
Ljxg<Gh<! hqe<ei<! lix<xqg<! ogi{<mie</! -KOu! leqke<! figiQg! uip<g<jgjbk<! okimr<gqbjlg<G!
wMk<Kg<gim<miGl</! l{<hi{<mr<gt<! osb<kz<?! hbqi<! uqjtuqk<kz<?! ofVh<hqe<! hbjeg<! g{<Mhqck<K?!
hbe<hMk<Kkz<!NgqbjugOt!figiQgl<!ohxk<!okimr<gq!uqm<mkx<G!nxqGxqgtiGl</!

leqke<! osb<K! uf<k! osbz<gt<! nvsqbz<! kqm<mg<Ogim<hiMgt<! Outi{<jl?! jgk<okipqz<?!

ui{qgl<?! d{U?! djm?! fmk<jk?! uqjtbim<M?! s&guip<g<jg?! Le<Oex<xs<! osbz<gt<?! figiQg!
uti<s<sqgt<?!nvsqbz<! ohiVtikiv!Le<Oex<xr<gt<?!sqxf<k!gVk<Kg<gt<?!h{<hiMgt<?!fz<z!lvHgt<!
njek<Kl<!s&g!nxquqbzqZl<!nmr<Gl</!

ng<gizk<kqz<! Okie<xqb! sqz! ohiqObii<gtqe<! sqxf<k! osbz<gt<?! uip<g<jgLjx! Ngqbju/!

hqx!leqki<gTg<G!nui<gtqe<! uip<g<jgLjxg<G!upqgim<Ml<! uqklig!-Vf<ke/!NgOukie<! s&g!
nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<! nu<uixie! sqxf<k! ohiqObii<gtqe<! uip<g<jg! uvziXgTl<!
-j{g<gh<hm<Mt<te/! -k<kjgb! ohiqObii<gt<! s&gk<kqz<! sqxh<hie! -mk<jkBl<! kjzjlh<!
ohiXh<jhBl<!ugqk<K!uf<kei</!

ubzqz<! Oujz! osb<K! flg<G! d{utqh<hui<gTl<! -bf<kqvk<! okipqjzs<! osb<K! flK!

Okjujb! h,i<k<kq! osb<hui<gTl<! sqxf<k! s&gk<! oki{<cje! Nx<xquVgqe<xei<! we<hkx<G! gVk<K!
OuXhiOm! gqjmbiK/! nui<gt<! osb<k! Osjubqeiz<! sLkib! uti<s<sqbqz<! Lg<gqb! hr<gqje!
nui<gt<! ohXgqe<xei</! ncjlk<kjtbqz<! -Vf<k! leqke<?! kx<OhiK! Skf<kqvlie! nvSiqjljbh<!
ohx<X! -Vg<gqe<xie</! -kjeobz<ziux<jxBl<! hx<xq! uqiquig! li{ui<gt<! gx<Gl<OhiK! Gcjlh<!
h{<Hgjt! nui<gt<! ohx! LcgqxK/! nk<Kme<! -ju! s&g! nxquqbzqe<! uti<s<sqbqjeBl<! nxqb!
dkuqHiqgqe<xK/!

s&g!nxquqbz<
s&g!nxquqbz<!uti<s<sqjb!
qjb!gQp<g{<mux<jx!uiqjsh<hMk<kzil</!

2/ nvsi<gt<?! nui<gtqe<! fiMgt<?! nf<fim<M! lg<gt<! nui<gt<! osb<k! Ohii<gt<?! njmf<k!

oux<xqgt<!-ju!s&g!nxquqbzqz<!nmr<gqBt<te/!!
3/ nvsi<gtqe<! ul<siupq!Wx<hm<m!nvsqbz<! lix<xr<gt<! nvsqbz<! $p<s<sqgt<?!Ohii<gjth<! hx<xqb!
osb<kqgTl<!dt<te/!!
4/ fl<fim<M!nvsqbz<!osb<kqgTme<!hqxfiMgtqe<!nvsqbz<!okimi<HgTl<!-ml<ohx<Xt<te/!!
5/ ohiVtikiv!uti<s<sqohx<Xs<! s&g!uip<g<jgg<G!fzl<ohXl<hc!Wx<hMk<kh<hm<m!fqjzbr<gt<!
sikjegt<!-ux<jxBl<!uqtg<GgqxK/!
6/ leqk! -e! uti<s<sqg<gie! osbz<gt<! s&g! uip<g<jgbqe<! nr<gr<gjt! lkl<?! -zg<gqbl<!
F{<gjz! nxquqbz<?! okipqz<Kjxgtqz<! uti<s<sq! Ohie<xux<jxBl<! -h<himk<kqz<! -ml<!
ohx<Xt<te/!!

s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! keqleqkk<! Okjugt<?! s&gk<! Okjugt<?! Wx<hMl<! hqvs<sjegt<?!

$p<fqjzg<Ogx<xuiX! ke<je! lix<xqg<ogit<tz<! Ohie<xux<jxBl<! gx<hqg<gqe<xK/! NgOu!
ohVl<hie<jlbie!li{ui<gt<! kr<gt<! s&g!uip<g<jgjbh<! hx<xq!wtqkigh<! Hiqf<K!ogit<gqe<xei</!
klK!ne<xim!uip<g<jgbqz<!-Vf<Ok!-h<him!nxquqje!li{ui<gt<!ohXgqe<xei</!s&g!nxquqbz<!
hch<H! dzgk<kqjeh<! Ohie<X! hvf<K! uqiqf<kkig! -Vh<hqEl<! gQp<g<g{<mux<jx! Hiqf<K! ogit<t!
dkUgqxK/!

2/ leqke<!hqx!leqki<gjth<!hx<xq!nxqkz<!!
3/ leqke<!lx<x!fqXuer<gjth<!hx<xq!nxqkz<!!
4/ leqke<?!Huqbqjeh<!hx<xq!nxqkz<!!
5/ leqke<!wz<zih<!ohiVt<gjtBl<!hx<xq!nxqkz<!

Ohie<xux<jxg<! gx<Xk<! Oki<f<K! LP! nxquqjeBl<! oktquigh<! ohxgqxie</! uvziX?!

Gcjlbqbz<?! Huqbqbz<! himr<gtqe<! nch<hjm! nxquqjeh<! ohXuKme<?! -ux<xqx<gqjmOb! dt<t!
okimi<hqjeBl<! fe<G! nxqf<K! ogit<gqe<xie</! -h<himk<kqx<G! wz<jz! -e<El<!

4
ujvbXg<gh<hmuqz<jz/! s&g! nxquqbjz! fmk<Kl<OhiK! Nsqiqbi<! fmf<k! osb<kqgjt!
ui<{qh<hOkiM?!We<?!wu<uiX!Wx<hm<me/!nkeiz<! gqjmk<k!hze<gt<! biju@!we<hjkBl<! uqtg<gqg<!
%xOu{<Ml</!!

kx<OhiK! flK! fim<M! flK! lg<gt<! flK! nZuzgr<gt<?! lkl<?! hpg<g! upg<gr<gt<?!
hqvs<sjegt<?!fqgp<Ugt<! Ngqbux<xqz<! gmf<k!gizk<kqjeh<! hx<xqb!osb<kqgtqz<! Okjubieux<jxg<!
gx<hqh<hKme<?! hpr<giz! fqgp<s<sqgTg<Gl<! kx<giz! fqgp<s<sqgTg<GlqjmOb! dt<tk<! okimi<hqje!
li{ui<gTg<G!uquiqk<Kg<!%xOu{<Ml</!

li{ui<gTg<G! s&g! nxquqbjz! gx<hqk<K?! uvzix<X! Nu{r<gjt! Nb<U! osb<ukx<Giqb!

Dg<gLl<! ntqg<gh<hm! Ou{<Ml</! 2925! Nl<! N{<M! o\i<le<! fim<cz<! uvzix<xqje! Nb<U!
osb<ukx<gigs<! sr<gl<! ye<X! fqXuh<hm<mK/! -ke<! hqe<ei<! s&g! nxquqbz<! himk<kqe<! uti<s<sq!
uqjvuig!Wx<hm<mK!wezil</!

s&g! nxquqbz<! himk<kqm<mk<kqz<! fmk<jkg<gz<uq?! Gcdiqjlgt<?! fim<MxU?! s&g! lix<xr<gt<?!

h{<hiMgtqjmObBt<tk<! okimi<Hgt<?! kqm<mlqmz<! Ngqbju!Hkqkigs<! Osi<g<gh<hm<Mt<te/! nk<Kme<!
uvziX! sqxh<hqmr<gt<?! ohiVtikivl<! zihl<! lqGf<k! hGkqgt<?! h{<him<jmk<! okiquqg<Gl<! -mr<gt<?!
Ngqbux<xqx<Gg<! gz<uqh<! hb{l<! ose<X!uVuKl<! fz<zK?!nOkiM!s&g!fzh<h{q!fmucg<jggt<!
sLkib! utl<?! F~zg! nxqU! Ngqbux<jxh<! hx<xqb! osb<kqgjtBl<! okiGk<K! li{ui<gTg<G!
ntqk<Ks<!s&g!nxquqbz<!nxquqje!Wx<hMk<kzil</!

-ux<xqzqVf<K! s&g! nxquqbzqe<! uvl<H! wz<jzbx<xK! we<hjk! nxquKme<! Lg<gqb!

gVk<Kg<gjt! li{ui<gTg<G! wMk<Kjvh<hjkOb! s&g! nxquqbzqe<! wz<jzbigg<! ogit<t!
Ou{<Ml<!we<hjkBl<!okiquqg<gqe<xK/!

ht<tqgtqz<!s&g!nxquqb
s&g!nxquqbz<
qbz<!gx<hqk<kzqe<!Ofig<gr<gt<!lx<Xl<!Gxqg<Ogit<gt<
t!!

(Aims and objectives of Teaching Social Science in Schools)!

Ofig<gr<gt<!(Aims)!
!

s&g! nxquqbjzg<! gx<hqk<kzqe<! Ofig<gr<gt<! ohiKg<gz<uqbqe<! Ofig<gr<gTme<! yk<K!

-Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! nk<Kme<! sqz! sqxh<hl<sr<gjtg<! ogi{<mkigUl<! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! -eq! sqz!
Ofig<gr<gt<!Gxqk<Kg<!gi{<Ohil</!

Huqbqe<!-bx<jgh<!hqiqUgjth<
hqiqUgjth<!hx<xqb!nxquqjeh<
qb!nxquqjeh<!ohXkz<!!

gmf<kgiz?! fqgp<gizh<! Huqbqbz<! lx<Xl<! s&gs<! $p<fqjzgjth<! hx<xq! fe<G! Hiqf<K!

ogit<Tkz</!
li{ui<gtqe<! fqjeuix<xz<?! gx<hje! Nb<Uk<kqxe<! -ux<jx! nkqgiqk<kZme<! Outi{<jl?!
okipqz<Kjxgtqe<!uti<s<sq!hx<xq!nxqkz</!
F~z<gt<! osb<kqk<kit<gtqZt<t! Gxqh<Hgjt! nxquKme<! kib<fim<Mh<! hx<X?!
-bx<jgbqemk<kqz<! dt<t! hx<X?! -bx<jg! npjg! vsqk<kz<! Ohie<x! leh<hie<jlgjt!
uti<k<kz</!
fim<Mh<hx<jx! uti<h<hKme<! dzg! GcjlB{i<U?! dzg! sOgikvk<Kul<! %m<MxU!
leh<hie<jl?!NkvU!leh<hie<jl!Ohie<x!dbi<f<k!G{r<gjt!uti<k<kz<!!
‘uvziX’! we<hK! gmf<k! giz! nvsqbz<! we<x! d{i<OuiM?! Huqbqe<! fqjzjlh<! hbe<hiM!
Ngqbux<jxBl<! Ohikqk<K?! s&g! nxquqbzqz<! Ni<uk<kqje! Wx<hMk<Kkz<?! gth<hb{l<?!
Nb<Uh<! hb{l<?!gz<uqh<! hb{l<! -ux<<xqe<! &zl<! LPjlbie!s&g!nxquqbjzg<! gx<hke<!
Ni<uk<jk!Wx<hMk<Kkz</!

-f<kqbiuqe<!dbi<f<k!hivl<hiqbl<!h{<hiM!
iM!-ux<jx!nxqf<K!ogit<tz<!

5
 nu<uh<OhiK! Wx<hMgqe<x! s&g! lix<xr<gjt! nxqf<K! ogit<uOkiM! s&gk<kqxe<gjtBl<!
uti<<k<Kg<ogi{<M! nxqU! lqGf<k! sqxf<k! \efibgh<! h{<Hgjth<! ohx<x! Gcleigk<! ke<je!
uti<<k<Kg<!ogit<tz</!

lixqg<ogi{<Om! uVgqe<x! dzg! fmh<HgTg<Ogx<h! lixquVgqe<x! OkjugjtBl<! h,i<k<kq!

osb<K!ogit<ukqz<!Lbx<sqbqje!uti<k<kz</!

keK! hGkqbqe<! s&g! gzis<siv! $p<fqjzgjtBl<! hqx! -mr<gtqe<! s&g! gzis<siv!

$p<fqjzgjtBl<!yh<hqm<Mh<!hii<k<K!yx<Xjl?!Oux<Xjl!-ux<jx!d{i<kz</!!

-el<?!olipq?!hiz<!-ux<xqz<!OuXhimx<x!w{<{k<kqje!uii<k<Kg<!ogit<uOkiM!njeuVl<!
sll<!we<hjkh<!Hiqb!juk<kz</!

hivl<hiqbl<! lqg<g! fiMgtqz<! ye<X! -f<kqbi! we<x! w{<{k<jk! uti<k<Kg<! ogit<uKme<?!

hz<OuX!olipq?!slbl<?!fl<hqg<jg!ogi{<m!lg<gtiz<!Wx<hMk<kh<hm<m!gzh<Hg<!gzis<sivk<kqje!fil<!
ohx<xqVg<gqOxil</!we<x!d{i<uqje!Wx<hMk<Kkz</!

sqxh<H!Ofig<gr<
r<gt<!(Specific Aims)!
!

Lf<jkb!fqjz!(Early
kb!fqjz! !
Stage)!

hpr<giz! lg<gtqe<! uip<<g<jg! uvzix<X! gjkgjtg<! %xq! li{ui<gtqe<! gx<hjek<kqxe<?!

leouPs<sq! -ux<jx! uti<g<g! Ou{<Ml</! -l<li{ui<gTg<Gh<! hml<?! likqiq! dVur<gt<?! Kj{g<!
gVuqgjth<! hbe<hMk<kqg<! jgOujzh<hiMgt<! nkqgl<! ogi{<mux<jxBl<! hbe<hMk<kqs<! s&g!
nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<gOu{<Ml</!

sLkibl<?! sLkib! uip<g<jg! -ux<jxh<! hx<xqb! nch<hjms<! osb<kqgjt! oktqUhMk<k!

Ou{<Ml</! hpr<giz! lg<gtqe<! gqvil! uip<g<jg/! nui<gt<! fmk<kqb! kqVuqpig<gt<?! sk<kqvr<gt<!
njlk<K! upqOhig<gi<gtqe<! hsqbqje! Ohig<Gkz<! Ohie<xux<jxBl<! giz! nxqjuBl<! gx<X!
okiqf<Kogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!

kx<giz! lg<gtqe<! uip<g<jgLjx?! hpr<giz! lg<gtqe<! uip<g<jg! Ljx! -ux<jxk<!

okimi<HhMk<kq! uti<s<sqgjt! hx<xqb! nxquqjeBl<! s&g! nxquqbz<! hbqZl<! li{ui<gt<!
ohxOu{<Ml</!

himr<gjt! Ohikqk<K! nxqUXk<KuKme<?! gui<s<sqBme<! li{ui<gjt! fe<G! Hiqf<K!

ogit<TliX! wtqjlbig! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! -h<hVuk<jk! gqtih<hi<! nxqLgh<hMk<Kl<! hVul<!
we<gqxii</! NgOu! -h<hVuk<kqz<! li{ui<gt<! gx<Gl<! s&g! nxquqbz<! himh<ohiVt<! hqe<ei<!
ohxg<%cb!nEhu!nxqUg<G!nch<hjmbiGl</!!

zqe<
-jmfqjz!uGh<HgTg<Gs<!s&g!nxquqbz<!himr<gjt!gx<hqk<kz qe<!Ofig<gr<gt<!!

-h<hVuk<kqz<! li{ui<gt<! nkqg!fqjeuix<xz<! djmbui<gtig!-Vh<hi</!Nsqiqbi<! gqtih<hi<!

-h<hVuk<jk! “lQm<M{<mig<Gl<! fqjz”! we<gqxii</! NgOu! -h<hVuk<kqz<! nkqglig! HzeQmi{k<!
Kj{g<! gVuqgt<! Okjuh<hmiuqm<miZl<! %m! lQt<hii<ju! osb<Bl<! kqxje! ohx<xui<gtig!
-Vh<hii<gt</!NgOu!-h<hVu!li{ui<gTg<Gs<!s&g!nxquqbjz!yPr<G!Ljxg<Ogx<hg<!gx<hqk<kz<!
Ou{<Ml</!fqjeuix<xz<!kqVl<hg<!%xz<!Ohie<x!kqxjlgjt!li{ui<gt<!ohx<xqVh<hkiz<!okimi<hie!
fqgp<s<sqgtigUl<! osb<kqgjtg<! gizuiqjs! Ljxh<hc! yPr<GhMk<kqBl<! s&g! nxquqbjzg<!
gx<hqg<gzil</!

-h<hVu! li{ui<gTg<Gs<! s&g! gzis<siv! nxupqh<! h{<Hgjt! wMk<Kjvg<GliX!

hbqx<sqbtqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

6
keqk<Kh<! hcg<Gl<! hpg<gk<jkBl<! hck<kjugjtk<! okiGk<K! ntqg<Gl<! kqxjlgjtBl<! uti<g<g!
Ou{<Ml</!

&e<xiuK!fqjz!)
iuK!fqjz!):!21!uGh<HgTg<G*!(Secondary
*! !!
School)!

-h<hVu! li{ui<gTg<Gh<! hbe<! Lg<gqbligg<! gVkh<hMukiz<! Nsqiqbi<! gqtih<hi<!

-h<hVuk<kqjes<!sqf<kqg<Gl<!fqjz!we<gqxii<! !
NgOu!s&g!nxquqbz<!leh<hie<jljb!li{ui<gtqml<!uti<g<g!Ou{<Ml</!!
s&g! nxquqbz<! himk<jk! nxquqbz<! himlig! gx<hqg<g! Ou{<Ml</! nzG! Ljx! kjzh<H!
sii<Ljx?!Nb<ULjx!-ux<jxh<!hbe<hMk<kq!s&g!nxquqbjzg<!gx<hqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
osb<kqgjtg<! gizgqvlh<hc! uiqjsh<hMk<kq! giv{r<gtqe<! uqkqgjt! Nvib<uOkiM! fim<cz<!
fjmohXgqe<x! ohVl<fqgp<s<sqgt<?! nux<xqe<! Ohig<Ggt<?! hcLjx! uti<s<sq!
Ngqbux<xqjeBl<!li{ui<gt<!fe<G!d{Vl<hc!gx<xz<!Ou{<Ml</!
uvzix<Xk<! kjzui<gtqe<! uip<g<jg!uvzix<xqjeh<! hch<hkiz<! nk<kjzui<gtqe<! G{r<gt<?!
sikje?! kqbigr<gt<! -ux<jx! gx<hqk<k! hqe<ei<?! li{ui<gt<! lkqh<hQM! osb<uke<!
Ni<uk<kqjek<!K~{<m!Ou{<Ml</!
fl<! fim<ce<! s&g!nxquqbzqz<! nvsqbz<! uti<s<sq!lkl<! h{<hiM!-ux<Xme<! dzg!uvziX!
hx<xqb!himr<gTl<! -ml<ohx!Ou{<Ml</!nkeiz<! li{uigt<! dzgl<! hx<xqb!nxquqjeBl<!
ohXgqxii<gt</!
s&g! nxquqbz<! uvzix<xqjeg<! gx<hqg<Gl<! OhiK! Nkivr<gt<! osb<kqk<kqvm<M! -ux<xqe<!
nch<hjmbqz<! gx<hqk<K! nui<gTg<G! Nb<U! osb<bOu{<cb! leh<hie<jljb! Wx<hMk<k!
Ou{<Ml</!

ht<tqgtqz<!s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqe<!ohiK!Ofig<gr<
r<gt<!!

ohiK!Ofig<gr<gt<!we<hju!s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqh<hkiz<!gizh<Ohig<gqz<!fQ{<m!fim<gt<!gpqk<K!
ht<tq!li{ui<gtqml<!njmbg<%cbju/!

2/ ke<jek<kiOe!Hiqf<K!ogit<tz<!(To Promote Self -Understanding)!

3/ gizl<!-ml<!s&gl<!hx<xq!nxqkz<!(To give proper conceptionof time space and society)!
4/ kx<gizs<!sikjejb!ntuqMkz<!!
5/ ohiXjljb!uti<k<kz<!(To Inculcate Tolerance)!
6/ nxquii<f<k!leh<hie<jljb!uti<k<kz<!(To Cultivate Valuable intellectual attitudes)!
7/ nxqui{<jljb!uti<k<kz<!(To broaden the Infellect)!
8/ fe<oexq!h{<Hgjt!uti<k<kz<!(To teach moral Princeples)!
9/ sqf<kjeh<!hbqx<sq!ntqk<kz</!(To impart mental training)!
:/ fim<Mh<!hx<xqje!uti<k<kz<!(To foster National feelings)!
21/ dzg!leh<hie<jljb!uti<k<kz<!(To develop international feelings)!
22/ ne<xim!uip<uqz<!s&g!nxquqbzqe<!hbe<hiMgt<!hx<xqk<!okiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<</!!
23/ s&g!nxquqbz<!himk<kqje!hch<hkqz<!Ni<uk<jk!Wx<hMk<Kkz<!!
24/ dx<XOfig<Gkz<!kqxje!uti<k<kz</!
25/ fz<z!h{<Hgjt!uti<k<kz</!

ht<tqgtqz<!s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqe<!Gxqg<Ogit<gt<!!

s&g!nxquqbz<!gz<uqbqjeg<!gx<hqg<Gl<!OhiK!sqz!ogit<jggjtg<!gjmhqcg<g!Ou{<Ml</!nju!!

s&g! nxquqbz<! gz<uqbieK! li{ui<gtqml<! hz<OuX! h{<Hgjt! uti<h<hkx<Gl<!

nEhur<gjth<!ohxs<!osb<ukx<Gl<!Okjubie!osbz<gjtk<!K~{<Mkz</!
li{ui<gt<! LPjlbie!nEhu!nxqjuh<! ohXliX!himh<Hk<kgr<gTg<Gl<! him-j{!
osbz<gTl<!s&g!nxquqbz<!himk<kqz<!-j{f<K!njlbOu{<Ml</!

7
 s&g!nxquqbz<! himl<! ne<xim!uip<g<jgObiM!okimi<Hjmb!gz<uq!Wx<him<M!osbz<gt<!
fqjxf<kkig!-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!
li{ui<gt<! wkqi<giz! uipg<jgg<G! Nbk<kh<hMk<KliX! gVk<Kg<<gtqe<! nch<hjmbqz<!
hzKjxh<!himr<gTme<!okimi<H!ogi{<M!s&g!nxquqbz<!himl<!wPkh<hMgqxK/!
flK! fim<ce<! hivl<hiqbh<! h{<hiM! figiQgl<! -ux<jxh<! Oh{qg<! gik<K! nMk<k!
kjzLjxbqeVl<! nux<jxg<! gjmhqcg<GliX! s&g! ! nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<! uib<h<Hgt<!
kvh<hmOu{<Ml</! gz<uqbqe<! nch<hjm! Ofig<gr<gTt<! wtqkie?! lvHiqjljb! nMk<k!
kjzLjxbqeVg<Gl</!ntqk<kz<! we<hjk!fqjxU!osb<Bl<! ujgbqz<! s&g!nxquqbzqz<!
himr<gt<!Osi<g<gh<hmOu{<Ml</!
$p<fqjzg<Ogx<xuiX! li{ui<gt<! kr<gt<! uip<g<jgjb! njlk<Kg<! ogit<t?! s&g!
nxquqbz<!gz<uq!Kj{HiqbOu{<Ml</!
s&gk<kqe<! Okju?!Gpf<jkgtqe<! -bz<Hk<! ke<jl?!gz<uqbqe<! Gxqg<Ogit<gt<! -ux<jx!
fqjxU!osb<ukigs<!s&g!nxquqbz<!gz<uq!njlb!Ou{<Ml</!
s&g!nxquqbz<!himl<?!okimg<gg<gz<uq!Lkz<!dbi<!gz<uq!ujv!okimVl<!keqjljbh<!
ohx<X!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
okimg<gh<! ht<tqgtqz<! -jmfqjzh<ht<tqbqz<! lx<Xl<! dbi<fqjzh<! ht<tqgtqz<! s&g!
nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqe<!ohiKuie!Gxqg<Ogit<gjt!ogi{<mkig!-Vg<gqxK/!!

ht<tqgtqe<!s&g!
s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqe<!sqxh<Hg<!Gxqg<
Gxqg<Ogit<gt<!!

2/ fqjeuix<xjzBl<?!De<xq!gueqk<kjzBl<!uti<k<kz</!
3/ uvzix<Xs<!sqf<kjebqz<!Ohix<xq!uti<k<kz</!!
4/ li{ui<gjt!s&g!-bz<hqevig<Gkz<!
5/ hz<OuX! fiM?! -el<! sii<f<k! lg<gtqjmOb! ohiXjljbBl<! sgqh<<Hk<ke<jljbBl<!
uti<k<kz</!
6/ fim<Mh<hx<xqje!Dm<c!uti<k<kz</!!
7/ nxofxqh<!h{<Hgjt!li{ui<gtqml<!Ohix<xq!uti<k<kz<!!
8/ Lf<jkb! gizk<kqz<! uip<f<k! lg<gt<! uqm<Muqm<Mh<Ohie! fqjeUs<! sqe<er<gjth<! Ohix<xq!
hiKgik<kz<!!
9/ s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<Ohiqml<!s&g!nxquqbz<!leh<hie<jljb!uti<k<kz</!
:/ s&gl<!hch<hcbig!wu<uiX!uti<s<sqbjmf<K!uf<Kt<tK!we<hjk!nxqbjuk<kz<!!
21/ dzg!leh<hie<jljb!li{uiqml<!ospqk<Okir<g!osb<kz<!!
22/ Ofvl<?!-ml<!lx<Xl<!sLkibk<kqe<!ohiVjt!njmbs<!osb<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!

s&g! nxquqbz<! gx<hqk<kzqe<! Okju! lx<Xl<! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! (Need and Sigificance of Teaching
!
Social Science)!

gizk<jkh<! Hiqf<K! ogit<ukx<Gl<?! li{ui<gt<! wkqi<gizk<kqz<! sqxf<k! Gclge<gtig!

dVuiukx<Gl<! s&g! nxquqbz<! gz<uq! Okjuh<hMgqxK/! s&g! nxquqbz<! dt<t! uvziX!
fqgp<s<sqgt<! fmf<K! Lcf<kju/! nju! lQ{<Ml<! fjmohx! LcbiK/! s&gl<! Le<Oex<xljmf<K!
ogi{<Om! uVgqxK! we<hjk! fe<G! nxqf<K! ogit<gqxii<gt</! -keiz<! kx<gizk<kqe<! fqgp<s<sqgt<!
hx<xqb! oktquie! nxqjuh<! ohXuKme<?! wkqi<gizk<kqz<! Le<Oex<xk<kqx<Gl<! s&g! nxquqbjzh<!
hch<hkiz<! nkqg! uib<h<Hg<gjth<! ohXgqe<xei</! NgOu! s&g! nxquqbz<! gx<xjz! fe<G!
hbe<hMk<kqg<ogit<t! Ou{<Ml</! we<hOkiM! s&g! Le<Oex<xk<jkh<! hx<xqBl<! li{ui<gt<! fe<G!
nxqf<K!ogit<gqe<xei</!gmf<k!giz!fqgp<s<sqgt<!biUl<?!sqxh<hie!ohix<giz!fqgp<<s<sqgtiGl</!gmf<k!
gizk<jkh<! hx<xq! li{ui<gt<! hch<hkiz<! kr<gt<! nxquqjeh<! ohVg<gqg<! ogit<gqe<xei</! kx<giz!
uvzix<X! fqgp<s<sqgt<! -e<jxb! nvsqbzqz<! nmr<Gl</! li{ue<! gx<xjz! Lck<Kuqm<M?! dzg!
uip<g<jgbqz<! =MhMukx<G! Le<hig! s&guip<g<jg! wu<uqkl<! fjmohXgqxK! we<hjk! okiqf<K!
ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!NgOu!s&g!nxquqbzqz<!Lx<gizk<K!fqgp<s<sqgTme<!kx<giz!fqgp<s<sqgjtBl<!
okimi<HhMk<kqg<! gx<hqg<g! Ou{<Ml<</! nk<Kme<! yu<ouiV! Gclgtqe<! OkjugjtBl<!
d{i<k<KuKme<?! s&guip<g<jg! osl<jlbig! fjmohXukx<G! yu<ouiV! li{uEl<!

8
hiMhmOu{<Ml<! we<x! d{i<uqje! s&g! nxquqbz<! Wx<hMk<KgqxK/! Olz<uGh<Hgtqz<! hch<hcbig!
Wx<hm<m!liXkz<gt<! hx<xqb!s&g!nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<! gx<hqg<gh<hMgqxK/!nk<Kme<! s&g!nxquqbz<!
hch<hieK!ohiqb!kjzui<gtqe<!osbz<gjt!hivim<Ml<!d{i<uqje!Wx<hMgqxK/!

2/ figiQg!uti<s<sqjb!nxqkz<!!
3/ kx<giz!fqgp<s<sqgjts<!siquv!uqtg<gqg<!ogit<Tkz<!!
4/ nxqUs<!okiGh<hqje!ntqk<kz<!!
5/ sqf<kjeh<!hbqx<sq!ohXkz<!!
6/ nxqUg<!gtR<sqblig!uqtr<Gkz</!

2/s&g!nxquqbz<
2/s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqh<hkiz<!Wx<hMl<!lkqh<<Hgt<!(Values of Teaching Social Science)!
!

ht<tqgtqz<! li{ui<gTg<G! gx<hqg<gh<hMl<! yu<ouiV! himLl<! sqz! lkqh<Hgjt! uti<g<g!

ohVf<Kj{!HiqgqxK/!ht<tqgtqz<! li{ui<gTg<G!s&g!nxquqbz<! gx<hqh<hkiz<! hz!lkqh<Hg<gjth<!
ohXgqe<xei</! yu<ouiV! himLl<! sqz! lkqh<Hg<gjt! uti<g<gqe<xe/! s&g! nxquqbz<! gx<hkiz<!
li{ui<gTg<G! leqkOfbl<?! h{<hiM! gzis<sivl<?! gm<Mh<hiM?! Oksqb! yVjlh<hiM?! sgqh<Hk<ke<jl?!
uqmiLbx<sq?! %m<MxU! le<hie<jl! Ohie<x! h{<Hgt<! uti<gqxK/! s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<!
li{ui<gTg<G! gx<hqh<hkiz<! OlZl<! hz! lkqh<Hg<gjt! uti<g<gqxK/! njubiue! s&g! nxquqbz<!
hqvs<sjejb!!hx<xq!sqf<kqg<Gl<!Nx<xjz!uti<g<gqxK/!-keiz<!li{ui<gt<!Hk<kq%i<jl!uti<gqxK/!

3/h{<
3/h{<him<M!lkqh<Hgt<!(Cultural Value)!
!

gmf<k! gizk<jkh<! hx<xqs<! s&g! nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<! gx<hqg<Gl<OhiK! hzujgbie! lg<gt<?!

nui<gtqe<! hpg<g! upg<gr<gt<?! uipg<jgLjx! ng<gizk<jkb! le<ei<gt<! nui<gtqe<! Nm<sqLjx!
Ohie<xux<jxBl<! oktquig! nxqb! Lcgqe<xK/! nk<Kme<! kx<giz! nvsqbZme<! hpr<giz!
Nm<sqLjxjb! yh<hqm<M! Ofig<g! Lcgqe<xK/! -keiz<?! nui<gt<! HKh<HKg<! gVk<Kg<gjth<!
ohxLcgqe<xK/! gmf<kgizk<kqz<! uip<f<K! ljxf<k! ohVf<kjzui<gt<! hx<xqb! uip<g<jg! uvziX?!
nui<gt<!fim<cx<gig!Nx<xqb!h{qgt<?!sikjegt<?!w{<{r<gt<?!Nuz<gt<?!osbz<gt<!Ngqbux<jx!
li{ui<gt<! -g<giz! s&g! nxquqbzqz<! hkqU! osb<bh<hm<Mt<tjkh<! hck<K! wtqkqz<! gx<gqxii<gt</!
ke<ht<tq?! ke<! GMl<hl<?! s&gs<! $p<fqjz! Ohie<xux<xqz<! ! hqxVme<! hpGukx<G! uib<Hgt<!
Wx<hMgqe<xe/!hqxVme<! fm<HxU!ogi{<M!sqxf<k!nEhur<gjth<! ohXgqxii<gt</!-ui<gTg<G!hvf<k!
leh<hie<jl! Wx<hMgqxK/! s&gk<kqz<! fmf<k! fqgp<Ugjt! yh<hqm<Mh<! hii<k<K?! Hkqb! fjmBjmb!
hiujegjtBl<! hpg<g! upg<gr<gjtBl<! nxqf<K! ogi{<M! nju! hx<xqb! nxquqje! uti<k<Kg<!
ogit<gqe<xei</! Hkqb! figiqgk<Kme<! -j{f<k! sLkibk<OkiM! okimi<H! ogit<gqe<xei</! NgOu!
nui<gtqml<! -el<?! \ikq! hx<xqb! OuXhim<M{i<U! Gjxgqe<xK/! s&g! nxquqbzqz<! uvziX!
Gcjlbqbz<?! Huqbqbz<! Ngqb! himr<gjtBl<! -j{k<Kg<! gx<hkiz<?! kl<! uvzix<jxBl<! dzg!
uvzix<jxBl<! Osi<k<Kg<! gx<gqe<xei</! -u<uiX! gx<hqg<gh<hMukiz<! s&g! nxquqbz<! leqkk<!
ke<jlBjmb! F~zigUl<?! s&g! nxquqbZme<! -zg<gqbLl<! -j{k<K! gx<hqg<gh<hMukiz<?!
fx<h{<Hgt<! hx<xqb! lvhqjeBl<?! nxquqbOziM! s&g! nxquqbZl<! -j{f<K! gx<hqg<gh<hMukiz<!
okipqz<gtqe<! Le<Oex<xl<! nxquqbz<! g{<Mhqch<Hgt<! Ngqbju! -g<gizk<kqx<G! lqgUl<! Okju!
we<hjkBl<! okiqf<K! ogit<uKme<?! nxquqbz<! g{<Mhqch<Hgjt! npquqx<G! hbe<hMk<ks<! %miK/!
npqUs<sg<kqgt<! yMg<gh<hm<M! dzg! njkq! g{<ch<higg<! gih<hix<xh<hm! Ou{<Ml<! we<x! dbiqb!
le<hir<gqjeh<!ohXgqxii<gt</!!

nk<Kme<! s&g! nEhur<gjtBl<! s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! gx<hqg<gqe<xK/! leqke<! Osi<f<K!

uipk<! okimr<gqbOhiOk! figiqgLl<! utvk<! okimr<gq! uqm<mK/! hqe<ei<! gqvill<! fgvl<?! nvSgt<?!
OhvvSgt<! Ohie<xju! Wx<hm<me/! hqxG! Oksqb! nvS?! %m<mim<sq! njlh<H! -ux<jxBl<?! Yiqek<jks<!
Osi<f<k! lg<gt<! yOv! kjzueqe<! gQp<g<! )nvsi<*! %c! osbzix<xqb! h{<hqjeg<! gx<Gl<OhiK!
%cuip<kz<?! kjzjlg<G! gQp<hckz<! Ohie<x! fz<z! w{<{r<gjt! uti<k<Kg<! ogit<gqe<xei</!
nk<Kme<! uvzix<xqz<! hjmk<kjzui<gjtBl<?! slikiek<! kjzui<gjtBl<! Ohix<xqg<! gjmhqcg<Gl<!
Ljxjb! hqe<hx<x! Ou{<Ml</! slikie! gizk<kqe<OhiK! figiqgl<! uqjvuig! uii<k<jkjbBl<!
Ohii<g<gizr<gtqz<! Gjxf<k! uti<s<sq! ohx<xjkBl<?! Ohii<! fmk<Kl<OhiK! slikel<! Okju/!

9
nh<OhiKkie<! uti<s<sq! Wx<hMl<! we<hjkBl<! Hiqf<Kogit<gqe<xei</! NgOu! Ohii<gjth<! hx<xqb!
okimi<f<K! li{ui<gTg<G! fmk<k! Ou{<cbkjk! Gjxk<Kg<! ogit<t! Ou{<Ml</! s&g! nxquqbz<!
gx<hqh<hjk?! li{ui<gjt! s&g! -eh<hx<X! dt<tui<gtig! Ng<GujkOb! Ofig<gligg<! ogit<t!
Ou{<Ml</!!

-e<jxb! uip<g<jgLjx! lqgUl<! sqg<gzieK/! yV! leqke<! keK! GMl<hl<?! \ikq?! -el<?!
lkl<! s&gfqjzbl<! okipqz<! nvsqbz<! gm<sqgt<! Ngqbux<xqx<G! gm<Mh<hm<M! fmg<g! Ou{<cb!
fqjzbqz<! -Vg<gqe<xie</! nue<! -u<uqk! njlh<Hgt<! wz<ziux<xqx<Gl<! d{<jl! hx<Xt<tueuig!
fmf<K! ogit<Tl<! $p<fqjzjbh<! ohx<X! -Vg<gqxie</! -jkOb! -u<uqkl<! njlh<HgTg<Gl<!
uqkqgTg<Gl<!dm<hm<M!nueK/!osbz<hiMgt<?!d{<jlh<hx<Xme<!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml<!we<hjks<!s&g!
nxquqbz<! okimi<gqe<xK/!nOk!Ohie<X!ke<! -el<?!ke<! slbl<! Ngqbux<xqz<! ogi{<Mt<t!hx<jxh<!
Ohiz! fim<Mh<hx<xqjeBl<! djmbueig! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! Oux<Xjlbqz<! yx<Xjl! we<x! -f<kqb!
fim<ce<!kivg!lf<kqvk<jk!yu<ouiV!GclgEl<!gx<hOkiM!osbz<Ljxbqz<!gjmhqcg<gUl<!Ou{<Ml<!
we<hjk!s&g!nxquqbz<!d{i<k<KgqxK/!

4/leqkk<
4/leqkk<ke<jl!lkqh<H!(Humanistic
! !
Value)!

s&gk<kqz<! Osi<f<K! uip<ukiz<! ohxg<%cb! hbOe! leqkk<ke<jl! hx<xqb! lkqh<H! weh<hMl</!

-f<k!lkqh<H!leqke<! gm<Mh<hiMme<! uip<ukx<G!dkUgqe<xK/!gx<Gl<! osb<kqgjt!fe<G!Nvib<f<K!
hii<<k<Ks<! sqxf<k! Lcuqje! wMg<Gl<! hbqx<sqbqjeBl<! li{ui<gTg<Gg<! ogiMg<gqxK/! kjzui<gtqe<!
uvziXgjth<!hx<xq!hcg<Gl<OhiK?!nui<gtqe<!fz<z!w{<{r<gjt!lm<Ml<! Wx<Xg<ogit<Tl<!hcbig!
li{ui<gTg<G! nxqUXk<k! Ou{<Ml</! s&g! nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<! leqkk<! okimi<hqjeh<! hx<xqBl<!
hqxVme<! hpGl<! ke<jlgt<! hx<xqBl<! wMk<Kg<! %xh<hMuK! li{ui<gtqe<! wkqi<giz! uip<g<jgg<G!
lqgUl<! hbEt<tkig! -Vg<Gl</! s&g! nxquqbzqz<! lm<MOl! leqkk<ke<jlgt<! hx<xqb! nxquqjeh<!
ohXukx<G!nkqg!sf<ki<h<hr<gt<!dt<te/!NgOu!s&g!nxquqbz<!himk<jk!leqkk<!ke<jlgjth<!
hx<xq!dzGg<G!nxquqg<Gl<!yV!nxqLgl<!we<Xl<!%xzil</!

5/nxofxqlkqh<
5/nxofxqlkqh<H!(Ethical Value)!
!

s&g!nxquqbzqz<!uvzix<jxg<!gx<hqg<Gl<OhiK!uvzix<xqz<!fmf<k!fqgp<s<sqgjt!%XuKme<?!
nke<! nch<hjmbqz<! nxg<! ogit<jggjtBl<! %Xgqe<xei</!-ke<! giv{lig!li{ui<gt<! lek<kqz<!
nju! Nplig! hkqf<KuqMgqe<xe/! nkeiz<! nui<gt<! fz<zeux<jxh<! Ohix<Xl<! G{k<jkh<!
ohXuKme<?!kQbeux<jx!gjtbUl<!osb<gqe<xei</!nxs<osbz<gt<!s&g!nxquqbz<!himk<kqe<!&zl<!
gx<hqg<gh<hMl<! OhiK?! li{ui<gt<! hvf<k! dt<tk<jkBl<! fx<h{<HgjtBl<! Wx<Xg<ogit<tUl<?! sqxf<k!
osbz<gjt! hivim<mUl<! osb<gqe<xei</! nk<Kme<! leqk! -ek<kqe<! yx<Xjl! nkx<gig! osbzix<xqb!
kjzui<gtqe<! fx<osbz<gt<! hx<xqb! uvzix<xqje! okiqf<K! ogit<gqe<xei</! -keiz<! uqzr<Ggjth<!
Ohie<x! G{l<! ogi{<m! leqke<?! figiQgl<! njmf<kjk! nxqgqe<xei</! ohiqb! kjzui<gt<?! kk<Ku!
Rieqgt<?! Oljkgt<! NgqObiiqe<! uvziXgjth<! hck<K! nui<gtqe<! fz<zG{r<gt<?! sqf<kjegt<?!
sikjegt<! Ngqbux<xqjeBl<! gx<gqe<xei</! -keiz<! fz<zeux<jx! Ohix<xg<%cb! dbi<f<k!
w{<{k<jk! uti<k<Kg<! ogit<gqe<xei</! flK! fim<ce<! yh<hx<x! kjzui<gtqe<! Skf<kqv! Ohivim<m!
gizk<! kjzui<gTg<G! gmjlh<hm<mui<gtig! fmf<Kogit<t! Ou{<Ml</! we<Xl<! nxqgqe<xei</! hqx!
fim<ce<! uti<s<sqbqjeg<! gx<X?! kl<! fiMl<! nu<uiX! utvOu{<Ml<! we<x! fz<oz{<{k<jkh<!
ohXgqe<xei</! nk<Kme<! sOgikvk<Kul<! we<x! kivglf<kqvk<jk! gjmhqck<K! dzgqz<! dt<t!
njek<K! fim<M! lg<gjtBl<! sOgikiv! d{i<OuiM! hii<g<gOu{<Ml<! we<x! w{<{k<jk! uti<k<Kg<!
ogit<gqe<xei</! -u<uixigk<! kl<! uip<g<jgbqe<! upqgim<cbig! Wx<Xg<ogi{<M! klK!
Gcjlh<h{<hqje!uti<k<Kg<!ogit<gqe<xei</!

6/gm<
6/gm<Mh<him<M!lkqh<H!(Disciplinary
! !
Value)!

s&g! nxquqbjz! li{ui<gt<! gx<hkiz<?! gx<hjejb! uii<k<Kg<! ogit<gqxii<gt</!

sqf<kjeBl<?! fqjeuix<xjzBl<! uti<k<Kg<ogit<t! LcgqxK/! gmf<kgiz! fqgp<s<sqgtie! uqMkjzh<!
Ohii<?!hi^<mz<! sqjx?!\izqbe<! uizihig<! hMogijz!Ohie<xux<jxg<! gx<Gl<OhiK!gx<hje!osb<K!

10
gi{<gqe<xei</! -keiz<! nui<gtqe<! leouPs<sq! uti<g<gh<hMgqxK/! nOkOhie<X! uvzix<X!
fqgp<s<sqgjt!olb<h<hqg<gg<! gx<hjebiz<! kie<! LcBl</!s&g!nxquqbzqz<! osb<kqgjts<! Osgiqg<gs<!
osb<ukiz<! li{ui<gt<! sqf<kjejbBl<! kqxeib<U! kqxjljbBl<! uti<g<g! LcBl</! -u<uiX!
Osgiqk<kh<hqe<! nux<jx! sqf<kjejbh<! hbe<hMk<kq! ujgh<hMk<Kgqe<xei</! -u<uixig! nui<gtK!
kqxjljbBl<! sqf<kje! sg<kqjbBl<! uti<g<g! dkUgqxK/! -f<k! kqxjljb! uti<g<gh<! him!
Hk<kgk<Kme<! -j{upq! hch<jhBl<! Olx<ogit<t! li{ui<gTg<Gh<! hbqx<sqbtqg<g! Ou{<Ml</! hz!
Hk<kgr<gjth<!hck<Kg<!gVk<Kg<gjts<!Osgiqg<Gl<!hpg<gk<jkBl<!Wx<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml</!

li{ui<gt<! s&g! nxquqbzqe<! himh<ohiVjt! nxqf<K! ogi{<M! uqtg<gr<gjt! Hiqf<K!

ogi{<M! gx<hkx<G! upqgim<m! Ou{<Ml</! nh<OhiK! nui<gt<! kir<gt<! gx<xux<jx! leh<himl<!
osb<kjzuqm!fe<xig!lekqz<! hkqb!juk<Kg<! ogit<gqe<xei</!-kx<gig?!yOv!gizk<kqz<! -V!OuX!
-mr<gjt! N{<m?! -VOuX! le<ei<gtqe<! uvzix<xqje! gx<hqg<Gl<! OhiK?! -VuvK! osbz<gtqe<!
yx<Xjl?!Oux<Xjl!osbz<gt<! -ux<jxk<! okimi<HhMk<kqg<! gx<hqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!-keiz<! li{ui<gt<!
gx<xh<!himh<ohiVjt!ye<xig!fqjeuqz<!juk<Kg<ogit<t!LcBl</!

-u<uixig!s&g!nxquqbz<! himl<! gx<hqh<hkiz<! li{ui<gt<?!gx<xz<! hbe<?!h{<him<Mh<! hbe<?!

nxofxqh<hbe<?! gm<Mh<him<Mh<hbe<! Ohie<x! hbe<gjth<! ohXgqe<xei<! we<hK! lxg<g! Lcbik!
d{<jlbiGl</!

7/yPg<
7/yPg<g!lkqh<H!(Moral
! !
Value)!

wf<k! yV! osbjz! osb<kiZl<! nkje! yPg<g! ofxqgOtiM! osb<b! s&g! nxquqbz<!
dkUgqxK/!-ke<!&zlig!Ng<gh<h,i<ulie!sqf<kje!uti<gqxK/!yV!fqjzjb!hGk<kxqb!kQi<liel<!
osb<b?! Kz<zqblig! LcouMg<g! s&g! nxquqbz<<! nkqg! ntuqz<! hbe<hMgqxK/! s&g! yPg<g!
lkqh<Hg<gjt! uti<g<gqxK/! s&g! nxquqbz<! gx<Gl<! li{ui<gTg<G! ne<H! fQkq?! Ofi<jl?! d{<jl?!
kqbigl<?! K{qs<sz<?! kib<fim<Mh<hx<X?! gmjl! d{i<U! Ohie<xe! uti<gqxK/!Suilq! uqOugief<kiqe<!
uvzix<jxh<! hcg<Gl<! li{ui<gTg<G! fl<hqg<jg! d{i<U! uti<gqxK/! gif<kqbcgtqe<! uvzix<jxh<!
hcg<Gl<!li{ui<gTg<G!sk<kqbl<?!ngql<js!uti<gqxK/!

8/okipqz<
8/okipqz<!lkqh<H!(Vacational
! !
Value)!

s&g! nxquqbz<! okipqx<g<! gz<uqg<G! nck<ktlqMgqxK/! s&g! nxquqbz<! li{ui<gjt!

sqxf<k! ht<tq?! gz<Z~iq! li{ui<gjt! sqxf<k! ht<tq?! gz<Z~iq?! hz<gjzg<gpg! s&gnxquqbz<!
Nsqiqbi<gtig! lm<Ml<! dVuig<Gukqz<jz/! okiz<zqbz<! Nb<uitvigUl<?! Huqbqbz<! uz<ZfvigUl<?!
hpr<giz!ohiVm<gtqe<! hiKgiuzvigUl<?!fi{buqbz<! uz<ZfvigUl<?!lk<kqb!lx<Xl<! lifqz!nvS!
hkqUohx<x!Sx<Xzi!upqgim<cbigUl<?!hk<kqiqg<jgbitvigUl<?!fiM!lx<Xl<! -vi[u!kjzuvigUl<?!
Nj{bvigUl<?! uvzix<X! uz<ZfvigUl<?! Huqbqbz<! uz<ZfvigUl<?! Nb<uitvigUl<!
okijzk<okimi<hitvig?! h{<him<M! figiqg! NOzisgvig! lx<Xl<! hz<OuX! Kjxgtqz<! sqxf<kuvig!
Ng<GgqxK/!

9/kguz<
9/kguz<!lkqh<H!(Information
! !
Value)!

uip<g<jg! nEhur<gtqe<! ohVl<! gmz<! s&g! nxquqbz<! NGl</! -K! flK! gmf<k!
gizk<jkBl<! kx<giz! uip<g<jgBme<! -j{g<gqxK/! hqx! lg<gjth<! hx<xqBl<?! nui<gTjmb!
uip<g<jgjbh<! hx<xqBl<?! kjzui<gt<! nui<gtqe<! gVk<Kg<gt<! hx<xqBl<! nxquK! lx<Xl<! dzg!
lg<gt<! nui<gtqe<! gmf<kgizl<! fqgp<gizl<! hx<xqb!kguz<gjt!ntqh<hK!uvziX!we<X!sq/hq/aqz<!
we<hui<!%Xgqxii</!

-bx<jg! -mi<hiMgt<! lx<Xl<! uieqjz?! gizfqjzgjt! Ohie<x! kguz<gjt! dmEg<Gme<!

okiquqh<hkiz<!Huqbqbzqz<!kguz<!lkqh<hiGl</!

:/Oksqb!lkqh<
:/Oksqb!lkqh<H!(Nationaliste
! !
Value)!

11
 kib<fim<Mh<! hx<X! we<x! sqxf<k! h{<H! uvzix<X! himl<! gx<hkiz<! Wx<hMgqxK/! kib<fim<Mh<!
hx<X! lqgUl<! sqxf<k! fqjzbqz<! li{ui<gtqml<! dVuig<gh<hm! Ou{<Ml</! dzg! lg<gt<! biuVl<!
sOgikvi<<gt<! we<x! w{<{k<jk! dVuig<Gl<! kib<fim<M! hx<X! li{ui<gtqml<! uti<s<sqbjmb!
Ou{<Ml</!

21/dzgtiuqb!lkqh<
21/dzgtiuqb!lkqh<H!(International
! Value)

dzgtuqz<! sqxf<k! leqki<gtqe<! gjkgt<! hx<xq! hch<hK! dzguvziX! NGl</! yV!

Gxqh<hqm<m!fiM?!lkl<?!-el<?!olipq!nf<fim<M!lg<gtqe<! hpg<g!upg<gr<gt<?!fmk<jkgt<! osbz<gt</!
h{<him<M?! gzis<sivl<?! gjz! -zg<gqbl<! Ohie<xux<xqjeh<! hx<xq! ! ! ! ! dzg! fiMgjth<! hx<xq!
Hiqf<K! ogit<Tkz<?! fz<oz{<{l<! yk<Kjph<H?! gVj{?! sgqh<Hk<ke<jl! ofVr<gqbk<! okimi<H!
Ohie<xux<xqje!dzg!lg<gtqjmOb!Wx<hMk<KuK!dzg!GclgEg<Giqb!h{<hqje!li{ui<gtqml<!
uti<h<hK!Ohie<xjubiGl</!

LcUjv!!
LcUjv!!

yu<ouiV! li{ui<gTl<! Ofig<gr<gt<! ogi{<Mt<tuvig! -Vh<hi</! weOu! s&g! nxquqbz<!

himl<! li{ui<gtqml<! hzuqklie! Gxqg<Ogit<gjt! fqjxujmbs<! osb<gqxK/! s&g! nxquqbz<!
li{ui<gTg<G! hvf<k! le<hie<jl! lx<Xl<! dzg! njlkqbqe<! Okju! Lkzqbux<jxg<!
gx<Xk<kVgqxK/!

uquikk<kqx<Gl<!sqf<kqh<hkx<Glie!uqeig<gt<!

2/ s&g!nxquqbz<!-bz<H!lx<Xl<!wz<jz!hx<xq!uquiqg<g/!!
3/ s&g!nxquqbz<!Ohikqh<hke<!Okju!lx<Xl<!Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jk!lkqh<hqMg/!!
4/ s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqe<!Gxqg<Ogit<gt<!lx<Xl<!Ofig<gr<gt<!hx<xq!uquiqg<g/!
5/ s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqh<hkiz<!Wx<hMl<!lkqh<hgjt!uquiq!

12
!

nzG!3!
nzG!3!
gx<hqk<kZl<!kqm<mlqMkZl<!
!
Ofig<gr<gt<!!

-u<uzgqe<!Lcuqz<!gx<Ohii<!

2/ himk<kqm<ml<!ujvbXk<kz<!!
3/ himk<kqm<mk<kqe<!hGkqgjt!Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz</!
4/ himk<kqm<ml<!wPKl<!kqxje!uti<k<kz<!
5/ nzGk<kqm<ml<!ujvbXk<kz<!
6/ nzGk<kqm<mk<kqe<!hcfqjzgt<!hx<xq!okiqf<Kogit<Tkz</!
7/ HTlqe<!gx<hqk<kz<!Ofig<gr<gtqe<!ujgh<hiM!hx<xqk<!okiqf<Kogit<Tkz<!
8/ himk<kqm<ml<!wPKl<!kqxje!uti<k<kz<!
9/ njmUs<!Osikjegtqe<!ujggt<!hx<xq!okiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!
:/ uqeik<kit<!ucujlh<H!njlg<Gl<!kqxe<!ohXkz<<!!

himl<!kqm<mlqMkzqe<!hcgt<!(Step in Planning a lesson)

yV!osbjz!oux<xqgvligs<!osb<K!Lch<hkx<Gk<!kqm<mlqMuK!-e<xqbjlbikkiGl</!osb<K!
Lch<hkx<Giqb! osbjzh<! hx<xqb! SVg<gl<! Le<%m<cOb! kqxl<hms<! osb<kz<! Ou{<Ml</! gx<hqk<kzqz<!
hims<SVg<gl<! wPKuK! himk<jkk<! kqm<mlqMkz<! we! upr<gh<hMgqe<xK/! -ke<! Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jkh<!
hqe<uVl<! %x<xqzqVf<K! fe<G! okiqf<K! ogit<tzil</! himk<jkk<! kqm<ml<! osb<K!
gx<hqg<guqz<jzobe<xiz<?! ‘wu<uqkg<! Gxqg<OgiTl<?! -e<xq! Osv! Ou{<cb! -mk<jkh<hx<xqb! uquvLl<!
okiqbilz<?! gmzqz<! osz<Zl<! yV! gh<hZg<G! -j{big! Nsqiqbi<! gVkh<hMuii<’! we<X!
%xh<hMgqe<xK/!

sqxf<k!himk<kqm<mk<kqe<!h{<Hgt<!!

2/ himk<kqm<ml<!wPkh<hm<mkig!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!
3/ ohiK! Ofig<gr<gt<?! sqxh<H! Ofig<gr<gt<! Gph<hlx<x! osix<gt<! &zl<! SVg<glig! wPkh<hm!
Ou{<Ml</!
4/ li{ui<gt<!Le<exquqe<!nch<hjmbqz<!okimi<!fqjzbqz<!himkqm<ml<!njlf<kqmz<!Ou{<Ml</!
5/ himh<ohiVt<! hGkqgt<! sqxf<k! Ljxbqz<! Oki<f<okMg<gh<hm<M! hch<hcbig! njlg<gh<hm!
Ou{<Ml</!
6/ uGh<hjx!gx<xz<!gx<hqk<kz<!osbz<gtqe<!ke<jl!ujggt<!oktquig!Gxqh<hqm!Ou{<Ml</!
7/ himk<jk! gx<hqg<Gl<! Ljxgt<?! gx<hqk<kz<! dk<kqgt<?! gim<sq! Kj{g<! gVuqgt<! oktquigg<!
Gxqg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!
8/ uGh<H!Lcuqz<!li{ui<gTg<G!ogiMg<gh<hMl<!yh<hjmh<Hgt<!Gxqg<gh<hmOu{<Ml</!
9/ lkqh<hqMkZg<G!-ml<!yKg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!

13
!

himk<kqm<mk<kqe<!ucul<!(Format of a lesson Plan)!

!!

hbqx<sq!li{ui<!ohbi<!! ! ! ;! ! ! ! ! ! !

ht<tqbqe<!ohbi<!! ! ! ! ;!

uGh<H!!
!!! ! ! ! ! ;ye<hkil<!uGh<H!!
!!

himl<!!! ! ! ! ! ;s&g!nxquqbz<!

himk<kjzh<H!!
!!! ! ! ! ;!

fit<!! ! ! ! ! ! ;!

himOujt!!
himOujt!! ! ! ! ! ;!

gizl<!!! ! ! ! ! ;56!fqlqml<!!

li{ui<!w{<{qg<jg!!
g!!! ! ! ;!

diqObii<!! ! ! ! ! ;!

dt<Otii<!! ! ! ! ! ;!

gx<hqk<
qk<kz<!ohiK!Ofig<gr<gt<!!

sqxh<H!Ofig<gr<gt<!!

Kj{g<gVuqgt<!

himh<ohiVt<!! Ofig<
Ofig<gg<!%Xgt<! gx<xz<!nEhur<gt<!! lkqh<hQM!
! ! ! !
Nbk<kh<hMk<Kkz<!
!
! ! ! !
himuti<s<sq!
!
!

lQt<hii<ju!!
u!!

yh<hjmh<H!

upqgim<c!Nsqiqbi<!jgobih<hl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!hbqx<sq!li{ui<!jgobih<hl<!!

himk<kqm<m!njlh<hqe<!-zg<G!(Setting
! !
lesson Goals)!

yV! osbjz! oux<xqgvligs<! osb<K! Lch<hkx<Gk<! kqm<mlqMuK! -e<xqbjlbikK/! osb<K!

Lcg<g! Ou{<cb! osbjz! hx<xqb! SVg<gl<! Le<%m<cOb! kqxl<hms<! osb<uK! Lkz<! Okju/!
gx<hqk<kzqz<! hims<SVg<gl<! wPKuK! himk<jkk<! kqm<mlqMkz<! weh<hMl</! himk<jk! kqm<ml<! osb<K!
gx<hqg<guqz<jz!we<xiz<!li{ui<gTg<G!hbex<Xh<!Ohib<uqMl</!

14
 2/ Nsqiqbi<! kil<! gx<hqg<g! Ou{<cb! himk<jkh<! hx<xqb! himh<! ohiVjt! sqf<kqh<hkx<G! yV!
sf<ki<h<hl<!Wx<hMgqxK/!
3/ li{ui<gt<! gx<gOu{<cb! himh<ohiVjt! wu<uqk! wtqb! Ljxbqz<! gx<hqg<gzil<! wek<!
kqm<mlqm!LcgqxK/!
4/ himk<jkk<! kqm<mlqm<Mg<! gx<hqh<hkiz<! li{ui<gt<! himh<ohiVtxquqje! Ogii<jubigg<!
gx<Xg<!ogit<t!fz<z!uib<h<hig!njlgqxK/!
5/ li{ui<gt<! guek<jk! =i<k<K! gui<s<sqbie! Ljxbqz<! gx<hqg<g! NsqiqbVg<Gk<! Kj{!
HiqgqxK/!
6/ kqm<ml<! osb<K! himk<jkg<! gx<hqh<hkiz<! li{ui<gt<! ohXl<! him! nxqU! oktquigUl<!
hbe<!dt<tkigUl<!njlgqxK/!
7/ li{ui<gTg<G! wtqjlbie! himh<ohiVjt! %Xukqz<! -Vf<K! gcelie! ohiVjtg<!
gx<hqg<Gl<!osbzqz<!kjmbqe<xq!Le<Oexqs<!osz<z!uib<hH < !Wx<hMgqxK/!
8/ himk<jk!kqm<mlqMkzqe<! &zl<! himh<Ohig<jg! lix<xq! njlg<gUl<?! kqVk<kq! njlg<gUl<!
uib<h<H!Wx<hMgqxK/!

yV! him! Oujtbqz<! gx<Xg<! ogiMg<Gl<! himg<! gVk<jk?! li{u! Nsqiqbi<gt<! nz<zK! ht<tqbqz<!
h{qHiqBl<!Nsqiqbi<gt<!kqm<mlqMkjzk<!kie<!himk<kqm<ml<!we<X!%XgqOxil</!

nzG!kqm<ml<!ucujlk<kz< (Designing a Unit Plan)!

!

gz<uq! hbqZl<! li{ui<gt<! himk<kqz<! uVl<! himh<! ohiVjt! fe<xigh<! hiGhiM! osb<K!
yh<hqm<Mk<! oktquigh<! Hiqf<Kogit<ukx<G! nzGhim! Ljx! -e<xqbjlbikkiGl</! -f<k! Ljx!
hck<k! himh<ohiVt<gjt! uip<g<jgbqz<! hbe<hMk<Kukx<Gl<! dkUgqe<xK/! gx<xz<! we<hK!
li{uEjmb! fmk<jkObiM! -j{f<kkiGl</! gx<xz<! ni<k<kLt<t! yV! osbZliGl</! osbz<Ljx!
upquf<k! gz<uqOb! nzGLjxh<! himk<kqm<mk<kqe<! dbqi<ficbiGl</! Gxqg<Ogit<?! njk! njmb!
Ou{<cb! himr<gt<?! okimif<K! uVl<! osbz<gt<?! -juOb! nzG! himLjxk<! kqm<mk<kqe<! Lg<gqb!
nl<sr<gtiGl</!

h{<jmg<gizk<kqz<! Nsqiqbi<gt<! ne<ximk<! Okjug<gig! ne<X! fmk<kOu{<cb! himk<kqx<G!

lm<Ml<! kqm<ml<! uGh<hii<gt</! -f<k! Ljx! li{ui<! nxqU! uti<s<sqg<G! ncOgiziK/uti<s<sq! we<hK!
hcbigk<! okimi<f<K! Wx<hmOu{<Ml</! weOu?! Nsqiqbi<! himk<kqm<<mlqMkz<! li{ui<! uti<s<sqg<G!
upquGg<gg<! %cb! kqm<mliGl</nzGhimLjx! li{ui<! uti<s<sqjbOb! Gxqg<Ogitigg<!
ogi{<Mt<tK/!li{ui<gt<! LPjlbie!nxqjuh<! ohxLcBl</!Olx<%xqb!giv{r<gtiz<! nzGhim!
Ljxbqz<! himk<kqm<mlqm<M! Nsqiqbi<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! =Mhm! Ou{<cb! nusqbk<jk! uzqBXk<kqg<!
%Xgqe<xei</!

li{ui<gt<! yPr<gie?! LPjlbie! nxqjuh<! ohx! Ou{<Ml<! we<x! gVk<kqje! wz<zig<!

gz<uq! uz<Zfi<gTl<! Wx<Xt<tei</! osbz<Ljx! upqbigk<kie<! gx<xz<! Wx<hmOu{<Ml<! we<hkje!
-e<X!uzqBXk<Kgqe<xei</!-e<X!upg<gqzqVg<Gl<! osbz<kqm<m!Ljx?!Hkqi<kQi<g<Gl<! Ljx!Ngqbju!
-f<kg<! gVk<kqe<! upquf<kju/! nzG! himLjxk<! kqm<mlqmz<! hbe<kvg<%cb! g{<O{im<mk<OkiM!
njlb! Ou{<Ml</! nzG! himLjx! LPjljb! uzqBXk<Kgqe<xK/! -f<k! Ljx! ohiKuie!
Ni<ur<gjtBl<?!Gxqg<Ogit<?!osbz<kqxe<!-ux<jx!jlbligg<!ogi{<Mt<tK/!-K!LPjlbieKl<!
gVk<K!fqvl<hqbKlie!Yi<!nEhuk<jkg<!ogiMg<gqe<xK/!

nzG! himLjxk<! kqm<mlqmz<! nusv?! nusvlig! ne<ximl<! kbiiqg<gh<hm<m!

himk<kqm<mlqm<mjk! yKg<gqk<! kt<Tgqe<xK/! nzGhimLjxk<! kqm<mlqmz<! Wx<Xt<t! ht<tqgtqz<!
-f<kk<! kqm<ml<! gx<xjzBl<?! himl<! gx<hqg<Gl<! LjxjbBl<! osl<jlh<hMk<KgqxK! we<hjk!
Wx<Xg<ogi{<Mt<tK!we<hjk!fil<!d{vzil</!

nzG!himLjxk<!kqm<mk<kqe<!ujggt<!!

himk<jk!jlbligg<!ogi{<M!kqm<mlqmz<!!

15
 -k<kqm<mk<kqz<! himLl<! njkg<! gx<gOu{<cb! nusqbLl<! uzqBXk<kh<hMgqe<xe/!
himk<kqzqVf<K! yV!kjzh<jh! wMk<K! LPjlbig! uGh<hqz<! Ohikqg<gh<hMgqxK/! himk<jkh<! hx<xqb!
osb<kqgjtk<! keqk<keqbigg<! %xilz<?! -j{k<Kl<! okiGk<Kl<! yV! LPjlbie! ucuk<jkg<!
ogiMk<K!li{ui<gTg<G!ntqg<gh<hMgqe<xK/!

nEhuk<jkobim<cb!himk<kqm<mlqmz<
lqmz!!

-k<kqm<mk<kqz<! li{uEjmb! Ni<ul<! jlblig! dt<tK/! li{ue<! himk<kqz<! uVl<!

sqzux<xqz<! lm<Ml<! Ni<ul<! ogi{<cVg<gzil</! njk! Dg<Guqh<hkx<G! -f<k! Ljx! dkUgqe<xK/!
gx<huEjmb!Ni<uk<jk!dx<sigh<hMk<kq?!Dg<Guqh<hOk!-f<kk<!kqm<mk<kqe<!Gxqg<OgitiGl</!

kGkq!upqgi[l<!himk<kqm<mlqmz<!!

-K! Gxqh<hqm<m! gizkkqx<Gl<?! uGh<hqx<Gl<! li{ui<gTg<G! Oki<f<okMg<gh<hm<m! LjxbiGl</!

-f<kg<! kqm<mk<jk! wh<ohiPKl<! Olx<ogit<tLcbiK/sqz! Nsqiqbi<gtqe<! %m<MLbx<sqbiz<! -K!
kbiiqg<gh<hMgqxK/! -jk! nlz<hMk<k! F~zxqUl<! uz<Zfi<gtqe<! dkuqBl<! Okjuh<hMgqxK/! -f<k!
Ljxbqz<!li{ue<!nxqjuk<!Okch<ohXgqxie</!

-br<GLjx!himk<kqm<ml<!!

-f<k!Ljxbqz<!himk<jkuqmg<!gx<huEg<G!nkqgs<!sqxh<H!ntqg<gh<hMgqxK/!li{uEjmb!
nxqU?!kqxe<?!Nx<xz<?!osbz<! Ngqbux<jx!uti<h<hkx<Gs<! sr<gqzq!Ogik<kix<Ohiz<! sqz!kqm<mr<gjt!
uGk<K!li{uEg<G!ntqg<gqOxil</!-ke<!uqjtuig!nue<!uip<g<jgbqz<!uVl<!hqvs<sjegTg<Gk<!
kQi<Ug<gi{!LcgqxK/!

himk<
imk<kqm<ml<!ucujlk<kz<!(Designing a lesson Plan)!
!

uGh<hjxbqz<! li{ui<gt<! fe<G!gx<g!Ou{<Mlieiz<! Nsqiqbi<! himr<gjtk<! kqxl<hm!fmk<k!

Ou{<Ml</! Hkqkig! Nsqiqbi<! h{qg<Gs<! osz<hui<gTg<G! himk<jkg<! guek<Kme<! kbiiqh<hK! lqg!
nusqbl<! NGl</! yV! him! Oujtbqz<! gx<Xg<ogiMg<Gl<! himg<! gVk<jk! li{u! Nsqiqbi<gt<!
nz<zK!ht<tqbqz!h{qHiqBl<! Nsqiqbi<gt<! kqm<ml<! -Mujk<kie<! himk<kqm<ml<! we<X!Gxqh<hqMgqOxil</!
himk<kjzh<hqx<G! Wx<h! gVk<Kg<gt<?! himh<Hk<kgr<gt<?! Olx<Ogit<! F~z<gt<! lx<Xl<! Nvib<s<sqg<!
Gxqh<Hgtqz<! ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t! gVk<Kg<gjt! Osgiqk<K! okiGk<K! himk<qm<mk<jk! Nsqiqbi<! kbii<!
osb<b!Ou{<Ml</!!

himk<kqm<ml<!ucujlh<hkx<G!gQp<g{<mux<jx!hqe<hx<x!Ou{<Ml</!!
!!

himg<Gxqh<Hgjth<! him! Nbk<kl<! we<X! %Xui</! s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! gx<hqh<hkqz<! Ofig<glqVg<g!
Ou{<Ml</! nxqU! ohXuK! gx<x! nxqjuh<! hbe<hMk<Kkz<?! kqxe<?! kqxjl?! Ohie<xux<jx! uti<g<Gl<!
nEhur<gjth<!ohXuK!Ofig<glig!njlb!Ou{<Ml</!

hk<kil<! uGh<hqz<! squi\q! hx<xqb! himk<jkg<! gx<hqg<Gl<! ohiPK! gQp<g<g{<m! Ofig<gr<gjtg<!

Gxqh<hqmzil</!

2/ li{ui<gtqmk<kqz<!lgivi]<cvi!fim<ce<!uvzix<jxk<!okiqf<Kogit<Tl<!Nujz!nkqgiqg<gs<!
osb<uK/!
3/ squi\qbqe<! uip<g<jg!uvzix<jxBl<! nuvK!sikjegjtBl<! hch<hkiz<! li{ui<gtqmk<kqz<!
yPg<gl<?! gm<Mh<hiM?! Oksh<hx<X?! hvf<k! leh<hie<jl! Ohie<x! sqxf<k! G{! -bz<Hgjt!
uti<k<kz</!
4/ sqxf<k! leqki<gjth<hx<xq! nxqf<Kogit<Tl<! ujgbqz<! nui<gtqe<! fim<Mh<hx<jxh<!
hx<xqk<oktqf<k! nxqjuh<! ohxs<! osb<kz<! nui<gtqml<! gi{h<hm<m! uQv! d{i<s<sqjbBl<!

16
 ohVf<ke<jljbBl<! d{vs<! osb<K! nke<&zl<! he<eim<M! d{i<s<sqjbBl<! sgqh<Hk<!
ke<jljbBl<!li{ui<gtqmk<kqz<!dVuig<Gkz</!
5/ squi\q! le<eiqe<! uip<g<jg! uvziX?! nuvK! oux<xqgt<?! fqi<uigs<! sQi<kqVk<kl<! Ohie<x!
uvzix<X! fqgp<s<sqgjtk<! oktqUxg<! gx<hqk<K! squi\qjb! le<evigUl<?! Ohii<! uQvvigUl<?!
nvsqbz<! kjzuvigUl<! g{<M! nui<! Nx<xqb! sikjegjt! li{ui<gt<! gx<Gl<hc!
dkUukiGl</!

Ogt<uqg<!gim<sqg<!gVuqgjt!Nsqiqbi<!uGh<hqz<!gim<mg<%cb!Kj{g<gVuqgt<!!

uvzix<Xh<! himr<gjt! Kj{g<gVuqgtqe<xqg<! gx<hqk<kz<! nxOu! kuqi<g<gh<hm! Ou{<Ml</him!

uqtg<gk<kqx<G! Ou{<cb! siker<gjt! Nsqiqbi<! himg<! Gxqh<hqz<! Gxqk<Kg<! ogit<tOu{<Ml</!
Oksh<hmr<gt<?! uqtg<gh<hmr<gt<?! likqiq! dVur<gt<?! &zr<gt<?! fi{br<gt<! Ohie<xux<jxh<!
himk<kjzh<Hg<G!Wx<xLjxbqz<!Oki<f<K!wMk<Kg<!Gxqh<hqmz<!Ou{<Ml</!

himh<ohiVjtk<!okiGk<Kg<%xq!Dg<Guqk<kz<!

Le<H!gx<hqk<k!himr<gjth<! hx<xqb!uqeig<gjtg<! Ogm<M!himr<gjtBl<! Hkqb!himk<jkBl<!

yV! okimi<s<sqbig! njlk<Kh<! ! himk<jkg<! gx<hqg<g! Lx<hMuK! wtqb! LjxbiGl</! Hkqb!
himk<kjzh<jhg<! %Xukx<G! Le<H?! li{ui<gTg<G! fe<G! uqtr<Gl<! kx<giz! fqgp<s<sq! ye<xqjeg<!
%xq?! nke<! uquvr<gjth<! hx<xq! li{ui<gtqml<! gzf<K! djvbic?! hjpb! fqgps<sqObiM!
nk<kjzh<hqx<Gt<t! okimi<jhh<! hbe<hMk<kq?! Hkqb! himk<jkh<hx<xqb! kjzh<jh! li{ui<gTg<G!
nxquqk<kz<!sqxf<k!LjxbiGl</!

himuti<s<sq!!
q!!

him! uti<s<sqbqz<! hz! sqXhcgt<! dt<te/! -jubiUOl! lqgUl<! Lg<gqblieju/!

njubiue/! gx<hqg<gOu{<cb! himk<jkBl<! nOk! uiqjsbqz<! okimi<f<K! gx<hqg<gh<ohx<x!
himr<gjtBl<! -j{k<Kh<! himk<jkk<! okimr<gOu{<Ml</! himk<kqe<! himh<ohiVjth<! hz!
hGkqgtigh<! hqiqk<K?! yu<ouiV! hGkqjbBl<?! gx<hqg<gk<! kqm<mlqmz<! -e<xqbjlbik! osbziGl</!
yu<ouiV! hGkqg<Gl<?! uqeig<gt<&zl<! li{ui<gtqml<! himh<ohiVtqe<! uquvr<gjt! uvujpk<K!
himh<ohiVOtiM!-j{k<K?!Hkqb!himh<ohiVjt!uqtr<g!juh<hK!Lkx<!sqX!hcbiGl</!

yu<ouiV! Hkqb! ohiVjtBl<! %xq! uqtr<gjuk<kKl<?! gVl<hzjgbqz<! SVg<glig! wPk!

Lx<hMkz<!-v{<miuK!sqXhcbiGl</!

yu<ouiV!hGkqjbBl<!gx<hqk<K!Lcf<kKl<!hGkq!kqVh<Hkz<!we<hK!&e<xiuK!sqXhcbiGl</!

li{ui<gt<! himh<ohiVjtk<! oktqUxh<! Hiqf<Kogi{<mevi@! we<hjk! uqeiUkz<! &zl<!

okiqf<Kogit<tzil</! -u<uiX! wz<zih<! hGkqgjtBl<! gx<hqk<K! LcUx<xKl<! fmk<kqe!
himk<jkh<hx<xqb!LPh<!himk<jkk<!kqVl<hg<!%xs<!osb<uK!fie<giuK!sqX!hcbig!njlBl</!

gVl<hzjgs<! SVg<gLl<! uti<f<kiz<! ohiVt<! uqtg<gk<Kme<! gizs<! sqg<geLl<! njlBl</!

him!fqgps<sqbqz<!NsqiqbVg<Gl<!li{ig<gi<gTg<Gl<!-jmbqz<!Wx<hm!Ou{<cb!%m<Mxjuh<!hx<xqBl<!
Nsqiqbi<!sqf<kqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

LcU!%Xkz<!!

sqz! uqeig<gjtg<ogi{<M! gx<hqk<k! himg<gVk<Kg<gjtk<! okiGk<Kjvg<Gl<! uib<h<hqjek<kv!

Ou{<Ml</! yh<hqMkz<?! fqgp<s<sqgjt! lkqh<hqm<Mg<! %Xkz<! Ohie<xju! Nsqiqbi<! Gxqh<hqz<!
-ml<ohxOu{<Ml</!nMk<k!fiTg<Giqb!sqz!OujzgjtBl<!-r<Gg<!Gxqh<hqmzil</!

-u<uiX! Nbk<kl<! osb<bh<ohx<x! himk<jkk<! kqm<mlqm<mhc! hbe<hMk<Kl<! ohiPK!

fixhk<jkf<K! fqlqmr<gt<! dt<t! yV! him! Oujzbqz<! Jf<K! fqlqml<! Dg<Guqk<kZg<Gl<?! Lh<hK!

17
fqlqmr<gt<!himuti<s<sqg<Gl<?!hk<K!fqlqmr<gt<!okiGk<Kjvk<kz<?!gVl<hzjg!Oujz?!uQm<Mh<!hbqx<sq!
ntqk<kz<!Ngqbux<xqx<Gl<!oszuqmk<!kqm<mlqmzil</!!

HTlqe<!ujghiMl<!gx<hqk<kz<!Ofig<gr<gTl<!!(Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives)!

gx<hqk<kz<! we<hK! himg<! gVk<jk! li{ui<gtqml<! ose<X! osiz<zquqm<M! uf<KuqMl<! osbz<!

ne<X! gx<hqk<kz<! we<hK! yv! kqm<mlqmh<hm<m! osbz</! gx<hqk<kzqe<! Lcuqz<! sqz! Gxqg<Ogit<gt<!
li{ui<gtqml<!outqh<hMgqxK/!

Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<gTg<G!gx<hqg<gk<! kQi<lieqg<gh<hMl<! njek<K!Ofig<gr<gjtBl<! &e<X!ohVl<!

hqiqUgtig! sqgiOgi! hz<gjzg<gpgk<jks<! sii<f<k! Ohvvisqiqbi<! ohR<slqe<! HTl<! 2:67.-z<! hqiqk<K!
ujgh<hMk<kq!%xqBt<tiii</!njubiue/!

2/ nxq
nxqkz<
kz<!Hzl<!!
3/ d{i<U!Hzl<!!
4/ dt-bg<gh<!Hzl</!

nxqkz<!Hzl<!(Cognitive Domain)

nxqkz<! Hzl<! nz<zK! nxqU! sii<ujg! we<hK! li{uvK! nxquqjeh<! hz<Kjxbqz<!

uti<s<sqohxs<! osb<kz<! NGl</! li{ui<gtK! nxqU! hz<Kjxbqz<! uti<s<sq! njmukiz<!
li{ui<gtqml<! sqz! fmk<jk! lix<xr<gt<! Wx<hMgqxK/! nkiuK! ohiVtxqju! fqjeU!
%i<kz<?njmbitl<! gi{z<?nxqU! h,i<ulie! kqxjlgjt! uti<kK < g<! ogit<tz<! Ohie<xe! NGl</!
li{ui<gtqml<! uti<g<Gl<! nxqUsii<! ujgk<! kqxjlgt<! nux<xqe<! ke<jlg<G! Wx<h! 7! hGkqbig!
hqiqg<gh<hMgqxK/!

1. nxqU!ohXkz<!(Knowledge)
2. nxqju!Hiqf<Kogit<tz<!(Understanding)
3. nxqjuh<!hbe<hMk<kz<!(Application)
4. hGk<kz<!(Analysis)
5. okiGk<kz<!(Synthesis)
6. lkqh<hQM!osb<kz<!(Evaluation)

nxqU!ohXkz<!(Knowledge)

nxqU! ohXkz<! we<hK! gQp<lm<m! fqjz! NGl</! himg<gVk<Kgt<?! ohiVt<gtqe<! ohbi<gt<?!

Okkqgt<?!fqgp<Ugt<!Lkzqbux<jx!fqjeU!ogit<tk<kg<g!kqxje!-K!Gxqg<gqxK/!li{ui<!hck<k!
himg<!gVk<kqje!lXhcBl<!fqjeUhMk<kqg<!%Xkz</!

nxqju!Hiqf<
nxqju!Hiqf<K!ogit<tz<!(Understanding)!
!

ohiVt<! nxqjuh<! Hiqf<K! ogit<Tl<! kqxe<! ohx<xui<gt<?! kk<Kur<gt<?! ogit<jggt<?! ohiK!

uqkqgt<!Ohie<x!osb<kqgjt!hz<OuX!dkiv{r<gTme<!uquiqk<Kg<!%Xkz</!

nxqjuh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!(Application)!
!

li{ui<gt<! okiqf<K?! uqtr<gqg<! ogi{<m! osb<kqjb! OuoxiV! Hkqb! $pzqz<! hbe<hMk<kq!

hqvs<sjegTg<Gk<!kQi<Ugjtg<!g{<mxqf<K!Le<Oex<xl<!njmkz</!

hGk<kz<!(Analysis)!
!

Hiqf<K! ogi{<m! himh<! hGkqjb! dm<ohiVjt! Nvib<f<K! hGk<K?! hGk<k! hGkqgtqjmOb!

dt<t!okimi<Hgjt!oktquig!uqtg<Gl<!kqxje!ohXkz<!!

18
okiGk<kz<!(Synthesis)!
!

hGk<k! hGkqgjt! LPjlbig! -j{k<kz<?! hz! fqgp<s<sqgtqz<! -Vf<K! yV! ohiKg<!

gVk<jk!dVuig<Gkz<!lx<Xl<!Hkqb!kqm<mr<gjt!dVuig<gq!ucujlg<Gl<!kqxe<!ohXkz</!

lkqh<hQM!(Evaluation)!
M!
M! !

li{ui<gt<! hbqe<x! himg<gVk<kqe<! ke<jlgjt! g{<M! d{i<fK < ! fe<jl@! kQjl@!

li{ui<gt<! gx<x! himh<hGkq! uip<g<jgg<G! hbe<! djmbki@! -z<jzbi@! we! ntuQM! osb<K!
lkqh<hQM!osb<kz</!

d{i<U!Hzl<!(Affective Domain)!
!

!
h{<H!njlkz<!
!
!
fx<h{<H!Oh{z<!
!
!
leh<hie<jl!!
!
!
Ni<ul<!!
!
!
hivim<M{i<U!
!
!

d{i<U!Hzl<!sii<!kqxe<!uti<s<sq!fqjzgt<!!

d{i<U! sii<! ujg! gx<hqk<kz<! Ofig<gr<gt<! gx<huiqe<! d{i<uqje! nch<hjmbigg<! ogi{<mK/!

li{ui<gtqe<! leh<hie<jl?! le! wPs<sq?! d{i<Ugt<! sii<f<k! uqpqh<H{i<U! OlZl<! uti<s<sqbqz<!
wkqi<hii<g<gh<hMl<!lix<xr<gjt!jlbligg<!ogi{<m!Ofig<gr<gt<!outqh<hMue!NGl</!njubiue/!

1. hivim<M{i<ju!uti<k<kz<!(Appreciation)
3/ Ni<uk<kqje!uti<k<kz<!(Interest)!
4/ leh<hie<jljb!uti<k<kz<!(Attitude)!
5/ fx<h{<hqjeh<!Oh[kz<!(Value system)!
6/ h{<hqje!njlk<Kg<!ogit<tz<!(Character Formation)!

d{i<U! Hzl<! hGkqbqz<! hivim<M{i<ju! uti<k<kz<! gQp<lm<m! fqjzbigUl<?! h{<H! njlk<Kg<!

ogit<tz<! dbi<lm<m! fqjzbigUl<! njlg<gh<hm<M! dt<tK/! li{ui<gTg<Gh<! himg<! gVk<jk!
gx<hqg<Gl<! OhiK! li{uvK! d{i<s<sqgjt?! wPs<sqgjt! uti<k<kz<! Ou{<Ml</! d{i<U! Hzl<!
hGkqbqz<! li{ui<gtK! hivim<M! d{i<ju! uti<g<gk<! okimr<gq?! himk<kqz<! hx<xqje!
Wx<hMk<Kkz<?leh<hie<jlgjt!uti<k<kz<?!d{i<f<k!w{<{r<gjt!Oh[kz<?!h{<Hgjt!uti<k<kz<!
weh<! hch<hcbigg<! gx<hqg<Gl<! Ofig<gr<tqe<! ds<sfqjzjb! njmuK! NGl</! -ux<jx! ofMr<giz!
Ofig<gr<gt<!weg<!%xzil</!

dt-bg<gh<!Hzl<!(Psycho motor Domain)

!
dx<XOfig<gz<!!
!

19
!
Ohizs<!osb<kz<!!
!
!
siq!njlk<
siq!njlk<kz<!
!
!
yVr<gjlk<kz<!
!
!
-bz<hig<Gkz<!
!
!

li{ue<! ke<! nxqjuBl<?! dmjzBl<! hbe<hMk<kq! yV! osbjz! sqx<h<hig! osb<Bl<! kqxe<!
dt!-bg<gh<!Hzl<!NGl</!li{uvK!kqxe<!6!fqjzgtqz<!uti<s<sq!njmgqxK/!

dt!-bg<gh<!Hzl<!sii<f<k!kqxe<!uti<s<sq!fqjzgt<!!

yV! Gpf<jkbqe<! osbz<sii<f<k! kqxe<! nz<zK! fmk<jk! lix<x! uti<s<sq! ng<Gpf<jkbqe<!

hjmh<hix<xz<! kqxje! uth<hMk<k! upquGg<gqxK/! Gpf<jkgtqe<! osbz<kqxe<! utv! Ou{<Mlibqe<!
uGh<hjxbqe<!osbz<hiMgjt!dx<XOfig<g!uib<h<Hg<!ogiMg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

Nsqiqbi<! uqiqUjvbitvig! lm<Ml<! osbz<hm<M! gVk<Kgjt! ntqg<gilz<?! yu<ouiV!

Gpf<jkbqe<! osbz<sii<f<k!kqxe<gjt!uti<g<g!Ou{<Ml<! we<hjk!Ofig<gligg<! ogi{<M!uGh<hjx!
gx<xz<! nEhur<gjtBl<?! osbz<kqm<mh<! h{qgjtBl<! Gpf<jkgTg<G! nkqg! ntU! ogiMk<K!
li{ui<gTg<G! osbz<sii<f<k! fmk<jk! lix<xr<gjt! Wx<hMk<k! Ou{<Ml</! dt! -bg<gh<Hzl<!
hGkqbqz<! dx<XOfig<gz<! okimr<gq! Nsqiqbi<! himl<! gx<hqg<Gl<! OhiK! jgbi{<m! hz! okipqz<!
Fm<hr<gjt!hqe<hx<xq!njkOhizs<!osb<kz<!lx<Xl<!Olx<ogi{<m!osbjz!sqxh<hig!osb<K!Lck<kz<!
hqe<! hz<OuX! osbz<gjt! yVr<gjlk<K! hqe<! hz<OuX! kqx<egt<! li{ui<gtqjmOb! -bz<hig!
uti<ujkg<!Gxqg<Gl</!

fie<G!hcfqjzgjt!ogi{<
!hcfqjzgjt!ogi{<m!himk<kqm<ml<
ml<!(Structure of a four fold lesson plan)!
!

oai<hii<m<Ohie<x! nxqRi<gt<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! sqz! hcgjth<! hqe<hx<xqeiz<! gx<hqk<kz<! kqxl<hm!

njlBl<! we! %xq! dt<tei</! gx<hqk<kz<! hcfqjzgtig! okiGk<Kg<! %xh<hMl<! gVk<Kgt<! nz<zK!
hcgt</!

2/ Le<Ejv!nz<zK!li{ui<gjtk<!kbii<hMk<Kkz<!!
3/ him!uti<s<sq!!
4/ gVk<Kgjt!hch<hcbig!yh<hqm<M!-j{k<kz<!!
5/ himk<jk!kqVh<Hkz<!

Le<Ejv!
jv!(Introduction)!
!

Hkqkigg<! gx<Xg<! ogiMg<Gl<! himk<kqx<Gk<! okimi<hie! we<oee<e! nch<hjmg<! gVk<Kgjt!

li{ui<gt<! okiqf<K! ogi{<M! dt<tei<! we! Nsqiqbi<! nxqf<K! ogit<t! sqz! uqeig<gt<! Ogm<g!
Ou{<Ml</! nf<k! uqeig<gt<! li{ui<gtqe<! ne<xim! uip<g<jgbqz<! fqgPl<! osbz<gjth<!
hx<xqbkigOui?! Le<! uGh<hqz<! gx<Xg<! ogi{<m! gVk<Kgjth<! hx<xqbkigOui! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</!
Lx<xqZl<! Hkqb! gVk<Kgjt! gx<hqg<g! Ou{<c! -Vf<kiz<! njk! hx<xqb! Le<Ejvjb! NsqiqbOv!
wMk<Kg<! %xzil</! Lkz<! fit<! fmk<kqb! himk<kqe<! okimi<s<sqbig! -Vf<kiz<! Lkz<! fit<! fmk<kqb!
himh<hGkqbqz<!-Vf<K!uqeig<gt<!Ogm<gzil</!

20
 gx<hqg<Gl<!gVk<Kgt<!njek<Kl<!him!Ofig<gr<gjt!fqjeuqx<Gg<!ogi{<M!uVl<!fqjzjb!
Wx<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml</!Le<Ejv!njlg<Gl<! ohiPK!Nsqiqbi<! Ogm<Gl<! uqeig<gTg<G!uqjmbtqg<Gl<!
ohiPOk! we<e! kjzh<hqz<! Nsqiqbi<! himl<! wMg<gh<! Ohigqxii<! we<hjk!lQk<kqx<e! lqg<g!li{ui<gt<!
d{i<f<K! ogit<uii<gt</! lx<x! li{ui<gTg<G! kjzh<jhg<! %xq! gVl<hzjgbqz<! wPkqg<gim<m!
Ou{<Ml</ntuqz<!lqgs<!sqxqb!ohiVt<gt<?!ohiqb!ohiVt<gt<?!hz!fqxr<gt<!Ohie<xux<jx!gim<cBl<?!
ouu<OuX!-mr<gt<! hx<xqBl<! %xq!uqtg<Gkz<?!-u<uiX!Le<Ejvbqz<! li{ui<gtqmlqVf<K!okiqf<k!
gVk<Kgjt! uvujpk<K! himuti<s<sqbqz<! okiqbik! gVk<kqx<G! nui<gjt! ogi{<M! osz<zz</!
-kje!nxqf<kux<xqzqVf<K!nxqbikux<xqx<Gs<!osz<Zl<!Ljx!wezil</!

himuti<s<sq!(Development
q! of the lesson)

Le<Ejvbqz<! nxqLgh<hMk<kqb! kjzh<hqx<gie! gVk<Kg<gjt! hch<hcbig! Le<Oex<x!

fqjzg<Gg<! ogi{<M!osz<Zkz<! Ou{<Ml</!ohiKuig!kjzh<jh!hx<xqb!wtqb!gVk<Kgtqz<! -Vf<K!
gcelie! gVk<kqx<Gs<! osz<z! Ou{<Ml</! dkiv{lig! hijxgt<! we<x! kjzh<hqz<! himl<!
gx<hqg<gqe<Oxil<! we<xiz<! gz<! lx<Xl<! hzuqklie! hijxgt<! ujvhml<! ujvf<K! gim<c! uqtg<Gkz</!
himuti<s<sqbqe<! OhiK! uqeig<! Ogm<mz<?! uqtg<Gkz<?! him! sl<hf<klie! ohiVt<gjtg<! gim<Mkz<?!
likqiqgt<?! ujvhmr<gt<! hbe<hMk<kz<?! gVk<Kgjt! uqtg<Gkz<?! okimi<HhMk<kqg<! gim<mz<?!
gVk<Kgjt!hGk<K!okiGk<K!nxqkz<!we!hz!hcgt<!njlg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!

gVk<Kgjt!yh<hqm<M!-j{k<kz<!!

oai<hii<m<ce<! %xqb! hcgtie! yh<Hjl! gi{z<?! ohiKuqkq! gi{z<! Ohie<xju! him!

uti<s<sqbqOzOb!-ml<!ohxz<!Ou{<Ml</!him!uti<s<sq!Wxg<Gjxb!fix<hK!fqlqmr<gt<!fqgPl</!-ke<!
Lcuqz<! Wx<geOu! -h<him! Oujtbqz<! fmk<kqb! gVk<Kgjt! fqjeU! %i<kz<! lqg! nusqbl</!
himOujtbqe<!gjmsq!Jf<K!fqlqmk<kqz<!himk<jkk<!kqVh<Hkz<!we<x!hc!njlb!Ou{<Ml</!

himk<jkk<!kqVh<Hkz<!(Review)!
!

himk<jk! gx<hqk<K! Lck<khqe<! uqeig<gt<! &zl<! himk<kqz<! gx<x! wz<zi! gVk<Kg<gjtBl<!

lQ{<Ml<! okiGk<K! fqjeuqx<Gg<! ogi{<M! uVkz<! Ou{<Ml</! -h<hGkqbqz<! Ogm<gh<hMl<! uqeig<gt<!
gx<hqk<k! himh<! hGkqbqz<! -Vf<K! Ogm<gh<hm! Ou{<Ml</! -h<hGkqbqz<! li{ui<gt<! %Xl<! hkqz<gjt!
juk<K! Lg<gqb! gVk<Kg<gjt! SVg<glig! gVl<hzjgbqz<! wPkq! uqtg<gqg<! gim<mzil<! nz<zK!
li{ui<gjtOb! wPkq! hpg<gzil</! -kje! gVl<hzjgs<! SVg<gl<! we<Xl<! %xzil</! hqe<! himh<!
Hk<kgk<jkh<! hbe<hMk<kqb!himk<! okimi<hie!sqz!uqeig<gt<! njlk<K!njk!li{ui<gt<! uGh<hqz<!
gx<x! nxqjuh<! hbe<hMk<kq! uqjmgt<! Okc?! Osgiqk<K! uqjmgt<! okiGk<K! wPkquVl<hc! uQm<M!
hbqx<sqgt<! we<x! kjzh<hqz<! li{ui<gTg<G! yh<hjmh<Hgt<! nz<zK! uQm<M! Oujzgt<! ogiMk<K!
hbqx<sq!ntqg<gzil</!

himk<kqm<ml<!kbiiqk<kz<!!!

likqiqh<!himk<kqm<ml<!!

himl<!.!s&g!nxquqbz<!!

hbqx<sq!Nsqiqbi<!ohbi<!!

hbqx<sq!ohXl<!ht<tqbqe<!ohbi<!!

uGh<H!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;ye<hkil<!uGh<H!!

himk<!kjzh<H!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;!Lgzibi<!hjmbobMh<Hl<!nui<gt<!Nm<sqLjxBl<!)]i\gie<*!

fit<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;!himOujt!!

21
gizl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!;56!fqlqmr<gt<!!

li{ui<!w{<{qg<jg! ! !!;!!

diqObii<! ! ! !!;!!

dt<Otii<! ! ! !!;!!

gx<hqk<kz<!Ofig<gr<gt<!!

2/ li{ui<gt<!uvziX!gx<xzqe<!Lg<gqbk<Kuk<jk!nxqkz<!!
3/ li{ui<gt<!uvzix<X!nxqju!uip<g<jgbqz<!hbe<hMk<Kl<!kqxe<!nxqkz</!
4/ li{ui<gt<!Lgzibi<!hjmobMh<Hl<?!nui<gtK!Nm<sqLjx!hx<xq!okiqf<K!ogit<Tkz</!!
5/ li{ui<gt<!]i\gieqe<!Nm<sqgizl<!hx<xq!okiqf<K!ogit<Tkz</!
6/ ]i\gieqe<!oux<xqgt<!hx<xq!nxqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!!
7/ ]i\gieqe<!gjz!gm<mcmg<gjz!hx<xq!nxqf<K!ogit<tz<!!
8/ lbqzisel<!hx<xqBl<?!nke<!njlh<H!hx<xqBl<!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz</!

Okjubie!gx<hqk<kz<!&zr<gt<!!

ki\<laiz<! gm<nUm<! ]i\gieqe<! dVuh<hml<! Lgzibi<! Nm<sq! Hg<ozm<! hmk<okiGh<H!

ki\<laiz<!likqiq!hml<!!

gx<huiqe<!Le<!nxqU;!dzg!nkqsbr<gjt!%Xg/!
jt!%Xg/!

himh<ohiVt<!(Content)! Ofig<
! Ofi g<gg<! %Xgt<! gx<xz<!nEhur<gt<!! lkqh<hqMkz<!
(Specifications) (Learning Experience) (Evaluation)
!
! ! ! !
sQeh<ohVR<Sui<?!wgqh<K! Nbk<kh<hMk<Kkz<! Nsqiqbi<! uqeUkz<! dzg!
hqvlqM?! ki\<laiz<?! li{ui<gt<! nkqsbr<gjt%X/!
hizqOzieqe<! okir<Gl<! hkqztqk<kz<!
Okim<ml<!
!
ki\<laiz<! fqjeU%i<kz<! Nsqiqbi<! uqeUkz<! -f<kqbiuqz<! dt<t!
li{ui<gt<! hkqz<! dzg! nkqsbr<gt<!
ntqk<kz<! wju@!
]i\gie<!! ! Nsqiqbi<! uqeUkz<! ki\<laijzg<!
li{ui<gt<! hkqz<! gm<cbui<!bii<@!
ntqk<kz</! Nsqiqbi<!
himk<! kjzh<hqje!
gVl<! hzjgbqz<!
wPKkz<! )Lgzibi<!
hjmobMh<Hl<! nui<gt<!
Nm<sq! LjxBl<! .!
]i\gie<*!
]i\gie<! Nm<sqg<! himuti<s<sq!! ]i\gie<! Nm<sqh<! ]i\gieqe<!-bx<ohbi<!
gizl<!gq/hq!2739!Lkz<! ohiXh<Ohx<xK! hx<xqBl<! we<e@!
gq/hq/2768! ujv/! -uvK! nuvK! -bx<ohbi<!
-bx<ohbi<!Gi<vl</!-ui<! hx<xqBl<! uqtg<gqg<!
keK! sOgikvi<! %Xkz</!

22
]iiqbjvg<! ogie<X!
niqbj{!Wxqbui</!
“dzgk<kqe<! nvse<”! okiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<! dVu! ujvhmk<jkg<! !
weh<! ohiVt<hMl<! gi{<hqk<kz<! Nsqiqbi<!
]i\gie<! we<x! uqeUkz<! li{ui<gt<!
ohbOviM! 41! hkqz<!ntqk<kz<!
N{<Mgt<! Nm<sq!
osb<kii</!
dzgk<kqe<!nvse<!! lQm<mxqkz<!! ! ]i\gie<! we<hke<!
ohiVt<!we<e@!
]i\gie<! hivsQgi<gjt! oux<xqgt<!nxqkz<!! ]i\gieqe<! oux<xqgt<! ]i\gie<! oue<x!
oue<X! Ogiz<ogi{<mi?! hx<xqg<! %Xkz</! hGkqgt<!biju@!
hQ\<h<h,i<! Ngqb! hQ\<h<h,i<?! biVjmb! Nm<sqg<!
hGkqgjtg<! ogiz<ogi{<mi! Ngqb! gizl<! Lgzibi<!
jgh<hx<xqeii</! kie<! ohbi<gjtg<! Nm<sqbqe<! ohix<gizl<!
Olx<ogi{<m! wz<zi! gVl<hzjgbqz<! weh<hMgqxK@!
Ohii<gtqZl<! oux<xq! wPKkz<!
ohx<xii</! nuVjmb!
gizk<kqz<! lvim<cbi<gt<!
uzqjlohx!
Nvl<hqk<kei</!
]i\gieqe<! Nm<sqg<! ohix<gizl<! we<hjk! Lgzibi<! Nm<sqbqz<! !
gizl<! Lgzibi<! nxqkz<!! ]i\gieqe<! Nm<sqg<!
Nm<sqbqe<! ohix<gizl<! gizl<! ohix<gizl<!
weh<hMgqxK/! we<hjk!uqtg<Gkz</!
ki\<laiz<! &zl<! ki\<laiz<!
fim<ce<! de<ek! gm<nUm<jm!
fqjzjb! dzGg<G! gi{<hqk<kz</!
nxqLgh<hMk<kqbui<!
]i\gie</!
gm<mmg<! gjzRi<gtqe<! gm<mmg<gjz! hx<xq! ]i\gieqe<! ]i\gie<! gm<mcb!
-tuvsi<! ]i\gie<! nxqkz<!! gm<mmg<gjz! hx<xqBl<?! gm<mmr<gt<!biju@!
omz<zqbqz<! nui<! gm<cb!
osr<Ogim<jm! nkEt<! gm<mmr<gt<! hx<xqBl<!
vr<glaiz<?! %Xkz</!
Olikqlaiz<?! kquieq! hmk<okiGh<jhh<!
Nl<?! kquieqgi^<! hbe<hMk<Kkz</!
Ngqb! gm<mmr<gt<!
wPh<hh<hm<me/! \`l<li!
l$kq! -uviz<!
gm<mh<hm<mK/!
]i\gieqe<! ki\<laiz<! hx<xq! ]i\gieqe<! gm<mmg<! dzg! nkqsbr<gTt<!
gm<mmr<gTt<! lqgs<! okiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!! gjzbqz<! sqxh<hie! ye<xie! ki\<laiz<!
sqx<h<hieK! ki\<laiz<! ye<xie! ki\<laiz! hx<xqg<!%X/!
NGl</! -uvK! ne<H! hx<xqg<!%Xkz</!
ljeuq! Ll<ki\<! ki\<laiz<! gm<nUm<!
fqjeuig! bLjebqe<! hbe<hMk<Kkz<!
gjvbqz<! gm<mmh<hm<mK/!
-K! dzg!
nkqsbr<gTt<!
ye<xigg<!
gVkh<hMgqxK/!
\air<gQiqe<!
gz<zjvBl<! nuviz<!
gm<mh<hm<mK/!
bLje! Nx<xqe<! lQm<mxqkz<!! Nsqiqbi<! uqeUkz<! ki\<laiz<! wf<k!
gjvbqz<! lbqzisel<! li{ui<gt<! hkqz<! Nx<xqe<! gjvbqz<!

23
lvgkg<! gx<gtiz<! ntqk<kz<! njlf<Kt<tK@!
njlg<gh<hm<m! 23!
K~{<gjtBl<?!
uqkieLl<! ogi{<m!
kr<gk<kiz<! Ne!
Nsel</! nke<! lQK!
lbqz<! dVur<gt<!
ohixqg<gh<hm<Mt<tK/!
23!K~{<gt<!! lQm<mxqkz<!! Nsqiqbi<! uqeUkz<! lbqzisek<kqz<!
li{ui<gt<! hkqz<! wk<kje! K~{<gt<!
ntqk<kz<! dt<te@!
gq/hq/2768.-z<! ]i\gieqe<! -xh<H! ]i\gieqe<! -xh<Hh<! ]i\gie<! -xf<k!
]i\gie<! Ofib<! uib<h<! hx<xq!nxqkz<!! hx<xqg<!%Xkz<! N{<M!wK@!
hm<mii</! gq/hq! 2769! -z<!
nuvK! lge<!
ytvr<gsQh<hiz<!
sqjxbqz<!
njmg<gh<hm<mii</!
gq/hq/2777! -z<!
lv{ljmf<kii</!
Ytvr<gsQh<hiz<!! lQm<mxqkz<!! Nsqiqbi<! uqeUkz<! ]i\gie<! biviz<!
li{ui<gt<! hkqz<! sqjxbqz<!
ntqk<kz<! njmg<gh<hm<mii</!
!

lQt<!hii<ju!
u!

]i\gie<! hx<xqb! Hg<ozm<! gi{<hqk<K! himg<gVk<jks<! SVg<gqg<! %Xkz</! ]i\gieqe<!

-bx<ohbi<!we<e@!]i\gieqe<!ljeuq!ohbi<!we<e@!lbqzisel<!wf<kg<!gx<gtiz<!NeK@!

li{ui<!ohXl<!gx<xz<!nEhur<gt<!!

li{ui<!]i\gieqe<!Nm<sqg<!gizl<!hx<xqk<!okiqf<K!ogit<ui</!]i\gieqe<!oux<xqgt<!hx<xq!
nxqf<K!ogit<ui</!]i\gieqe<! gjz?!gm<mmg<! gjz!hx<xq!nxqf<K!ogit<ui</!lbqzisel<! hx<xqBl<?!
nke<!njlh<H!hx<xqBl<!Hiqf<K!ogit<ui</!]i\gieqe<!-xh<Hh<!hx<xq!okiqf<K!ogit<ui</!

yh<hjmh<H!!
!!

]i\gieqe<!gm<mmg<gjz!hx<xq!uqtg<gq!wPK/!

ki\<laiz<?!lbqzisel<!.!Gxqh<H!wPK/!!

hbqx<sq!Nsqiqbi<!jgobih<hl<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!upqgim<
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!upqgim<c!Nsqiqbi<!jgobih<hl</!

Oki<Ugtqe<!ujggt<!Oki<uqe<!ujggt<!!

Oki<Ugt<!-V!ujgh<hMl</!njubiue;!!

uib<olipqk<!Oki<U!!
!!

wPk<Kk<!Oki<U!!
!!

24
 wPk<Kk<! Oki<ju! wMk<Kg<ogit<Ouilibqe<! nkqz<! -Vujgh<! hqiqUgjtg<! Gxqh<hqmzil</!
njubiue!!

gm<Mjvujg!!
jvujg!!

HKLjxs<!Osikjegt<!!

gm<Mjvujg!.
jvujg!.!-ke<!fe<jlgt<!!

gm<Mjvujgg<! Ogt<uqgtqeiz<! hch<hkx<Gh<! HiqBl<! LjxbqZl<?! oktquigUl<! wPKl<!

hbqx<sqjb!li{ui<gt<!ohXgqe<xei</!

uquikqk<kz<! yh<hqMkz<?! Oux<Xjlh<hMk<Kkz<?! uquiqk<kz<?! giv{giiqbr<gjtg<! g{<mxqkz<!

Ohie<x! hbqx<sqg<Gl<?! li{ui<gtqe<! sqf<kjejbBl<! w{<{r<gjtBl<! yPr<GhMk<kq! Nvib<ukx<Gl<!
wtqb!Ljxbqz<!wMk<Kg<!%Xukx<Gg<!gm<Mjvujg!uqjmgt<!hbe<hMgqe<xe/!

GjxhiMgt<!!

gm<MjvLjxs<! Osikje! ohiqKl<! Hxubk<! ke<jlg<Gh<! ohiVf<kik! ye<xiGl</! nK!

ngubk<ke<jl! lzqf<k! yV! Oki<U! LjxbiGl</! Nb<uiti<! kk<kl<! sii<U! w{<{r<gt<?! uqVh<H!
ouXh<Hgt<?! leh<Ohig<Ggt<! Ngqbux<xiz<! df<kh<hmilz<! lkqh<hqMuK! we<hK! -bzik! giiqbl</!
-ux<OxiM! Nb<uiti<! uqjmk<kit<gjtk<! kqVk<Kl<OhiKt<t! nuvK! lefqjz?! Sx<Xh<Hxs<!
$p<fqjzbqz<! Wx<hMl<! lefqjzg<! OgitiXgt<! NgqbjuBl<! Yvtuqx<G! lkqh<hQm<jmh<!
hikqg<Gl</gm<Mjv! Ljxs<! Osikjebqz<! fl<hgLl<! GjxgqxK! yOv! uqjmk<kijth<! hz!
Nb<uiti<gt<! keqk<keqOb! kqVk<kqeiz<! nui<gt<! lkqh<hQm<cz<! yx<Xjl! gi{<hkiqK/Oux<XjlOb!
lqGf<K!gi{h<hMl</!

HKLjxs<!Osikjegt<!!

ohiKuigh<!HKLjxs<!Osikjegjt!-v{<M!ujggtigh<!hqiqg<gzil</!!

fqjeU%i<ujg!(Recall
jg! !
type)!

lQm<mxqkz<!ujg!(Recognition
ujg! !
type)!

Lkz<! ujgbqz<! sqz!slbr<gtqz<! li{ui<gt<! sqf<kje!osb<K!osbzix<x!Ou{<cbqVg<Gl</!

-v{<miuK! ujgbqz<?! nk<kjgb! sqf<kje! =MhiM! Okjubqz<jz/! li{ui<gt<!
osb<bOu{<cbokz<zil<! siqbie!gVk<Kh<! ohiVjtObi?!osbz<gjtObi?!uqkqgjtObi!ye<XOhiz<!
njlk<kqVg<Gl<!yV!%m<<mk<kqzqVf<K!okiqf<okMg<g!Ou{<cbOkbiGl</!!

HKLjxs<!Osikjebqe<!fe<jlgt<!!

HKLjxs<! Osikjegjth<! Hxubs<! Osikjegote<Xl<! upr<Ggqe<xei</! -ju! Hxub!

Ofig<Gg<G!Wx<h!njlf<Kt<te/!yV!uqeiUg<Giqb!uqjm!-Kui?!hqxqokie<xi@!we!Jbh<hMukx<G!
-mlqe<xq?! yV! uqeiUg<G! yV! uqjmjb! lm<MOl! siqbiekig! Wx<Xg<ogit<Tl<! ujgbqz<!
njlf<Kt<tK/! Njgbiz<?! uqjmjb! lkqh<hqMukqz<! ngubg! giv{qgtigqb! Nb<uitVjmb!
osif<k! uqVh<H! ouXh<HgTg<Ogi! osif<kg<! gVk<KgTg<Ogi?! leOhig<GgTg<Ogi! -mlqz<jz/! yV!
Gxqh<hqm<m! hGkqbqz<! dt<t! wz<zih<! ohiVjtBl<! dt<tmg<gq! uqeig<gt<! Ogm<g! Lcgqe<xK/!
nkiuK?! LP! nxqjuBl<! Osikqg<g! Lcgqe<xK/! himh<ohiVjth<! Hiqf<K! ogit<tilz<! leh<!
himR<osb<Bl<! ogm<m!upg<gl<! kieigOu!fqe<X!uqMgqe<xK/HKLjxs<! Osikjegtqe<! uqjmgjtk<!
kqVk<KuK! wtqK/! hivhm<slqe<xq! Nsqiqbi<! uqjmgjtk<! kqVk<kLcukiz<?! li{ui<gTg<G!
Nsqiqbjvh<hx<xqb!lkqh<H!dbi<gqe<xK/!

25

www.pupilstutor.com
GjxhiMgt<
GjxhiMgt<!!

li{ui<gt<! sqf<kqg<Gl<OhiK?! nu<xjx! yPr<G! hMk<Kukx<Gs<! slblqz<jz/! li{ui<gtqe<!

Nb<Us<! sqf<kje! wu<uqmk<kqz<! kuXgqe<xK/! wh<ohiPK! Gk<Klkqh<higg<! %x! Nvl<hqg<gqe<xie<!
we<hjk! nxqbLcbiK/! -s<Osikjegjt! lqg<g! guek<Kme<! kbiiqg<g! Ou{<Ml</! Nsqiqbi<! nkqg!
Ofvl<!oszupqk<Kk<kie<!-u<ujgs<!Osikjejbg<!Gxqg<gLcgqe<xK/!

HKLjxs<!Osikjegtqe<!ujggt<!!

fqjeU%i<jl!fqjeU%i<ujgbqz<!!

-v{<M!hqiqUgt<!dt<te/!
e/!

ye<X?!SVg<glie!uqjmgjt!wkqi<hii<g<Gl<!sqxqb?!wtqb!fqjeU%i<!Osikje!

w/M!!

oltiqb!ul<sk<jk!fqXuqb!nvsi<!bii<@!!

ki\<laiz<!biviz<!gm<mh<hm<mK@!!

wu<ui{<M!Lkz<!hieqhm<!s{<jm!fmf<kK@!!

fe<jlgt<!!

2/ Dgqk<K!uqjm%Xl<!-bz<jh!fQg<gquqMl</!
3/ uqeiUkz<!-bx<jgbig!njlgqe<xK/!
4/ wtqb!Ljxbqz<!uqeig<gt<!njlg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!
5/ li{ui<gjtg<!gx<xzqz<!=MhMk<k!Dg<Guqg<gqe<xK/!

lx<oxiVujg!gizqbqmr<gjtk<!kg<guiX!fqvh<HliX!njlg<gh<hMl<!Osikje!!

kjzg<Ogim<jms<!s{<jm!………/!N{<cz<!fqgp<f<kK/!!

ai<]i<!Nm<sqg<!gizk<kqz<!-f<kqbiUg<G!uf<k!sQeh<hb{q!…………!

fe<jlgt<!!

2/ fqjeU%i<kZg<Gs<!sqxf<k!Ljxs<!Osikje!-KOubiGl</!
3/ kqm<mum<mlie!uqjmjb!li{ui<gt<!%Xl<hc!osb<gqe<xK/!!
4/ fl<hgl<!-u<ujgbqz<kie<!nkqgl<!Wx<hMgqe<xK/!

lQm<mxqkz<!ujg!(Recognition
ujg! Tpe)

-jkh<!hz!hqiqUgtigh<!hqiqg<gzil</!njubiue!!
!njubiue!!

olb<!ohib<s<!Osikjegt<!hz<uqjms<!Osikje!ohiVk<kx<!Osikje!gizuiqjss<!Osikje!!

olb<!ohib<s<!Osikjegt<!(True false Tests)!

!

ogiMg<gh<hm<cVg<Gl<! uig<gqbr<gtqz<! wK! olb<bieju! we<hjkk<! Oki<f<okMg<g! Ou{<Ml</!

fQ{<m! uig<gqbr<gt<?! Lg<gqblx<x! uig<gqbr<gt<?! uqjmjb! wMk<Kg<%Xl<! uig<gqbr<gt<!
Ohie<xux<jxg<! ogiMg<gg<! %miK/!Lkz<! fie<G!olb<biekigUl<! hqf<kqb!fie<G!ohib<biekigUl<!
ogiMh<hK! siqbe<X/! osb<kqgt<! hx<xqb! nxqjuBl<?! Nb<Us<! sqf<kjeBl<! -l<Ljxs<! Osikje!
lkqh<hqMgqe<xK/!leh<himl<!osb<ujkh<!Hxg<g{qg<gqe<xK/!

26
hz<uqjms<!Osikje!(Multiple
Osikje! !
choice)!

siqbieux<jxObi!sqxf<k!uqjmjbObi!Oki<f<okMk<kz<?!ogiMg<gh<hm<Mt<t!uqjmgotz<zil<!
siqbie!uqjmgt<!Ohiz<kil<!-Vg<Gl</!Neiz<!nux<xqz<!yOv!yV!uqjmkie<!siqbiekiGl</!

w/gi!!

ng<hi<!yV!Oksqb!nvsi<!we<X!Hgph<hMukx<G!giv{l<@!!

2/ nui<!-tjlbqz!nvosb<kqeii<!!
3/ nui<!lqGf<k!Ohii<k<kqxjl!uib<f<kui<!!
4/ nui<!wz<zi!lkk<kqeiqmLl<!ye<XOhiz<!fmf<K!ogi{<mii</!
5/ kQe<!-ziaq!lkk<jk!fqXuqeii</!

fe<jlgt<!!

himh<ohiVtqe<!ke<jlgjt!OuXhiM!osb<K!siqbiejk!d{vUl<!db<k<K{vUl<!LcBl</!
siqbie! uqjmjbh<! hz! ujgbigg<! Gxqh<hqm<Mg<! %Xl<! ohiPKl<?! uqjm! fQtliekig!
-Vg<Gl<ohiPKl<?! wtqb! fqjeU%i<! Osikjeg<Gh<! hkqzigUl<! -l<Ljxjb!
Olx<ogit<tzil</!
lix<X! uqjmgt<! Gjxf<kK! fie<gig! -Vh<hkiz<! Gk<Klkqh<hig! uqjmgjtg<! %Xkz<!
lqgUl<!Gjxg<gh<hMgqe<xK/!

ohiVk<kx<!Osikje!(Matching
Osikje! !
type)!

hz<uqjmk<! Oki<Us<! OsikjebqZt<tK!OhizOu?!-r<Gl<! li{ui<gTg<G!lQm<mxqBl<! Nx<xz<!

nusqbligqxK/! Gxqh<hig?! kqm<mlie! himh<ohiVjt! lQm<mxqukx<Gl<?! himh<ohiVtqe<! okimi<hgjt!
nxqf<Kogit<ukx<Gl<! -u<ujgs<! Osikje! Wx<xkig! -Vg<gqe<xK/! kGf<k! hqiqUgtqz<! kgz<gjt!
ujgh<hMk<Kl<! kqxjljbBl<! uti<g<gqe<xK/! Okkqgjt! fqgps<sqgTmEl<?! hjmk<! kjzui<gjt!
nui<gt<! Ohiiqm<m! s{<jmgTmEl<?! Hkqbe! g{<Mhqck<kui<gjtg<! g{<Mhqck<kux<XmEl<?!
wPk<kiti<gjt?! nui<gtqe<! F~z<gTmEl<! nvsqbz<! uikqgjt! nui<gt<! hqe<hx<xqb!
ogit<jggTmEl<?!giv{r<gjt!LcUgTmEl<!ohiVf<Kl<hc!Osikjejb!njlg<gzil</!

hk<kq!2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
q!2!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!hk<
!!!!!!!!!!!hk<kq!3!
q!3!

2/ lilz<ze<!! ! ! ! GKh<lqeii<!)*!
3/ nOsigi<!! ! ! ! ki\<lgiz<!)*!
4/ -visvisOsipe<!! ! ! sivfik<!sql<lk<K~{<!)*!
5/ ng<hi<!!! ! ! ! hqvgkQ^<uvi<!Nzbl<!)*!
6/ Nz<milq]<!!
7/ ]i\gie<!!

gizuiqjs!
gizuiqjs!Osikje!(Time
Osikje! Sequence test)!

s&g! nxquqbz<! giz! ujvbjxjbh<! hx<xqb! siqbie! nxqU! li{ui<gTg<G! Wx<hMkz<!

Ou{<Ml</! -u<uxqjus<! Osikqh<hkx<Gg<! gizuiqjss<! Osikje! Wx<xK/! w/gi!
gQp<g<ogiMg<gh<hm<cVg<Gl<! Jf<K! uig<gqbr<gTg<G! Le<! gizq! -ml<! ogiMg<gh<hm<mcVg<gqe<xK/!
nu<uig<gqbr<gjth<! hck<K! nux<jxg<! gizuiqjsh<hMk<k! nkx<Ogx<h! 23456! we<x! -zg<gr<gjt!
njmh<Hgtqz<!Gxqg<gUl</!

hqti^qs<!s{<jm!)*!

-f<kqbi!Skf<kvl<!njmf<kK!)*!

27
Lkz<!Skf<kqv!Lpg<gl<!)*!!

lie<OmG!–!osl<^<Ohii<m<!sm<ml<!)*!!

yPr<GLjxs<!sm<ml<!)*!

leh<hie<jl?!s&gk<kqxe<!Ngqbux<jxs<!Osikqk<kz<;!!
!

hch<hxquqz<! Ole<OlZl<! Oki<s<sq! gi{Ou{<ce<?! nu<uh<OhiK! Oki<s<sqjbs<! Osikqg<g!

Ou{<cbqVg<gqe<xK/! s&gh<himl<! hbqx<Xuke<! Ofig<gl<! hch<hxqueux<jx! utvs<! osb<kz<!
lm<Mle<X! ! nke<! hbeigs<! s&gk<kqxe<gTl<?! siqbie! leh<hie<jlgTl<! uti<f<k! -Xkqbqz<!
NTjl! dvuig! Ou{<Mole<X! wkqi<hii<g<gqOxil</! -k<kqjsbqz<! Le<Oex<xl<! gi{! Ou{<ce<!
li{ueK! s&gk<kqxe<gt<?! leh<hie<jlgt<! Ngqbux<jxs<! Osikqg<gOu{<Ml</dme<hcg<Gl<!
li{ui<gt<?! Nsqiqbi<?! lx<xui<gOtiM! hPGl<! ke<jl?! s&gk<kqz<! nf<kf<ks<! $p<fqjzg<Ogx<hh<!
hpgk<! okiqf<Kogit<Tkz<! Ohie<x! s&gk<kqxe<gt<?! s&g! -bz<H! uib<f<k! yu<ouiVuVg<Gl<!
Okjuh<hMgqe<xe/!

s&gk<! kqxe<gjtBl<?! leh<hie<jlgjts<! Osikqg<g! -v{<M! Ljxgjth<! hqe<hx<xzil</!

njubiue/!
njubiue/!

2/ Oki<U!Ljx!!
3/ dx<XOfig<gqBl<!Ljx!!

Oki<U!Ljx!(Paper
!Ljx! !
test)!

HKLjxs<! Osikjegjtg<! ogi{<M! leh<hie<jlgjts<! Osikqg<gh<! hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqe<xe/!

ogz<zq?! gqOv! we<El<! Nsqiqbi<gt<! -Khx<xqb! Osikjegjt! njlk<Kt<tei</! hz!
uig<gqbr<gjtg<! ogiMk<K?! nux<xqz<! wux<jx! li{ui<gt<! yk<Kg<ogit<gqe<xiOei?! nux<jxg<!
Gxqg<Gl<hc!uqeig<gt<!ntqh<hK/!

w/M!

2/ wu<uqkk<!kjmgt<!Wx<hcEl<!lKuqzg<jg!nlz<fmk<kOu{<Ml</!
3/ s{<jmjbk<!okimr<Gujkuqm!nulkqh<Hgjt!Wx<Xg<ogit<tzil</!
4/ Le<Oex<xk<kqx<Gh<!OhiGl<!dme<hcg<jggTl<!Ou{<Ml</!!
5/ wz<zi!fiMgtqZl<!ohiKUjmjlg<!ogit<jg!hvu!Ou{<Ml</!!
6/ uQm<ce<! fze<?! GMl<h! yx<Xjl! Ohie<xbiux<jxBl<! ohiKUjmjlg<! ogit<jg!
npqk<KuqMl</!

dx<XOfig<gqbxqBl<!Ljx!(Observation)!
Ljx!

-s<Osikjegjt! fl<hglig<Gukx<G! li{ui<gjth<! Ohm<c! gi[kjzBl<?! dx<XOfig<gqbxqBl<!

LjxjbBl<! hbe<hMk<k! Ou{<Ml</! li{ui<gjth<! hz<OuX! $p<fqjzgtqz<! -br<Gukx<gie!
uib<h<Hgt<! hz! ntqk<K! nf<kf<ks<! $p<fqjzbqZl<! yu<ouiV! li{uEl<! wu<uiX! -br<Ggqe<xie<!
we<X! Nsqiqbi<gt<! g{<gi{qk<K! uvOu{<Ml</! fQ{<mgiz! nch<hjmbqz<! -u<uiX! dx<XOfig<gqs<!
osb<bh<hMl<! LcOu! sqxf<kkiGl</! yV! li{ujeh<! hx<xq! yu<Ouii<! NsqiqbVl<! osb<k! Lcju!
yh<hqm<Ms<! osb<Bl<! ohiKLcU! sizs<! sqxf<kkiGl</! -u<uiX! osb<bh<hm<m! Lcjug<ogi{<M!
li{ujek<!kqVk<Kukx<G!Wx<x!upqujggjth<!hqe<hx<xzil</!

uGh<H!Oki<
!Oki<UgTl<!uti<uxq!lkqh<hQM!!
!!

28
 ht<tqbqz<! fqgPl<! gx<hqk<kz<?!gx<xz<! Ngqbux<xiz<! uqjtBl<! hbe<gt<! lkqh<hQM!weh<hMgqe<xe/!
-K! uqVl<hqb! yV! kqjsbqz<! li{ue<! ohx<Xt<t! Oki<s<sqjbk<! okimi<f<K! lkqh<hqm<M! uVl<! yV!
Ljx! Oki<U! we<El<! osiz<jzuqm! -ke<! ohiVt<! hvf<kkiGl</mig<mi<! ohR<slqe<! HTl<! we<hui<!
lkqh<hQm<cz<!nmr<gqb!%Xgjth<!hqe<uVliX!uqtg<Ggqxii</!

lkqh<hQm<ce<!Ofig<gLl<!Oki<UgTl<!(Evaluation Approach Testing)

gx<hqk<kzqe<!Ofig<gr<gt<!(Objectives)!
!

!!

lkqh<hQm<M!Ljxgt<!! ! ! gx<xz<nEhur<
nEhur<gt<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
(Evaluation Tools) !
(Learning Experiences)!

lkqh<hqMkz<!hx<xqb!ohiKg<gVk<<K!hqxi<!ohx<x!nEhur<gOtiM!fl<!nEhur<gjtBl<!ym<mcOb!
lkqh<hqMkz<!hx<xqb!gVk<K!dVuibqVg<gqe<xK/!lkqh<hqMkzqe<!ohVr<%X!!
!

gx<hqh<hkx<G!Wx<xK!WK@!

wu<uiX!sqxh<higg<!gx<hqh<hK@!!

gx<hqk<kz<!wu<uqkl<!fjmohx<Xt<tK@!

Lkz<%X!!
X

gx<hqh<hke<! Ofig<gk<jkh<! hx<xqbkiGl</s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! gx<hqh<hke<! Ofig<gl<! biju@!

we<X! kqm<mh<hMk<KukiGl</! himk<kqm<mk<jk! njlk<khqxG! njk! wu<uqk! Ljxgtiz<!
gx<hqg<gOu{<Ml<ole<hkiGl</!-jkk<kie<!!

-v{<miuK!%X!Gxqh<
iuK!%X hqMgqe<xK/!!

&e<xiuK!%X!Osikjegtqe<
iuK!%X! !Ljxgjth<!hx<xqbkiGl</!

Olx<%xqb! &e<X! %XgTg<gqjmOb! ofVr<gqb! okimi<Hgt<! dt<tewe<hK! uqtr<Gl</! yV!

%xqz<! Wx<hm<m! liXkz<?! hqx! -v{<M! %XgtqZl<! liXkz<gjt! Wx<hMk<Kl</! gx<xz<! fqjzh<hx<xqb!
hzuqk! d{<jlgjtk<! kqxeib<U! ogi{<M! Nvib<uOk! lkqh<hqMl<! Ljx! osb<b! Lx<hMgqe<xK/!
weOu?!lkqh<hqMkzqe<!kqm<ml<!!

2/ li{ueqe<!fqjz!we<e@!!
3/ Nsqiqbiqe<!fqjz!we<e@!!
4/ gx<hqg<Gl<!Ljxgtqe<!fqjz!we<e@!!
5/ gz<uqk<!kqm<mk<kqe<!fqjz!we<e@!!

Olx<%xqb! kqxeib<uqz<! yu<ouie<xqe<! fz<z! h{<HgTl<?! GjxhiMgTl<! outqh<hMgqe<xe/!

ht<tqg<%mh<! himr<gt<! yu<ouie<xqZl<! li{ue<! ohXl<! njmjuBl<?!Le<%m<cOb!kQi<lieqg<gh<hm<m!

29
Ofig<gr<gtqz<!li{ueqe<!uti<s<sqjbBl<!wjmbQM!osb<Bl<!okimi<hie!osbOz!lkqh<hqMkz<!NGl</!
kQi<lieqg<gh<hm<m! Ofig<gr<gjtk<! okitqUhMk<KuK! li{ueqe<! kqqm<mlie! fmk<jkbqe<!
liXkz<gtiGl</!

ht<tqbqz<! ntuQMgt<! we<hK! li{ue<! yV! himk<kqz<! ohx<xqVg<Gl<! Oki<s<sqjbh<! hx<xqbKkie</!

fqjxbQM! li{ueqe<! yPg<g! ofxqgt<?! leh<hie<jlgt<?! Gxqg<Ogit<gt<?! hivim<Mkz<! Ohie<xux<jx!
ntg<g!Lx<hMgqe<xK/!lkqh<hqMkz<!we<hK!-f<k!-v{<M!osbz<gjtBl<!dt<tmr<gh<!ohx<xkiGl</!

lkqh<hqMkzqe<!sqxh<hqbz<Hgt<!!

fmk<jkbqz<!Wx<hMl<!liXkz<gOt!lkqh<hqMkzqe<!nch<hjmbiGl</!
okimi<s<sqbieKl<?LPjl!ohx<xKlie!LjxbiGl</!
gx<hqh<hke<!Ofig<gr<gjt!Nvl<hligg<!ogit<uOk!lkqh<hqMkzqe<!gVk<kiGl</!
gz<uqhx<xqb!Gxqg<Ogit<gjt!wb<KuOk!lkqh<hqMkzqe<!gVk<kiGl</!

lkqh<hqMkzqe<!Fm<hr<gt<!(Techniques of Evaluation)!
!

2/Osikjegt<
2/Osikjegt<!(Test)!
!

• njmUs<!Osikjegt<!(Achievement tests)! !
Ljxh<hc!-z<zikju!Nsqiqbviz<!njlg<gh<hMl<!Osikjegt<!!
kvh<hMk<kqb! Osikjegt<! (Standardized) -ux<xqz<! ngubs<! Osikjegt<!
(Subjective) -ux<xqz<! ngubs<! OsikjegTl<! Hxubs<! OsikjegTl<! (Objective
tests) nmr<Gl</!
• F{<{xqUs<!Osikje!!
Osikje!!
• G{!-bz<H?!NTjlh<hx<xqb!Osikje!!
qb!Osikje!!
• fim<ml<!hx<xqbju!!
qbju!!
• leh<hie<jl!hx<xqbju!!qbju!!
• gui<s<
ss < q!hx<xqbju!
qbju!

3/kvl<
3/kvl<!hx<xqb!
qb!ntUgt<!(Rating Scales) Gxqh<hqM!hm<cbz<!

4/dx<
4/dx<XOfig<gq!nxqkz<!!

• gm<Mg<Gm<hm<m!dx<XOfig<gz<!!
• gm<Mg<Gm<hMk<kh<hmik!Ofig<gz<!!

5/hkqUgTl<
5/hkqUgTl<!nxqg<jggTl<!(Records and reports)!

• kqvt<!hkqUgt<!(Cumulative records)!
• uip<g<jgk<!K[g<Gh<!hkqUgt<!(Anecdotal records)!

6/li{ui<
6/li{ui<gtqe<!osbz<kqm<mr<gt<!(Students projects)!
!

7/s
7/s&g!
&g!-bz<!ntju!(Sociometry)!
ntju! !

8/fchr<
8/fchr<G!(Role
! !
Playing)!

• s&g!fimgl< (Sociodrama)!!
• dtfimgl<!(Psychodrama)!!

9/keqbit<
9/keqbit<!Nvib<ssq(Case
< sq
sq !
Studies)!

30
:/u
:/uib<olipqs<!OsikjeBl<!Ohm<c!gi[kZl<!(Oral tests and interviews)!
!

21/s&g!
21/s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! gx<hqh<hke<! hzuqkg<! Gxqg<Ogit<gjth<! hx<xqb! uqjtUgjt! wjmbQM!
osb<ukx<G!Olx<%xqb!F[g<gr<gjth<!hbe<hMk<Kkz</!

lkqh<hQm<cz<!Oki<Ugtqe<!hr<G!!
!!

fil<! wf<k! nZujzs<! osb<kiZl<?! nu<uZujzs<! osb<Bl<OhiOk! -jmbqjmbqOzi!

-XkqbqOzi! njkh<hx<xq! lkqh<hqm! Ou{<cb! nusqbligqxK/! -Ok! Ohie<X! gz<uqbxqUh<!
Hgm<Ml<OhiKl<?!nu<uh<OhiK!lkqh<hqmOu{<cb!Okju!Wx<hMgqe<xK/!

upg<gligh<! hqe<hx<xquVl<! hjpb! Oki<Ljxgtqz<! hz! uqkg<! GjxhiMgt<! dt<te/!

-g<Gjxgjt! lek<kqx<ogi{<Om! gz<uqbitVl<?! hqxVl<! Oki<Ugt<! hbex<xjuobe<X! g{<cg<gk<!
kjzh<hm<mei</! Oki<U! kuqi<g<g! Lcbik! yV! okiz<jz! we<Ox! gVkh<hm<M! uf<kK/! Neiz<!
Oki<Ugjth<! hx<xqb! gVk<Kgt<! -e<X! Lx<Xl<! lixquqm<me/! gz<uqk<! kqm<mk<kqz<! Oki<U! lqg!
-e<xqbjlbikK!we<hK!fe<G!d{vh<hm<M!uVgqe<xK/!

Oki<uqe<!hbe<gt<!!

Oki<Ugtiz<! hzuqkh<! hbje! fil<! njmf<kiZl<?! Gxqh<hqmOu{<cbK! ye<xiGl</! s&g!

nxquqbz<! himk<jkg<! gx<hqg<Gl<! Ofig<gr<gjt! fil<! wb<kh<! ohx<Oxili! -z<jzbi@! we<hjkg<!
g{<mxqux<Gk<! Oki<Ugt<! nusqbligk<! Okjuh<hMgqe<xe/! fil<! s&g! nxquqbz<! himk<jkg<!
gx<hqg<Gl<! Ofig<gr<gt<! osb<kqgjtk<! Osgiqk<K!nxqUohXkz<?!osb<kqgtqe<! d{<jljb!Nvib<f<K!
nxqkz<?! osb<kqgjt! uip<g<jgbqz<! hbe<hMk<Kkz<?! hcg<Gl<! hpg<gk<jk! utvs<! osb<kz<?!
lg<gtqjmObBl<?! fiMgtqjmObBl<?! nEkihl<?! fz<oz{<{l<! hvUl<hc! osb<kz<! d{<jljbg<!
g{<mxqb! Nuz<?! Gcjlg<G! Ou{<cb! G{! -bz<Hgjth<! ohXkz<?! Nb<Us<! sqf<kjejb!
uti<k<kz<! gmf<kgiz! fqgp<s<sqgjts<! Sjuk<kz<! fz<z! hpg<gl<?! leh<Ohig<Ggjt! utvs<! osb<kz<!
Ohie<xju/! NsqiqbvK! g{<ogi{<M! Ofig<gqe<! li{uvK! Oki<s<sqk<! kvk<jkg<! ogi{<M! li{ujvk<!
kvfqi<{bl<! osb<ukx<Gk<! Oki<Ugt<! dkUgqe<xe/! ohiKk<! kvk<jk! LcU! gm<mUl<! -ju!
dkUgqe<xe/!

fz<z!Osikjebqe<
!Osikjebqe<!-e<xqbjlbik!%Xgt<!!

Hxubk<ke<jl!(Objectivity)
l!

yV! Osikjebqe<! LcUgt<! Osikjebitiqe<! leh<Ohig<Gg<G! Wx<xuiX! liXhmiK/! nOk!

Osikjebiti<! nf<ks<! Osikjejb!lXLjx!osb<K!hii<k<kiZl<?!nz<zK!hz!Osikjebiti<gt<!
keqk<keqOb! lkqh<hqm<miZl<! LcUgt<! ohVl<hiZl<! liXukqz<jz/! -l<! liXhmik! ke<jlbqjeOb!
Hxubk<ke<jl! we<gqOxil</! Hxujg! uqeig<gtqz<! lkqh<hqMOgiz<! Le<ekigOu! kQi<lieqg<gh<hm<M!
uqMukiz<! Osikjebiti<gtqe<! ngubg<! giv{qgtqe<! GXg<gQM! ouGuigg<!
Gjxg<gh<hm<MuqMgqe<xe/!

fl<hgk<ke<jl!(Reliability)!
l! !

yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! li{ui<! GPuqx<G! lQ{<Ml<! lQ{<Ml<! yV! Osikje! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! OhikqZl<!
nui<gt<! ntqg<Gl<! uqjmgtqe<! kvl! liXhmilzqVf<kiz<! nf<ks<! Osikje! fl<Hl<! kvlieK!
weh<hMl</! Osikjek<! kit<gt<! lqgUl<! fl<Hl<! kvLjmbeuig! -Vg<g! Ou{<Mole<xiz<! uqei!
ujlh<hqz<! olipqk<! oktqU?! Okjuh<hMl<! kqm<m! um<mlie! uqjm?! lkqh<hqMl<! Kjxjbh<! hx<xqb!
oktquie! Gxqh<Hgt<! ogiMk<kz<! Lkzqb! Le<Oex<hiMgt<! Okju/! ohiKuig?! GXgqb!
uqjmuqeig<gt<! nz<zK! hz! dt<Oki<U! uqeig<gjtuqmg<! gm<Mjv! uqeig<gt<! lqgUl<! Gjxf<k!
fl<Hl<! kvLjmbju/! ohiKk<! Oki<Ugtqz<! uqeik<kit<gtqe<! fl<Hl<! kvk<jk! Le<ekig! d{i<f<K!

31
ogit<uK! -bzikkiGl</! NgOu! hch<hcbig?! gm<Mjv! uqeig<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jgjbg<! Gjxk<K?!
hz!dt<Oki<U!uqeig<gjts<!Osi<k<Kg<ogit<uK!lqg<g!fe<jl!hbg<Gl</!

Wx<Hjmjl!nz<zK!kGkq; (Validity)!
!!

Gxqh<hqm<m! yV! kqxjeObi?! h{<hqjeObi! lkqh<hqm<mxqukx<gig! yV! Osikje! njlg<gqOxil</!

ntf<kxqb! Lx<hMl<! kqxjeObi! h{<hqjeOb! siqbig! ntqg<g! ns<Osikje! dkUlibqe<?! nK!
Wx<Hjmjl!dt<tK!weh<hMl</!

fjmLjxh<!hbEjmjl!(Practicability)!
hbEjmjl! !

fz<z!Osikjebqe<! h{<H!fjmLjxbqz<! hbe<hMk<k!wtqjlbiekig!-Vk<kOzbil</!nkiuK?!

njk! njlg<g! wMg<Gl<! gizl<?! ohiVt<! Ngqbux<xqZl<?! lkqh<hqMkzqe<! Ofvl<?! LcU! gi[l<!
Ljxgtqz<! wtqjl?! sqg<gel<! Ngqbju! njek<Kl<! -kqz<! nmrGl</-K! -z<ziuqm<miz<!
ns<Osikje!ht<tqbqz<!hbe<hMk<k!Lcbikkig!njlBl</!

kvr<gt<!(Norms)!
!

yV!Osikjejb!juk<K!njks<!osb<k!yVuEg<Gg<!Gxqh<hqm<m!lkqh<oh{<!upr<gqeiz<!lm<Ml<!
nK! hbex<xK/hqxVjmb! OsikjegTme<! njk! yh<hqm<Mh<! hii<g<gqe<x! fqjz! Wx<hm<miz<kie<! nK!
ohiVTt<tkigUl<! hbEjmbkigUl<! Ngqe<xK/! -kx<Gk<! kvr<gt<! dkUgqe<xe/yk<k! ubK?!
uGh<H! nz<zK! ht<tq! li{ui<gt<! yVkvh<hMk<kh<hm<m! Osikjegtqz<! ohVl<! svisiq! njmjuOb!
kv!w{<gt<!we<gqOxil</!

-ju!!
-ju!!

ubK!kvr<gt<!(Age norms)!

hck<
hck<kvr<gt<!(Grade Norms)!
!

F~x<Xlie!kvr<gt<!w{<gt<!(Percentile Norms)!
!

yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! gizh<! hbqx<sq! nz<zK! gx<xZg<Gh<! hqxG! nk<Kjxbqz<! nz<zK! ns<osbzqz<!
nz<zK! himk<kqz<! li{ue<! wf<k! ntUg<G! Le<Oex<xl<! ohx<xqVg<gqxie<! we<hjks!
Osikqg<gh<hbe<hMl<Osikje!njmUs!Osikje!weh<hMl</!

njmUs<!Osikjebqe<!h{<Hgt<!!

2/ Olz<uGh<hqz<!lix<xh<hMukx<G!Nkivlig!njlkz<!!
3/ Yi<! N{<M! nz<zK! yV! hbqx<sq! okimg<g<! gizk<kqz<! hz<OuXhm<m! gz<uqh<! hqiqUgtqz<!
yu<ouiV!li{ueqe<!fqjzjbBl<!g{<Mogit<t!dkUkz</!!
4/ yV!uGh<hqZt<t!li{ui<gtqe<!fqjzjbk<!kQi<lieqg<g!dkUkz</!
5/ Hkqb!yh<hf<kr<gjt!Wx<GLe<!li{ui<gjt!Dg<Guqh<hkx<G!dkUkz</!
6/ Nsqiqbi<! kil<! gx<hqk<kux<Xt<! wK! li{ui<gTg<Gh<! Hiqf<kK?wK! Hiqbuqz<jzobe<hjk!
nuOv!nxqf<Kogit<t!dkUkz</!
7/ li{ui<gTg<G!Nx<xzqz<!dt<t!gck!fqjzjb!outqh<hMk<kh<!hbe<hMkz</!

okiGk<kxq!lkqh<hQMl<!!

gx<hqg<Gl<!Ofig<gr<gTg<G!lkqh<oh{<!upr<Gkz<!!

yV! nzgqz<! nmr<gqb! himr<gt<! gx<hqk<K! LcUx<xKl</Osikje! fmk<Kl<! ohiPK! Ogm<gh<hMl<!

uqeig<gt<! gx<xz<! Ofig<gr<gjt! njmbh<ohx<xeui! we<he! Osikqh<hkig! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</!

32
Ofig<gr<gTg<G! lkqh<oh{<gt<! wu<uiX! hgqi<f<K! ntqg<gh<hMgqxK! we<hkx<G! wMk<Kg<gim<M!
hqe<uVliX!njlBl</!

! ! ! !
uiqjs!w{<!! gx<xz<!Ofig<gr<gt<!! lkqhoh{<gt!211<! skuQkl<!
!
! ! ! !
2! nxqUohXkz<!ujg! 46!! 46!%!
! !!
! ! ! !
3! Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz<!!! 57! 57!%!
!
! ! ! !
4! hbe<hMk<Kkz<<!! 26! 26!%!
!
! ! ! !
5! kqxe<!uti<k<kz! 6! 6!%
!
!

ohiVtmg<gk<kqx<G!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!(Weightage to content)!
!

Osikqg<g! Ou{<cb! himk<! kjzh<jh! Nsqiqbi<! sqf<kqg<g! Ou{<Ml</! ohiKuig! :! Nl<! uGh<hqz<!
gx<hqk<k!wz<zih<! himh<hGkqbqz<! -Vf<Kl<! uqeig<gt<! njlg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</lkqh<oh{<gTl<! Lcf<k!
ntU! hvuzig! wz<zi! uqeig<gTl<! wz<zi! nzgqz<! Lmr<gqb! himh<! hGkqgjtBl<!
okimi<HjmbkigUl<!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!

uqeig<gtqe<!ucul<!(Forma of Question)!

wh<ohiPKl<!Ogm<gh<hMl<!uqeig<gt<!gm<Mjv!ucuqz<!lm<Ml<!uqeig<gt<!-Vk<kz<!%miK/!
Osikjek<!kitqz<!&e<X!uqk!uqeig<gt<!-ml<ohx!Ou{<Ml</!nju!gm<Mjv!ujg!
uqeig<gt<?GXgqb!uqjm!uqeig<gt<?!Hxub!uqeig<gt</!

hzujgh<hm<m!uqeig<gTg<G!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqg<Gl<!Ljx!!
Ljx!!

! ! ! !
uiqjs!w{<!! uqeig<gtqe<!ujg!! lkqhoh{<gt!211<! skuQkl<!
!
! ! ! !
2! gm<Mjv!ujg!! 51!! 51!
!
! ! ! !
3! GXgqb! uqjm! 46! 46!
! uqeig<gt<!!
! ! ! !
4! Hxub!uqeig<gt<!! 36! 36!
!
!

uqeig<gt<!njlg<Gl<!ohiPK!gVk<kqz<!ogit<t!Ou{<cbju!!

2/ li{ui<gt<!sqvllqe<xqh<!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tl<!ke<jl!djmbkig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
3/ uqeig<gt<! wkqi<hii<g<Gl! himohiVtqe<! hvh<jh! kqm<mlig! okiqbh<hMk<Kueuig! -Vg<g!
Ou{<Ml</!!

33
 4/ uqtg<gh<hml<! nz<zK! Ogim<Mh<hml<! ujvf<K! osb<kqgjt! uqtg<g! Ou{<Mli! we<hjk!
oktquig!Gxqh<hqm!Ou{<Ml</!

uqeik<kitqe<!hGkqgt<!!

uqeik<kit<! -v{<M! hGkqgtig! njlk<kz<! sqxf<k! Ljx/Lkz<! hGkq! Hxubk<ke<jl! djmb!

uqeig<gTOl?! lqgg<! GXgqb! ntuqz<! uqjm! wPk! Ou{<cb! uqeig<gTl<! Ogm<gh<hm! Ou{<Ml</!
-v{<mil<! hGkq!gm<Mjv!ujg!uqeig<gt<! Ogm<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!Ofig<gg<! Gxqg<Ogit<! Osikjebqe<!
Lg<gqb!hGkq!uqei!ucu!njlh<H!(Blue Print) kbiiqk<kZl<?!uqjmk<kit<?!lkqh<oh{<!-Ml<!kqm<ml<!
(Scoring Key and marking scheme) NGl</! (Blue Print) hz<OuX! Fm<hg<! gVk<Kg<gtie! Ofig<gr<gt<!
himh<ohiVt<?! uqei! ujg! Ngqb! njek<jkBl<! dt<tg<gqb! Yi<! njlh<H! uqeik<kit<! ucu!
njlh<H!(Blue Print) nz<zK!uqeik<kit<!kqm<mh<hml<!weh<hMl</!

Gxqh<H!!
!!

g!–!
g! !gm<Mjv!uqei?!G!–!
Mjv!uqei?!G! !GXuqei?!H.
Mjv!uqei?!G! GXuqei?!H.!Hxub!uqei!!
Hxub!uqei!!

njmh<Hg<Gt<! njlg<gh<hm<mcVg<Gl<! w{<gt<! lkqh<oh{<gjtg<! Gxqg<Gl<?! njmh<Hg<G! outqOb!

njlg<gh<hm<mcVg<Gl<!w{<gt<!uqeig<gjtg<!Gxqg<Gl</!

gx<hqg<Gl<!Ofig<gr<gtqe<!nch<hjmbqz<!njlg<g!uqeik<kit<!wMk<Kg<gim<M!!

gz<uqbqe<! Lg<gqb! Gxqg<Ogit<! li{ui<gtqml<! uqVl<hk<kg<g! fmk<jk! liXkz<gjt!

Wx<hMk<KuK! NGl</ohiKuig! ne<xim! uip<g<jgs<! $pzqz<! nui<gt<! wu<uiX! sqf<kqg<gqxii<gt<?!
ohiVt<gjt! dx<XOfig<gq! njmbitl<! gi{<gqxii<gt<! we<hkx<G! li{ui<gtK! fmk<jk!
liXkz<gt<! giv{qgtig! njlgqe<xe/uGh<hjx! gx<hqk<kzqe<! Ofig<gl<! li{ui<gtqjmOb! fmk<jk!
lix<xr<gjt!Wx<hMk<KuK!NGl</!

s&g!nxquqbz<! gx<hqk<kzqe<! Ofig<gr<gTl<! Ofig<gg<! %XgTl<! li{ig<gvK!leh<Ohig<gqjeg<!

gVk<kqz<!ogi{<M!nuvK!nxqkz<!nEhul<?wPs<sq!nEhul<?!Lbx<sq!nEhul<!

(Cognative, Affective, Psychomotor) -u<uiX!nxqU!ohXkz<?!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<?!jgbiTkz<?!

uqVh<hii<ul<?!fe<leh<hie<jl?!osb<kqxe<?!Hgp<f<Kjvk<kz<!&zl<!jgbith<hmz<!Ou{<Ml</!

gx<hqk<kz<! Ofig<gr<gjtBl<?! Ofig<gg<! %XgjtBl<! gVkq?! Ofig<g! nch<hjmbqzie! yV!

Osikjejbk<!kbiiqk<kz</!Ofig<g!nch<hjmbqz<!njlf<kuqeig<gTg<G!wMk<Kg<gim<M/!

I Ofig<gl<!!

nxqUohXkz<!!

Ofig<gg<!%Xgt<!

li{ue<!fqjeU!%Xkz<!lQm<mxqkz<!!

uqtg<Gl<!uqeig<gt<!!

fqjeU!%i<kz<!!

w/gi!h,i<k<kq!osb<g/!

Lkz<!hieqhm<!Ohii<!fmf<k!N{<M!_________

-f<kqbi!Skf<kqvl<!njmf<k!N{<M!_________

34
lQm<mxqkz<!!

lXlzi<s<sq!Wx<hMukx<Gg<!giv{lig!-Vf<k!fqgp<s<sq!!

a) nvseqe<!nkqgivr<gjth<!hx<xq!mie<Om!wPkqb!Hk<kgl<!!

b) KVg<gqbi<gtiz<!gie<^<mie<cOfihqz<!fgvl<!jgh<hx<xh<hmz</!

c) Hkqb!gz<uqjb!Ohih<hi{<mui<!Wx<Xg<!ogi{<mK!!

! ! ! ! ! !uqjm!)c )

II Ofig<
Ofig<gl<!!

Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!!

Ofig<gg<!%Xgt<!

2/ OuXhMkz<!!
3/ yh<hqm<mxqkz<?!Oux<XjlhMk<kq!nxqkz<!!
4/ ujgh<hMk<Kkz<!!
5/ okimi<H!nxqkz<!!
6/ wMk<Kg<gim<Mgt<!kVkz<!!
7/ giv{l<!%Xkz<!!

uqtg<Gl<!uqeig<gt<!!

okimi<hqje!nxqkz<!!

w/gi!Gh<k!OhvvS!Okie<Xuk<xG!dXKj{big!-Vf<k!giv{q!wK@!!

sg<kquib<f<k!wkqiqgt<!-z<jz/!

nVgqZt<t!fiMgTme<!kqVl{!dxU!Wx<hMk<kqg<ogi{<mK/!

G]ieh<!OhvvS!sQi<Gjzb!Nvl<hqk<kK/!!

Ofig<gg<!%X!!
%X!!

uquiqk<kz<!!

w/gi! We<! Lkzil<! sf<kqvGh<ki<! gizk<K! kr<g! fi{br<gtqz<! nuVme<! nuvK! ljeuqbqe<!
dVul<!Osi<k<K!ohixqg<gh<hm<Mt<tK!we<hjk!uquiqk<kz<!!

Ofig<gg<!%Xgt<!

yh<hqMkz<!!

gm<Mjv!ucu!uqei!!
jv!ucu!uqei!!

We<! ohtk<k! lkl<! -f<kqbiuqz<! ljxUx<x! OhikqZl<! outqfiMgtqz<! okimi<f<K! hqe<hx<xh<hm<M!

uVgqxK@!!

III Ofig<gl<!!

gx<x!nxqjuh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!!

35
Ofig<gg<!%Xgt<!!

fqjek<k!ohiVt<gjtBl<?!d{<jlgjtBl<!ohiXg<gq!wMk<kz</!

okiqf<k!upqLjxgjth<!Hkqb!$p<fqjzgtqz<!upr<Gkz<!

ogiMg<gh<hm<mux<jx!ogi{<M!Hkqbkig!njlk<kz<!!

fqgp<s<sqgjt!Le<exquqk<kz<!!

Lcju!siqhii<k<kz<!!

lkqh<hqMkz<!!

GXgqb!ntuqz<!uqjm!wPKl<!ujg!!
ujg!!

ai<]ui<k<kei<! slbg<! ogit<jgbqz<! hvf<k! le<hie<jl! djmbui<! we<hjk! wu<uiX!

fq'hqh<hib<@!!

IV Ofig<gl<!!

kqxe<!uti<k<kz<!!

Ofig<gg<!%Xgt<!!

likqiqgjtk<kbiiqk<kz<!!

Oksh<hmr<gt<?!nm<muj{gt<!kbiiqk<kz<!

gVk<Kh<!hml<?!uqtg<gh<hmr<gt<!kbiiqk<kz</!

w/gi!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!-f<kqb!ujvhmk<kqz<!ng<hi<!OhvvS!ujvf<K!gim<Mg!

Oki<uqe<!hbe<
hbe<gt<!(Purposes of Testing)!
!

Gxqh<hqm<m! himk<jkg<! )s&g! nxquqbz<*! gx<hqg<Gl<! Ofig<gr<gjt! wb<kh<! ohx<Oxili?!

-z<jzbi!we<hjkg<!g{<mxqukx<G!Oki<Ugt<!Okjuh<hMgqe<xe/!
flK!Gxqg<Ogijt!njmb?!li{ui<gtK!Le<Oex<xk<jk!lkqh<hqm!Oki<Ugt<!nusqbl</!
li{uvK!Oki<s<sq!njmU!OhiKlieki?!-z<jzbi!we<hjk!ntuqm<M!li{ue<!OlZl<!
Le<Oex<xljmb!Lbx<sq!osb<b!dkUgqxK/!
li{uvK!Oki<s<sq!fqjzjbg<!ogi{<M!li{uvK!kvk<jk!ntuqm!Oki<U!nusqbl</!

sqxh<H!-bz<H!nch<hjmbqzie!Osikje!(Criterion
jmbqzie!Osikje! !
referenced test)!

ohiK! -bz<H! nch<hjmbqzie! Osikjebqz<! yV! li{ue<! ohXl<! lkqh<oh{<j{Bl<! OuX!

yVue<! ohXl<! lkqh<oh{<O{iM! yh<hqm<Mh<! hii<g<gqe<xei</yh<hqmh<! hbe<hMl<! GP! njmUg<! GP!
weh<hMl</!yh<hqMukx<G!Wx<Xg<ogit<Tl<! GP!Oksqbg<! GPuig!-Vg<Gl<! -f<kg<! GPuqz<! fim<ce<!
hz! hGkqgtqzqVf<K! hqvkqfqkqk<Kul<! ohx<x! Oksqbg<! GPUme<?! yV! ht<tqbqz<! hbqZl<! uGh<H!
li{ui<gtqe<!Oki<s<sq!yh<hqmh<hMgqxK/!!

Oksqbg<! GPuqx<Gh<! hkqz<! nOk! Diqz<! OuX! yV! hGkqjbs<! sii<f<k! li{ui<gtmr<gqb!
GPUme<! yh<hQM! osb<bzil</! s&g! nxquqbz<! nch<hjmbqz! N{<?! oh{<! we<x! nch<hjmbqZl<!
fgvl<!gqvilh<Hxl<!we<x!nch<hjmbqz<!Gpg<gt<!njlk<K!njmU!hx<xq!yh<hqmg<!%Ml</!

36
 -g<Gjxjbh<! Ohig<g! Osikjebqe<! dkuqjb! fim! Ou{<Ml</! Lke<! Lkzqz<! yV! li{ue<!
hbqZl<! ht<tqbqe<! hGkqbz<! Osikje! fmk<kh<hm! Ou{<Ml</! yV! himl<! gx<hqg<gh<hm<mKl<! li{ue<!
njmbOu{<cb! himh<ohiVt<! hx<xqb! nxqjuBl<?! kqxjeBl<! hm<cbzqz<! Gxqh<hqm! Ou{<Ml</!
-jugjt! njmbh<ohx<xiei! we<hjks<! Osikqg<g! Ou{<Ml</! -u<uiX! lkqh<oh{<gt<! li{ue<!
himh<ohiVtqz<! wu<uiX!Lkqi<s<sq!ohx<Xt<tie<! we<hjk!okiqbh<hMk<Kukig!-Vg<gqe<xe!we<hjk!
fil<!okiqf<K!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!

kvh<hMk<kh<hm<m!Osikje!(Standarized
!Osikje! !
test)!

kvh<hMk<kh<hm<m! Osikje! ntuQm<M! uz<Zfi<gt<! kbiiqg<gh<hMukiGl</! Yi<! osikje!

kvh<hMk<kh<hm<mK!weqz<?!nkje!bii<! ogiMk<kiZl<?!wui<! lkqh<hqm<miZl<! ws<$p<fqjzbqz<! lkqh<hQM!
osb<kiZl<! yOv! sQvie! Gxqg<Ogijtk<! kvg<%cbkig! -Vg<Gl</-s<Osikje!lkh<hQm<ce<! h{<Hgtie!
Hxubk<ke<jl?! Wx<Hjmjl?! fl<hgk<! ke<jl! ohx<X! -Vg<Gl</! -K! hz<OuX! OsikjegTg<G!
dm<hMk<kh<hm<mhqe<! kbiiqg<gh<hMuK/! kvh<hMk<kh<hm<m! Osikjebqz<! uqeig<gt<! wtqb! olipqbqz<?!
uiqjs! gqvllig! ns<sqmh<hm<M?! njlf<K! -Vg<Gl</-K! Nsqiqbi<! kbiiqg<Gl<! njmUs<!
Osikjegjtg<!gim<cZl<!sqxf<kK!NGl</!!

ohiK!-bz<H!nch<hjmbqzie!Osikje!
jmbqzie!Osikje!(Norm referenced tests)!
!!

li{ui<gtqe<! Oki<s<sq!gx<hqg<Gl<! Ofig<gr<gjt!hx<xqbK!NGl</!nxqU!ohXkz<! db<k<K{i<kz<!

)Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz<*!osbx<hMk<Kkz<! kqxe<! -jugjt!njmbh<! ohx<xKl<! li{ueqml<! gi{h<hMl<!
les<! osbz<gt<! Ofig<gg<! %Xgt<! NGl</!-jugjt!wz<zil<! li{ue<! njmbh<! ohx<xqVg<gqxiei!
we<hjks<!Osikqh<hkqz<!Oki<U!jgbith<hMgqxK/!

uGh<hjxbqz<! gx<hqg<Gl<ohiPK! OuX! uqkligUl<! li{ueqml<! Wx<hMl<! lix<xr<gjt!

nxqbzil</! wu<utU! nxqU! ohXgqxie<?! nue<! Oki<s<sqbqe<! Ougl<! wu<uqklieK?! wu<utU!
osb<kqgjt! lekqz<! -Xk<kqg<! ogit<gqxie<! we<hjk! li{uEg<G! ntqg<gh<hMl</! Osikjebqz<!
okiqgqxK/! yV! li{ueqe<! njmu! keqh<hm<muiqe<! Oux<XjlgTme<! gzf<K! hii<h<hjk! ohiK!
-bz<H! nch<hjmbie! Osikje! (Norm reference test) we<X! %XgqOxil</! -r<G! (Norm) kvl<!
we<hK!kqm<mlqmh<hm<m!njmU!we<hK!NGl</!

Ljxh<hMk<kik! lkqh<oh{<j{g<! ogi{<M! ‘A’ we<x! ht<tqbqz<! hcg<Gl<! li{ue<! s&g!

nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<! ‘B’ we<El<! ht<tqbqz<! hcg<Gl<! li{ujeuqm! nkqg! njmU! ohx<xuvi?!
-z<jzbi! we<hjk! oktqUhMk<k! LcbiK/! yV! li{ueqe<! njmU! yV! GPueqe<! njmUme<?!
nOk! uGh<hqz<! hcg<Gl<! li{ueqe<! njmU! lx<Xl<! fgvk<kqz<! hcg<Gl<! li{ueqe<! njmU!
gqvilHvk<K!ht<tqbqZt<t!li{ueqe<!njmU!wu<uiX!dt<tK!we<hjk!yh<hqMkz<!Ou{<Ml</!

Le<exqs<!OsikjeBl<!Gjxbxq!OsikjeBl<
Gjxbxq!OsikjeBl<!(Prognostic Test & Diagnastic Test)!
!

dbi<fqjzh<! ht<tqgtqz<! s&g!nxquqbz<! gx<hkx<G!Ou{<cb!kqxjl!li{ui<gtqml<! dt<tki!

we<hjkg<! g{<mxqukx<G! -s<Osikjeh<! hbe<hMgqxK/! li{ui<gtK! Le<! nxqju! Osikje!
osb<K?!nui<gtK!Le<! nxqU?!GjxhiMgjt!wtqkqz<! g{<Mogit<t!hbe<hMgqxK/!li{ui<gtK!
kqxEg<G! Wx<h! gx<hqk<kz<! Ljxjb! Olx<ogit<t! dkUgqxK/! li{uvK! GjxhiMgjt! g{<M?!
li{uvK! Gjx! kQi<g<Gl<! ujgbqz<! sqxh<hie! gx<hqk<kz<! Ljx! Olx<ogi{<M?! li{ui<gtK!
fqjzg<G!Wx<h!sqxh<Hh<!hbqx<sq!ntqg<g!Le<exqs<!Osikje!sqx<fk!Osikjebig!njlgqxK/!

Gxqh<hqm<m! yV! uGh<hqz<! dt<t! wz<zi! li{ui<gTl<! yOv! lkqh<oh{<gt<! ohXukqz<jz!

Woeeqz<!li{ui<!sqzi<!wtqkqz<!Hiqf<K!ogit<gqe<xei</!li{ui<!sqzVg<Gl<!sqz!gVk<Kg<gt<!gx<Xg<!
ogit<t! -jmb,Xgt<! d{<migqxK/! weOu! yOv! uGh<hqz<! li{ui<gt<! ohXl<! lkqh<oh{<gtqz<!
OuXhiMgt<! gi{h<hMgqxK/!li{ui<gtqjmOb!lkqh<oh{<gt<! Gjxukx<G!hzuqklie!giv{r<gt<!
gi{h<hMgqxK/! Nsqiqbi<! nui<gtqml<! hbqZl<! li{ui<gtqml<! gx<xzqz<! We<! GjxhiMgt<!
Wx<hMgqe<xe/!we<hjk!g{<mxqb!kbiiqg<gh<hMl<!Osikje!Gjxbxq!Osikje!weh<hMl</!

37
Gjxbxq!Osikjejb!kbiiqg<Gl<!Ljx!
Ljx!

2/ himk<kqz<!wf<kh<!hGkqbqz<!we<e!Gjx!kjm!we!Gxqk<Kg<!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!
3/ himh<hGkqbqz<! g{<Mhqck<k! Gjx?kjmgTg<G! Wx<h! uqeig<gt<! njlg<g! Ou{<Ml</!
uqeig<gt<!Hxub!uqeiuig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
4/ kbiiqk<k!uqeig<gTg<G!uqeik<kit<!kbii<!osb<bOu{<Ml</!
5/ uqeik<kiTg<G! siqbie! uqjmgt<! wPkqbh<! hqe<! uqjmk<kit<gt<! siqhii<g<g! Ou{<Ml</!
weOu!Gjxbxq!Gxqh<H!kbii<!osb<b!Ou{<Ml</!

Gjxbxq!Gxqh<H!nm<muj{!!
uj{!!

li{ui<! gcel<!! gcel<!3!

3! gcel<!4!
4! gcel<!5!
5! olik<kl<!
ohbi<!! 2!3!4!5!6!
2!3!4!5!6! 2!3!4!5!
2!3!4!5! 2!3!4!5!
2!3!4!5! 2!3!4!5!
2!3!4!5!
R XX X XXX XXX XXX 23!
23!
S 22!
22!
XX X XX XXX XX X
!
T !
XXXX XXX X XX XX 23!
23!
U !
! !
X X X X! XXX ! XXX ! X X X!! 24!
24!
! 15535!
15535! 3453!
3453! 5452!
5452! 4434!
4434! 59!
59!
!

(X we<hK!kjm)!
K!kjm !( we<hK!kjm!-z<jz )!
!!

nm<muj{jb! hii<g<Gl<OhiK! yu<ouiV! li{ueqe<! Gjx! nz<zK! nue<! osb<kkux<jx!

g{g<gqm! LcgqxK/! yu<ouiV! uqeiuqx<Gl<! siqbie! uqjm! ntqk<k! li{ui<gjt! g{<mxqb!
LcgqxK/! OlZl! wk<kje! uqeiuqx<G! li{ui<gt<! kuxie! uqjm! ntqk<K! dt<tei<! weg!
g{<mxqb!Gjxbxq!Osikje!dkUgqxK/!

hqe<! li{ui<gtK! Gjxgjtk<! kQi<g<g?! li{ui<gt<! Gjx! osb<k! hGkqjb! fe<xig!

gx<hqg<gOu{<Ml</! ouu<OuX! gx<hqk<kz<! Ljxgjth<! hqe<hx<xq! lQ{<Ml<?! lQ{<Ml<! gx<hqk<K?!
li{ui<gt<! OlZl<! kuX! osb<bikuiX! siqbie! Ljxgjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! gx<hqh<hK! Gjx! kQi<!
gx<hqk<kz<!(Remedial Teaching) weh<hMl</!

g{qh<H!uqjm!hx<xqb!ohiVt<!uqtg<gk<kqe<!lkqh<hQM!(Scoring
! !
and Interpretation of results)!

lkqh<hqmx<Giqb! gVk<KgTl<! (Value points expected outline answers) lkqh<oh{<! hr<gQM!

(Marking Scheme)!

uqeik<kijtk<! kbii<! osb<Bl<ohiPK! nu<uh<ohiPK! uqjmg<Gxqh<jhBl<?! lkqh<hqmh<hMl<!

Lg<gqbg<! gVk<Kl<! OlZl<! yu<ouiV! lkqh<hqx<Gl<! hr<gqmh<hMl<! lkqh<oh{<! kbii<! osb<ukeiz<!
uqeig<gtqz<! kuXgt<! -Vh<hjk! kuqi<g<gzil</! OlZl<! s&g! nxquqbz<! himk<kqm<mk<kqx<G! Wx<gik!
uqjmgt<! lx<Xl<! gcelie! uqeig<gt<! -Vh<hjk! kuqi<g<gzil</weOu! uqeik<kit<! njlg<Gl<OhiK!
uqjmk<kit<!(Scoring and Interpertaion)!njlk<kz<!lqgUl<!Lg<gqbl<!NGl</!

uqeig<gjt!hiGhiM!osb<
jt!hiGhiM!osb<kz<
z!!

uqeig<gjt! himk<kqm<m! Gxqg<Ogit<gtqe<! nch<hjmjbg<! ogi{<M! hiGhMk<k! Ou{<Ml</!

uqeig<gjt! hqe<uVl<! Ofig<gg<! %Xgtig! hiGhiM! osb<bzil</! uqei! wf<kg<! Gxqg<Ogijts<!
Osikqg<gqxK/! uqeiuqe<! sqxh<H! Ofig<gl</! uqei! himk<kqe<! wf<k! dm<hqiquqz<! nmr<gq! dt<tK!
uqeiuqx<G!uqjm!ntqg<g!NGl<!Ofvl<!uqeiuqx<G!ogiMg<gh<hm<m!lkqh<oh{<!Ohie<xe!nmr<Gl</!

Oki<U!njlh<hqe<!Gxqg<Ogit<gt<!

38
 2/ himk<kqm<m! Ofig<gk<kqe<! nch<hjmbqz<! li{ue<! Le<OeXl<! fqjz! Gxqk<K! nxqb!
dkUl<!kguz<gjt!ntuqMkz<!NGl</!
3/ li{ui<gTg<G! ntqg<gh<hm<m! himh<ohiVt<! nEhur<gt<?! osbz<hiMgt<?gx<hqk<kz<!
Ljxgt<! Ohie<xeux<xqz<! ohiVk<kl<! Gxqk<K! Nsqiqbi<! nxqf<K! ogit<t! dkUkz</!
li{ui<gtqe<!gx<xzqz<!Wx<hMl<!Gjxgjt!g{<M!njk!gjtb!dkUkz</!
4/ keq! li{ui<lx<Xl<! uGh<H! fqjzbqZl<! nui<gTg<G! Okjuh<hMl<! ohiVk<klie!
gx<hqk<kz<!Ljxgjtk<!Oki<f<okMg<g!lix<xr<gt<!HGk<k!dkUgqxK/!
5/ sqxf<k! gx<hqk<kz<! Ljxgjtk<! Oki<f<okMk<K! li{ui<gjt! dx<sigh<hMk<k!
hbe<hMgqxK/!

uquikk<kqx<Gl<!sqf<kjeg<Glie!uqeig<gt<!!

2/ himk<kqm<mk<kqe<!hcfqjzgjt!wMk<Kg<gim<Mme<!uqtg<Gg/!
3/ HTlqe<!gx<hqk<kz<!Ofig<gr<gtqe<!ujgh<hiM!hx<xq!uquikq/!
4/ gm<Mjv!uqei?!sqXuqjm!uqei?!lx<Xl<!hz<uqjm!uqei!hx<xq!Gxqh<H!wPKg/!

nzG!4!
nzG!4!
s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<Gl<!kqxe<gjt!ohx!hbqx<sqbtqk<kz<!

Ofig<gr<gt<!!

-u<uzgqe<!Lcuqz<!gx<Ohii</!

2/ gx<hqk<kzqe<!ohiVjth<!hx<xqb!nxqju!ohx!LcBl<!!
3/ gx<hqk<kzqe<!kqxe<gjt!Hiqf<Kogit<t!LcBl</!!
4/ GXl<him!gx<hqk<kzqe<!ohVl<hizie!)Lg<gqb*!hcfqjzgjt!Nb<U!osb<b!LcBl<!
5/ GXl<him!gx<hqk<kzqe<!gx<hqk<kz<!hcfqjzgjt!Nvib<f<K!dx<X!Ofig<gq!hqe<E~m<ml<!
ntqg<g!LcBl</!!

gx<hqk<kz<!we<hke<!ohiVt<!(Meaning of Teaching)!
!

gx<hqk<kz<! we<hK! sqz! gx<hqk<kz<! kqxe<gtqe<! okiGkq! NGl</! weOu?! gx<hqk<kz! we<hjk!
sqz! kqxe<gtigh<! hiGhMk<kqg<! ogit<tzil</! kqxe<! we<hK! gx<hqk<kz<! okiGkq! kqxeqz<! Oki<s<sq!
ohx! Lkzqz<! yV! kqxje! wMk<Kg<! ogi{<M! nke<! dm<%Xgjt! d{i<k<kq! hbqx<sq!
ohxOu{<Ml</! wjkg<! gx<hqk<kz<! we<hjkuqm! wh<hcg<! gx<hqk<kz<! Ou{<Ml<! we<hOk! F{<fqjzg<!
gx<hqk<kz<!nch<hjm!NGl</!

gx<hqg<Gl<!kqxe<gjt!Hiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!(Understanding Major teaching skills)!

Nsqiqbi<! hbqx<sq! ohXl<! li{ui<gTg<G! gx<hqk<kz<! hbqx<sq! nusqbl</! wMk<k! dmOeO! 51!
nz<zK! 61! li{ui<gjtg<! ogi{<m! uGh<hqx<G! 56! fqlqmr<gTg<G! himh<hGkq! ye<jx! gx<hqg<g!
LbZl<OhiK!hbqx<sq!Nsqiqbi<gt<! lqGf<k!sqvlk<kqx<G!Nm<hMgqe<xei/!-f<k!sqvlk<jkBl<?!wPl<!
sqg<gjzBl<! kuqi<k<K! gx<hqk<kjz! Lcf<kujv! hbEt<tkigs<! osb<b! WOkEl<! yV! gx<hqk<kz<!
LjxOu{<Ml</! hbqx<sqbqe<! OhiK! hbe<hMk<kg<%cb! gz<uq! Fm<hl<! ye<xqje! Lke<! Lkzqz<!
2:72! Nl<! N{<M! noliqg<giuqz<! dt<t! ^<mie<Ohii<M! hz<gjzg<gpgk<kqz<! Nze<.-vibe<!
we<hui<gtiz<! nxqLgh<hMk<kh<hm<mK/! 2:74! l<! N{<cz<kie<! -l<Ljx! F{<fqjz! gx<hqk<kz<!
nz<zK!sqXgg<!gx<hqk<kz<!weh<!ohbi<!ohx<xK/!

39
 uGh<Hg<!gx<hqk<kz<!(Macro Teaching)!
!

hbqx<sq! Nsqiqbi<! &e<X! fie<G! kqxe<gjt! -j{k<K! hbqx<sq! ohx<xhqe<! yV! himh<hGkqjb!
wMk<K! njek<K! kqxe<gjt! -j{k<K?! 51! nz<zK! 61! li{ui<gTg<G! 56! fqlqmr<gt<!
gx<hqg<gk<!kqm<mlqm<M!gx<hqh<hK!uGh<Hg<!gx<hqk<kz<!weh<!ohbi<!ohx<xK/!

himl<!okimr<Gl<!kqxe<!(Skill of Introducing a Lesson)!

!

himl<! okimr<Gl! Ljx! sqxh<hig! njlf<kiz<! gx<xz<! sqxf<K! uqtr<Gl</! fz<z! okimg<gl<!
hikqh<! h{qjb! sqx<hig! Lck<kx<G! yh<hiGl<! we<hK! gx<hqk<kzqz<! ohiVf<Kl</! Nsqiqbi<! himl<!
okimr<Gukqz!sqz!Fm<hlie!Ljxgjth<!hbe<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml</!

himl<!okimr<Gkqxeqe<!dm<%Xgt<?!nke<!uqtg<gl<!!

Le<exqUk<!okimi<H!!
!!

Hkqb! nxqju! Wx<Xg<! ogit<tz<! wtqb! osbz<! ne<X/! Hkqb! nxqU! hGkqjb! gx<hqg<g!
okimr<Gl<! ohiPK! li{ui<gtK! Lf<jkb! nxqju! kGf<k! Ljxbqz<! -j{k<Kg<! gx<hqk<kz<!
Ou{<Ml<!nz<zK!li{ui<gtK!Le<exqjus<!Osikqg<g!sqz!uqeig<gt<!Ogm<mz</!

Wx<x!uqjm!kf<kju!!
ju!!

li{ui<gtK! Le<! nxqju! Osikqg<g! Ogm<m! uqeig<gtqz<! Wx<x! uqjm! kf<kju! wk<kje!
we! Lkzqz<! nxqkz<! Ou{<Ml</! Wx<x! uqjmkf<kju! lqGkqbig! njlBlibqe<! himl<! fe<G!
okimr<gh<hm<mK! we! nxqbzil</! Neiz<! Wx<x! uqjm! kf<kju! GjxU! weqz<! okimg<gl<!
siqbqz<jz!weg<!ogit<tz<!Ou{<Ml</!

okimi<s<sq!!
q!!

Nsqiqbi<! %Xl<! okimr<gz<! &zl<! li{ui<! ohXl<! Hkqb! nxqU! li{ui<! Wx<geOu! ohx<x!
nxquqe<! okimi<s<sq! ohie<xkig! njlkz<! Ou{<Ml</! yv! gVk<jk! okimi<f<K! nMk<k! gVk<K!
-bz<hig!njlBliX!Ohs<S!njlk<kOz!okimi<s<sq!NGl</!

ohiVk<klie!okimi<H!!
!!

him! Ofig<gkqx<G! ohiVk<klie! okimi<gt<! lqGkqbig! uVl<hc! kqm<mlqm<Mg<! ogit<Tkz<!

Ou{<Ml</!

okimr<G!Ljx!!
!Ljx!!

Hkqb! himk<Kme<! yh<Hjl! djmb! gVk<Kg<gjtg<! %xqk<! okimr<Gkz<! Ou{<Ml</!

uqeig<Ogm<M! uqjmgt<! uvupk<Kk<! okimr<Gkz<! Ou{<Ml</! uqtg<Gkz<?! fck<kz<! Ljx! &zl<?!
Kj{g<! gVuqgt<! hbe<hMk<kq?! osb<K! gim<mz<! &zl<! himk<! kjzh<Hg<G! Wx<x! Ljxjbh<!
hqe<hx<xq!okimr<Gkz<!sqxh<HjmbK!NGl</!

dm<%Xgt<!!

2/ Le<exqUk<!okimi<H!)uqeig<gt<!.!gjk*!
3/ Wx<x!uqjm!kf<kju!!
4/ okimi<s<sq!!
5/ ohiVk<klie!okimi<H!!
6/ okimr<G!Ljx!Wx<xki@OuX!WOkEl<!Ljx!dt<tki@!

uqtg<
uqtg<Gf<kqxe<
qxe<!(Skill of explaining)!
!

40
 Nsqiqbi<!himl<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!uqtg<Gkz<!ohiqKl<!-ml<!ohXgqxK/!nh<OhiK!uib<s<!osix<gt<!
kil<! uzqU! ohx! Ou{<cBt<tK/! osix<gtiz<! uqtg<Gkz<! kqxl<! ohx! fjm! ohx<xiz<! kie<!
li{ui<!himh<ohiVjt!fe<G!d{i<ui</!

wu<uiX?! wh<OhiK?! bii<?! wju?! We<?! wh<hc?! wK! we<El<! uqeig<gt<! uqt<gGukiz<?!
osiz<ukiz<! uqjm! ohXgqe<xe/! dkik{lig! uvziX?! Huqbqbz<! himl<! gmf<kgiz!
fqgp<s<sqgjt! uqtg<gqg<! %Xukiz<! oktqU! ohXgqxK/! lx<Xl<! nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<!
Osikjejbs<! osb<K! gim<c! uqjtUgjt! uqtg<gqg<! %Xukiz<! lqgUl<! wtqkigqxK/! olipqh<!
himk<kqz<!himz<gjt!gx<hqg<Gl<!ohiPK!uqtg<gr<gt<!lqgUl<!-ml<!ohXgqxK/!

fz<z! uqtg<gl<! uqtg<ghuiqe<! ohiVt<! oktqjuBl<?! Ogm<huVg<G! nh<hGkqbqz<! gVk<K!

d{i<kjzBl<! gim<Ml</! uqtg<Gkz<! fjmohXl<! ohiPK! giv{g<! giiqbk<! okimi<H! -Vk<kz<!
Ou{<Ml</!Ou{<cb!osb<kqgjt!uqm<M!uqMkz<!%miK/!wMk<Kg<gim<Mgt<!%xq!uqtg<Gkz<!sqxh<H!
djmbK! uqtg<Gl<OhiK! “okimr<G! okimi<! jlbg<! gVk<jk”! dt<tmg<gqbkig! -Vk<kz<!
Ou{<Ml</!wjkh<!hx<xq!uqtg<g!-Vg<gqOxil<!we<hjk!okimr<Gl<!ohiPOk!nxqkz<!Ou{<Ml</!

okimr<G!okimi<!!

uqtg<Gl<OhiK! okimg<gl<! jlbg<! gVk<jk! dt<tmg<gqbkig?! wjkh<! hx<xq! uqtg<g!

-Vg<gqOxil<!we<hjkk<!okimr<Gl<!OhiOk!nxqkz<!Ou{<Ml</!

okimi<
okimi<!-j{h<Hs<!osix<gt<!!

ye<jx! uqtg<Gl<OhiK! yV! gVk<OkiM! lx<oxiV! gVk<jk! -j{k<K! -jbHhMk<kqg<!

%Xukx<G! -j{h<Hs<! osix<gt<! hbe<hMgqxK/! Wx<xux<jx! -ml<! nxqf<K! hbe<hMk<kOu{<Ml<!
Neiz<?!NgOu?!nu<uiX?!-u<uiX?!nOkiM?!Njgbiz<?!weOu?!hqe<ei?!hqe<?!Le<?!Woeeqz<?!
wh<hcobeqz<?! -K?! We<?! -kqzqVf<K?! -ke<! uqjtuig?! nke<! giv{lig?! -keiz<?!
-z<zikqVf<kiz<?!nOkiM!-ux<jx!hbe<hMk<kqeiz<!gVk<K!okimi<H!Ljxbig!njlBl</!

Lx<Xuqg<Gl<!okimi<!!

yV! gx<hqk<kz<! hGkq! wu<uiX! fz<z! okimg<gl<! ohXgqxOki! nu<uiX! oktquig! LcU!
ohXkz<!Ou{<Ml</!LcU!kqxl<hm!njlf<kiz<!li{ui<!gx<xux<jx!okiGk<K!ogit<t!LcBl</!

kqxexq!uqeig<gt<!!

uqtg<Gl<! hGkqbqz<! Ogm<gh<hMl<! uqeig<gt<! njek<Kl<! uqtg<gqb! hGkqgjts<!

sii<f<kjubig! njlkz<! Ou{<Ml</! uqtg<Gkzqe<! kqxje! Osikqk<K! nxqb! -u<uqeig<gt<!
hbe<hMl</!

Wx<x!uqjm!kf<kju!!
ju!!

uqtg<Gkzqz<! njlf<k! uqeig<gt<! njek<Kl<! Wx<x! uqjmgt<! ohXlibqe<! uqtg<Gkz<!

kqxl<hm! fjmohx<xK! weg<! Gxqh<hqmzil</! Wx<xuqjm! uqtg<Gkjz! ntf<kxqBl! ke<jl!
djmbK/!

uqtg<Gkz<!kqxeqz<!hbe<!fz<Gl<!fmk<jkgt<!!

okimi<! -j{h<Hs<! osix<gt<?! okimr<Gl<! okimi<gt<?! Lx<Xuqg<Gl<! okimi<gt<?! li{uiqe<!

ohiVtxqU!d{i<uqe<! kqxexq!uqeig<gt<?!Wx<x!uqjm!kf<k!kqxexq!uqeig<gt<! Ohie<xe!hbe<!
fz<Gl<!fmk<jkgt<!NGl</!!

kuqi<k<kx<gie!fmk<jkgt<!!

41
 ohiVk<klx<x! okimi<gt<?! gVk<K! okimi<s<sq! -z<zijl?! Ohs<sqz<! svtlqe<jl?! oktqux<x!
osix<gt<?!okimi<gt<!Lkzqbe!yV!himg<gVk<jk!uqtg<Gl<OhiK!kuqi<k<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!

uqei!Ogm<Gl<!kqxe<!(Skill of Questioning)!
!

gx<hqk<kZg<G!Nsqiqbiqe<! kqxe<lqg<g!gVuq!uqei!NGl</himh<ohiVjtg<! gx<hqh<hkx<G!nui<!

uqeig<gt<!Ogm<gqe<xei</!nux<jx!gx<hqk<kz<!uqeig<gt<!(Teaching Questions) we<hi</!

gx<hqk<k! himh<ohiVjt! fe<G! nxqf<Kt<tevi! we! nxqb! Ogm<gh<hMl<! uqei! Oki<f<kxq!

(Testing Questions) uqeig<gt<!we<hi</!

sikiv{!uqeig<gt<!!

fqjeux<xjz! jlbligg<! ogi{<M! uqjmohXue! sikiv{! uqei! weh<hMl</li{uiqml<!

Wx<geOu!-Vg<Gl<!nxqU!fqjzjbs<!Osikqh<hK!sikiv{!uqeig<gt<!NGl</!!

-jmfqjz!uqeig<gt<!!

gVk<K{i<kz<! fqjzbqz<! uqjmgt<! ohXue! -jmfqjz! uqeig<gt<! weh<hMl</yV! okimiqe<!

ohiVjt! d{i<k<Kkz?! okimi<gtqjmOb! dt<t! okimiqe<! ohiVjt! d{i<f<K! yh<hqmz<!
Ohie<xux<jx!uqtg<gqg<!%x!Ogm<gh<hMl<!uqeig<gt<!-jmfqjz!uqeig<gt<!NGl</!

dbi<fqjz!uqeig<gt<!!

li{ui<gt<! nxqf<kkqzqVf<K! nkx<G! nh<hix<hm<m! nxqUh<! hGkqgjt! njmbK~{<m!

Ogm<gh<hMl<! uqei! dbi<fqjz! uqeig<gt<! weh<hMl</kir<gt<! ohx<x! nxquqeqe<X! OlZl<! ose<X!
hGk<kz<?! okiGk<kz<?! lkqh<hqMkz<! Ohie<xux<xqx<G! uqjm! kVl<hcbig! njlBl<! uqei! dbi<fqjz!
uqei?! li{uiqe<! sqf<kjejbBl<?! hjmh<hix<xjzBl<! K~{<Mue! -u<ujg!!
uqeig<gt</uqeig<gTg<G!wkqi<hii<g<Gl!ke<jljb!ym<c!uqeig<gjt!5!ujggtigg<!ogit<tzil</!!

2/ nxqU!fqjz!uqeig<gt<!(Knowledge)!!
3/ gVk<K{i<kz<!uqeig<gt<!(Comprehension)!!
4/ nxqjuh<!hbe<hMk<Kl<!uqeig<gt<!(Application)!
!
5/ sqf<kje!uqeig<gt< (Thinking)!
!

nxqU!fqjz!uqeig<gt<! .wtqb!uqeig<gt<! we<Xl<?!gVk<K{i<kz<?!nxqjuh<! hbe<hMk<Kl<! uqei!

-jmfqjz!uqeig<gt<?!sqf<kje!uqeig<gt<!.!dbi<fqjz!uqeig<gt<!we<Xl<!ogit<tzil</!

gqti<!uqeig<gt<!(Probing Questions)!
!

Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<gtqml! himh<ohiVtxqU! okimi<hig! uqeig<gt<! Ogm<Gl<OhiK!

li{uiqmlqVf<K!!

• siqbie!uqjm!uvzil<!!
• kuxig!uqjm!uvzil!!
• uqjm!uvilOz!Ohigzil<!!
• hGkq!siqbie!uqjm!uvzil<!!
• LP!ohxik!uqjm!uvzil<!!

-u<uiX! uqjmgt<! njlBl<OhiK! Lkz<! uqjmgjt! nch<hjmbig<! ogi{<M?Gxqh<hqm<m!

uqjmjb! njmbg<! Ogt<uqgt<! Ogm<gzil</! nh<hcg<! Ogm<gh<hMl<! uqeig<gt<! gqti<! uqeig<gt<!

42
weh<hMl</! gx<xz<! $pzqz<! li{ui<! uqjmjb! ohiVk<K! Np<fk
< ! fqjzbqz<! uqeiuh<hMl<! fqjzjb!
gqti<!uqeig<gt<!we<hi</!

siqbie! uqjm! uVl<OhiK! okimi<hie! osb<kqgjt! OlZl<! ohx! Ogt<uqgt<! Ogm<gzil</! We<?!
wh<hc!we!sqf<kjejbk<!K~{<m!uqeig<gt<!Ogm<gzil</!!

hGkq!siqbie!uqjm!uVl<OhiK!nz<zK!LPjl!ohxik!uqjm!uVl<OhiK?!Gxqh<hqm<m!uqjm!
okimi<hie!Gxqh<Hgt<!kf<K!wkqi<hii<g<Gl<!uqjmjb!Ofig<gq!Gxqh<hqm<m!li{ujeg<!%xs<!osb<kz</!

w{<{k<!K~{<mz<!!

siqbie!uqjm!kvikOhiK!li{ui<gt<! siqbie!uqjmkVukx<G!Wx<x!Ljxbqz<! nch<hjmg<!

Ogt<uqjb!nMk<K!sii<H!Ogt<uqgt<!&zl<!K~{<mz<?Ogm<gh<hMl<!Ogt<uq!li{uiqe<!Le<exqju!
ym<cbkig!njlkz<! Ou{<Ml</-u<uiX!osb<kiz<! himh<hGkqbqz<! nui<gtK!Jbl<! gjtbh<hm<M!
gx<xz!sqxg<Gl</!

Ole<OlZl<!osb<kq!uvujpk<kz<!!

li{ui<gt<! uqjmkv!Nsqiqbi<! Kj{!osb<uK/!Nsqiqbi<! Ogm<m!Ogt<uqg<G!li{ui<! uqjm!

fqjxU! ohxikOhiK! uqeiuqx<gei! uqjm! fqjxb! -Vg<Gl<OhiK! gqjmk<k! uqjmgtqzqVf<K!
Ole<Olx<!osb<kqjb!li{ui<gtqml<!-Vf<Ok!Nsqiqbi<!uvujpk<kz<!

okimi<HhMk<Kkz<!!

li{ui<! Le<ei<! gx<x! himh<hGkqgOtiM! okimi<HhMk<Kl<! ujgbqz<! yh<hqm<Mg<! gim<mz<!

OuXhMk<kqg<!gim<mz<!&zl<!uqeig<gt<!Ogm<mz</!

uqei.
uqei.kqjs!kqVh<Hkz<!!

li{ui<gtqml<! himh<! ohiVtxqU! okimi<hig! uqeig<gt<! Ogm<M! siqbie! uqjm! kivi! k!

slbk<kqz<!nOk!uqeiju!lx<x!li{ui<gtqml!Ogm<M!siqbie!uqjm!ohXkjzg<!Gxqg<Gl</!

giv{l<!d{i<!Nx<xz<!!

li{ui<gt<! ntqk<k!uqjmg<gie!giv{r<gjt!siqbig!nxqkz<! giv{l<! d{i<! Nx<xjzg<!

Gxqg<Gl</!

hz<ujgk<!K~{<mz<ggjth<!hbe<hMk<Kl<!kqxe<!(Skill of stimulus Variation)!

!

uGh<hjxbqz<! li{ui<gtqe<! guek<jk! =i<h<hkx<gig! Nsqiqbiqe<! osbz<! okiGkqgOt!

hz<ujgk<! K~{<mz<gt<! weh<hMl</! weOu! Nsqiqbi<! uGh<hqz<! li{ui<gtqe<! guel<! sqkxilz<!
-Vg<g!kqm<mlqm<M!hz<ujgbie!osbz<gjth<!hqe<hx<x!Ou{<Ml</!nju!!

Nsqiqbi<!-mlix<xl<!!

Nsqiqbi<! yOv! -mk<kqz<! fqjzbig! fqx<gilz<! fgVkz<?! gVl<hzjgbqz<! wPKkz<?! li{ui<!

nVOg! ose<X! hivim<mz<?! fim<Mh<! hmk<kqz<! -mr<gjts<! Sm<cg<gim<mz<?! Yi<! -mk<kqz<! -Vf<K!
lx<Oxii<-ml<! osz<zz<! Ohie<xe! -mlix<xl<! weh<hMl</! -K! -bz<hig! -Vg<Gl<hc! -Vg<g!
Ou{<Ml</!

olb<hiMgt<!!

himh<ohiVtqe<! ke<jlg<G! Wx<h! Nsqiqbi<?! nkiuK! himg<! gVk<jk! d{i<Ugtiz<!

outqh<hMk<Kkz<! olb<h<hiM! weh<hMl</! dkiv{lig! GXgzieK?! nge<xK?! dV{<jmbieK?!
fQtlieK! wEl<! okimigjtg<! %Xl<ohiPK! jsjg! gim<mz<?! Lgl<! Stqk<kz<?! Lglzi<s<sq?!

43
d{i<ju! outqbqmz<?! ntU?! -bg<gl<?! ucul<! .! we<! osix<gOtiM! %m! olb<hiMgt<!
-j{Bl<OhiK!gue!=i<h<H?!gue!fqjzh<H!ohiqkig!fqgp<gqxK/!!

Gvz<!Wx<xk<kip<U!!
!!

yOv! sQvie! Ohs<S! yzqh<H! szqh<Hk<! ke<jl! Okix<Xuqg<Gl</! guel<! fqjzg<giK/! weOu! uQv!
d{i<U?! Ogihk<jk! d{i<k<Kl<! osix<gt<! Ohie<xux<jx! gx<hqg<Gl<OhiK! Gvz<! yzqbqz<! Wx<x!
-mr<gtqz<! Wx<xk<! kip<Ugt<! njlfkiz<! gue! =i<h<H! Wx<hm<M! gx<xz! lqg! nkqg! ntuqz<!
fjmohXl</!

guel<!=i<k<kz<!!

Nsqiqbi<! himl<! gx<hqg<Gl<OhiK!li{ui<gtqe<! guek<<jk!=i<g<g!fie<! -h<ohiPK!osiz<uK!

lqgUl<! Lg<gqbl<! gueqBr<gt<! we<X! osix<gtqe<! &zl<! guel<! =i<g<gzil</! OlZl<! osix<gtqz<!
nPk<kl<?! gVl<hzjgbqz<! wPkqbux<Xt<! ncg<Ogicmz<?! u{<{r<gtiz<! wPkqg<gim<mz<!
Ohie<xe!li{ui<gt<!guek<jk!=i<g<g!sqxf<k!Ljx!NGl</!

-jmuqje!lix<xl<!!

gx<hqk<kzqe<! OhiK! Nsqiqbi<! OhSgqxii</! li{ui<! Ogm<gqe<xei<?! Nsqiqbi<! osbz<hMuOkiM!

li{uVl<! osbz<hmz<! -K! -jmuqje! lix<xl<! weh<hMl</! Nsqiqbi<! li{uiqml<! uqeig<Ogm<M!
nui<gjth<! hkqz<! %xs<! osb<kz<?li{ujv! gVl<hzjgbqz! wPks<! osb<kz<?! li{uVt<!
yVuVt<!yVui<!uqeig<!Ogm<M!osbz<hm!uib<h<htqk<kz<!-KOu!uqjelix<xl<!weh<hMl</!

Nsqiqbi<!uGh<H!!

Nsqiqbi<!li{ui<!!

li{ui<!li{ui<!!

fqXk<kl<!!

Nsqiqbi<! okimi<f<K! Ohsqg<! ogi{<cVg<Gl<OhiK! -jmbqz<! Ohs<js! fqXhk<kqeiz<! li{ui<!

gueqg<gk<! okimr<Gui</fqgp<s<sqjb! Gxqh<hqMl<OhiK?! uqei! Ogm<Gl<OhiK?! kqm<mlqm<M! Ohs<js!
fqXk<kqeiz<!)fqXk<kl<*!guel<!yPr<GhMuOkiM!sqf<kjejbBl<!K~{<Ml</!

Hze<!lix<xl<!!

uGh<hqz<! Nsqiqbi<! OhSl<ohiPK! li{ui<! Ogm<gqex<ei<?! nh<ohiPK! li{ui<gtK!

osuqh<Hze<! hbe<hMgqxK/hml<! gim<Ml<ohiPK?! ohiVm<gjtg<! gim<Ml<ohiPK! hii<g<gqe<xei</!
-u<uiX! gm<Hze<?! osuqh<Hze<! osbz<hm! uib<h<htqh<hOk! Hze<! lix<xl<! weh<hMl</! wf<kh<!
himlig!-Vf<kiZl<!gim<sq.Ogt<uq!njlh<hqz<!gx<hqk<kz<!fqgp<f<kiz<!gx<xz<!sqxg<Gl</!

osix<sii<hx<x!Gxqh<H!!
!!

uGh<hjx! gx<hqk<kZg<G! osix<sii<f<k! Gxqh<Hgjt! hbe<hMk<KuKme<! osix<sii<hx<x!

Gxqh<HgjtBl<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!Ou{<Ml</!

Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<gjt! hii<k<K! He<ejgk<kz<?! Nsqiqbi<! Ogm<Gl<! Ogt<uqgTg<G! siqbie!

hkqjz! kVl<! li{uje! km<cg<! ogiMk<kz<?! jgGZg<Gkz<! Ohie<x! osix<sii<hx<x! Gxqh<Hgt<!
li{ui<gjt!Dg<gh<hMk<Kl<?!dx<sigk<jk!Wx<hMk<Kl</!

li{ui<gTme<! djvbiMl<! OhiK! HVuk<jk! dbi<k<kq?! Ns<si<blig! hii<h<hK?! kjz!

Nm<MuK?! li{ui<gt<! %Xl<! gVk<Kgjt! Ogm<M! jgk<km<c! dx<sigh<hMk<Kkz<! Ohie<xju!
osix<sii<hx<x!Gxqh<Hgt<!NGl</!

44
!

uZu,m<cgjt!hbe<hMk<Kl<!kqxe<!(Skill of Reinforcement)!
!

Nsqiqbi<! uGh<hqz<! gx<hqg<Gl<! ohiPK! uqeig<gt<! Ogm<gqe<xii</li{ui<! fe<G! hck<K!

Ljxbig!uqjmbtqk<kZg<G!NsqiqbvK!osbz<! uZu,m<MgqxK/nkje!uZu,m<c!we<hi</!njk!
hivim<mz<!we<Xl<!%xzil</!

olipqs<!sii<Hjmb!uZu,m<cgt<!!

Nsqiqbi<! Ogm<Gl<! uqeig<gTg<G! li{ui<! siqbie! uqjm! ntqg<Gl<OhiK! Nsqiqbi<!

li{ui<gjt! fe<X?! siq?! lqg! fe<X?! nVjl?! Ngi?! lqg! nVjl?! sqxh<hieK?! Nl<?! OlZl<!
osiz<Zg!–!Lkzqb!okimi<gt<!%Xkz<!olipqs<sii<Hjmb!uZu,m<cgt<!weh<hMl</!

kqVl<hg<!%xz<!

li{ui<! %Xl<! siqbie! uqjmjb! Nsqiqbi<! Ogm<M! nkje! uGh<H! LPjlg<Gl<! kqVl<hg<!
%Xgqxii</nh<hcg<! %Xl<ohiPK! ke<! uqjmjb! li{ui<! njeuVl<! nxqb! Nsqiqbi<! %xqeii<!
we!li{ui<!lgqp<ui</!

OuX!ujgbqz<
OuX!ujgbqz<!%xz<!!

li{ui<! YvtU! siqbie! uqjm! %xqeiz<! Nsqiqbi<! njkk<! kqVk<kq! osl<jlbig<gqg<!

%xz</ke<Ejmb!uqjmbqZt<t!osix<gjt!hbe<hMk<kq!uqtg<gqeii<!we!li{ui<!lgqp<ui</!

olipqs<!sii<Hjm!yzqgt<!!

Nsqiqbiqe<! Ogt<uqg<G! li{ui<! uqjm! %Xl<! OhiK! Nsqiqbi<! l<! l<! weg<! %xq! li{ujv!
OlZl<!uqjmjbg<!%Xl<hc!osb<kz</!

dkUl<!jsjgg<!Gxqgt<!!

li{ue<! siqbie! uqjm! %Xl<OhiK! Nsqiqbi<! kl<! kjzbjsh<hiz<! Wx<xz<?! sqxqK!

He<LXuz<! osb<K! OlOz! osiz<Zl<hc! jgbiz<! gim<Mkz<?! nVOg! ose<X! km<cg<! ogiMk<kz<!
Ohie<xe!NGl</!

gVl<hzjgbqz<!uqjmjb!wPKkz<!

li{ui<! %Xl<! siqbie!uqjmjb!Nsqiqbi<! gVl<hzjgbqz<! wPKkz<?!li{ujeOb!wPks<!

osb<kz<!OlZl<!wkqi<ljxbieux<jx!Nsqiqbi<!kuqi<k<K!Sm<cg<!gim<c!uqtg<Gkz</!

uqzg<Gkx<Giqb!olipq
iqb!olipq!sii<hieju!!
ieju!!

kuX?!kh<H?!siqbqz<jz?!Lm<mit<?!fqXk<K?!OhiKl<!OhiKl<?!nKue<X!Lkzqbe/!

uqzg<Gkx<Giqb!jsjg!Gxqgt<!!

ouXh<Hme<!Ofig<Gkz<?!gueqbijl?!siqbqz<jz!we!kjzbjsk<kz</!

Lcg<Gf<!kqxe<!(Skill of achieving closure)!

!

gx<hqg<Gl<! himh<hGkqbqe<! sqx<h<hie! gVk<Kgt<! gx<hqg<gh<hm<M! uqm<me?! wEl<! fqjz!

Okie<Xl<OhiK!Lck<Kg<!gim<MuK!gx<xZg<G!ohVf<Kj{!HiqBl<?!fqjxU!Wx<hMl</!

Lcg<Gf<kqxeqe<!dm<%Xgt<!

45
1. gVk<Kg<gjtk<!okiGk<Kg<!%xz<!(Consolidation of major points)
3/ Hk<kxqjuh<!hbe<hMk<k!uibh<H!(Poviding opportunities to apply the new knowledge to various
new situation)!
4/ Le<exqUme<!-j{h<H!(Linking previous knowledge)!
5/ OlZl<!gx<xZg<G!uib<h<H!(Knowledge with their future learning)!

gVk<Kg<gjtk<!okiGk<Kg<!%Xkz<!

himl<! gx<hqg<Gl<ohiPK! Nsqiqbi<?! li{ui<! -VuVl<! lixq?! lixq! hz! gVk<Kg<gjt! %xq!
-Vg<gzil</! him! -Xkqbqz<! nux<jx! okiGk<Kg<! %xz<! Ou{<Ml<?! nh<ohiPKkie<! gx<x!
nxqju!yPr<GhMk<kq!ogit<t!LcBl</!

Hk<kxqju!hbe<hMk<k!uib<
!uib<h<H!!
!!

Hkqb! osb<kq?! gVk<K?! gx<hqg<gh<hm<M! -Vh<hqe<! nux<jx! hbe<hMk<k! uib<h<H! Wx<hmz</!

-e<eqe<e!$p<fqjzbqz<?!-e<eqe<e!ujgbqz<! -f<k!Hkqb!nxqju<h!hbe<hMk<kzil<! weg<! %xq!
nu<uqk! uib<h<Hgjt! Wx<hMk<k! Ou{<Ml</! ohiKuig! kir<gt<! hii<k<k?! Ogm<m! nxqju!
hbe<hMk<Kl<!ohiPKkie<!njk!dXkqh<hMk<kg<!ogit<t<!LcBl</!

Le<exqUme<!-j{h<H!!
!!

himOujtbqz<! gx<x! Hkqb! nxqju! li{ui<! himk<Kme<! okimi<hig! Wx<geOu! dt<t!

nxqUme<! -j{k<kz</! -u<uiX! -j{k<Kg<! gim<Ml<ohiPK! li{ui<! ohx<x! Hkqb! nxqU!
oktquig!d{vh<hm!LcBl<</!!

OlZl<!gx<xZg<G!uib<h<H!!
!!

li{ui<! ohx<x! Hkqb! nxqju?! nMk<K! ohx<hOhiGl! Hkqb! nxqouiM! okimiHhMk<Kkz<!

Ou{<Ml/! -e<eqe<eux<jx! nxqf<Kogi{<Ci<?! -ux<jxk<! okimi<f<K! OlZl<! -e<eqe<eux<jx!
nxqf<Kogit<Ouil<! weg<! %Xl<ohiPK! li{ui<! nxqU! fqjzbqz<! Ole<OlZl<! uti<s<sq! ohxk<!
kbivigqxii<gt</! sqxh<hig! himl<! Lck<kjzg<! GXgqb! okiGh<H! we<X! %xzil</! himlieK!
Gxqh<hqm<m! gVk<Kg<gjtg<! ogi{<m! yV! hGkq?! nh<hGkqgjt! wz<jzbigg<! ogi{<M?! nu<!
wz<jzg<Gm<hm<m!hGkqjb!dmOe!Lck<Kuqmz<!sqxh<hieK!NGl</!

kjmbqe<xq!gVk<K!outqbqmz<!(Fluence in communication)!
!

2/ himg<!gVk<Kg<ggjt!oktquig!li{ui<gTg<G!wMk<kg<!%xz<!!
3/ himg<!gVk<Kgjt!li{ui<gTg<G!kjmbqe<xq/!Okimi<s<sqbig!gx<Xk<!kVkz</!
4/ himh<ohiVtqe<! ke<jlg<G! Wx<h?! ohiVk<klie! wMk<Kg<gim<MgTme<! gVk<Kgjt!
Gph<hlqe<xq!Hiqf<Kogit<t!uqtg<gl<!ntqk<kz</!
5/ gVk<Kg<gjt! kr<Gkjmbqe<xq! wtqkig! Hiqf<Kogit<t! uqtg<gl<! ntqk<kz<!
gVk<Kg<gjt!kr<Gkjmbqe<xq!wtqkig!Hiqf<Kogit<t!ujg!osb<kz<!!
6/ Ogm<m?!gx<x!gVk<Kg<gjt!oktquig!outqh<hMk<k!uib<h<H!Wx<hMk<kqg<!ogiMk<kz</!!
7/ hmg<! gVk<kqx<G! Wx<h! hz<OuX! giv{giiqbk<! okimi<H! Wx<hMk<kqg<! ogiMk<K! uquiqk<Kg<!
%xz</!
8/ gx<xh<! himg<! gVk<Kme<! okimi<Hjmb! uqiquie! gVk<Kg<gt<! gx<g! uib<h<H! dVuig<gqg<!
ogiMk<kz</!
9/ li{ui<gTjmb!sqf<kje!K~{<mh<hm<M!hjmh<hix<xz<! kqxe<!utv!upqujg!osb<BliX!
uqeig<gt<!!njlk<K!uqjmgt<!uvujpk<K!gx<g!K~{<ms<!osb<kz</!

46
hz<OuX!gx<
uX! gx<hqk<kz<! kqxe<gjt!njmb!hbqx<sqbtqk<kz<! (Practising a mini lesson with multiple
!
teaching skills)!

sqXhimk<kqm<ml<! we<hK! hz<OuX! gx<hqk<kz<! kqxe<gjt! hbe<hMk<kq! wMg<gg<%cb!

himk<kqm<mliGl</!!

Lg<gqblie! gx<hqk<kz<! kqxe<gjt! OlOz! g{<Omil</! yu<ouiV! kqxe<hx<xqBl<! uqiquie!

uqtg<gr<gt<! -ml<! ohx<Xt<te/fqjxuig! Lcg<Gl<! OhiK! nux<jx! lQ{<Ml<! fqjeu,m<Mkz<!
Ou{<Ml</! fqjeu,m<mzqe<! OhiK! uqMhm<m! osb<kqgt<! -Vh<hqe<! okiGk<Ks<! osiz<Zl<! OhiK!
nkjeBl<!-j{k<Ks<!osiz<zzil</!

OlOz! osiz<zh<hm<m! nk<kjek<! kqxe<gjtBl<! nh<hcOb! lQ{M

< l<! osiz<zq! fqjeUhMk<kz<!
gijz! Ofvk<jkh<! ohiXk<kjuvbqz<! nK! -bzik! fqjzbiGl</! weOu! olx<hck<!
kjzh<Hgjts<! Sm<c! nux<xqe<! Fuz<! ohiVt<! gVk<jks<! Svg<gligk<! kqxe<gt<! uiiqbig<s!
osiz<zq! fqjxU! osb<kz<! Ou{<Ml</! OlOz! osiz<zh<hm<m! yu<ouiV! kqxeqe<! SVg<gLl<!
Gxqh<Hgtig!-r<G!-ml<!ohXl</!

Olx<hc! kqxe<gjt! uiqjsh<hc! SVg<gligs<! osiz<zzil</! Okjubie! kqxe<gjt!

-j{k<Kl<! SVr<gs<! osiz<zzil</)w/gi*! uqtg<Gkz<! kqxjeBl<?! uqeig<gt<Ogm<Gl<! kqxjeBl<!
-j{k<Ks<! osiz<zzil</! jsjg! olipqk<! kqxjeBl<! svtligh<! OhSf<! kqxjeBl<! -j{k<K!
uqtg<gzil</!-h<hck<! Okjug<Ogx<h!-j{k<Oki!keqjlh<hMk<kqObi!Lg<gqblie!gVk<Kg<gjt!
lm<Ml<! SVg<gligg<! GXgqb! gizk<kqz<! osiz<zq! li{ui<gtqe<! lek<kqz<! hkqBliXs<! osb<kz<!
Ou{<Ml</!!

-kjeg<! gizk<kqx<Ogx<h!fjmohXl<! GXfqjzg<! gx<hqk<kz<! wehi</!yu<ouiV!fit<! nz<zK!

him! fqjxuqZl<! -h<hck<! okiGk<Ks<! SVr<gs<! osiz<zq! uqtr<g! juk<kZg<G! ntqg<Gl<! hbqx<sq!
li{u!Nsqiqbi<gTg<G!lqgUl<!nusqbl</!!

-keiz<! li{ui<gt<! okimi<HhMk<kq! nxqf<K! ogit<uKme<! gx<hqk<kz<! kqxEl<! jguvh<!

ohXgqxii<gt</!

sqX!himk<kqm<mk<kqe<!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!(Importance of Mini Lesson)!

!

• Nsqiqbjv!sqf<kqk<kZg<Gh<!hqe<!gx<hqk<kZg<Gt<!NMhms<!osb<gqxK/!
• kqm<mlqMukiz<! Gph<hlie! upqgjtk<! okimivilz<! siqbie! upqbqz<! uGh<jh! fmk<kqs<!
osz<z!LcgqxK/!
• Gxqh<hqm<m! gizujvbjxg<Gt<! li{ui<gt<! nxqb! Ou{<cb! gVk<Kg<gjtBl<! nkeiz<!
uqjtBl!osbz<kqxe<!Oll<him<jmBl<!sQvig!Wx<hMk<KgqxK/!
• Okjubx<xjkk<!kqVl<hg<!%xikhc!gx<hqk<kz<!okimvLcgqxK/!!
• Nsqiqbiqe<!ke<el<hqg<jg!utis<sqg<G!dkUgqxK/!

gx<hqk<kz<!kqxe<gjt!dx<X!Ofig<GkZl<!osbz<!uqjtU!%xz<!!

sqX! himkqm<m! hbqx<sqbieK! uGh<hjxg<! gx<hqk<kjzh<! Ohie<X! -z<zilz<! sqX!

himh<hGkqbqje! wMk<Kg<! ogi{<M! 31! fqlqmr<gtqz<! njek<K! kqxe<gjtBl<! hbe<hMk<k!
Ou{<Ml</! yu<ouiV! kqxe<gjtBl<! wu<uiX! sqxf<k! Ljxbqz<! hbe<hMk<KgqOxil<! we<hjkh<!
hbe<hMk<kq! lkqh<oh{<gt<! hqe<E~m<mlig! upr<gh<hMgqxK/! -f<k! lkqh<oh{<gtieK! svisiq?!
fe<X?!lqgfe<X!we<x!nch<hjmbqz<!upr<gh<hMgqxK/!

li{ug<! gx<hqk<kzqe<! dx<XOfig<gq!lkqh<hqMkz<! we<hk!li{u!gx<hqk<kz<! fqgp<s<sqbqe<! yV!

%X! NGl</! lkqh<hqMkzqe<! nusqblieK! yV! li{ueqe<! hzl<! lx<Xl<! hzuQek<jk! okiqf<K!
ogit<gqxK/yV! Nsqiqbi<! wu<uiX! li{uiqe<! Okjujb! h,i<kk < qosb<uK! we<hjk?! -f<k!
lkqh<hqMkz<! &zl<! Hiqf<K! ogit<gqxii</! li{ui<gtqe<! gx<hqk<kz<! Ofig<glieK! -f<k!

47
lkqh<hqMkzqe<! &zl<! outqh<hMgqxK/! -f<k! lkqh<hQmieK! olik<k! gx<hqk<kz<! fqgp<s<sqbqe<! yV!
hGkqbiGl</!

hbqx<sq! ohXl<! li{u! Nsqiqbi<! sqXhiml<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! gx<hqk<kz<! kqxe<gjt! wu<uiX!

jgbiTgqxii<gt<! we<hjk! okiqf<K! ogit<t! gQOp! kvh<hm<Mt<t! hcul<! dkuqbig! dt<tK/!
-h<hcuk<jk!lkqh<hqm<M!li{ui<gTg<G!hqe<E~m<ml<!ntqg<g!Ou{cbK!nusqbliGl</!

sqXhiml<
sqXhiml!
< gx<hqk<kz<!hbqx<sq!gx<hqk<kz!kqxe<gjt!-j{k<K!gx<hqk<kz<!!

yh<hii<!/ upqgim<c!Nsqiqbviz<!lkqh<hqMkz<!

Gxqh<H;! ! ! ! ! gQOp! kvh<hm<Mt<t! gx<hqk<<kz<! kqxe<gtqz<! hbqx<sq! Nsqiqbi<! wu<uiX! fmf<K!

ogi{<mii<!!we<hjk!!!!!!) *!we!Gxqh<hqm!Ou{<Ml</!

lkqh<H!;!svisiq!2!!!fe<X!3!!!!lqgfe<X!4!

hbqx<sq!Nsqiqbiqe<!ohbi<!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Ofvl<
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!Ofvl<!;!31!fqlqmr<gt<!!

! ! ! ! !
gx<hqk<kz<!kqxe<gt<!! svisiq!!
svisiq!!fe<X!!
!! lqgfe<X! olik<kl<!!
!
! ! ! ! !
okimr<Gkz<!kqxe<!!
!
uqtg<Gkz<!kqxe<!!
!
uqeig<!Ogm<mz<!kqxe<!!
!
K~{<mz<!lix<Xk<!kqxe<!!
!
jsjg!olipqk<
jsjg!olipqk<kqxe<!!
!
uZu,m<mz<!kqxe<!!
!
Lcg<Gl<!kqxe<!!
!
svtligh<!OhSl!kqxe<!!
!
! ! ! ! !
olik<kl<!
!
!

lkqh<oh{<!ofMg<gl<!;!9.35!!

sqXhiml<!gx<hqk<kzqe<!olik<k!lkqh<hQM!!

svisiq!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!fe<X!!!!!!!!!!!!!!lqgfe<X!!

lkqh<oh{<!ht<tqgtqe<!uqtg<gl<!!

svisiq;9!!!fe<X!;:.27!!!!lqgfe<X!;!28.35!!

Olx<hii<ju!Nsqiqbiqe<!jgobih<hl<!!

sqXhiml<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!dt<!tLg<gqb!hcfqjzgjt!Hiqf<Kogit<Tkz<!

48
 hbqx<sq!Nsqiqbi<! yu<ouiV!kqxeigh<! hbqx<sq!ohx<x!hqxG!-v{<M!&e<X!kqxe<gjt!wMk<K!
yV! uGh<hqx<G! gx<hqg<g! kqm<ml<! -m<M! hbqx<sq! wMg<g! Ou{<Ml</! -jk! hz<uqjeg<! gx<hqk<kz<!
kqm<mlqmz<!we<hi</!

A mini-Lesson Plan

himl<!! ! ;!s&g!nxquqbz<!!

himk<kjzh<H!!
!! ;!okipqx<!hbqx<sq!!

uGh<H!!
!! ! ;!ye<hkil<!uGh<H!!

Ofvl<
Ofvl!! ! ;!31!fqlqmr<gt<!!

Ofig<gr<gt<!!

2/ okipqx<Hvm<sqbqe<!Okix<xl<!hx<xq!nxqkz<!!
3/ okipqx<Hvm<sqg<gie!giv{r<gjt!Hiqf<K!ogit<tz<!!
4/ okipqx<Hvm<sqbqeiz<!Wx<hm<m!lix<xr<gjt!okiqkz<!!
5/ okipqx<Hvm<sqbiz<!s&gk<kqz<!Wx<hm<m!kig<gl<!hx<xq!nxqkz<!!
6/ okipqx<Hvm<sqbqeiz<!hz<OuX!Kjxgtqz<!Wx<hm<m!uti<s<sq!hx<xq!nxqf<K!ogit<tz</!

Okjubie!gx<hqk<kz<!&zr<gt<!;!!
;!!

ujvhml<?!hqe<em<jm?!ns<S!-bf<kqvl<!hml<!g{<Mhqch<hiti<gt</!

gx<huiqe<!Le<!nxqU!)Dg<Guqk<kz<*;!!
;!!

2/ leqkeqe<!nch<hjmk<!Okju!we<e@!!
3/ d{U?!djm?!djxuqml<!Lkzqb!!
4/ okipqz<gt<!ohVGujk!wu<uiX!%XOuil<@!okipqx<Hvm<sq!

s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<Gl<!kqxe<ggjt!ohx!hbqx<sqbtqk<kz<!!

ohiVt<!! fmk<jk! gx<xz<!nEhul<!! lkqh<hQM!

Ofig<gr<gt<!!
! ! ! !
okipqx<Hvm<sq! -r<gqzif<kqz<! gx<hqk<kz<!nxqkz<! okipqx<Hvm<sq! okipqx<Hvm<sq! wr<G!
Okie<xqbK! Okie<xqbjk! Okie<xqbK! !
! uqtg<Gkz<!
jguqjek<! okipqz<! sii<f<k! uqjtuxqkz<<!! okipqx<Hvm<sqbqe<! okipqx<Hvm<sqbqe<!
djph<hitqgjt! uqjtUgjtg<! uqjtUgt<!biK@! !
jlbh<hMk<kq! -bf<kqv! gi{z<!!
dx<hk<kq!Hkqb!g{<Mhqch<Hgt<!
Okie<xqbkiz<! ohiVm<gt<!
dx<hk<kq!ohVgqbK/!
!
23! Nl<! F~x<xi{<ce<! Hkqb! giv{l<!nxqkz<! giv{r<gjt! okipqx<Hvm<sqg<gie!
g{<Mhqch<hiz<! uqusib! uqtg<Gkz<! gi{vl<!biK@! !
Ljxbqz<! lix<xl! Wx<hm<M!
hjpb!uqusib!Ljx!uQp<s<sq!

49
Wx<hm<M! fqz! lieqb!
LkzQm<miti<gt<!
h{<j{biti<gtig!lixqei</!
gqvilg<! jgk<okipqz<! uquvl<!nxqkz<!! Hkqb! sf<jk! Hkqb! sf<jkgt<!
uti<s<sqbiz<! Hkqb! sf<jkgt<! Okix<xl<! hx<xq! wu<uiX!Okie<xqbK@!
Okie<xqe! uquiqk<kz<!
! ! ! !
-jmuqjeHiqkz<!
-r<gqzif<kqz!Wx<hm<mK! fqjeUg<%i<kz<! uqeUkz<! okipqz<! Hvm<sq! wr<G!
Wx<h<hm<mK/!
O\l<^<uim<!287:z<!Hkqb! g{<Mhch<hxqkz<! g{<Mhqch<Hgtqz<! okipqx<Hvm<sqbqe<!
fQi<viuq!wf<kqvl<! Lke<jlbieK! g{<Mhqch<Hgt<!
g{<Mh<hqck<kii<! hx<xq!uqtg<Gkz</! Lke<jlbieK!wK@!
2936z<! \ii<\<! ^<Che<! se<! ! ! !
Hkqb! -vbqz<! -bf<kqvl<!
g{<Mhqck<kii</!
fqzr<gjth<! hbe<hMk<k! Hkqb! lix<xlxqkz<! uqusib! Kjx! okipqx<Hvm<sqbqeiz<!
uqusibg<! gVuqgt<?!uqjkg<g?! uti<s<sqjb! uqusib! Ljxbqz<!
nXujm! osb<b! fuQe! uquiqk<kz<! Wx<hm<m!lix<xl<!biK@!
gVuqgt<! g{<Mhqcg<gh<hm<mK/!
hbqx<! Spx<sq! Ljx!
fjmLjxh<hMk<kh<hm<mmK/!
!

osbz<!uqjtU!!
uqjtU!!

lQt<hii<ju!;!!
u!;!!

2/okipqx<Hvm<sq! Okie<xqb! uqkl<?! giv{r<gt<?! nxquqbz<!

g{<Mhqch<Hgt<?!uqusib!Kjx!uti<s<sq?!lix<xl<!hx<xq!nxqkz</!

lkqh<hQM;!!
;!!

2/okipqx<Hvm<sq!Lkzqz<!wr<G!Okie<xqbK@!!

3/okipqx<Hvm<sq!wf<F~x<xi{<cz<!Okie<xqbK@!!

4/okipqx<Hvm<sqbqe<!g{<Mhqch<Hgtqz<!Lke<jlbieK!biK@!

5/uqusibk<!Kjxbqz<!kvh<hm<m!lix<xl<!hx<xq!uquiq@!

dx<XOfig<Ghuiqe<!jgobih<hl<!!

sqX! himl<
himl!< gx<hqk<kjz! dx<X! Ofig<gZl<! hqe<E~m<ml<! ntqk<kZl<! (Practising mini-lesson:
!
Observation and feedback on mini teaching)!

dx<XOfig<gz<!(Observation)!
!

hbqx<sqbiti<! gx<hqk<k! lqeq! himk<jk! dx<X! Ofig<gq! gx<hqk<kzqe<! OhiK! nui<! osb<k!
fqjx!Gjxgjt!dx<X!Ofig<Gkz<!
hbqx<sqbiti<!njek<K!kqxeqe<!dm<%Xgjt!hqe<hx<xq!gx<hqk<kivi!we!dx<XOfig<gz<!!
gx<hqk<kzqe<!OhiK!ohiVk<klie!gx<hqk<kz<!gVuqgjt!hbe<hMk<kqeivi!we!gueqk<kz</!
gx<hqk<kzqe<OhiK! himg<gVk<Kgjt! fe<xig! yVr<gqj{k<K! gx<hqk<kivi! we! dx<X!
Ofig<Gkz<!
gVk<K!okimi<s<sq!siqbig!-Vf<kki!weg<!gueqk<kz<!

50
 hqe<uqjtU!%xz<!(Feedback)!
!

hbqx<sqbiti<! gx<hqk<kzqe<! OhiK! osb<k! fqjxGjxgjt! siqbigg<! %Xkz</gx<hqk<<kzqe<!

OhiK!nui<!hbe<hMk<kqb!kqxexq!uqeig<gt<!hx<xqBl!uqjmbtqk<kz!hx<xqBl<!%Xkz</!
siqbie! hqe<uqjtU! %Xkz<! &zl<! gx<hqk<kzqe<! OhiK! Wx<hm<m! Gjxgjt! fqui<k<kq!
osb<b!Kj{Hiqkz</!
siqbie!hqe<uqjtuqe<!&zl<!sqxf<k!gx<hqk<kz<!kqxe<!uti<s<sq!ohx!Kj{HiqgqxkK/!
hbqx<sqbiti<! gx<hqk<kzqe<! hqe<! uqjtU! &zl! njek<K! kqxe<gjtBl<! yVr<gqj{k<K!
gx<hqg<g!hbqx<sq!ohx!lqgUl<!Kj{HiqgqxK/!

uquikk<kqx<Gl<!sqf<kjeg<Glie!uqeig<gt<!!

2/ GXl<hm!gx<hqk<kzqe<!Lg<gqb!hcfqjzgjt!SVg<glig!uqtg<Gg/!
3/ ye<hkil<!uGh<H!nxquqbZg<G!Yi<!GXl<himk<jk!hz<OuX!gx<hqk<kz<!kqxe<gjt!
ogi{<M!wPK/!
4/ GXl<him!ucuk<jk!uqtg<Gg!
5/ K~{<mz<!lix<Xk<kqxje!Nb<U!osb<K!uqtg<Gg/!
6/ uqtg<Gl<!kqxje!nke<!%XgTme<!uqtg<Gg/!

nzG!5!
nzG!5!
s&g!nxquqbz<
&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<Gl<!Ljxgt<!

!
(Methods of Teaching Social Science)!
Ofig<gr<gt<!!

-h<himl<!LcUXl<!kVuibqz<!li{u!–!
li{u! !Nsqiqbi<!

2/osb<Kgim<mz<!Ljxbqe<!ni<k<kk<jk!Hiqf<Kogit<ui</!

3/gx<hqg<Gl<!kqxe<gtqz<!Oki<s<sq!njmui</!

4/s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!hz<OuX!Ljxgjt!dhObigqh<hi</!

5/s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!hz<OuX!Nkivr<gjt!hbe<hMk<Kui</!

Nsqiqbi<!jlb!gx<hqk<kz<!Ljx!
Ljx!(Teacher Centered Methods)

gz<uq! gx<hqk<kzqe<! Lg<gqb! Ofig<gOl! li{ui<gTjmb! fmk<jkbqz<! uqVl<hk<kg<g!

liXkz<gjt!Wx<hMk<KuK!NGl</!“Method” Ljx!we<x!osiz<zqx<G!zk<kQe<!olipqbqz<!upq!we<X!
ohiVt</! gz<uqbqz<! gVk<Kgjt! Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<gTg<G! wf<k! upqbqz<! kVgqe<xii<! we<hjkg<!
Gxqh<hkx<Og!-f<k!Ljx!hbe<hMgqe<xK/!

gz<uq! gx<hqk<kjz! sqxf<k! Ljxbqz<! Olx<ogit<t! Ou{<Ml</wz<zi! Ofvk<kqx<Gl<! wz<zi!

himr<gTg<Gl<! njek<K! li{ui<gTg<Gl<! yOv! Ljx! sqxh<hig! -Vg<Gl<! we<X! %x!

51
LcbiK/himk<kqx<Ogx<x!ohiVk<klie!Ljxgjt!Nsqiqbi<! kQi<lieqg<g!Ou{<Ml</Nsqiqbi<! ke<! uskq!
$p<fqjz! li{ui<gtqe<! fqjz! kGkqg<Ogx<h! gx<hqk<kz<! Ljxgjth<! hbe<hMk<kqeiz<! gx<xz<! .!
gx<hqk<kz<!fqgp<U!oux<xqgvlig!sqxh<hig!njlBl</!!

Nsqiqbi<! ke<! uqVh<hk<kqx<Ogx<h?! li{ui<! kqxe<?! fqjz?! $p<fqjzg<! Ogx<h! Oki<f<okMg<Gl<! Ljx!
Nsqiqbi<! jlb! Ljx! weh<hMl</! -kqz<! li{ui<gTg<G! wu<uqk! Skf<kqvLl<! ogiMg<gh<hmilz<!
nkqgivl<!fqjz!fqXk<kh<hMgqe<xK/!

2/ uqiqUjv!Ljx!!
3/ osb<Kgim<mz<!Ljx!!
4/ fck<kz<!Ljx!!
5/ GP!gx<hqk<kz<!
6/ &zLjx!!

uqiqUjv!Ljx!(Lecture
uqiqUjv!Ljx! !
method)!

! uib<olipqh<! Ohikjejb! Ljxbig! Olz<uGh<hqz<! Olx<ogi{<miz<! nK! uqiqUjvLjx!

weh<hMl</! fl<! ht<tqg<! %mr<gtqz<! uqiqUjv! Ljxjbk<! keqk<Kg<! gx<hqg<Gl<! Ljxbigg<!
jgbitOu!%miK/!

uqiqUjv!Ljxbqe<!-gp<s<sqg<Gh<!hqe<uVl<!giv{r<gjtg<!%xzil</!

uqiqUjvjb!wz<zi!li{ui<gTl<!hqe<hx<xqg<!Ogm<gqxii<gt<!we<X!kqm<mligg<!%xLcbiK/!

uqiqUjvjb! hqehx<xqeiZl<?! Ogm<mjk! wz<zil<! fqjeuqz<! juk<Kg<ogit<uii<gt<!

we<hjkBl<?!dXkqbigg<! %xLcbiK/!li{ui<gt<! osbzx<x!fqjzbqOz!-Vg<Gl<hc!Wx<hMgqe<xK/!
li{ueqe<! osbz<gotz<zil<! Gxqh<H! wMh<hOkiM! fqe<XuqMl</! OlZl<! uqiqUjvjb! Nsqiqbi<!
fmk<Kl<ohiPK?! li{ui<gtqe<! w{<{r<gotz<zil<! -e<hgvlie! fqgp<s<sqgjth<! hx<xqbkig!
-Vg<Gl</!

li{ueqml<kie<! okimr<gix<xz<! osbz<! Wx<hMukx<G! uib<hO

< h! -z<zilz<! Ohib<uqMgqe<xK/!
-l<Ljxbqz<! li{uEg<Gh<! himh<ohiVjtg<! %Xukqz<! guel<! osZk<kh<hMgqe<xOk! kuqv?!
li{ueqmlqVf<K! nue<! kqxjlgjt! outqh<hMk<KuK! Hxg<g{qg<gh<hMgqe<xK/! weOu! uqiqUjv!
Ljx!‘Hez<Ljx’!weh<hMgqe<xK/!

li{ui<gTg<Gs<! sqxh<hqml<! ogiMh<hkx<Gh<! hkqz<! himk<kqe<! ohiVTg<G! Lkzqml<!

ntqg<gh<hMgqe<xK/!li{ue<!ke<!gVk<jk!outqh<hMk<Kukx<Gh<!uib<h<Oh!Wx<hmiK/!

uqiqUjv! Ljxjbh<! Hxg<g{qg<g! Ou{<Mole<X! m<vl{<m<! (Miss Drummond) we<El<!

nl<jlbii<! %Xgqe<xii</! wf<k! Nsqiqbi<! osiz<ue<jlBme<! osix<ohipqU! fmk<Kgqe<xiOvi?! nujv!
nkqgg<! guek<Kme<! li{ui<gt<! %i<f<K! gueqh<hK! -bz<hig! fjmohXl</! nk<kjgb!
Nsqiqbi<gtqmk<kqz<! weg<G!fl<hqg<jg!-z<jz!we<X!m<vl{<m<! %Xgqxii</!Nsqiqbi<! osiz<ue<jlbqz<!
li{ui<gt<! &p<gquqMgqe<xii<gt</! nkeiz<! nui<gt<! sqf<kqg<Gl<! kqxje! fitjmuqz<!
-pf<KuqMuii<gt</!

ws<slbr<gtqz<!uqiqUjv!Ljxjb!Olx<ogit<tzil<@!

! uqiqUjv! Ljxjb! ne<ximl<! gx<hqg<Gl<! Ljxbigh<! hbe<hMk<kg<%miK/Okjuh<hMl<! sqz!

slbr<gtqz<kil<!-l<Ljxjbh<!hbe<hMk<kOu{<Ml</!

2/ OuX! wl<LjxbiZl<! gx<hqg<gLcbiK! we<x! fqjz! Wx<hMl<ohiPK?! uqiqUjv! Ljxjbh<!

hqe<hx<xzil</!wMk<Kg<gim<migh<!hqe<uVl<!kjzh<Hgjtg<!%xzil</!nvsqbz<hx<xqb!uvzix<Xh<!
himr<gtigqb! GPLjx! Nm<sq?! gm<sq! Nm<sqbqe<! uti<s<sq! hqiqm<c]<! ohiKfzg<! %m<MxU!
ou^<lqe<^<mi<! sm<ml<! Ohie<xux<jxBl<! lkk<! okimi<Ht<t! kjzh<HgjtBl<! uqiqUjv!

52
 osb<bilz<! li{ui<gTg<G! uqtg<gqg<! %xLcbiK/! -r<G! uqiqUjvbieK! yV! gx<hqg<Gl<!
Ljxbigg<!gVk<kh<hmilz<!Kj{g<gVuqbigk<!kie<!gVkh<hMujkk<!gueqg<gOu{<Ml</!
!
3/ Hkqb! himk<jk! okimr<Gl<! ohiPK! li{ui<gjt! Dg<Guqg<Gl<! ohiVm<Ml<! himk<jkh<!
hx<xqb!Lg<gqb!fqgp<s<sqgt<?!kjzui<gt<?!hqvs<sjegt!Ohie<xux<jxh<! hx<xqb!sqX!uqiqUjv!
ye<jx!fmk<k!Ou{<cbqVg<Gl</!hcg<g!Ou{<cb!Lg<gqb!fqgp<s<sqgjt!Le<%m<cg<! %XuK!
li{ui<gtqe<!guek<jk!ohXukx<OgbiGl</!
!
!
4/ uqiqUjv! Ljxjb! 8! fqlqmr<gTg<G! Olx<himilz<! fmk<kzil</! nh<ohiPK%m!
kibii<osb<bh<hm<m! Ohs<sigk<kie<! -Vg<gOu{<Ml</! Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<gTg<G! yh<hjmh<Hg<!
ogiMg<Gl<! ohiPK?! njkh<! hx<xqb! ohiKuie! SVg<gk<jk! uib<olipqbigs<! sqz!
fqlqmr<gtqz<!wMk<Kg<%xzil</!
!
5/ li{ui<gtqe<! leouPs<sqjbh<! ohx!uqiqUjvjb!Olx<ogit<tzil</!yV!fqgp<s<sqjb!uGh<H!
LPuKl<! Nkiqg<Gl<hcBl<?! okiquqg<Gl<hcBl<! Nsqiqbi<! fqjek<kiz<?! nh<ohiPK! nuiqe<!
osiz<ue<jljbh<! hbe<hMk<kq! uGh<hqz<! uqiqUjvjb! fqgp<k<kzil</! -jk! OuX! wf<k!
LjxbiZl<! nkiuK! uqeiUkz<?! uqjmjb! uvujpk<kz<! ?! djvbimz<! Ohie<xux<xiz<!
osb<bLcbiK!Nsqiqbiqe<!kqxjllqg<g!d{i<s<sqb,m<Ml<!osix<gOt!hbe<hMl</!
!
6/ himk<kqz<! uVl<! ohiVjtg! gx<hkqz<! oktqU! ohXukxG! -j{upqh<! hch<jh! li{ui<gt<!
Olx<ogit<gqxii<gt</nu<-j{upqh<! hch<jhBl<?! uGh<Hh<! himk<jkBl<! okimi<HhMk<k!
Ou{<cb! slbr<gtqz<! Nsqiqbiqe<! Ohs<S! Ou{<Ml</Nsqiqbiqe<! hvf<k! nxqUl<?! nuiqe<! hz!
Olx<Ogit<Hk<kgr<gtqzqVf<K! wMk<Kjvg<Gl<! uig<gqbr<gTl<! li{ui<gjt! nk<kjgb!
Hk<kgr<gjth<!hcg<gk<!K~{<Mkjzs<!osb<Bl<!we<hjk!lXg<gLcbiK/!
!
!
7/ himr<gjt! fmk<kqb! hqxGOg! gx<hqk<k! osb<kqgjtk<! kqVl<hUl<! %x! Ou{<Ml</uqeig<gtqe<!
&zl<! ohiVjtg<! %Xl<hc! osb<bzil</! Nsqiqbi<! himk<jkk<! kqVh<hqg<! %Xl<! ohiPK?!
okimi<hx<xw{<{r<gotz<zil<! oktqUohXl</! lQt<Ofig<G! fjmohXl<ohiPK! Nsqiqbiqe<!
Ohs<S!fjmohx!Ou{<cBt<tkigUt<tK/!

uqiqUjvjb!fmk<Kukx<G!Wx<x!Gxqh<Hgt<!!

2/ Nsqiqbiqe<! Ohs<sieK! gz<Z~iq! Nsqiqbi<gtqe<! uqiqUjvjbh<! hqe<hx<xqbkig! -Vg<gg<%miK/!

Nsqiqbiqe<! Ohs<S! Le<%m<cOb! kqm<ml<! osb<bh<hm<mkig! -Vg<gOu{<Ml</! ohiVjth<! hz!
kjzh<Hgtqe<gQp<g<! yVr<gjlk<kqVg<g! Ou{<Ml</! yu<ouiV! kjzh<hqe<gQp<g<! Gxqk<kqVg<Gl<!
ohiVjtk<!okimi<higg<!%xOu{<Ml</!
3/ kjzh<jhObi! wMk<Kg<ogi{<m! ohiVjtObi?! kil<! %Xl<! ohiVjt! ljxk<Kuqmik!
Ljxbqz<!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
4/ Nsqiqbiqe<! Ohs<S?! djvbimz<! hi{qbqz<! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! osix<ohipquitiqe<! Gvz<! nui<!
fmf<K! ogit<Tl<! Ljxgjth<! hqe<hx<xg<%miK/! olKuigUl<! oktquigUl<! ohiVjtg<!
%xOu{<Ml</!
5/ li{ui<gjth<! hii<k<K! Nsqiqbi<! kl<! Ohs<js! fmk<k! Ou{<Ml</! nui<gtqe<! Lgr<gtqz<!
Wx<hMl<!lix<xr<gjtg<!%i<f<K!gueqk<K?!kl<!Ohs<jsh<!Hiqf<Kogit<gqe<xii<gti@!uqtr<gilz<!
kuqg<gqe<xii<gti@!we<hjkBl<!fqkieqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
6/ Nsqiqbi<! kl<! Ohs<js! ouG! uqjvuqz<! osb<K! Lck<Kuqmzil</! NsqiqbVg<G! uqjvuigh<!
OhSuK! wtqb! giiqbliGl<?! Neiz<?! njkh<! hqe<hx<XuK! we<hK! li{ui<gTg<Gg<!
gcelie! osbziGl</! Ogm<mjkg<! gqvgqk<Kg<! ogit<uK! nu<utU! Szhlig! fjmohXl<!
osbze<X/!

53
 7/ uqiqUjv!osb<Bl<! ohiPK?!yV!ohiVjth<! hx<xqg<! %xqeiZl<?!Nsqiqbi<! sx<Xk<! kl<! Ohs<js!
fqXk<kq?!li{ui<gjtg<! Ogt<uq!Ogm<M?!njkh<! Hiqf<K!ogi{<mii<gti@!we<hjks<! Osikqg<g!
Ou{<Ml</!hqxG!nh<ohiVjtg<!gVl<hzjgbqz<!wPkOu{<Ml</!hqxGkie<!nMk<k!ohiVjth<!
hx<xqg<!%xOu{<Ml</!!
8/ gVl<hzjgs<! SVg<gl<! uti<s<sq! njmBl<! Ohig<gqOzOb! Nsqiqbiqe<! Ohs<Sl<! okimi<f<K!
fjmohxOu{<Ml</!Ohs<S!Lcf<kKl<!nKhx<xqb!djvbimjz!uGh<hqz<!fmk<k!Ou{<Ml</!!
9/ yh<hqMkz<?! uqtg<gr<%Xkz<?! SjulqGf<k! osb<kqgjtg<! %Xkz<! Ohie<xux<jxBl<! Nsqiqbi<!
hbe<hMk<kq!uqiqUjvjb!fmk<Kkz<!Ou{<Ml</!!
:/ weOu?!s&g!nxquqbz<! himk<jkg<! gx<hqh<hkx<G!Nsqiqbi<! hqe<hx<xOu{<cb?!yOv!Ljxbig!
uqiqUjv! Ljx! njlbilz<?! nui<! hbe<hMk<Kl<! hz! Ljxgtqz<! -KUl<! ye<xig!
-Vh<hjk!wz<OziVl<!Wx<hi</!

osb<K!gim<mz<!Ljx!(Demonstration
Ljx! !
method)!

! osb<Kgim<mz<! Ljx! uqiqUjv! Ljx! we! -VLjxgtqe<! fx<G{r<gjt! uqiqUjv! gzf<k!

Osikje! Ljxbqz<! dt<tK/! uGh<hjvbqz<! Nsqiqbi<! Osikjegjt! osb<Kgim<c! LcUgjt!
uqtg<gqg<!%Xuii</!

! -l<Ljxbqz<! li{ui<gt<! nkqg!hr<G!ohXui</!li{ui<gt<! d{<jlbie!hiqOsikjejbg<!

g{<%mig!hii<k<K!osb<ukiz<!nui<gTg<G!nux<jxg<!gx<g!Ou{<Ml<!wEl<!Ni<ul<!d{<migqxK/!

li{ui<gt<!gx<hjebqz<!hii<g<g!Ou{<cb!ohiVt<gjt!hx<xqh<!OhSuK!gcel</!li{ui<gt<!
njkh<! Hiqf<K! ogit<uKl<! LcbiK/! Ofiqz<! hii<g<gg<%cb! ohiVm<gjt! Hiqf<K! ogit<uK! wtqK/!
-l<Ljx! gim<sqh<! ohiVtqz<! -Vf<K! wtqkqz<! Hiqf<K! ogit<tkik! ohiVTg<Gs<! osz<ukiz<! sqxf<k!
Ljxbigg<! gVkh<hMgqxK/! Nsqiqbi<! osb<Bl<! Osikjegjt! li{ui<gt<! %i<f<K! gueqk<K! giv{!
giiqbk<kqxe<!uti<gqxK/!

osb<Kgim<Ml<!Ljxbqe<!osbz<Ljx!!
jx!!

kqm<mlqMkz<!!

Ofig<gl<!nxqkz<!!

li{ui<!hr<Ogx<xz<!!

osb<Kgim<c!uqtg<Gkzqz<!gVuqgjt!juk<kz<!

giz!ntU!!
giz!ntU!!

uipg<g<
gj < gBme<!okimi<H!!
!!

nxquqbz<!Ljxbqz<!hbqx<sq!
q!

kqm<mlqMkz<!!

yV! himk<jk! gx<hqk<K! gim<Mukx<G! fe<G! kqm<mlqmh<hm<M! Le<eOv! osb<K! hii<g<gh<hm!

Ou{<Ml</! Neiz<?! ns<osbz<him<cz<! sf<kqg<Gl<! -mi<hiMgjtBl<! wMk<Kg<! ogit<t! Ou{<cb!
Le<oes<siqg<jg! osbz<gjtBl<! Nsqiqbi<! d{v! LcBl</! gx<hqk<kz<! osbz<hiMgt<! kqm<mlqm<mhc!
fmk<kh<hMl</! -l<likqiq! uGh<H! wMk<kzqz<! sqz! Ofvr<gtqz<! kqm<mlqm<mhc! fjmohxilz<! Ohigzil</!
ns<slbr<gtqz<! Nsqiqbi<! ns<osbz<hiM! fjmohxilz<! Ohiekx<G! giv{l<! we<e! we<hjk!
g{<mxqf<K! lXfit<! nu<uGh<H! fjmohxilz<! Ohiekx<gie! giv{l<! nxqf<K! lXfit<! -jk!
sqxh<hig! osb<Bl<hc! upqgim<c! nk<kjzh<jhOb! li{ui<gTg<G! yh<hjmh<hig! ogiMg<g! Ou{<Ml</!
-keiz<!li{ui<gtqjmOb!Ni<ul<!Wx<hm<M!nke<!giv{k<jkg<!g{<mxqf<K!kiOe!osb<b!Ou{<Ml<!
we<x!Dg<gl<!Wx<hMgqxK/!

54
Ofig<gl<!nxqkz<!!

osb<Kgim<c! uqiqUjvbix<Xuke<! Ofig<gk<jkBl<! nke<! ohiKh<! h{<HgjtBl<! Le<eOv!

Nsqiqbi<!li{ui<gtqml<!%x!Ou{<Ml</!

li{ui<!hr<Ogx<xz<!!

osb<Kgim<Mukqz<! li{ui<gTl<! hr<G! ogit<ukig! -Vk<kz<! Ou{<Ml</Nsqiqbi<! himk<jk!

osb<K! gim<c! uqtg<Gukqz<! Lg<gqblie! gceh<hGkqgjt! wtqjlbig<gqs<! SVg<gqs<! osiz<uOkiM!
gVl<hzjgbqZl<!wPkq!juk<K!uqtg<Gkz<!fe<jl!hbg<Gl</!

osb<Kgim<c!uqtg<Gkzqz<!gVuqgjt!juk<kz<!!

osb<Kgim<c! uqtg<Gkzqz<! Okjuh<hMl<! dhgv{r<gjt! Ogii<jubig! nMg<gq! juk<K!

wtqkig!jgbit!uskqbig!jug<g!Ou{<Ml</!

giz!ntU!!
giz!ntU!!

osb<Kgim<c! uqtg<Gkz<! wtqjlBl<! OugLl<! fqjxf<kkib<! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! fe<G!

kqm<mlqm<m! himh<! hGkqjb! fz<z! Np<f<k! nxqUl<! nEhuLl<! kqxjlBl<! lqg<g! sqxf<<k! Nsqiqbi<!
yVuiqe<! Ohikjejb! fe<G! dx<XOfig<gq! nui<! jgbiTl<! Bg<kqgjtBl<?! ofxqLjxgjtBl<!
Nsqiqbi<!hbqx<sq!himh<Ohikjebqz<!gjmhqck<kz<!osb<Kgim<mZme<!%cb!uqiqUjv!Ljx!NGl</!

uip<g<jgBme<
gBme<!okimi<H!!
!!

osb<Kgim<mz<! uGh<hjx! okimi<s<sqbig! -Vh<hOkiM! li{ui<gtqe<! uip<g<jgObiM!

okimi<Hjmbkig! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! li{ui<gTg<G! squi\qbqe<! uip<g<jg! uvziX?! nuiqe<!
sikje?! yPg<gl<?! gm<Mh<hiM?! fim<Mh<hx<X?! hvf<k! leh<hie<jl! Ohie<x! G{r<gjt! osb<Kgim<c!
uqtg<gqg<! %x! Ou{<Ml</! squi\q! lx<x! fiMgTme<! ogi{<m! okimi<jh! oktquig! uqtg<Gkz<!
Ou{<Ml</!

nxquqbz<!Ljxbqz<!hbqx<sq!
q!

! osb<Kgim<c! uqtg<Gukiz<! li{ui<gt<! lekqz<! hqvs<sjejb! d{<mig<gq! njkk<! kQi<g<Gl<!

upqgjt!gim<m!Ou{<Ml</!

osb<K!gim<mz<!Ljxbqe<!fe<jlgt<!!

2/ NsqiqbOv!osb<ukiz!Gjxf<k!Ofvk<kqz<!sqg<gelig!osb<K!Lcg<gzil<!
3/ gz<uq! dtuqbz<! Ljxh<hc! -K! yV! sqxf<k! Ljx! li{ui<gt<! njek<jkBl<! Ofvcbig!
gi{<hkiz<!li{ui<gTg<G!gx<g!Dg<gl<!Wx<hMl</!
4/ -K!li{ui<! jlb!Ljxbig!-z<ziuqcEl<! li{ui<gt<! njeuVl<! dx<XOfig<gq!Gxqh<H!
wMk<K!oktquigg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<t!sqxf<k!LjxbiGl</!
5/ -l<Ljx! kqxe<lqg<g! li{ui<?! svisiq! li{ui<?! Gjxf<k! lkqh<oh{<! ohVl<! li{ui<! we!
wz<zi!fqjz!li{ui<gTg<G!Wx<x!yV!sqxf<k!Ljx!NGl</!!
6/ li{ui<gTg<G!Ni<ul<!K~{<mh<hm<M!himk<jk!sqxh<higg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<ui</!

fck<kz<!Ljx!(Dramatization
Ljx! !
method)!

leqkeqe<! wz<zis<! osbz<gjtBl<! lXhcBl<! wMk<Kg<! %Xkz<! s&g!nxquqbz<! h{q!NGl</!

fck<kzqz<! hz<ujg! Ljxgjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! s&g! nxquqbz<! gx<hqk<kiz<! fz<z! hbe<! ntqg<Gl</!
li{ui<gtqe<! yu<ouiV! -bz<h,g<gr<gjtBl<! gx<xzqz<! hbe<hMk<kqeiz<! )fck<Kg<! gim<Mkz<*! nK!
yV! sqxh<hie! gx<hqk<kz<! Ljxbig! -Vg<Gl</! s&g! nxquqbz<! gx<hqk<kzqe<! sqxh<hie! Ofig<gl<!
we<eoueqz<! gmf<kigz! fqgp<Ugt<! lXhcBl<! fjmohXgqxhcBl<?! nf<k! fqgp<s<sqbqe<! d{<jl!

55
fqgp<Ugjt! fe<G! okiqf<K! ogit<ts<! osb<uKl<! NGl</fck<kjz! wz<zi! uGh<H! Gpf<jkgTl<!
Ni<ulig!Wx<Xg<!ogit<ui</!NgOu!himg<gVk<Kg<G!Wx<h!fck<kz<!Ljxbqz<!s&g!nxquqbz<!himl<!
gx<hqk<kiz<!lqgUl<!sqxh<hig!-Vg<Gl</!

fimgl<!ujggt<!

2/ fimgl<!(Drama)! !
3/ nx<Hk!ohiKg<gim<sq!(Pageant)!
q! !
4/ nhqfbg<!%k<K(Pantomine)! !
5/ Ohsilz<!fcg<Gl<!fimgl<!(Tableau)!
!
6/ ohil<lzim<ml<!(Puppet show)!
!

fimgl< (Drama)!
!

! Ljxbj{f<k! fch<H! yVui<! wPkqb! uii<k<jkgjtBl<?! djvbimz<gjtBl<<! leh<himl<!

osb<K! njk! Ohsq! fck<kz! yVLjx/! wu<uqk! Le<Oex<hiMl<! -z<zilz<! uGh<hqz<! li{ui<gt<!
hck<k!gjkjb!fck<kz<!Ljxbj{bi!fch<H!weh<hMl</!

nx<Hk!ohiKg<gim<sq!(Pageant)!
q! !

! hgm<mie! gim<sq! njlh<hqz<! Oljm! njlh<Hl<! fch<Hl<! sqxh<hie! nl<sl<! NGl</! hgm<mie!
djm! n{qf<K! hii<jubiti<gt<! Le<! n{quGk<K! ose<X! s&g! nxquqbz<! uqtg<gqg<! %Xl<!
ujgbqz<! njluK! NGl</! yzq?! ytq! njlh<H! -h<OhiK! hgm<mie! gim<sqbqz<! Osi<k<K!
hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/! nkqg! djph<H?! oszU?! hbqx<sq! wMg<g! gizl<! nkqgl<! Okjuh<hMukiz<!
-u<ujgg<!gim<sq!uGh<H!njxbqz<!fmk<k!LcbiK/!

4/nhqfbg<!%k<K!(Pantomine)!
! !

-K! Djl! fimgl<! weh<hMl</! fch<hui<gt<! klK! dmz<! njsuqe<! &zl<! gjkbqe<!
ohiVjt! wMk<Kg<! %Xui</! -kx<G! Oljm! nzr<givl<?! Njm! nzr<giqh<H?! Le<%m<cOb! yk<kqjg!
osb<kz<!Lkzqbe<!Okju!-z<jz/!

5/Ohsilz<!fcg<Gl<!fimgl<!(Tableau)!
!

s&g!nxquqbz<! fqgp<s<sqjb!uqtg<Gl<! ohiVm<M!li{ui<gt<! sqzi<! OhsilZl<?!njsux<Xl<!

-Vg<Gl<!gim<sqjb!uGh<hqz<!Wx<hiM!osb<Kgim<mz</!

6/ohil<lzim<ml<!(Puppet show)!
!

leqk! dVul<! nz<zK! lqVgr<gtqe<! dVul<! djmb! ohil<jlgjt! fcg<gs<! osb<kz</!

-jugjt! -bg<Ghui<gt<! ohil<jlg<Gh<! hkqzigk<! ke<! Gvjz! dbi<k<kqBl<?! kip<k<kqBl<! Ohsqg<!
gjkjb!uqtg<gq!%Xui</!fimgk<kqe<!sqxf<k!ujg!ohil<lzim<ml<!NGl</!

2/hck<k!himh<ohiVjt!wu<uqk!Le<Oex<hiMl<!-z<zilz!fimglig<gq!fck<kz</!

3/Le<%m<cOb!kbii<!osb<K!djvbimz<?!OhSkz<!Ohie<xux<jx!osb<kz<!NGl</!

gjkOgm<m! hqe<H! gjkbqz<! uVl<! hik<kqvr<gjth<! Ohiz<! fch<hjk! li{ui<gt<! uqVl<Huii<gt</!

himl<! Lcf<khqe<H! himh<ohiVt<gjt! fimglig! li{ui<gt<! ! fcg<Gl<ohiPK?! nui<gTg<G!
wkqi<hivik! d{i<s<sq! Wx<hMgqe<xK/! himk<kqe<! himh<ohiVt<gjt! fe<G! nxqukx<Gl<?! fck<kz<!
dkUgqe<xK/! weOu! himk<jk! fe<G! Hiqf<Kogit<ukx<Gl<?! leouPs<sqjb! Wx<hMk<kUl<! fck<kz<!
fjmohxOu{<Ml</!

fck<kziz<!Wx<hMl<!hze<gt<!!

56
 uGh<hqz<!Ni<uk<jkBl<?!d{i<s<sqjbBl<!fck<kz<!Wx<hMk<Kgqe<xK/!
li{ui<gtqe<!gx<hjes<!sg<kqjbk<!K~{<cuqMgqe<xK/!
leouPs<sqjb! nkqgiqg<gs<! osb<gqe<xK/! c/sq/gqOeiz<me<! fck<kz<! li{ueqe<!
hii<jujbBl<!leouPs<sqjbBl<!yOv!slbk<kqz<!hbe<hMk<Kgqe<xK/!we<X!%Xgqxii</!
fck<kz<! himr<gjtuqm! dbqVt<tK! Ohie<x! w{<{k<jkg<! Gpf<jkgtqmk<kqz<!
Wx<hMk<kquqMl</!!
li{ui<gTg<G! %m<MxU! Ljxbqz<! osbzix<Xl<! uib<h<jh! fck<kz<! ntqg<gqe<xK/!
yVuVg<ogiVui<! dkuq! osb<kz<?! liqbijkBme<! fmf<Kogit<Tkz</! hqx! gVk<Kg<G! Wx<hh<!
hvf<k! ohiXjl! leh<hie<jljb! Wx<Xg<ogit<Tkz<! Ohie<xjuobz<zil<! fck<kzqz<!
=MhMgqe<xui<gtqml<!gi{zil</!

fimglig<gz<!ujggt<!!

Jf<K! Lkz<! WP! uGh<H! ujvbqZl<! hbqZl<! li{ui<gTg<Gk<! kiOe! -br<Ggqe<x! fch<H!
Olx<ogit<tk<! kGf<kK/! Nsqiqbi<! yV! gjkjbh<! hck<Kg<gim<cBl<! nz<zK! uib<olipqbiz<!
%xqbkx<Gh<! hqxG?! li{ui<gt<! wu<uqk! Le<Oex<hiMl<! -z<zilz<! ng<gjkjb! fcg<g! Ou{<Ml</!
-jk!Ljxbj{bi!fch<H!we<X!%Xui</!

Olz<! uGh<Hgtqz<! -u<uqk!Ljxjb!Olx<ogit<t!LcbiK/!ke<! Oll<hiM?!hqxi<! fjgh<Hg<G!

nR<SuK!!Ohie<x!dt<tl<! hx<xqb!liXkz<gt<! Glvh<hVuk<kqz<! Wx<<hMgqe<xe/!weOu?!ubK!uf<k!
li{ui<gTg<G!Ljxbj{f<k!fch<H!Wx<xkiGl</!kr<gt<!osix<gjt!dhObigqh<hkx<Gh<!hkqz<!hqxi<!
wPkqb! uii<k<jkgjtBl<?! djvbimz<gjtBl<! leh<himl<! osb<K! Ohs! Nvl<hqh<hii<gt</! weqEl<!
fch<hkx<Gl<?! dXh<Hgtqe<! njsUgtiz<! gVk<jk! outqh<hMk<Kukx<Gl<! -s<jsh<hMuii<gt</!
-g<giv{r<gtiz<!Olz<!uGh<HgtqZl<!fck<kz<!-ml<ohx!Ou{<Mole<X!%xh<hMgqe<xK/!!

uGh<hqz<!fck<kz<!!

uGh<hjx! fch<hqz<! fimgOljm! njlh<hKl<! -bx<jgg<! gim<sqgt<! Wx<hMk<KkZl<!

Ou{<mh<hMukqz<jz/! gVl<hzjg! yV! ueligUl<?! uGh<hjxbqe<! yV! hGkq! gjkh<hik<kqvr<gt<!
%MlqmligUl<?! hbe<hMk<kh<hmOu{<Ml</! fch<H! ohiVt<! uqtg<Gkz<! ds<siqh<H! Gvz<! kqxr<%xz<!
Ohie<xjukil<! sqxh<hqml<! ohxOu{<Ml</! djm?! gim<sq?! Oljm! njlk<kz<! Ohie<xux<xqz<! nkqgg<!
guel<! osZk<kh<hm! Ou{<cbkqz<jz/! fimgr<gt<?! djvbimz<gt<! Ohie<xux<jx! li{ui<gOt!
wPKl<hc!K~{<mh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!!

fch<Hg<G!Wx<x!hGkqgt<!!

dzgk<kqz<!hx<hz!hGkqgtqz<!uiPl<!lg<gt<!uip<g<jg!!
nvsqbz<!sjhgt<?!nvsqbz<!NOzisjeg<!%m<mr<gt<!!
ohiqb!kjzuiqe<!uip<g<jgbqz<!Wx<hm<m!fqgp<s<sqgt<!!
nozg<sif<kVl<?! HVO]ik<klVl<?! sf<kqvGh<k! oltiqbVl<! si{g<gqbVl<?! ng<hVl<!
jhvil<giEl<?! yevr<gsQh<Hl<?! squi\qBl<?! lie<sqr<Gl<! vi{ihqvkiHl<?! ogizl<h^<!
Ohie<xui<gjth<! hx<xqbju?! Jf<ki{<Mk<! kqm<mr<gt<?! Skf<kqvl<! ohx<X! s&g! nxquqbz<?!
fz<z!Gclgeqe<!h{<Hgt<!Ohie<xjugTl<!fcg<gh<hmzil</!

fcg<gg<%mik!hGkqgt<
mik!hGkqgt<!!

Ohii<! fqgp<s<sqgt<?! -xg<Gl<! gim<sqgt<?! ogijz! osb<kz<?! K~g<gqzqMkz<?! Nx<jxg<! gmk<kz<!

Ohie<xju! fcg<gk<! kgikjubiGl</fz<z! Sjujb! ntqh<hKl<?! hGk<kqUg<Ogx<xK! lieju!
fcg<gh<hmOu{<Ml</!!

fck<kjz!Olx<ogit<Tl<ohiPK!fqjeuqz<!juk<Kg<!ogit<t!Ou{<cbju!!
bju!!

57
 2/ fch<hkqz<! Gjxgt<! dt<te/! fck<kZg<G! nkqg! Ofvl<! oszupqg<gh<hMuKl<?!
Lg<gqbg<! Gjxuie! himh<ohiVjt! uzqBXk<kZl<! Gjxgtigg<! gVkh<hMgqe<xe/!
weOu?! -l<Ljxjbh<! hqe<hx<Xl<ohiPK! nkqg! Ofvk<jks<! oszupqg<gilz<! -Vg<g!
LbzOu{<Ml</!
3/ wz<zih<! himr<gjtBl<! fck<kz<! Ljxjbh<! hqe<hx<xqg<! gx<hqg<g! Lbzg<%miK/!
-keiz<! li{ui<gtqmk<kqz<! dx<sigg<! GjxU! Wx<hm<MuqMl</! ncg<gc! -l<!
Ljxjbh<! hqe<hx<xqeiz<?! lx<x! Ljxgjt! Olx<ogit<Tukx<G! uib<h<H! -z<zilz<!
Ohib<uqMl</!weOu?!fck<kz<!Ljxjb!nkqgg<!guek<Kme<!hqe<hx<xOu{<Ml<!we<hK!
Nsqiqbiqe<!Ofig<glig!-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!
4/ hqxi<! wPkqb! djvbimjz! yh<Huqh<hK?! hqxi<! fmk<kqb! osb<jggjth<!
hqe<hx<XukeiZl<! li{ui<gTg<Gh<! hzuqkh<! hzEl<! Wx<hmiK/! Sqz! slbr<gtqz<!
kil<! -l<Ljxjbh<! hqe<hx<xzil</!uGh<hqz<! fimgl<! fck<kz<! hbEjmbkig!njlb!
Ou{<Mole<hjk!fqjzbqz<!-Vk<kqg<ogit<tz<!Ou{<Ml</!
5/ uGh<hqz<! fck<kz<! Ljxjb! Nsqiqbi<! Olx<ogit<Tl<! ohiPK?! sqz! li{ui<gt<!
fm<sk<kqvh<! hkuqjbh<! ohXl<hcBl<?! lx<xui<gt<! Hxg<g{qg<gh<hMuKl<! Wx<hmikuiX!
hii<k<Kg<ogit<t! Ou{<Ml</! fz<z! Ohs<Sk<! kqxjlBjmb! Gpf<jkgjt! lm<Ml<!
fck<kZg<Gh<! ohiXg<gq! wMk<Kg<ogit<Tkz<! kuxie! osbziGl</! wz<zi!
li{ui<gTl<! =MhMl<hc! osb<bOu{<Ml</! keqh<hm<m! sqz! li{ui<gt<! =Mhmilz<?!
uGh<H!LPuKl<!=Mhm<M!fch<hKkie<!fimgligg<!gVkh<hmOu{<Ml</!!
6/ fcg<Gl<! gim<sqbieK! wtqjlbiekigUl<! gjkbqz<! $p<fqjzjb! wz<zi!
li{ui<gTl<! Hiqf<K! ogit<Tl<! hcBl<! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! li{ui<gt<! kr<gt<!
gVk<K?! lel<?! dmz<! wz<ziux<jxBl<! =MhMk<Kgqe<xui<gtig! -Vg<gOu{<Ml</!
nu<uqk! fqjz! Wx<hmuqz<jzobe<xiz<! fch<jh! Olx<ogit<tilz<! -Vh<hOk!
OlzieikGl</!
7/ fck<kz<! fjmohx<x! hqxG?! nKhx<xqb! gzf<kiOzisqk<kz<! uGh<hqz<! fjmohxUl<!
Ou{<Ml</!!!

GPg<gx<hqk<kz<!Ljx!(Team
Ljx Teaching)!

ohiKuie! sqzLjxgjt! uquikqk<k! hqe<ei<! GPuig! li{ig<gi<! gx<g! upq! osb<Bl<! sqz!
F[g<gr<gjt! uquiqk<Okil</! -eq! Nsqiqbi<gtqe<! kqxjlgjt! yVr<gqj{f<K! wh<hc! li{ig<gi<!
fzEg<gigh<! hbe<hMk<kzil<! we<X! gi{<Ohil</-u<ujgbqz<! GPuigg<! gx<hqk<kz<! keq! -ml<!
ohXgqe<xK/fl<!fim<cz<!-e<El<!-kje!LPjlbigh<!hqe<hx<xuqz<jz/!

! Nsqiqbi<gt<! yu<ouiVuVg<Gl<! yu<ouiV! ujgbqz<! Ohvix<xz<! -Vg<Gl</! yV! Nsqiqbi<!

Gxqh<hqm<mh<! himk<kqz<! keqk<kqxe<! ohx<xuvig!-Vh<hi</!yVui<?!Kj{g<gVuqgjt!dVuig<GukqZl<!
Dmgr<gjt! hbe<hMk<KukqZl<! uz<zuvig! -Vh<hii</! wh<hck<! kjzg<G! Olz<! uQp<k<kq!
hbe<hMk<KukqZl<! hz<! Dmgg<! gx<hqk<kjz! g{qeq! Kj{Bme<! njlh<hkqz<! uz<zuvig!
-Vh<hii</yVui<! GPg<gtig! njlk<K! GP! uquikl<! sqxh<hig! fmk<Kukqz<! uz<zuvig! -Vh<hii<!
him! sl<hf<klie! gth<hb{l<! njlh<hK?! nK! hx<xqb! uquvl<! okiquqh<hkqz<! uz<zuvig!
-Vh<hii</lx<xui<! Oki<Uk<kijt! lkqh<hqm<M! nxquqbz<! Ljxh<hc! njlh<hkqz<! uz<zuvig! -Vh<hii</!
-h<<hc! yu<ouiV! Nsqiqbiqe<! uz<zjljbBl<! wz<zi! uGh<H! li{ig<gVg<Gl<! hbe<hm! dkUl<!
Ljx!-K!!

sqz! Ofvr<gtqz<! NsqiqbVme<! okipqz<! Fm<h! uz<Zfi<! hz<! Dmgg<! gVuqg<t<! nz<zK! g{qeqjb!
-bg<g! okiqf<kui<gt<! (Technical Staff) nz<zK! himk<kqx<G! Wx<h! sqxh<H! uz<Zfi<gt<! (Specialist)
Ohie<xui<gjtBl<!NsqiqbVme<!hbe<hMk<kqg<!ogit<tzil</!

fqjxgt<
fqjxgt<!!

keqh<hm<mui<! fmk<KuK! Ohiz<?! kqm<mlqmilZl<! fmk<kzil<! we<hkx<G! -mlqz<jz/gm<mibl<!

kqm<mlqm<Om!osbz<hm!LcBl<?!-keiz<!kqxl<hm!fmk<k!LcgqxK/!!

58
 hz<OuX!kqxjljgjtg<! ogi{<m!Nsqiqbi<gtqe<! h{q!wz<zi!li{ig<gVg<Gl<! gqjmg<gqxK/!
Nsqiqbi<gTg<Gl<! li{ig<gVg<Gl<! kqVh<kq?! lgqp<s<sq/li{ig<gi<! GPOujzg<Gl<!
-mltqh<hkiz<!keqbit<!Oux<Xjlg<G!=M!ogiMk<K?!oktquigg<!gx<g!upq!uGg<gqe<xK/!
Nsqiqbi<gt<! yVuVg<ogiVui<! gzf<kiOzisqh<hkiz<?! lx<x! sg! Nsqiqbi<gtqmlqVf<K! HK!
F[g<gr<gjt!gx<Xg<! ogit<tuib<h<Ohx<hMgqxK/!kqxjlbig!uqiqUjv!osb<Bl<! Nsqiqbi<gt<!
uGh<jh?! wh<hc! fmk<Kgqxii<! we<X! nxqf<K! ogit<t?! dme<! -Vf<K! sikiv{! Ljxbqz<!
gueqg<g! LcbiK/! Neiz<! -l<Ljxbqz<! kiEl<! yV! dXh<hqevigh<! hr<Ogx<hKme<?! lx<x!
Nsqiqbi<gtqe<!kqxe<gjt!dx<X!Ofig<gq?!Le<OexUl<!upquGg<gqxK/!!
Nsqiqbi<gtqe<<! Oujzh<! hTUl<! hgqi<f<K! ogit<th<hMgqxK/! nkeiz<?! yu<ouiV! osbZl<!
fe<G!kqm<mlqm<M?!fjmLjxh<hMk<k!Ofvl<!gqjmg<gqxK/!!
%m<Ms<! sg<kq! gx<hqk<kz<! gx<xjz! OlZl<! kqxl<hms<! osb<gqe<xK/! keqk<keqOb! 4! Nsqiqbi<!
gx<hqh<hjkuqm?! &uVl<! Osi<f<K! kqm<mlqm<Ms<! osbz<hMl<! ! OhiK?! nr<Gg<! %m<Mk<kqxe<?!
keqk<keqk<!kqxjeuqm!nkqgligg<!gqjmg<gqxK/!!

Gjxgt<
Gjxgt!!

upg<gl<Ohiz<! HKljxgjt! Lkzqz<! Olx<ogit<Tl<! OhiK?! gizl<! OhikiK! Ohiz<!

Okie<Xl<?!Neiz<!LPh<!hbjeBl<!hii<g<Gl<OhiK!%Mkz<!Ofvl<!fe<jlg<Og!hbe<hm<mK!HiqBl</!

&zLjx!(Source
&zLjx! !
Method)!

Nsqiqbiqe<! uib<olipq! uqtg<gk<kqeiZl<?! Hk<kgr<gtqe<! dkuqbqeiZl<! s&g! nxquqbz<<!

himk<jkg<! gx<hqh<hOkiM! fqe<X! uqmg<! %miK/! F{<{xqUt<t! li{ue<! s&g! nxquqbz<! gx<Gl<!
ohiPK! wu<uiX! s&g! nxquqbz<! Hk<kgk<jk! wPkqbui<gt<! himh<ohiVjts<! Osgiqk<kei<@!
we<hjkg<! Ogm<hie</! nkiuK! wu<uqk! &zh<! ohiVt<gjtk<! kPuq! sLgnxquqbz<<! Hk<kgl<!
wPkh<hm<Mt<tK@!we<hjk!li{ui<gt<!okiqf<Kogit<t!fqjeh<hK!-bz<hie!osbOz!NGl</!!

&zLjxjbh<! hx<xqk<! kQuqvg<! gVk<Kt<tui<gt<! s&g! nxquqbz<! LPuKl<?!

himh<Hk<kgr<gtqz<! dkuqObbqz<zilz<! &zr<gjth<! hbe<hMk<kqOb! gx<hqk<kz<! Ou{<Ml<! we<X!
%Xgqe<xei</! fl<Ljmb! nEhur<gjt! ym<c! fil<! hii<k<Okilieiz<?! -u<uqkl<! s&g! nxquqbz<!
gx<hqh<hK! fjmLjxg<G! dgf<kK! ne<X! we<hK! uqtr<Gl</! ‘s&g! nxquqbz<! gx<hqk<kz<’! we<El<!
F~zqz<!gQm<cr<!Nsqiqbi<!hqe<uVliX!%xqBt<tii</!!

nxquqbz<! gx<hqh<hkx<Gg<! g{<mxq! Ljxbjh<! hqe<hx<XujkOb! s&g! nxquqbz<!

gx<hqh<hqh<hkx<Gl<! hbe<hMk<k! Ou{<Ml</! nxqUfqjzbqz<! Le<Oex<xl<! njmf<kui<gTg<Gl<?! ubK!
Lkqi<f<k!li{ui<gTg<Gl<!-l<!Ljxjb!gx<hqh<hK!uqVl<hkg<gkiGl<!hkqeiX!ubKkqx<G!gQp<h<hm<m!
li{ui<gTg<G!-l<Ljx!Olx<ogit<tzili@!we<X!sqf<kqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

2:11Nl<! N{<ce<! okimg<gk<kqz<! noliqg<g! Jg<gqb! fim<cz<! -u<uqkg<! gVk<jk! nxqRi<gt<!

uqm<Muqm<mei</!&zLjx!we<hkx<G!OuXuqklie!uqtg<gk<jk!kv!Nvl<hqk<kii<gt</!s&g!nxquqbz<!
gx<hqg<Gl<ohiPK!&zr<gjth<! hbe<hMk<Kl<! Ljxg<Gk<kie<! &zLjx!we<X!uqtg<gl<! kizibqei</!
himh<Hk<kgk<kqz<! kvh<hm<cVg<Gl<! fqgp<s<sqgTg<G! dbqi<ogiMg<gUl<?! ospqh<higUl<! &zr<gt<!
hbe<hMk<kh<hm<me/!-u<uiX!&zLjxjbh<!hx<xqb!w{<{l<!lix<xq!njlg<gh<hmzibqx<X/!

&zLjxbqe<!ujggt<
ujggt!!

wPkh<hm<mKl<?! wPkh<hmikKlie! hzuqkh<! ohiVt<gt<! &zr<gt<! we<X! s&g! nxquqbz<!

%xh<hMgqe<xe/! sx<Oxxg<Gjxb! -v{<mibqvl<! N{<Mgt<! hx<xqb! Nu{h<ohiVt<gt<! kx<gizk<kqb!
fqgp<s<sqgt<! hx<xqb!osb<kqgjtk<! kVgqe<xe/!-g<gizh<hGkqg<G!Lf<kqb!gizk<kqe<! s&g!nxquqbz<!
hvl<hjvg<! gjkgtqeqe<Xl<! Hvi{r<gtqeqe<Xl<! ohXgqOxil</! s&g! nxquqbZg<G! Lf<kqb!
gizk<jkh<! hx<xqb! himh<ohiVt<gjt! nxqb! ng<giz! lg<gtqe<! figiqgl<! hx<xqb! sqe<er<gtqe<!

59
dkuqjb! fimOu{<cbkigUt<tK/! NBkr<gt<?! gVuqgt<! hijegt<?! npqf<K! Hjkh<hm<Mg<gqmg<Gl<!
gm<mmr<gt<?!sqjzgt<!Ohie<x!sqe<er<gjtg<!Gxqh<hqmzil</!

-ju!wz<zil<!&zh<ohiVt<gtiGl<!-ux<jxh<!hbe<hMk<kq!s&g!nxquqbjz!dVuig<Gkz<!
yVuviz<! Lcbg<%cb! osbzigiK/! keq! nEhul<! ohx<Xt<t! okiz<ohiVt<! Nvib<s<sqbiti<gt<?!
olipq! Nvib<s<sqbiti<gt<! Ohie<xui<gt<! Wx<hMk<kqb! LcUgjt! s&g! nxquqbz<! Nsqiqbi<!
Wx<gOu{<cbqVg<gqe<xK/weOu?!&zLjxjbh<! hx<xqh<! ht<tqg<%mr<gtqz<! Gxqh<hqMl<ohiPK!Nu{h<!
ohiVt<gjtk<kil<! (documentary source) fil<! fqjeg<gqe<Oxil</!Nu{h<ohiVt<gtqZl<! hz!hqiqUgt<!
dt<te/!!

okimi<uvziX! (chronicles) fim<Gxqh<Hgt<! (diaries) gckr<gt<?! uip<g<jg! uvziXgt<?! nvsqbz<!

outqbQMgt<! (official dispatches)?!sm<m!Nu{r<gt<! (legal documents) nvsiqe<! Nj{gt<! (firmns),
hm<mbr<gt<! (sands) Ohie<xju/! -ux<jxh<! hkqh<hqk<Kk<kie<! li{ui<gTg<G! ntqg<gOu{<Ml</!
li{ueqe<! kib<olipqbqz<! olipq!ohbi<g<gh<hmOu{<Ml</!weOu?!Nr<gqzk<kqOzOb!-u<uqk!Nu{h<!
ohiVt<gt<! -Vf<kiz<?! li{ui<gt<! Olz<uGh<hqx<G! uVl<ujvbqZl<! &zLjxjb! Olx<ogit<uK!
yk<kqjug<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!!

-r<gqzif<K! fim<M! s&g! nxquqbz<! hx<xqb! &zh<! Hk<kgr<gt<! nkqgl<! outquf<kt<te/!

Neiz<?! -f<kqb! uvzix<jxh<! hx<xqb! &zh<! Hk<kgr<gt<! nkqgl<! outqbqmh<hmuqz<jz/!
-g<Gjxhim<jmk<!kQi<g<g!Lbx<sqgt<!wMg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!

s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<Gl<OhiK!&zLjxjb!wu<uqkl<!hbe<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml<@!!

&zr<gtqzqVf<K! sLg! nxquqbjz! dVuig<g! Ou{<Mole<x! gVk<K! jguqmh<hm<mK!

we<hjk!Le<eOl!hii<k<Okil</!&zr<gjt!dhObigqh<hK!we<xiz<?!nux<jxh<! himh<! Hk<kgk<kqx<Gk<!
kPuqekig!Olx<ogit<th<hMkz<!we<hjkk<kie<!Gxqg<gqe<xK/!

mig<mi<! gQm<cz<! Nsqiqbi<! &zr<gjth<! ht<tqgtqz<! -v{<M! upqgtqz<! hqe<hx<xh<hm! Ou{<Mole<X!

%xqBt<tii</!

2/hbqx<sqgtigUl<!(exercises)

3/-bx<$p<fqjzjb!uGh<hqz<!Wx<hMk<kUl<!&zr<gjt!Nsqiqbi<!dhObigqg<gOu{<Ml</!

2/osb<K!gim<mz<!(Demonstration)

himk<OkiM! okimi<Ht<t! yV! hGkqjb! &zh<Hk<kgk<kqzqVf<K! Nsqiqbi<! uGh<hqz<! hck<Kg<!

gim<MuK! yV! sqxf<k! LjxbiGl</! nf<k! &zk<jk! wPkqb! Nsqiqbi<?! nui<! wu<uiX!
himh<ohiVt<gjtk<! okiGk<kii<! Ohie<xux<jxBl<! Gxqh<hqmzil</! li{ui<gt<! Hiqf<Kogit<Tl<!
ujgbqz<! Nsqiqbi<! wMk<Kg<%x!Ou{<Ml</!-keiz<! kGf<k!$p<fqjz!Wx<hMuOkiM!s&g!nxquqbz<!
gx<hK!dbqVt<t!osbzig!liXgqxK/!!

-l<Ljx! nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<! li{ui<gt<! Osikje! osb<ukx<G! yh<hiGl</! Osikjejbs<!

osb<ukeiz<?! Hkqkie! yV! ohiVjt! li{ui<gt<! g{<Mhqcg<g! Ou{<Mole<X! fqjeh<hkqz<jz/!
wu<uiX! ohiVt<gt<! g{<Mhqcg<gh<hMgqe<xe! we<hjk! uqtg<gUl<?! nKhx<xqb! nEhuk<jk!
ntqh<hkx<Og! NGl</! -u<uqk! &zk<jkh<! hck<Kg<gim<c! uqtg<Gukeiz<?! s&g! nxquqbz<!
fqgp<s<sqgjth<! hx<xqb! himh<ohiVt<gt<! wu<uqkl<! Osgiqg<gh<hMgqe<xe/! we<hjk! li{ui<gt<!
d{i<uii<gt</! Yi<! Nsqiqbi<! %xqbKOhiz<?! OsvOu{<cb! -mk<kqx<Gh<! Ohib<s<! Osi<ujkuqmh<! hb{l<!
osb<k! hijkkie<! lqgUl<! sqxh<H! uib<f<kkigg<! gVkOu{<Ml</! weOu?! &zr<gtqe<! &zl<!
-u<uEhuk<jk!li{ui<gTg<G!ntqg<gOu{<Ml</!

3/Gxqh<hqm<m!hGkqgjt!yh<hjmh
jmh<Hgtig!li{ui<gTg<G!ntqk<kz<!!

60
 himk<kqz<! uquiqk<Kt<t! fqgp<s<sqgjth<! hx<xqb! himh<ohiVt<! &zh<Hk<kgr<gtqz<! uqtg<gqg<!
%xh<hm<cVg<Gl</! nh<hGkqgjth<! hck<KuVl<hc! sqz! Gxqh<hqm<m! li{ui<gTg<G! yh<hjmh<Hgtig!
Nsqiqbi<! ntqg<g! Ou{<Ml</! uGh<hqz<! nl<! li{ui<gt<! kir<gt<! hck<kxqf<k! himh<ohiVjt!
uib<olipqbigg<! %Xui</nK! hx<xqb! osiz<zimz<! uGh<hq<z! < okimi<f<K! fmg<gOu{<Ml/! lx<x!
li{ui<gTl<! &zh<Hk<kgr<gjth<! hx<xqs<! sqf<kqg<gk<! K~{<mh<hMuii<gt<! we<hK! -keiz<! fe<G!
uqtr<Gl</!!

4/Hkqi<!kQi<h<hkx<G!&zLjxgjt!hbe<hMk<kz<!!

uGh<hqz<! himk<jk! fmk<Kl<ohiPK! sqz! hqvs<sjegt<! Wx<hMl</! nh<hqvs<sjegjtk<! kQi<g<g!

&zr<gtqz<! sqz! hg<gr<gjth<! hcg<Gl<hc! li{ui<gTg<Gh<! hbqx<sq! ntqk<kZl<!
Olx<ogit<tOu{<cb!LjxbiGl</!wu<uiX!yV!fqgp<s<sqjbh<!hx<xqb!gVk<Kgt<!OuXhm<cVg<gqe<xe!
we<hjk! wMk<Kg<gim<mOu{<Ml</! Hk<kgk<kqz<! ogiMg<gh<hm<cVg<Gl<! ui<{jegjtBl<! &zr<gtqz<!
gi{h<hMl<! hqx! ui<{jegjtBl<! li{ui<gt<! hck<K?! wu<uqkl<! d{<jlbie! himh<ohiVt<gt<!
Osgiqg<gh<hm<cVg<gqe<xK! we<hjk! d{Vl<hc! osb<bzil</! -keiz<! Lcjug<! gi[l<!
kqxjljbBl<?! Nb<Us<! sqf<kjejbBl<! uti<<g<gLcBl</! weqEl<?! -u<uqkl<! Hkqi<! kQi<h<hkx<G!
&zr<gjt! ncg<gc! Olx<ogit<t! LcbiK/! nkx<G! Ou{<cb! OfvLl<! gqjmg<giK/! weOu?! sqz!
slbr<gtqz<!lm<Ml<!-l<Ljxjb!Olx<ogit<tzil</!

wMk<Kg<gim<Mgtig! &zr<gjth<! hbe<hMk<kUl<! Ou{<Ml</! -kx<G! wPk<K&zl<! dt<t!

&zr<gOtiM?! wPkh<hmikjugtigqb! fi{br<gt<?! gVuqgt<?! sm<chijegt<?! osh<Hh<! hm<mbr<gt<?!
gz<oum<Mgt<?! sqjzgt<! Ohie<xux<jxh<! hbe<hMk<kOu{<Ml</! &zh<! ohiVt<gt<! gqjmg<giuqm<miz<!
likqiq!dVur<gt<?!hmr<gt<! Ohie<xux<jxBl<! hbe<hMk<kzil</!s&g!nxquqbz<<! him!njxbqZt<t!
ohiVm<! gim<sqbqz<! dt<t! ohiVt<gjth<! hbe<hMk<kzil</! himk<kqz<! uVl<! fqgp<s<sqgjtk<!
oktqUh<hMk<k! -f<k! &zr<gt<! Okjuh<hMujk! wz<zi! nxqRi<gTl<! uzqBXk<kqg<! %xqBt<tei</!
Nvl<h!uGh<H!Lkx<ogi{<Om!uqtg<gl<!kVukx<G!&zr<gjth<!hbe<hMk<kzil</!

nOsigi<!himk<jkg<!gx<hqg<Gl<ohiPK?!uQm<cz<!kibiviz<!osiz<zh<hMl<!gjkg<G!OuXhm<mK!
nOsigi<! gjk! we<hjk! li{ui<gt<! d{Vl<hc! osb<ukx<G! &zl<! dkuq! Hiqgqe<xK/! nOsigiqe<!
gz<oum<Mgjth<! hx<xqg<! %xq?-h<ohiPKl<?! gi<fimg! -vis<sqbk<kqz<! nu<uqkg<! gz<oum<M!
gi{h<hMujkg<! Gxqh<hqmzil</gz<oum<Mgtqe<! hmr<gjtg<! gim<c?! nkqz<! ohixqg<gh<hm<Mt<t!
himh<ohiVjtBl<! hck<Kg<gim<mzil</! -u<uiX! osb<kiz<?! s&g! nxquqbz<! gx<hqh<hkx<G! Wx<x!
-bx<jg!$p<fqjzBl<?!dx<sigLl<!uGh<hqz<!Wx<hMl<!we<hjk!lXg<g!LcbiK/!

2/ hbe<gt<
gt<!!!!
&zr<gjts<!siquv!dhObigqk<kiz<!fz<z!hbe<gt<!Wx<hMl</!!
!
li{ui<gt<! &zr<gjth<! hbe<hMk<Kukiz<?! himh<ohiVjth<hx<xqb!
sie<Xgtqe<! ke<jljb! wtqkqz<! d{i<f<K! ogit<uii<gt</! Dgqk<kZg<Gl<?!
dXkqbigg<! %XkZg<Gl<! dt<t! OuXhiMgjt! li{ui<gt<! okiqf<K!
ogit<t!Lcgqe<xK/!
!
Lcjug<! gi{<hK?! ws<siqg<jgBme<! himh<! ohiVjts<! sQi<K~g<gqh<! hii<k<Kk<!
okimi<Hgjt! nxquK?! sqf<kjebqz<! =MhMkz<?! Nb<Uk<kqxjeh<! ohXkz<!
Ohie<x!hbqx<sqjb!&zLjxbqeiz<!ntqg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!
!
kir<gt<! gx<Gl<! himr<gotz<zil<! d{<jl! fqgp<s<sqgote<Xl<?! Nkivk<Kme<!
%xh<hm<Mt<tju! we<Xl<?! li{ui<gt<! ! nxqf<Kogit<uii<gt</! himk<kqz<!
oktqU!ohxUl<!li{ui<gTg<G!&zr<gt<!dkUgqe<xe/!

Nsqiqbi<gt<!&zr<gjtk<!kuXkzigh<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!!

61
 li{ui<gtqml<! okimi<hx<x!&zr<gjtg<! ogiMk<K!yV!gm<Mjv!wPKl<hc!%XuK!kuxie!
giiqbliGl</! s&g! nxquqbz<! dVuig<Gl<hc! li{ui<gtqml<! wkqi<hii<h<hK! &zr<gjt!
dhObigqh<hke<!Ofig<gle<X!we<hjk!lxg<gg<!%miK/!!

li{ui<gtqml<! hck<Kg<gim<Ml<! &zr<gotz<zil<! wtqbeuig! -Vg<gOu{<Ml</! sqg<gz<!

fqjxf<k! himh<ohiVjt! dt<tmg<gqb! &zr<gjt! li{ui<gtqml<! ogiMh<Ohilibqe<! &zr<gjth<!
hx<xqb!ouXh<H!d{i<s<sqkie<!Wx<hMl</!!!

lqgUl<! wtqbkigUl<! &zr<gt<! -Vg<gg<%miK/! kr<gt<! kqxjljbh<! hx<xqh<!

ohVjlh<hMuii<gt</! wf<kh<! hqvs<sjejbBl<! wtqkqz<! kQik
< <Kuqmzil</! we<X! gVk! Nvl<hqk<K!
uqMuii<gt</! nui<gtqe<! sqf<kjejbk<! K~{<Mueuig! dt<t! &zr<gjtOb! Oki<f<okMk<Kg<!
ogiMg<g!Ou{<Ml</!!

li{ui<!jlb!gx<hqk<kz<!Ljx!
Ljx!(Learner Centred Methods)!
!

Nsqiqbi<! jlb! Ljxbqz<! Nsqiqbi<! SXSXh<hig! osbz<hMl<OhiK! li{ui<gt<! njkqbie!

fqjzbqz<! gueqk<k! u{<{l<! -Vg<gqe<xei</osb<kqgjtBl<?! gVk<KgjtBl<! uqtg<GuKme<!
li{ui<gtqe<! fmk<jkbqz<! Gxqh<hqmk<kg<g!liXkz<gjt!Wx<hMk<KuOk!gz<uq!gx<hqk<kqzqe<! Lg<gqb!
Ofig<gliGl</!

gx<hqk<kzqz<! li{ui<gTjmb!fqjz?!Okju?!kqxe<! Ngqbux<jx!nch<hjmbigg<! ogi{<M!

osbz<hMuK! li{ui<! jlb! LjxbiGl<! li{ui<gTjmb! osbz<! uqVh<hk<kqx<G! Lg<gqbk<Kul<!
kvh<hMukiz<!li{ui<!jlb!LjxOb!sqxf<kK!NGl</!-l<Ljxbqz<!li{ui<gt<!we<e!gx<gqxii<gt<!
we<hjk!uqm!wh<hcg<!gx<gqe<xii<gt<!we<hOk!Lg<gqbl</!!

nEhur<gt<! Hze<gt<! &zl<! gx<Gl<! ke<jlbiz<! gx<xz<! fQck<kqVg<Gl<! ke<jl! djmbK/!

Nvib<s<sq!leh<hie<jljb!Wx<hMk<k!li{ui<!jlb!Ljxgt<!ohVl<hiZl<!hbe<hMgqe<xe/!

osbz<!kqm<m!Ljx!(Project
!Ljx! !
Method)!

dbi<fqjzg<! gz<uqg<GP! nxqg<jg! (Secondary Education Commission Report) gx<hqh<hkqz<!

-bg<GLjxjb! (Dynamic method) hqe<hx<x! Ou{<cbke<! nusqbk<jk! uzqBXk<kqg<! %Xgqe<xK/!
Oujz! osb<ukqz<! hqiqbl<?! sqf<kqh<hkx<Gk<! kqxjl?! li{ui<gtqe<! gui<s<sq?! uib<s<osiz<!
Ohikjejbg<! Gjxh<hK?!keq!Nt<! Oux<Xjlg<G!Wx<x!fqjzgjt!Wx<hMk<KuK?!ke<! ohiXh<jh!
d{i<uK!Ohe<xux<jx!ntqg<Gl<!Ljxgt<!kil<!-br<G!LjxbiGl</!

-u<uqk! Ljxgtqz! ye<X! osbz<kqm<m! LjxbiGl</! -k<kqm<ml<! noliqg<g! Jg<gqb!

fim<cZt<t! ogizl<hqbi! hz<gjzg<! gpgk<kqz<! Okie<xqbK/! Lkzqz! li{ui<gt<! ks<SOujzh<!
hbqx<sqbqz<! likqiq! dVur<gjts<! osb<bh<! hpgqei/! -l<Ljxbqz<! gx<hjek<! kqxe<! uti<s<sqbjmb!
uib<h<H!-z<jz/!weOui!dVur<gjth<! hii<g<gilz<! WkiuK!Yi<! dVuk<jks<! osb<ukx<G!Lkzqz<!
wf<k!dVuk<jks<!osb<bOu{<Ml</!we<hK!hx<xqb!kqm<ml<!ye<Xl<!dVuig<gOu{<Ml</!hqe<!kqm<mh<hc!
dVuk<jks<osb<K! Lcg<g! Ou{<Ml</! -u<uiX?! wf<k! OujzjbBl<! kqm<ml! ye<X! uGk<K!
-k<kqm<mk<kqe<hc!osb<K!Lch<hkx<Gs<!osbz<kqm<ml<!Ljx!we<X!ohbi</!

mig<mi<! gQz<him<iqg<! we<hui<! s&g! uip<g<jgg<G! hbje! ntqg<Gl<! WkiuK! yV! okipqjz!
li{ui<gOt!Oki<f<okMk<K!njk!Lch<hOk!-l<Ljxbqe<!Lg<gqb!Ofig<gl<!we<X!%xqBt<tii</nui<!
osbz<kqm<m!Ljxjb!ujvbXk<Kg<!%xqBt<tii</!

gz<uqjbh<! hbqx<Xuqh<hkqz<! Olx<ogit<th<hMl<! hbe<! dt<t! osbOz! osbz<kqm<m!

LjxbiGl</!

s&gs<! $p<fqjzbqz<! le<hh,i<ulieKl<?! hbEt<tKlie! osbz<! fjmohXuOk! osbz<kqm<m!

LjxbiGl</!(The project is a whole – hearted purposeful activity proceeding in a social environment)!

62
 mig<mi<! ^<Cue<^e<! (Dr. Stevenson) %x<Xh<hc! -bx<jgbie! $p<fqjzbqz<! yV! Hkqiqjms<!
osbjzh<! h,i<k<kq! osb<K! Lch<hOk! osbz<! kqm<ml<! NGl</ (A Project is a Problematic act carried to
completion in its natural setting)!

osbz<kqm<m!Ljxbqe<!Fm<hl<!(Technique of the project method)!

!

osbz<kq<m<m!Ljxbqe<!fie<G!fqjzgt<!!

2/ osbjzk<!Oki<f<okMk<K?njk!leh<h,i<ulig!Wx<Xg<ogit<Tkz<!!
3/ Oujzjb!Lcg<gk<!kqm<ml<!uGk<kz<!!
4/ Oujzjbs<!osb<K!Lck<kz<!!
5/ Lcf<k!Oujz!siquv!LcUohx<xki!we<X!lkqh<hqMkz<!

osbjz!Wx<Xg<ogit<Tkz<
kz!!

osbz<! kqm<mk<jk! li{ui<gt<! kr<gt<! -s<sjhc! Oki<f<okMg<gOu{<Ml</! -f<fqjzbqz<!

Olx<OgiTjv! Dg<Guqk<kz<! fqjzohxiK/li{ui<gOt! osbz<! kqm<mk<jk! Oki<f<okMk<kiz<kie<!
njkh<!h,i<k<kq!osb<Bl<hc!df<kh<hMuii<gt</!kjzh<jhk<!Oki<f<okMg<g!uGh<hqz<!djvbimz<!fmf<K!
Lcf<kKl<?! li{ui<gt<! kir<gOt! osbz<kqm<mk<jk! Oki<f<okMk<K! uqm<mkig! w{<[l<hc! Nsqiqbi<!
osb<Ou{<Ml</!

kqm<mlqMkz<!!

Oki<f<okMk<k! osbjz! wu<uiX! Lcg<gOu{<Ml<! we<X! li{ui<gtiz<! kqm<ml<!

uGg<gh<hmOu{<Ml</! li{ui<gtqe<! kqxjljbBl<! ht<tqg<%mk<kqz<! gqjmg<Gl<! Kj{g<!
gVuqgjtBl<! lek<kqz<! ogi{<M! osbjzs<! osb<K! Lcg<Gl<! upqgjtk<! kqm<mlqMkz<!
nusqbliekiGl</! osb<b! Ou{<cb! giiqbr<gjt! nm<muj{h<hMk<kq! wPkq! juk<Kg<ogit<uK!
li{ui<gTg<G!fz<z!Ljxbqz<!hbqx<sq!ntqh<hkiGl</!!

osb<
osb<K!Lck<kz<!

Lkz<<! -v{<M! fqjzgtqZt<t! Nsqiqbi<! upqgim<cbig! -Vf<K?kg<g! Obisjegjtg<!

%Xuii</kqm<ml<! kQm<cbjkobim<c! li{ui<gt<! osbzix<x! uib<h<H! ntqg<gh<hMuK! &e<xiuK!
fqjzbqziGl</kie<! okimr<gix<xz<! osbjzk<! kqm<mh<hc!osb<Bl<! kqxjl!Ohie<xux<jx!li{ui<gt<!
ohXgqe<xei</li{ui<gt<! osbzix<xqeiZl<! nK! Nsqiqbi<gtqe<! Olx<hii<jubqZl<! g{<gi{qh<hqZl<!
fmg<Gl</!

lkqh<hqMkz<!

hbEt<t! osbjzk<! kqm<mh<hc! li{ui<gt<! osb<K! Lcg<gh<hm<mK! we<X! li{ui<gOt!

lkqh<hqMkz<! Ou{<Ml</! Gjxgt<! bijuobe<Xl<! nux<jx! fQgg < ! wu<uqk! Lbx<sqgt<! wMk<kz<!
Ou{<Ml<! we<Xl<! NOzisqh<hi</! -kx<G! yVr<G%c! Nvib<kz<?! osiz<zimz<! fmk<Kkz<?! gVk<kvr<G!
Ohie<x!Ljxgtqz<!ye<jxh<!hqe<hx<xzil</!

osbz<kqm<m!Ljxbqe<!sqxh<hie!-bz<Hgt<
gt!(Chief features of the project)!

2/ osbz<!h,i<k<kqbjmb!Ou{<Ml</!
3/ li{ui<gOt!kqm<ml<!osb<Kt<tkig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!!
4/ hck<kz<! nzzK! Ogm<hKOhiz<! dt<t! ljxLg! nEhuk<kqx<Gh<! hkqzig! li{ui<gTg<G!
Ofvcbie!nEhur<gjt!ntqh<hkig!-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!
5/ leqke<!osbzix<xZg<Gh<!hkqzig!dmz<!djph<H!-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!!
6/ dmz<hx<xqb!osbz<!fmh<hOkiM!Hkqi<!kQi<g<Gl<!osbZl<<!fjmohxOu{<Ml</!

63
 7/ sqX!osbZg<Gh<!hkqz<!ohVltUt<t!osbzig!njlBl<!!
8/ keq! Nt<! osbzqz<! =MhMukx<Gh<! hkqzigh<! hz! li{ui<gtqe<%m<Mxuqeiz<!
osb<KLcg<guz<zkig!-Vg<Gl</!
9/ himr<gtqe<! wz<jzgt<! Hxg<g{qg<gh<hm<M?! hz! himr<gjtk<! okimi<HXk<kz<!
Olx<ogit<th<hMl</!
:/ ouXl<! Hk<kg<! hch<hig! njlbilz<?! uip<g<jgbqz<! gi{h<hMl! fqjzjlgtqz<! osbz<kqm<m!
Ljxgtigk<!kqm<mr<gt<!dt<te/!
21/ osb<K!Lcg<Gl<ohiPK!F[g<g<gTg<Gl!guel<!osZk<kh<hMgqe<xK/!

s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqh<hkqz<!osbz<kqm<m!Ljxbqe<!hr<G!!
!!

Nsqiqbi<! jheqr<! %XuKOhiz<! Hkqi<kQi<gGl<! Ljxg<Gk<kie<! nkqg! uib<h<Hgt<! s&g!

nxquqbz<! gx<hqh<hkqz<! dt<te/!osbz<! kqm<m!Ljxg<G!nkqg!uib<h<Hgt<! -z<jzobe<X!%xzil</!
Hkqi<! kQi<g<Gl<! Ljxbqz<! uip<g<jg!fqjzgjt!ym<cb!sbz<gt<! Okjubqz<jz/!Wx<hMl<! Hkqi<gjtk<!
kQi<g<gh<! Hk<kgr<gjth<! hck<kiz<?! lek<kqz<kie<! uqtg<gl<! Wx<hMl</! Neiz<! osbz<! kqm<m! Ljxbqz<!
osbzix<Xukiz<!d{<jlbie!$p<fqjzjb!yV!ohiVt<!dVuig<g!Ou{<Ml</!!

nvsqbz<?!s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<Gl<ohiPK!osbz<kqm<m!Ljxgjth<!hqe<hx<xg<%Ml</!!

Nm<sq!F~z<!!

ht<tq! -z<zk<kqe<! hiqhizek<jk! Wx<X! fmk<kz<?! ht<tqbqe<! N{<cXkq! -kp<! outqbqMkz<?!

ht<tqg<! %mk<kqz<! li{ui<Oki<kz<?! Sgikiv! uivl<! ogi{<miMkz<?! sijzh<hiKgih<H! uqkqgjth<!
Hiqf<Kogit<ts<! osb<kz<! Ohie<xju/!s&g!nxquqbz<! .!-f<kqbi!Skf<kqvl<! njmkz<! Jg<gqbfim<Ms<!
sr<gl<!Ohie<xju!!

osbz<kqm<m!Ljxbqe<!fx<hbe<gt<!!

2/ s&g!nxquqbz<!himk<kqz<!li{ui<gTg<Gg<!gui<s<sq!Wx<hMgqe<xK/!
3/ gx<xzqz<! =MhMl<ohiPK! NsqiqbVg<G! nz<zilz<?! li{ui<gtqml<! LPh<ohiXh<H!
ogiMg<gh<hMgqe<xK/!
4/ ohiVt<gjt! dVuig<Gkz<?%m<MxU! Ljxbqz<! =MhMkz<?jgbix<! osb<kz<! Ohie<x!
-bz<h,ggr<gt<!fz<zLjxbqz<!osbz<!lix<xh<hMgq<e<xe/!
5/ osbz<kqm<ml<! Le<OeXl<ohiPK! kjzjl! kir<Gkz<?ke<! Lbx<sqbigs<! osbzqz<! =MhMkz<!
ohiXjl?uqmiLbx<sq!Ohie<x!h{<Hgt<!uti<s<sqbjmgqe<xe/!
6/ osbx<jgbig! njlg<gh<hm<m! ht<tqg<%m! uGh<H! njxg<gim<sq! OuXuqklig! liXkz<!
njmgqe<xK/!!
7/ li{ui<gt<!gx<Gl<!nxqU!hbEjmbkig!Wx<hMgqe<xK/!

GjxhiMgt<!!

2/ osbz<kqm<m!Ljxgjtg<!gQp<uGh<Hgtqz<!ohVl<hiZl!dhObigqg<gLcBl</!!
3/ yV! osbz<kqm<mk<jkk<! Oki<f<okMg<gUl<?! kqm<mlqmUl<?! osb<KLcg<gUl<! nkqg! gizl<!
oszuqmh<hMgqe<xK/!osbz<kqm<mk<jkh<!h,i<k<kq!osb<ukx<G!Wx<x!ktuimh<ohiVt<gt<!wz<zih<!
ht<tqgtqZl<!gqjmh<hK!Szhlie!giiqble<X/!
4/ osbz<kqm<m! Ljxbqe<hc! li{ui<gTg<G! s&gnxquqbz<! gx<hqg<gh<hm<miz<?! s&g! nxquqbz<!
himk<kqe<! Ofig<gk<jkh<! h,i<k<kq! osb<ukx<G! Ou{<cb! Hk<kgh<hch<H! fmk<k! nkqg! gizl<!
-z<zilz<!Ohib<uqMl</!

weqEl<?! ohXl<! himh<ohiVjth<! gx<hkiz<! wu<uqkh<! hzEl<! Wx<hmiK/! li{ui<gtqe<! uti<s<sq?!

Le<Oex<xk<jkg<! gVKOuiliez<! osbz<kqm<m! LjxBl<! li{ui<gjth<! hbqx<Xuqg<Gl<! Ljxgtqz<!
-ml<ohXkz<!-e<xqbjlbikkiGl</!

64
sgli{ui<!gx<hqk<kz<!/ li{uviz<!gx<hqk<kz<!(Peer tutoring / Teaching by students) !

2/ uGh<hqz<!dt<t!sg!li{ui<gtqz<!yVui<!gx<hqk<kjz!sgli{ui<!gx<hqk<kz<!we<hi</!
3/ sgli{ui<gtqz<! yVui<! gx<hqg<Gl<! ohiPK! lx<x! li{ui<gt<! nui<! gx<hqh<hjk! guelig!
dx<X!gueqh<hi</!
4/ yu<ouiV!li{uVl<! nui<gtqe<! keqk<kqxe<! outqg<ogi{v! kqm<mlqm<M!gx<hqh<hi</nh<ohiPK!
sg!li{ui<gt<!nuVg<G!yk<Kjph<Hg<!ogiMk<K!sqxf<k!gx<hqk<kZg<Gl<!upqujg!osb<ui</!
5/ sgli{ui<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!li{ui<gtqjmOb!ke<el<hqg<jg!d{i<U!outqh<hMgqxK/!
6/ li{ui<!yu<ouiVuVl<!sqxf<k!gx<hqk<kz<!kqxe<!uti<k<Kg<!ogit<t!dkuqbig!-Vg<gqxK/!
7/ sg! li{ui<gtqjmOb! ohiXh<H{i<s<sq! uti<gqxK/! sg! li{ui<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! hqe<kr<gqb!
li{ui<gt<!sqxf<k!hbqx<sq!wMk<Kg<!ogit<t!dkUgqxK/!!
8/ lQk<kqx! li{ui<gt<! kr<gt<! kqxjlgjt! nxqf<K! OlZl<! kr<gjt! Oll<hms<! osb<b!
dkUgqxK/!
9/ sgli{ui<! gx<hqk<kzqz<! li{ui<gt<! yVuVg<ogiVui<! kr<gt<! gVk<Kg<gjt! hgqi<f<K!
ogi{<M!OlZl<!sqxh<hig!gx<hqk<kz<!hbqx<sq!ohx!upqujgbig!njlgqxK/!!

keqbit<!osbz<hiMgt<!(Individual Activies)!
!

2/ yV! LP! uGh<hjxs<! osbz<Ljxbqje! njek<K! li{ui<gTg<G! sqxh<hig! osb<b!

Lcbikux<jxk<! keqs<! osbz<hiMgt<! &zl<! yu<ouiVujvBl<! sqxh<hig! osb<b! LcBl</!
-jkk<!keqbit<!osbz<hiMgt<!we<hi</!
3/ yV! uGh<hqz<! hbqZl<! li{ui<gjt! lQk<kqx! li{ui<gt<?! olKuigg<! gx<Ohii<?! gx<xzqz<!
hqe<kr<gqbui<! we! hqiqh<hi</! nu<uiX! hqiqk<K! yu<ouiVuiqe<! keq! Ougl<?! kqxEg<G! Wx<h!
gx<hqh<hi</!
4/ gx<huiqe<! Okjugt<?kqxjlg<G! Wx<h! upqgim<Ml<! keqLjx! keqbit<! osbz<hiMg<! gx<xz<!
NGl</!
5/ keqbit<! osbz<gt<! we<hK! gx<hui<! kiligOu! Sbligs<! sqf<kqk<K! osbz<gjts<! osb<uK!
NGl</!!

keqbit<!osbz<hiMgtqe<!sqxh<Hgt<!!

2/ gx<Gl<!li{ui<!yu<ouiVuiqe<!keqk<!Okjug<G!Wx<h!gx<Xg<!ogit<t!WKuig!njlgqxK/!
3/ li{ui<!yu<ouiVuiqe<!keqbit<!OuXhiMgTg<G!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ogiMg<gh<hMgqxK/!

!keqbit<!osbz<hiMgtqe!Ljxgt<!

2/ kqm<mlqm<Mg<!gx<xz<!Ljxgt<!(Programmed instruction)!
3/ gx<hqg<Gl<!-bf<kqvl<!(Teaching machine)!
4/ g{qh<ohixq!upqg<gx<hqk<kz<!(CAI)!
4. gx<hui<!NTjgg<!gx<hqk<kz<!Ljx!(Learner-controlled Instruction)
6/ Kj{bit<!gx<hqk<kz<!Ljx!(Personalized system of instruction)!

keqbit<!osbz<hiMgtqe<!fe<jlgt<!!

2/ kvlie!gx<xjz!Ljxh<hMk<qk<!kVgqxK/!
3/ gx<huiqe<!Ni<uk<jk!K~{<Ml<!gx<xzig!njlgqxK/!
4/ uip<fit<!LPKl<!gx<xjz!fjmLjxh<hMk<KgqxK/!
5/ li{ui<gt<!yu<ouiVuVl<!SXSXh<Hme<!osbz<hm!WKuigqxK/!
6/ li{ui<gtqe<!hjmh<hix<xz<!lx<Xl!sqf<kjek<!kqxe<!outqbigqxK/!
7/ li{uiqjmOb!gx<hjek<!kqxe<!uti<gqxK/!
8/ li{uiqjmOb!Ohim<c!le<hie<jl!Wx<hMgqxK/!

65
 9/ keqbit<! osbz<hiMgtqz<! lQk<kqx! li{ui<gt<! ohiVt<! d{i<f<K! yx<Xjl! Oux<Xjlgjt!
wtqkqz<!Hiqf<K!ogi{<M!sqxh<hig!gx<xzqz<!osbz<hMui</!
:/ sqf<kje!kqxe<?kiOe!g{<mxqBl<!kqxe<!uti<gqxK/!
21/ wjkBl<!Dg<glig!Ni<uk<Kme<!osbz<hMl<!Nx<xz<!uti<gqxK/!!
22/ li{ui<gtqjmOb!dbi<sqf<kje!uti<gqxK/!
23/ lQk<kqxli{ui<gt<!kr<gtqe<!SbOugk<kqx<G!Wx<h!sqxh<hig!gx<xzqz<!osbz<hMui</!
24/ li{ui<gt<!SXSXh<hig!gx<xzqz<!=Mhm<M!sqxh<higg<!gx<hi</!
25/ yu<ouiV! li{uVl<! kr<gt<! osif<k! Ougk<kqx<G! Wx<h! kqxjlg<G! Wx<h! osbzqz<! =Mhm<M!
sqxh<hig!gx<g!upq!Wx<hMgqxK/!!
26/ li{ui<gt<!gVk<K{i<f<K!gx<xZg<G!upq!Wx<hMgqxK/!!

Nb<Ug<%m!Ljx!(Experimental
m!Ljx! !
Learning)!

2/ yu<ouiV! li{uVl<! sqxh<hie! osbz<gt<! &zl<! gx<xzqz<! =Mhm<Mg<! gx<g! dkUl! sqxf<k!
Ljx!Nb<Ug<%m!gx<xz<!Ljx!NGl</!-jk!hiqOsikje!Ljxg<!gx<xz<!we<Xl<!%Xui</!!
3/ -l<Ljxbqz<! li{ui<gt<! kir<gOt! hiqOsikjebqz<! =Mhm<M! sqxh<hig! osb<K! gx<g! upq!
Wx<hMgqxK/!!
4/ Nb<Ug<%m!Ljx!osb<K!gx<xjz!uzqBXk<KgqxK/!!
5/ osb<K!gx<xz<!Ljx!&zl<!li{ui<gt<!himg<!gVk<jk!oktquig!d{i<f<K!ogit<ui</!!
6/ li{ui<gtqe<!leouPs<sq!fqjxU!ohXuKme<!nui<gtqe<!sqf<kjek<!kqxe<!uti<gqxK/!

Nb<ug!Ljxbqe<!sqxh<H!!

2/ himr<gtqz<!gi{h<hMl<!gVk<Kgtqe<!d{<jlgjt!d{i<f<K!gx<g!upq!Wx<hMgqxK/!
3/ yVg<!gVk<jk!d{<jl!we<X!fq'hqg<g!hiqOsikje!Ljx!sqxf<kkig!njlgqxK/!
4/ gVk<Kgtqe<!d{<jlk<!ke<jljb!olb<h<hqg<gqxK/!

Nb<ug!Ljx!gx<xzqe<!ujggt<!!

2/ GPhiqOsikje!Ljx!!
3/ keqbit<!hiqOsikje!Ljx!!

GPhiq
GPhiqOsikje!Ljx!!
Osikje!Ljx!!

li{ui<gt<! GPuigs<! osbz<hm<M! hiqOsikje! osb<K! gqjmg<Gl<! uqjtuqe<! &zl<! d{<jl!

ke<jl!nxqf<K!osbz<hMui</!

fqjxgt<!!

2/ -K!yV!sqxf<k!Ljx!!
3/ li{ui<gtqjmOb!%m<MxU!le<hie<jl!uti<gqxK/!!
4/ li{ui<!gVk<Kg<gjt!hgqi<f<K!ogit<t!upq!Wx<hMgqxK/!

Gjxgt<!

2/ uGh<hqz<!GPuigs<!osbz<hm<M!gx<X!hqe<!Oki<uqz<!keqbigg<!gx<g!sqvlh<hMui</!
3/ Ni<uLt<t!li{ui<!lm<Ml<!=Mhim<Mme<!gx<hi</!lx<Oxii<!keqk<K!osbz<hMui</!
4/ Osikje!osb<ukqz<!=Mhmik!li{ui<<gt<!lx<x!li{ui<gjt!hii<k<K!gih<hq!nch<hi</!

keqbit<!Osikje!!
Osikje!!

li{ui<! yu<ouiVuVl<! keqbig! =Mhm<M! Osikjes<! osb<ukjkg<! Gxqg<Gl<! -K! -V! hqiquigh<!
hqiqg<gh<hMl</!

66
 2/ keqbit<!Osikje!Ljx!!
3/ Spx<sq!Ljx!!

2/keqbit<
2/keqbit<!Osikje!Ljx!!
Osikje!Ljx!!

yOv! ujgs<! Osikjejb! njek<K! li{uVl<! keqk<keqbigs<! osb<ui</! li{ui<gt<!

-l<Ljxbqz<! kr<gt<! gVk<Kg<gjt!dmEg<Gme<! okiqf<K!ogit<ui</!kuX!Wx<hce<! njk!
dmOe!kqVk<kqg<!ogit<t!upq!Wx<hMgqxK/!
!
keqs<Osikje! Ljxbqz<nkqgl<! oszU! NGl</! Osil<Ohxq! li{ui<gt<! lx<x! li{ui<gtqe<!
Osikje!LcUgjt!hii<k<K!wPkquqMui</!

3/Spx<
3/Spx<sq!Ljx!!
q!Ljx!!

OuXOuX! hiqOsikjegt<! jug<gh<hm<M! li{ui<! yu<ouiVuVg<Gl<! hiqOsikje! lix<xq! osb<b!

nElkqg<gh<hMui</!

fe<jlgt<!!

2/ li{uiqjmOb!keqg<guel<!osZk<kh<hmz<!!
3/ Spx<sq!Ljxbqz<!Osikjejbs<!sqxh<higs<!osb<ui</!

Gjxgt<!!

2/ njek<K!li{uiqjmOb!keqg<guel<!osb<kz!gcel</!
3/ Osikjeg<gie!Ofvl<!ujvbXg<gg<!%miK/!

Nsqiqbi<!upqgim<mz<!gx<xz<!(Teacher Guided Learning)!

!

li{ui<gt<! himh<hGkqjb! Nsqiqbi<! upqgim<mZme<! kr<gt<! uqVh<hl<! lx<Xl<! Ougk<kqx<G! Wx<h!

kir<gOtg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<uK!Nsqiqbi<!upqgim<mz<!gx<xz<!weh<hMl</

Nsqiqbi<!upqgim<mz<!gx<xzqe<!Ofig<gr<gt<!!

2/ li{ui<gtqe<!keqk<!kxe<gt<!Oll<hMk<kh<hMkz</!
3/ li{ui<gtqe<!Sbg<gx<xz<!uti<s<sq!njmgqxK/!
4/ li{ui<gt<!himh<hg<kqjb!oktquigg<!gx<g!Kj{HiqgqxK/!
!!

Nsqiqbi<!upqgim<mz<!gx<xz<!fmk<Kl<!Ljx!
Ljx!!
x!!

2/ yV! himh<hGkqjb! Nsqiqbi<! upqgim<mz<! Ljxbqz! gx<xziz<! li{ui<gt<! himh<hGkqjb!

Gph<hl<!-e<xq!gx<hi</!!
3/ li{ui<gt<! Nsqiqbi<! upqgim<MkZme<! s&gs<! $p<fqjz! yV! osbjz! Oki<f<okMk<K!
osb<Kgim<mz<!&zl!=Mhim<Mme<!himh<ohiVjt!gx<Xg<!ogit<ui</!!
4/ li{ui<gt<! himk<kjzh<jhk<! Oki<f<okMk<K! himl<! okimi<hie! kguz<gjt! Nsqiqbi<!
upqgim<MkZme</! -j{bktl<?! F~zgl<?! upqgim<M! F~z<gt<! uibqzig! hz<OuXk<!
kguz<gjt!Osgiqk<Kg<!gx<hi</!
5/ Nsqiqbi<! upqgim<mZme<! li{ui<gOt! gx<xziz<! li{ui<gt<! kr<gt<! Ougk<kqx<G! Wx<h?!
Ni<uk<kqx<G!Wx<h!himg<!gVk<Kgjt!sqxh<hig!gx<Xg<!ogit<ui</!!
6/ li{ui<gt<! Dg<glig! osbz<hm! Nsqiqbi<! sqz! uqiqUjvgjt! ogiMh<hii</! OlZl<?! hz<OuX!
upqgtqz<! hims<! osb<kqjb! gx<g! li{ui<gTg<Gh<! hmr<gt<?! hqzql<! uiqjsgt<?! osbz<!
uqtg<gl<?!GXl<hml<!Ohie<xe!upr<gh<hMl</!!

hbe<gt<!!

67
 2/ li{ui<gt<!Nsqiqbi<!upqgim<mZme<!gx<hkiz<!himh<hGkqjb!Ni<ulig!kir<gOt!gx<hi</!
3/ li{ui<gtqe<!gx<xz<!Oki<s<sq!dmEg<Gme<!nxquqg<gh<hMl</!!
4/ Nsqiqbi<! upqgim<mZme<! Olx<Ogit<! F~z<gt<! upr<gh<hMukiz<! himk<Kme<! okimi<Hjmb!
hz<OuX!kguz<gjt!sqxh<hig!gx<Gl<!uib<h<H!gqjmg<gqxK/!!
5/ li{ui<gtqe<! Dg<gk<jk! K~{<Ml<! ujgbqz<! sqz! uqiqUjvgt<! ogiMg<gh<hMukiz<! nju!
li{ui<gjt!ofxqh<hMk<k!dkUl</!
6/ yu<ouiVuVl<!SbOugk<kqz<!gx<g!LcBl</!

sqXGP!/
sqXGP! uGh<H!gx<xz<!(Small Group/ Whole clam interactive learning) !

li{ui<gtqjmOb!s&gh<!h{<jh!uti<h<hK!s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqe<!Lg<gqb!Gxqg<Ogit<gtqz<!
ye<xiGl</! GPuig! uquikqh<hkqe<! &zl! li{ig<giqjmOb! s&gh<h{<H! uti<gqe<xK/! -ux<jx!
fjmLjxhMk<Kl<!n[GLjxgt<!!

• ye<X%c!djvbimz<!Ljx!(Social Recitation)!
• uquikl<!/ osix<Ohii< (Debate)!
• Nb<uvr<gl<!(Symposium)!
• sqf<kje!uQs<S!Fm<hl<!(Brain Stroming)!
• gVk<kvr<G!(Seminor)!
• h{qlje!(Workshop)!
• fimgLjx!(Dramatisation)!

gVk<kvr<G!(Seminar)!
! !

uGh<hqz<! 36! li{ui<gjt! -l<Ljxg<G! dXh<hqei<gtig! wMk<Kg<!

ogit<tzil</himh<hGkqbqz<! wtqb! kjzh<Hgtig! wMk<Kg<! ogi{<M! yu<ouiV! li{uEg<Gl<! yV!
kjzh<jhg<! ogiMk<K!njkh<! hx<xqb!gVk<Kgjtk<! okiGk<K!yV!gm<Mjv!kbiiqk<K!sli<h<hqg<gs<!
osiz<z!Ou{<Ml</!

himF~z<! lm<Mle<xq?! kie<! wMk<Kg<ogi{<m! kjzh<H! sl<hf<klig! -kv! Olx<Ogit<!

F~z<gjtBl<! hck<K!Osgiqk<k!-kv!kguz<gt<?!Nvib<f<k!hqs<sjegt<?Olx<ogi{<m!osbz<gt<! hx<xq!
li{ui<gt<!gm<Mjv!ye<jx!njeuiqe<!Le<eqjzbqZl<!slih<hqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

wMk<Kg<gim<mig! ‘Oksqb! yVjlh<hiM’! we<x! kjzh<hqz<! Oux<Xjlbqz<! ye<Xjl?gzis<siv!

ye<Xjl?! hikqg<Gl<! giv{qgt<?! uti<g<Gl<! giv{qgt<! we<x! hz<OuX! kjzh<Hgjtg<! ogiMk<K!
nkqz<! li{ui<gjt! gm<Mjvjb! kbiiqg<GliX! osiz<z! Ou{<Ml</! hqe<ei<! uGh<hjxbqz<! nf<kg<!
gm<Mjvjb! lx<x! li{ui<gt<! Le<eqjzbqz<! hck<Kg<! gim<mOu{<Ml</! nh<ohiPK! ng<gm<Mjvbqz<!
lx<x!dXh<hqei<gTg<G!WOEl<! sf<Okgl<! Wx<hm<miz<! njk!gm<Mjvjbk<! kbiiqk<k!li{ue<! kQi<g<g!
Ou{<Ml</! nz<zK! NsqiqbOv! nKGxqk<K! OhiKlie! uqtg<gr<gjtg<! ogiMk<K! li{i<gTjmb!
sf<Okgk<jkh<!Ohig<g!Ou{<Ml</!

fe<jlgt<!!

2/ li{ui<gt<! -j{f<K! h{qbix<Xukiz<! %s<sShiul<! nge<X?%m<M! Lbx<sq! nui<gtqjmOb!

Wx<hMl<!uib<h<H{<M/!
3/ yu<ouiV! li{uEg<Gl<! keqh<hm<m! Ljxbqz<! hr<Ogx<X! gVk<Kgjtg<! %Xl<! uib<h<H!
kVukiz<!nui<gtqjmOb!jkiqbl<?!ke<el<hqg<jg!uti<ukx<G!uib<h<H{<M/!
4/ nkqg! osb<kqgjt! Osgiqg<Gl<! ohiVm<M! fqjxb! Hk<kgr<gjth<! hcg<Gl<! uib<h<H!
Wx<hMgqe<xK/!

68
Gjxgt<!!

2/ dbi<fqjz!li{ui<gTg<G!lm<MOl!hbe<kvg<%cb!LjxbiGl</!
3/ gzf<Kjvbimz<! Ohie<X! njek<K! li{ui<gTl<! hr<Ogx<gzil</sqzslbl<! yV! sqz!
li{ui<gt<!lm<Ml<!hr<Ogx<Gl<!uib<h<H!-Vg<gqe<xK/!
4/ nkqg!Ofvl<!wMk<Kg<!ogit<th<hMgqxK/!

GP!gzf<Kjvbimz<!(Group Discussion)!
!

li{ui<! jlbg<! gx<hqk<kz<! Ljxbqz<! ye<X! gzf<Kjvbimz<! Ljx/! nkiuK! li{ui<gt<!

ye<X%c!djvbiMuK!NGl</!li{ui<gTg<G!uGh<H!fjmohXl<! ohiPK!yV!kjzh<H!ogiMk<K!
nk<kjzh<H!hx<xq!kbii<! osb<K?!Nsqiqbiqe<! upqgim<MkZme<! djvbimz<! fmk<kq!himk<jkg<! gx<hK!
gzf<Kjvbimz<!)Discussion)!
!weh<hMl</!!
!

WkiuK! yV! s&g! nxquqbz<! fqgp<s<sq! hx<xq! hz! Ogi{r<gtqz<! Nvib<f<K! OhSkjzOb!
gzf<Kjvbimz<! we<gqOxil</! Olz<! uGh<Hgtqz<! Nsqiqbiqe<! Olx<hii<jubqz<! gzf<Kjvbimz<!
Ljxjbh<!hbe<hMk<kzil</!

gzf<Kjvbimz<! &zl<! li{ui<gTg<G! Np<f<k! sqf<kje! uti<gqxK/! yV! kjzh<H?! Hkq<i<!

hx<xqb!hz!gVk<Kgt<!Osgiqg<gh<hm<M!djvbiMukiz<!hiGhim<M!kqxe<?!yh<hQm<Mk<!kqxe<?!lkqh<hQm<Mk<!
kqxe<!uti<gqxK/!

gzf<Kjvbimz<!ujggt<!!

2/ kqm<mlqmik!gz<fKjvbimz<!!
3/ kqm<mlqm<m!gzf<Kjvbimz<!!

kqm<mlqmik!gzf<Kjvbimz<!(Informal group plan)!

!

uGh<hqz<! Nsqiqbi<! himl<! gx<hqk<Kg<! ogi{<cVg<Gl<! OhiK?! -jmbqz<! li{ui<gt<!

himohiVt<! okimi<hig! wPh<Hl! uqei! nch<hjmbqz<! fjmohXl<! gzf<Kjvbimz<! kqm<mlqmik!
gzf<Kjvbimz<!weh<hMl</!

kqm<mlqm<m!gzf<Kjvbimz<!(Formal group plan)!

!

li{ui<gTg<G! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! yh<hjmh<Hgtqe<! nch<hjmbqz<! kqm<mlqm<m! gzf<Kjvbimz<!

fjmohXl</! Lkzqz<! uGh<hjxbqz<! Nsqiqbi<! li{ueqe<! yh<hjmh<jh! uisqg<Gl<hc! osb<K!
djvbimjz!okimr<gzil</gzf<Kjvbimzqz<! li{ui<! sqxh<hig!hr<Ogx<g!Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<gTg<G!
K~{<MOgizigk<! kqgp! Ou{<Ml</dkiv{lig! hVufqjz! liXhim<miz<! lg<gt<! uip<uqz<! Wx<hm<m!
Le<Oex<xr<gt<!hx<xq!uquikqg<gzil</!

djvbimjz!fmk<Kkz<!!

2/ ohiKuig!uGh<hjx!gzf<kKjvbimZg<G!Nsqiqbi<!fMuvigk<!kqgp!Ou{<Ml</!!
3/ gzf<Kjvbimzqz<!li{ui<!Ni<ulig?!okimif<K!fjmohx!Nsqiqbi<!dku!Ou{<Ml</!
4/ yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! ohiVt<! hx<xqg<! gzf<Kjvbimz<! fqgPl<! OhiK! njk! hx<xqOb! OhSliX!
hii<<k<Kg<!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!!!
5/ wz<zi!li{ui<gTl<!gzf<Kjvbimzqz<!hr<Ogx<GliX!Dg<Guqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
6/ li{ui<gt<!%Xl<!njek<K!gVk<KgjtBl<!Wx<Xg<ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!!
7/ gzf<Kjvbimz<!ohiVt<!djmbkig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!!
8/ li{ui<gt<!Ni<ul<!-z<zilz<!-Vf<kiz<!dmOe!gzf<Kjvbimjz!fqXk<kq!uqmzil</!!

69
fe<jlgt<!

gzf<Kjvbimz<!li{ui<gtK!sqf<kjek<!kqxje!uti<g<gqe<xK/!!
ke<el<hqg<jg?!Ogt<uq!kqxe<!Ohie<x!h{<Hgt<!li{ui<gqjmOb!uti<s<sq!njmgqxK/!!
li{ui<gtqe<!Dg<Guqk<kz<!kqxe<!uti<gqxK/!
yu<ouiV!li{uVl<! gVk<kqje! outqbqm?!hqx!li{ui<gtK!gVk<kqje!Wx<Gl<?! lXg<Gl<!
kqxEl<?!hGk<kqxBl<!kqxEl<?!lkqh<hqm<M!nxqBl<!kqxEl<!li{ui<gtqml<!uti<gqxK/!!
Nsqiqbi<?!li{ui<gtqjmOb!fz<ZxU!uti<gqxK/!!

Gjxgt<!

yV!sqz!li{ui<gOt!gzf<Kjvbimzqz<!hr<G!ogit<Tl<!fqjz!Wx<hMgqxK/!
yV!sqz!slbr<gtqz<!gzf<Kjvbimz<!Ofig<gqz<!-Vf<K!li{ui<!uqzgqs<!ose<X!uqMui</!
gzf<Kjbimz<!Ljxbqz<!gx<xz<!Ofvl<!nkqgl<!NGl</!
njek<K!himk<!kjzh<HgTl<!gzf<Kjvbimz<!&zl<!gx<g!LcbiK/!!

ye<X!%c!djvbimz<!Ljx!!
Ljx!!

Okix<xl<! ;! kx<gizk<kqz<! s&g! nxquqbz<! gx<hqh<hkqz<! nkqgg<! guek<jkh<ohx<x! Ljxgtqz<?!

ye<X%c! Nvib<kz<! nz<zK! djvbimz<! LjxBl<! ye<xiGl</! hjpb! himr<%xz<! Ljxbqe<!
GjxhiMg<t!outqh<hjmbigk<!okiqb!Nvl<hqk<kKl<!-l<Ljxbqe<!uti<s<sq!Wx<hm<mK/!!

hjpb!gimr<%xz<!Ljxbqe<!GjxhiMgt<!!

2/ himr<%xz<! Ljxbqz<! li{ueqe<! osbz<gTg<Gh<! hkqz<?! Nsqiqbiqe<! osbZg<Gk<kie<!

nkqgs<!sqxh<Hk<kvh<hm<cVf<kK/!!
3/ Neiz<?! li{ue<! osbzqz<! =MhMkz<! gx<xz<! fqjzg<G! lqgUl! Wx<xkiGl</! -k<kjgb!
uib<h<H!li{uEg<G!-l<Ljxbqz<!Wx<hmuqz<jz/!!
4/ li{uEg<Gs<! sqxh<hqml<! kvh<hMukx<Gh<! hkqzigh<! himk<kqx<Gk<kie<! sqx<h<hqml<!
ntqg<gh<hm<cVf<kK/!
5/ himh<ohiVjt! li{ueqe<! lek<kqz<! kqVl<hk<! kqVl<hg<! %xqh<! hkqbjuh<hOk! Nsqiqbiqe<!
Lg<gqb!Oujzbigg<!gVkh<hm<mK/!
6/ weOu! himr<%Xl<! Ljxbqz<! li{ui<gt<! uGh<hqz<! dx<siglqz<zilZl<! ouXh<H{i<s<sq!
ogi{<mui<gtigUl<!-Vf<kei</!

!ye<X%c!djvbimz<!.!ujvbjx!osb<kz<!!

ye<X%c! Nvib<kz<! we<xiz<! s&glig<gh<hm<m! djvbimz<! we<Xkie<! ohiVt<hMl</! uGh<H!

fjmohXukx<G!Lf<kqb!kqeOl!li{ui<gTg<G!Yi<! yh<hjmh<H!ntqg<gh<hMl</!uGh<Hk<! kqek<ke<X!
li{ui<gOt!djvbimjz!fmk<kqh!himk<jkg<!gx<hi</!!

ye<X%c!Nvib<kz<!Ljxbqe<!sqxh<hie!%Xgt<!!

2/ djvbimz<! fmk<Kuke<! ohiXh<H?outqh<hjmbig! uGh<HLPjlg<Gl<!

ntqg<gh<hm<cVg<Gl<Olobipqb!Nsqiqbi<hiz<!nh<ohiXh<H!-Vg<giK/!
!
3/ d{<jlbie! ye<X%c! Nvib<kz<! Ljxbqz<! djvbimz<?! gVk<Kgjt! outqh<hMk<Kkz<?!
gzf<K! NOvisqk<kz<! Ohie<xjuobz<zil<! uGh<hqe<! GPuqx<G! lix<xh<hm<mcVg<Gl</! uGh<hqz<!
dt<t! li{ui<gTg<Gl<! NsqiqbVg<GlqjmOb! djvbimz<! fjmohxiK/! Nsqiqbi<! uGh<hqe<!
dXh<hqei<gTt<!yVuvigOu!gVkh<hMuii</!
!
!

70
 4/ djvbimz<?!gzf<K!NOvisqk<kz<!Ohie<xux<xqz<!hqx!li{ui<gjth<Ohiz<!NsqiqbVl<!gzf<K!
ogit<uii</!
5/ li{ui<gt<! gzf<K! NOzisqh<hkqz<! =MhMl<! ohiPK! li{ui<gt<! gVk<Kgjth<!
hgqi<f<Kogit<Tkz<?! wPs<sqb,m<Ml<! djvbimjz! fmk<Kkz<?! uGh<H! LPuKl<! %c!
Nvib<kz<?! ohVl<hizie! li{ui<gt<! Wx<Xg<ogit<Tl<! kqm<mlie! Lcju! njmkz<! -ju!
fjmohXl<!osbZg<G!‘ye<X%c!Nvib<kz<’!we<x!ohbi<!ohiVf<Kl</!!

ye<X%c!Nvib<kzqe<!ujggt<!!

2/ -jsf<k!ujg!!
!ujg!!
3/ Ljxbj{bi!ujg!!
Ljxbj{bi!ujg!!

-jsf<k!ujg!!
!ujg!!

(formal type) weh<hMl</! -jk! fqjzb! njlh<Hh<! ohx<x! (Institutionalized) ujg! we<Xl<! %Xui</!
uGh<H?! yV! hiviTle<x! njlh<jh! ym<cg<! %m<mh<hMl</! kjzui<?! Kj{k<kjzui<?! osbziti<!
Ohie<x!nZuzi<gt<! fqblqg<gh<hMuii<gt</!djvbimzqe<! gVk<jks<! osbziti<! Gxqk<Kg<! ogit<uii</!
kjzh<Hh<! hx<xqb! himhohiVjt! uqtl<hvh<! hzjgbqz<! yV! GP! wPkq! nz<zK! hmr<gjt! ym<c!
uqtl<hvl<! osb<Bl<! F~zgk<kqzqVf<K!djvbimZg<G!Ou{<cb!Hk<kgr<gt<?!hmr<gt<! Ohie<xux<jxs<!
Osgiqg<g! yV! li{uEl<?! wMk<Kg<ogi{<m! kjzh<jh! hx<xqb! njsUh<hms<! SVt<?Hxk<Okx<X!
F{<gVuqgt<!(prejection equipment) Ohie<xux<jxs<!Osgiqg<g!lx<oxiV!li{uEl<!ohiXh<H!Wx<hi</!

Ljxbj{bi!ujg!!
Ljxbj{bi!ujg!!

(Informal type) weh<hMuK! wh<ohiPKl<Ohiz<! uGh<hqz<! li{ui<gt<! %cg<! gzf<K! NOzisjejb!

fmk<Kui</! Nsqiqbi<! nz<zK! li{ui<gtqz<! yVui<! kjzjl! ugqk<K! djvbimjz! fmk<Kuii</!
Lkzqz<! Nsqiqbiqe<! Olx<hii<jubqz<! djvbimz<! okimr<gOu{<Ml</! li{ui<gtqe<! kqxjl!
uti<s<sqbjmf<Kogi{<M! osz<Zl<ohiPK! Nsqiqbi<! hqe<Eg<G! osz<uii</! djvbimz<! fmk<Kl<!
ohiXh<H! LPuKl<! fitium<mk<kqz<! li{ui<gtqmOl! lix<xh<hm<M! uqMl</! jheqr<! Nsqiqbi<! %XuK!
Ohiz<?! djvbimz<! fmg<Gl<! ohiPK! GPU{i<s<sqBl<?! yu<ouiV! li{uEl<! keK! ohiXh<jh!
d{i<kZl<!Wx<hm<miz<?!nKOu!sqxf<k!ye<X%c!Nvib<kz<!LjxbiGl</!!

djvbimz<!fmk<Kl<ohiPK!Nsqiqbi<!osb<b!Ou{<cbju!!
bju!!

2/ -k<kqm<mk<jkh<!hqe<hx<Xl<ohiPK!Nsqiqbi<gt<!Le<%m<cOb!kbiiqh<Hs<!osb<bOu{<Ml</!
3/ li{ui<! kjzui<gTme<! Le<%m<cOb! gzf<K! osb<kqgjts<! Osgiqk<kz<?! yVr<gjlk<kz<?!
wMk<Kg<%xz<!Ohie<xux<jxk<!oktqUhMk<k!Ou{<Ml</!
4/ djvbimz<! fmk<Kl<ohiPK! gVk<Kgt<! okimi<hx<x! jubig! -Vf<kiZl<?!
ohiVk<klx<xjubig! -Vf<kiZl<?! gueg<! Gjxuqeiz<! %xh<hm<mjubig! -Vf<kiZl<?!
nux<jxg<!g{<Mhqck<K!uqzg<Gl<!kqxjljb!Nsqiqbi<!ohx<xqVg<gOu{<Ml</!
5/ djvbimz<! Olx<ogi{<M! uti<s<sqbjmBl<! ohiPK?! sqz! himh<ohiVjt! uzqBXk<kqg<!
%xOu{<cbqVg<Gl</!nux<jx?!li{ui<gtqe<!guek<kqx<G!Nsqiqbi<!ogi{<Muv!Ou{<Ml</!

hbe<gt<!!

2/ ye<X%c! Nvib<kz<! Ljxjb! Olx<hii<juh<! hch<H! LjxBmEl<?! -g<giz! fqgp<s<sqjbg<!

gx<hqk<kZg<Gh<!hbe<hMk<kzil</!!
3/ li{ui<gtqe<!sqf<kqg<Gl<!kqxjljb!uti<g<g!dkUgqe<xK/!!
4/ djph<H?! kie<! okimr<gix<xz<?! ke<el<hqg<jg?! ke<outqbQM?! Ohie<xux<jx! li{ui<gtqml<!
uti<s<sqbjmBl<hc!-l<Ljx!K~{<Mgqe<xK/!
5/ Dg<Guqk<kz<! we<x! hqvs<sqjejbs<! slitqg<g! Lcgqe<xK/! wMk<Kg<ogi{<m! kjzh<hqeiz<!
df<kh<hm<M!li{ui<gt<!kir<gOt!djvbimzqz<!kQuqvlig!=MhMuii<gt</!!

71
 6/ li{ui<! kjzue<! gVk<Kgjt! uGh<hqe<! yu<ouiV! &jzbqzqVf<Kl<! Ogm<Gl<ohiPK?!
uGh<H! njxbqe<! gim<sq! Dg<gltqg<Gl<hcbig! -Vg<Gl</! uikr<gTl<?! wkqi<uikr<gTl<!
okimi<f<K!fmg<Gl<ohiPK?!wf<k!yu<uik!gVk<K!outqbqmh<hMl<! we<X!li{ui<gt<! %i<f<K!
Ogm<hKl<?! kr<gt<! gVk<Kgjth<! hqxi<! Wx<Gl<hc! npGhmg<! %XuKl<?! uGh<H! njxbqz<!
dx<sigl<!lqGkqbig!Wx<hMujkBl<!fil<!gi{zil</!
7/ yV!kjzueqe<! gQp<g<! %m<MxULjxbqz<! gzf<K!NOzisje!fmk<Kl<! kqxjljb!yu<ouiV!
li{uEl<!njmgqe<xie</!

GjxhiMgt<!!

ye<X%c! Nvib<kz<! ohbvtuqz<! -Vg<GOl! kuqv?! li{ui<gt<! d{<jlbqz<! wu<uqkk<!

K~{<MkZl<! ohxilz<?! Nsqiqbjvk<! kqVh<kq! osb<uOk! Ofig<gligg<! ogi{<M! djvbimzqz<!
=MhMuii<gt</!fitjmuqz<!gueg<!GjxuiekigUl<!ohixqgjt!-bg<GuK!OhizUl<!NgquqMl</!!

okimi<uqz<zikKl<?! hzeqz<zikKlie! djvbimjz! fmk<KuK! gizk<jk! uQ{ig<Gukig!

LcBl</! kjzh<Hg<Gh<! Hxl<hig! djvbimzqz<! =MhmUl<?! ke<! gVk<Kk<! kuxig! -Vh<hqEl<?!
djvbimzqz<! gzf<K! ogit<t! Ou{<Ml<ole<hkx<gig! uikk<kqz<! =MhMuKl<! sqz! li{ui<gtiz<!
Olx<ogit<th<hMl</! -f<kk<! kuXgjt! Nsqiqbi<! kuqi<g<g! ws<siqg<jgBme<! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml/<!
li{ui<gtqe<! dx<sigk<jkg<! Gjxg<gilZl<! nui<gtqe<! diqjljbh<! hxqk<KuqMukigg<! gVKux<G!
uib<h<H!ntqg<gilZl<!Nsqiqbi<!-u<Oujzjbs<!osb<b!Ou{<Ml</!!

kqxjllqg<g! li{ui<gtqz<! sqzi<! djvbimzqz<! kir<gOt! =MhMuii<gOtobipqb?! hqxi<!

gzf<K! ogit<ukx<G! uib<h<Oh! kvlim<mii<gt</! nxqUk<! kqxjlbqz<! GjxhiMjmbui<gt<! kr<gt<!
gVk<jkg<! %xqeiz<! hiqgsqk<kZg<G! dt<tiGOuiOli@! we<X! hbf<K! Le<uvlim<mii<gt</! weOu?!
djvbimjzs<! sqz! li{ui<gOt! nkqgh<! hr<G! wMk<Kg<ogit<tilz<! kMk<Kl<?! hqf<kqb! li{ui<gt<!
hqe<e{qg<Gs<!osz<ujkk<!kjm!osb<uKl<!jg%cb!Nsqiqbiqe<!kqxjljbh<!ohiXk<kqVg<gqe<xK/!!

ye<X%c! Nvib<kz<! Ljxjbh<! hqe<hx<xqeiz<! wMk<Kg<ogi{<m! himk<kqz<! li{ui<gTg<G!

Lkqi<kqxjl! Wx<hmiK! we<X! sqzi<! Gjx%Xgqe<xei</! lx<x! LjxgjtBl<! hqe<hx<xqeiz<kie<!
himk<jk! fe<G! gx<hqg<g! LcBole<Xl<?! wz<zih<! hGkqgjtBl<! Hiqf<K! ogit<uii<gt<! we<Xl<!
%Xgqe<xei</!

fuQe!gx<xz<!Ljxgt<!(Recent Trends)!
!

uti<f<K! uVl<! nxquqbz<! okipqz<Fm<h! uskqg<G! Wx<h! li{ui<gt<! himh<hGkqjb!

-j{bktl<?! lqe<eqbz<! gx<xz<! uq{<{vr<gl<?! gVk<kvr<gl<?! uqeic! uqei?! gzf<Kjvbimz<?!
lqe<eqbz<! gx<hqk<kz<! Ohie<x! hz<OuX! upqgtqz<! gx<Xg<! ogit<gqe<xei</! OlZl<! li{ui<gtqe<!
kqxEg<Ogx<h! kqm<mmlqm<Mg<! gx<xz<?! g{qeq! upqg<! gx<xz<! we! li{ui<gtqe<! Sb! Ougk<kqx<G!
Ni<uk<kqx<Gl<!Wx<h!gx<Xg<!ogit<ui</!

Ng<gk<kqxe<!gx<xz<!(Constructivist Learning)!
!

Ng<gk<kqxe<! gx<xz<! we<hK!gx<hqk<kz<! Ljxbqz<! Gpf<jkgtqe<! Okju!lx<Xl<! d{i<Ug<g!

lkqh<Hg<! ogiMk<K! sqxf<k! gx<xz<! nEhur<gjt!njlk<Kk<! kVkz<! NGl</! Ng<gk<kqxe<! gx<xzqz<!
li{ui<gt<! -bx<jgbig!gx<Gl<! kqxe<! ohXuOkiM!Sblig!gx<Gl<! Lbx<sqbqz<! sqxh<hig!=MhMui</!
Gpf<jk!jlbg<!gz<uqbqe<!sqxf<k!Ljx!hjmh<hix<xz<!nz<zK!Ng<gk<kqxe<!gx<xz<!NGl</!

Ng<gk<kqxe<! gx<xz<! we<hK! Gpf<jkgt<! nui<gt<! gz<uqjb! Sblig?! osbz<upqbqe<! hr<G!

ogi{<M! sqf<kjek<! kqxje! Oll<hMk<kq! sqxf<k! hjmh<Hgjt! dVuig<gqMl<! ujgbqz<! njlf<k!
gz<uq! NGl</! -kqz<! Gpf<jkgtqe<! Ng<gh<h,i<ulie! gx<hjek<! kqxe<! lzv! ohVl<! dkuqbig!
njluK!hjmh<hix<xz<!gz<uq!NGl</!

72
hjmh<hix<xz<!gz<uqbqe<!upqLjxgt<!!

2/ Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<gjt! okiqf<k! gVk<kqz<! -Vf<K! okiqbik! gVk<jk! gx<gk<! Kj{Hiqb!

Ou{<Ml</! himh<ohiVtqe<! ke<jlg<G! Wx<h! sqxf<k! himg<! gVk<jk! Nsqiqbi<! dVuig<gqgg<!
ogiMk<K?!fe<G!gx<g!dku!Ou{<Ml<</!
3/ li{ui<gt<!himk<jk!ke<!Ougk<kqx<G!Wx<h!gx<g!dku!Ou{<Ml</!
!
4/ li{ui<! gx<x! gVk<Kg<gjt! okiGk<K?! okimi<Hjmb! gVk<Kgjt! yVr<gjlk<K! gx<g!
Nsqiqbi<! dXKj{! Hiqb! Ou{<Ml</! li{ui<gt<! himg<! gVk<jk! leujvhmlig! Hiqf<K!
gx<g!dku!Ou{<Ml</!!
!
5/ gx<x!himg<!gVk<jk!yVuVg<ogiVui<!hgqi<f<K!ogit<uke<!&zl<!himg<!gVk<jk!fqjeuqz<!
fqXk<k!-bZl<</!!!
!
!
6/ uGh<hqz<! li{ui<gTg<G!uib<olipq!Oki<U?!wPk<K!Oki<U!&zl<! gx<xjz!lkqh<hQM!osb<K!
Gjxgjt!g{<M?!GjxkQi<!gx<xjz!njlk<Kg<!ogiMg<gzil</!!
!
7/ li{ui<gt<! gx<x! himg<! gVk<jk! leujvhimlig! ujvbs<! osb<uke<! &zl<! him!
jlbg<gVk<jkBl<?! Kj{g<! gVk<jkBl<! -j{f<K! leujvhml<! ujvuke<! &zl<!
li{ui<gtqe<!fqjeuix<xz<!utVl</!!

hbe<gt<!!

2/ li{ui<gtqe<!F{<{xqU!uti<gqxK/!!
3/ sqf<kjek<!kqxe<!uti<s<sq!njmgqxK!!
4/ Hkqb!Hkqb!gVk<Kg<gjt!gx<Gl<!Ni<ul<!Wx<hMgqxK/!!
5/ li{ui<gTg<gqjmOb!gx<hjek<kqxe<!uti<gqxK/!!
6/ gVk<Kgjt!yVr<gjlg<Gl<!kqxe<!uti<gqxK/!

hqvs<sje!nch<hjmbqzie!gx<
jmbqzie!gx<xz<!(Problem based Learning)!
!

s&g! nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<! li{ui<gtqe<! sqf<kje! K~{<Ml<! sqz! hGkqgjt!

li{ui<gTg<Gg<! ogiMk<K! nux<xqx<G! li{ui<gjt! kQi<U! gi{! hbqx<sq! ogiMk<kz<! hqvs<sje!
nch<hjmbqzie! gx<xz<! NGl</! yu<ouiV! li{uEg<Gl<! yV! hqvs<sje! ogiMk<K! nkx<Gk<!
kQi<Ugi{! hbqx<sq! ntqg<gh<hMl</! s&g! nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<! yV! sqz! hGkqgjt! lm<Ml<! Hkqi<!
nch<hjmbqzie!gx<xZg<G!hbe<hMk<k!LcBl</!

Hkqi<!kQi<hhkqz<!nmr<gqBt<t!fqjzgt<!!

2/ Nsqiqbi<!_uq!(Dewey) gVk<Kh<hc!-kqz<!Jf<K!hcfqjzgt<!dt<te!!
3/ Hkqi<gjt!nxqf<K!Oki<f<okMk<kz</!(Discovery and Selection of Problem)!
3. Hkqi<!kQi<g<g!LcU!osb<kz</ (Collection and Organisation of Data)
4. uqtg<gl<!Oki<f<okMk<kz<!(Drawing of conslusion)
6/ Oki<f<okMk<<k!uqtg<gl<!hiqsQzqk<kz<!(Verification or evaluation of conclusion)!

Hkqi<!nch<hjmbqzie!gx<
jmbqzie!gxxzqz<
<xzqz<!Nsqiqbiqe<
Nsqiqbiqe!
< hr<G!!
!!

2/ li{ui<gt<! gx<Gl<! Hkqi<! kr<gTjmbOk! we! li{ui<! fqjeg<Gl<! $p<fqjzjb! Nsqiqbi<!

dVuig<g!Ou{<Ml</!!
3/ Hkqi<!kQi<h<hkx<gie!upqLjxgjt!Nsqiqbi<!%x!Ou{<Ml</!

73
 4/ li{ui<! wMk<k! LcU! siqbqz<jz! weqz<! njk! oktqUx<x! fqjzbqz<! -Vh<hjk! oktqU!
ohxs<!osb<b<!Ou{<Ml</!!
5/ Yi<! N{<ce<! Lkz<! -v{<M! hVuk<kqz<! s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! gx<X! hqe<! &e<xiuK!
hGkqbqz<!Hkqi<!kQI<g<Gl<!Ljxjb!jgbi{<M!hbqx<sq!ogiMg<g!Ou{<Ml</!!

hbe<gt<!!

li{ui<gTg<G!Hkqb!sqf<kje?!K~{<mh<hm<M!nxqUk<kqxe<!%i<jl!NgqxK/!!
Hkqi<gt<! uip<g<jgObiM! -j{f<kkig! -Vh<hkiz<! yu<ouiV! li{uEl<! kir<gt<!
uip<g<jgbqz<! wPl<! hqvs<sjegjt! wtqkig! slitqg<Gl<! kqxjl! ohx<xui<gtig! uvuib<h<H!
Wx<hMgqxK/!!
Hkqi<!kQv!nch<hjmbqzie!gx<xziz<!li{ui<gTg<G!Gcjlh<h{<H!uti<gqxK/!!
li{ui<gTg<G!%m<MxU!leh<hie<jl!uti<gqxK/!
li{ui<gTgG! lx<xui<gtqe<! gVk<Kg<gjt! h{<Hme<! Wx<Xg<! ogit<Tl<! leh<hg<Gul<!
Wx<hMgqxK/!!

Gjxgt<!!

2/ Hkqi<! nch<hjmbqzie!gx<xz<! yV!sqz!hGkqgTg<G!lm<Ml!uib<h<H!ogiMh<hkiz<! nui<gt<!

wz<zih<!himr<gjtBl<!gx<gilz<!Ohib<uqMgqxK/!
!!
3/ Hkq<i<kQi<! gx<xz<! Ljxbqz<! njek<K! li{ui<gTl<! lqGf<k! hr<gtqh<Hme<! osbz<hMuK!
NGl</!

&jt!
&jt!sii<f<k!gx<xz<!(Brain-based Learning)!
!

&jts<! sii<f<k! gx<xz<! we<hK! gx<hqk<kz<! Ljx?! himucujlh<H?! nxquix<xz<! Ohie<x!

giv{qgt<! dm<hm<m! nxquqbz<! Nvib<s<sqjb! nch<hjmbigg<! ogi{<m! ht<tqk<! kqm<mr<gt<! hx<xq!
Gxqh<hK! NGl</! OlZl<! li{ui<gtqe<! ubK?! uti<s<sq?! s&g! Lkqi<s<sq! lx<Xl<! d{i<Uh,i<ulig!
nxqBl<!F{<{xqU!sii<f<k!gx<xz<!Ljx!NGl</!

-e<X! gz<uqbiti<gtqjmOb! &jts<! sii<f<k! gx<xz<?! gz<uqbiti<gtqjmOb! uqiqUhMk<k!

LcBl<!we<x!ohiKuie!fl<hqg<jgk<!K~{<mh<hMgqxK/!

gmf<k! giz! lvHfqjzg<! gz<uqLjxbqz<! we<e?wh<hcg<! gx<Oxil<! we<x! nElier<gjt!

uqmUl<?! &jts<! sii<f<k! gx<xz<! osbz<Ljxg<! gx<xz<?! nxquqbz<! nch<hjmbqzie?! $p<fqjzs<!
sii<f<k!gx<xz<!weh<hMgqxK/!
!!

dkiv{lig! dtUk<Kjx! yV! fhiqe<! uip<g<jg! LPuKl! lixilz<! yV! fqjzbie!

ke<jl! djmbK! we<hjk! uquiqk<Kg<! %XuK! we! njeuviZl<! fl<hh<hMgqxK/! nK! yV!
fqjzbie!ke<jl!djmbK!we!wMk<Kjvg<gqxK/!!

slQhk<kqb!nxquqbz<! g{<Mhqch<Hgt<! leqk!&jt!sqz!hbqx<sqg<Gh<! hqe<! kqxe<gt<! Oll<hm<M!

gz<uqk<! kqm<mr<gt<! ucujlg<gh<hm<M?! sqxf<k! uGh<hjxg<! gx<xz<! nEhur<gt<! uti<s<sq! njmf<K!
fQ{<m!gizk<!kig<gk<jk!Wx<hMk<kq!dt<te/!

&jts<! sii<f<k! gx<xz<! &zl<! &jt! lix<xl<?! Hkqb! nEhur<gt<?! Hkqb! ! gVk<Kg<gjt!
nxqf<K! kr<gjt! kir<Ot! sQvjlk<Kg<! ogit<Tl<! kqxe<! ohXkz<?! nxquqbz<! okipqz<Fm<hk<!
kqxe<gjt!sqf<kqk<K!&jt!lix<xl<! Ohie<x!osbz<gTg<G!dXKj{!HiqgqxK/!-K!yV!fvl<hqbz<!
nxquqbz<!gx<xz<!weh<hMl</!-ke<!&zl<!yOv!slbk<kqz<!hz!osbz<hiMgjts<!osb<b!dkUgqxK/!

-j{f<K!gx<
!gx<xz<!nz<zK!%m<Mg<!gx<xz<!(Collabaration Learning)!
!

74
 -v{<M! nz<zK! -v{<cx<Gl<! Olx<hm<Omi! %m<mig! Osi<f<K! gx<xzqz<! hzuqk! Ljxgjth<!
hqe<hx<xq?! yVr<gqj{f<K! gx<Gl<! $p<fqjzjb! dVuig<gz<! -j{f<K! gx<xz<! nz<zK! %m<Mg<!
gx<xz<!weh<hMl</!

fie<G!nch<hjmg<!Ogim<hiMgt<
iMgt<!

2/ gx<hui<!nz<zK!li{ui<!nxqUXk<kz<!&zl<!gx<xz<!!
3/ gVk<Kg<gjt!yVr<gqj{h<H!osb<kZg<G!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!kVkz</!
4/ gx<xzqz<!GP!Oujz!!
5/ dzgh<!hqvs<sjeg<Gk<!kQi<Ugi{!njlh<H!n[GLjxBme<!ye<xqj{f<Kg<!gx<xz</!

gx<xz<!osbz<Ljx!!
jx!!

-j{f<K!gx<xzqz<! gx<Ohii<! yVuVg<ogiVui<! gVk<Kg<gjt!gzf<Kjvbimz<! &zl<! kr<gt<!

nEhur<gjt! OfVg<! Ofi<! hgqi<f<K! ogit<tz</g{qeq! gzf<Kjvbimz<?nvm<jm! nvr<gl<?Kjv!
uz<Zfi<gTme<! gVk<Kg<gjt! uq{<{vr<gl<! &zl<! gVk<ktiUkz<! osb<kz<?Gps<osbz<hiMgt<!
&zl<!gVk<Kgjt!yVuVg<ogiVui<!hgqi<f<K!ogit<tz</!!

-j{f<Kg<! gx<xzqz<! sgli{ui<! gx<xz<?! sg! li{ui<! gx<hqk<kz<! lx<Xl<! sqXsqX! GPuig!
gVk<Kg<gjt! gzf<Kjvbimz<! osb<kz<?! hqvs<sjeg<G! kQi<Ugi{z<! &zl<! himg<! gVk<Kg<gjtg<!
li{ui<!gx<hi</!

uGh<hqz<! li{ui<gTg<G!Kj{g<! gVuqgjt!hbqx<Xuqh<hiti<! hck<kz<! lx<Xl!uQcObig<gt<!

&zl<!nxqLgh<hMk<Kui</!

himg<gVk<Kgjt!GPOujz!lx<Xl<!osb<K!gx<xz<!&zl<!oktquigg<!gx<hi</!

li{ui<gtqe<! Ogt<uqgTg<Gl<! Osikje! lx<Xl<! Oki<Ugt<! &zl<! hGh<hib<U! osb<K!

gVk<Kg<gjt!GPuig!hgqi<f<K!ogit<tz<!&zl<!ohiqb!n{qgtqz<!gzf<Kjvbimz<!&zl<!hgqi<f<K!
oktquigg<!gx<hi</!

-j{f<K!gx<xzqe<!fe<jlgt<!!

2/ li{ui<gt<! s&gs<! $pzqz<! -j{f<K! hz<OuX! Ljxgjt! hqe<hx<xqg<! gx<hkiz<!

dbi<sqf<kje?!gVk<Kh<!hiqlix<xl<?!Olzi{<jl?!kjzjlh<!h{<H!kqxe<!uti<gqxK/!
3/ uGh<hqz<!li{ui<!Nsqiqbi<!okimi<H!Oll<hMgqxK/!
4/ li{ui<gTg<G!ohiXh<H{i<U!uti<gqxK/!
5/ uz<Zei<gtqjmOb!Hiqf<K{i<U!nkqgiqg<gqxK/!

-j{f<K! gx<xziz<! li{ui<gt<! hz<OuX! Ljxgjt! hbe<hMk<kq! Nsqiqb! hbqx<Xeiqe<!

upqgim<mZme<! yVr<gq{f<K! GPuig! osb<K! gx<xz<! lx<Xl<! he<Lgg<! gx<xziz<! himg<!
gVk<Kg<gjt! li{ui<gt<! oktquig! Gph<hl<! -e<xq! gx<hkiz<! -K! li{ui<gTg<G! hbEt<t!
gx<xz<!NGl</!!

S{<cg<!gx<xz<!(Fliped Learning)!
!

S{<cg<! gx<xz<! we<hK! yV! upqgim<M! ofxqLjxg<Gm<mhm<m! uGh<hjxg<G! outqOb!

Ne<jze<! &zl<! himg<! gVk<Kgjt! upr<Gl<! hivl<hiqb! gx<xz<! $pjz! dVuig<Gl<!
yVujg!gx<xz<!NGl</!

!
!

75
 gVk<K!
Nvib<s<sq! yzq!
.! ytqhkqUgt<!
gVk<K!
ujzktl<!
hck<kz<!
!
!
!!!!!!!!!

!
ohiVt<!
hbe<hMk<Kkz<! !
dVuig<gz<!
kqes<osbz<Ljx! ! uqeicuqei!
hqvs<sje! kQvgx<xz<! ! Ne<jze<!
hiqOsikje! ! gzf<Kjvbimz<!
hr<Gohxz<!!
! !
!
!
!
! ! !

S{<cg<!gx<xz<!uGh<hjxbqe<!Lg<gqb!Ofig<gl<!(Aim)!

2/ li{ui<gtqe<! osbz<upqg<! gx<xZg<G! Lg<gqbk<Kul<! ogiMk<<kz<! gVk<KVg<! gx<xZg<G!

uib<h<Hg<!ogiMk<kz</!
3/ li{ui<gTg<G!OfVg<GOfi<!uGh<H!gx<xZg<G!Lg<gqbk<Kul<!ntqk<kz</!
4/ li{ui<gt<!osif<k!nxqju!hbe<hMk<kq!gVk<K!outqbqmosb<kz</!
5/ hjmh<hix<xz<!lx<Xl<!nui<gtqe<!nxqju!uti<k<kz<!!
6/ li{ui<gt<!Sblig?sg!li{ui<lx<Xl<!Ohikgiqe<!hz<OuX!hqe<E~m<ml<!ohXkz</!

gx<xz<!Ljx!(Learning
Ljx! !
Methods)!

2/ himg<gVk<Kgt<! osbz<hiMgt<! lx<Xl! <NOzisgi<! upqgim<mZme<! uQm<Mh<himl<! osb<kz<?!

Ne<jze<! uqiqUjvgt<! lx<Xl<! -j{k<Kg<! gx<xz<! &zl<! gzf<Kjvbimz<?! Nvib<s<sq!
osb<kz<!&zl<!himg<!gVk<Kgt<!oktquigg<!gx<g!upq!osb<bh<hMgqxK/!!
3/ li{ui<gjt! osbz<upqg<! gx<xZg<G! Dg<Guqh<hkiz<! nK! wu<uiX! himg<! gVk<jk!
gx<gzil<!we<hkx<G!yV!hqvkqhzqh<hig!njlgqxK/!
4/ osbz<upqg<! gx<xz<! Bg<kqbqe<! Lg<gqb!Ofig<gl<! li{ui<gTg<G!fQkqofxq!uti<gqxK/!OlZl<!
hGk<kxqBl<!sqf<kje?!GPOujz?!okiGk<kxqBl<!kqxe<!uti<s<sq!njmgqxK/!!

fe<jlgt<!!

2/ li{ui<gt<! osbz<upqbig! gx<hkiz<! himg<gVk<jk! oktquigg<! Gph<hl<! -e<xq! gx<Xg<!

ogit<gqe<xei</!
3/ Ne<jze<!&zl!hz<OuX!upqgtqz<!gx<hkkiz<!hjmh<hix<xz<!kqxe<!uti<gqxK/!
4/ li{ui<gTg<Gk<!ke<el<hqg<jg!uti<gqxK!!
5/ SbOugg<!gx<xz<!nkqgiqg<g!uib<h<H!Wx<hMgqxK/!

gzjug<!gx<xz<!(Blended Learning)!
!

gzjug<! gx<xz<! we<hK! hivl<hiqb! uGh<hjxg! gx<xz<! lx<Xl<! Skf<kqvlig! gx<xZme<!

-j{f<k! yV! Hkqb! lqe<eqbz<sii<f<k! gzjug<! gx<xz<! Ljx! NGl</-g<gx<xzqz<! uGh<hjxbqz<!

76
Nsqiqbi<! g{qeq! Kj{g<! ogi{<M! li{ui<gtqjmOb! n[Gl<! Ljx! lx<Xl<! Nsqiqbiqe<!
n[GLjx!Sblig!liXhm<mkig!njlgqxK/!

gzjug!gx<xz<
z!
< likqiqbqe<!hqiqUgt
hqiqUgt<
gt!
< (Blended Learning Model Parts)<<!!

gz<uqbiti<gtqjmOb!gzjug<!gx<xz<!likqiqbqz<!gi{h<hMl<!hqiqUgt<!&e<X!

2/ keqh<hm<m!uGh<hjxs<!osbz<hiMgjt!hbqx<sq!ohx<x!hbqx<Xeviz<!wtqkig<Gkz</!!
3/ Ne<jzeqz<!gx<hqk<kz<!gVuqgjt!uqiqUjvbitOv!dmEg<Gme<!hkqU!osb<kz<!!
4/ hkqU! osb<bh<hm<m! gVuqgt<! li{ui<gtqe<! uGh<hjx! kqxe<gt<! utis<sqg<G! upqgim<cbig!
njlb!upq!osb<kz</!

gx<xz<!Ljx!(Learning
Ljx! !
Methods)!

2/ gzjug<! gx<xzqz<! Ofvc! -jmuqje! HiqkZg<G! uib<h<H! njlk<Kg<! ogiMk<K! gx<hqk<kz<!

osb<kz</! hkqU! osb<bh<hm<m! gVuqgjt! li{ui<gt<! Ofvl<! gqjmg<Gl<! ohiPK! Sblig!
gx<Gl<! $pjz! dVuig<gqg<! ogiMk<kz</! -keiz<! li{ui<gtqjmOb! Sbg<gx<xz<! Oll<hm<M!
hqvs<sje!kQi<g<Gl<!kqxe<!uti<gqxK/!
3/ li{ui<gt<! Ne<jze<! &zl<! OfVg<G! Ofi<! gzf<Kjvbimz<! &zl<! gx<hkiz! =Mhim<Mme<!
gx<g!Kj{Hiqkz</!
4/ li{ui<gt<! Ne<jze<! himg<! gVk<jk! hz<OuX! Ljxgtqz<! gx<X! oktqU! ohx<X! uQm<Mh<!
himk<jk!Nsqiqbi<!upqgim<mZme<!uGh<hjxbqz<!osb<b!juk<kz</!
5/ Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<gTg<G! sqxf<k! gx<xz<! $pjz! dVuig<gq! sqxf<k! Sbg<gx<xz<!
nEhr<gjth<!ohx!uib<h<H!Wx<hMk<kqg<!ogiMk<kz</!
6/ Nsqiqbiqe<! Olx<hii<jubqz<! Skf<kqvlig! hivl<hiqb! gx<xz<! $pjz! dVuig<gqg<! ogiMk<kz<!
Ou{<Ml</!

fe<jlgt<!!

li{ui<gt<!Nsqiqbiqe<!upqgim<mZme<!sqxh<hig!gx<hi</!
Ne<jze<!gx<xziz<!li{ui<gTg<G!Sbgx<xz<!nEhul<!Oll<hMl<!!
hjmh<hix<xz<! kqxe<! uti<s<sq! ohx<X! himg<gVk<jkk<! oktquig?! Ni<ulig! gx<hi<! gx<xz<!
Oll<hMl</!

lqe<eqbz<!gx<xz<!(E - Learning)!
!

lqe<eqbz<! gx<xz<! we<hK! uGh<hjxg<G! gx<xZg<G! Oll<hm<m?! lqe<eqbz<! K~{<mz<gt<! fqjxf<k!

$pzqz<! (Electronically stimulated environment) gx<xz<! fjmohXkz<! NGl</! -kx<G! ujvktl<?!
-j{bktl<?! g{qeq! Ohie<xux<jxg<! ogi{<M! hbqx<sq! ntqg<gh<hMgqxK/! lqe<eqbz<! Ljxbqz<!
gx<Ohii<!Oll<hm<m!gx<xz<!nEhur<gjth<!ohXui</!lqe<eqbz<!upqg<gx<xzqz<!!

2/ hbqx<sqbtqk<kz<!!
3/ Okjubiek<!kguz<gjt!dmecbigg<!gqjmg<gg<!osb<kz<!lx<Xl<!!
4/ uz<Zei<gtqe<! upqgim<Mkz<! ohx! uib<h<Hg<! ogiMk<kz<! we<x! &e<X! osbz<gt<! nmr<gq!
dt<tK/!

lqe<eqbz<! gx<xzqz<! himh<ohiVm<gt<! yzq?! ytq?! djvfjm?! dbqOvim<ml<! ogi{<m! dVuh<hmr<gt<!

&zl<!gx<hkiz<!yu<ouiVuVl<!sqxh<hie!gx<xz<!nEhur<gjth<!ohXui</!!

lqe<eqbz<!upqg<!gx<xzqe<!ujggt<!!

2/ nxquii<f<k!kguz<!kqvm<M(Knowledge Database)!
3/ lqe<eqbz<!okimi<H!&zl<!dkuq!gqjmk<kz<!(Online Support)!

77
 4/ yVr<gqj{g<gh<hmik!hbqx<sq!(Asynchronous Training)!
5/ yVr<gqj{g<gh<hm<m!hbqx<sq!(Synchronous Training)!

nxquii<f<k!kguz<!kqvm<M!!
!!

-j{bktk<kqz<! dt<t! flg<Gk<! Okjubie! kguz<gjt! OkMktk<kqe<! Kj{g<ogi{<M!

okimi<Hjmb! osix<gjt! g{qeq! uqjsh<hzjgbqz<km<ms<S! osb<K! uquvr<gjt! hmr<gt<! lx<Xl<!
osb<kqjb!hii<k<K!Hiqf<K!ogit<tzil<</!

lqe<eqbz<!okimi<H!&zl<!dkuq!gqjmk<kz<!!

Gxqh<hqm<m! uquvr<gjt! lqe<! nR<sz<! okijzK~v! djvbimz<! OlZl<! lqe<eqbz<! Ljxbqz<!

osb<kqgjt!nEh<Hkz<!ohXkz<!&zl<!himk<!kguz<gjtg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<tzil</!

yVr<gqj{g<gh<hmik!hbqx<sq!
q!

li{ui<gt<! SbOugk<kqz<! -j{b! ktk<kqz<! ujvkt! uquvr<gjt! hck<K! OlZl<! sg!

li{ui<!lx<Xl<!NsqiqbVme<!gzf<Kjvbimz<!osb<K!himh<hGkqjb!oktquigg<!gx<hi</!

yVr<gqj{g<gh<hm<m!hbqx<sq!!
q

-l<Ljxbqz<! hbqx<sq! ohx! yV! li{ui<! yV! Gxqh<hqm<m! himk<kqx<G! -.gx<xz<! li{ui<gt<?!
NsqiqbVme<! Ofvcbigk<! okimi<H! ogi{<M! gVk<Kg<gjt! ohx<Xg<! gx<hi</! -jk! li{ui<gt<!
wf<Ofvk<kqZl<!gx<gzil<nz<zK!uVml<!LPuKl<!himh<hGkqjbg<!gx<gzil</!

lqe<eqbz<!gx<xzqe<!hbe<gt<!!

2/ li{i<gt<!SbOugk<kqz<!gx<gzil</!
3/ li{ui<gt<! uqVl<Hl<! Ofvk<kqz<?! uqVl<Hl<! -mk<kqz<<?! uqVl<Hl<! $pzqz<! gx<g! uib<h<H!
gqjmg<gqxK/!!
4/ Gxqh<hqm<m!himh<hGkqjb!Ouglig!gx<g!LcBl</!!
5/ Lh<hiqli{s<! $pzqz<! himh<hGkqjbg<! gx<hkiz<! gx<xju! fQ{<m! fim<gt<! lekqz<! fqjzk<K!
fqx<Gl</!
6/ gx<Gl<!-ml<!osz<ukx<G!hb{s<!oszU!-z<jz/!OfvLl<!lqs<sl<!NGl</!!
7/ gx<xz<!oszUg<!GjxU/!
8/ Oujz! osb<K! ogi{<M! -Vh<OhiVl<! kr<gTg<G! ogi{<M! kr<gTg<G! dgf<k! Ofvk<kqz<!
Okjubie! himr<gjt! gx<Xg<ogit<tzil<! gzf<Kjvbimz<! fqgp<k<Kujk! uq{<! nvr<gl<!
we<gqOxil</!

ytq!uq{<{vr<gl<!(Video Conferencing)!
!!

okijz!K~vk<kqz<! -Vh<hui<gt<! Ofvcbigk<! okimi<H!ogi{<M!kr<gTg<Gt<! gzf<Kjvbimz!

fqgp<k<Kujk!uq{<! nvr<gl<! we<gqOxil</!gz<uqbqz<! -l<Ljxjbh<! hbe<hMk<Kuke!&zl<! hz<OuX!
gz<uq! fqXuer<gtqz<! hbqZl<! li{ui<gt<! ouu<OuX?! gz<uq! utigr<gtqz<! -Vh<Ohii<! lx<Xl<!
kjzsqxf<k! Ohvisqbi<gTme<! Ofvck<! okimi<H! ogi{<M! NOzisje! ohxzil</! -l<Ljx! &zl<!
okijzKivk<kqz<! -Vh<hui<gTme<! okimi<H! ogi{<M! kr<gt<! gVk<Kgjt! hiqlixzil</! OlZl<?!
kr<gt<!sf<Okgr<gjt!fqui<k<kq!osb<K!ogit<tzil</!

ytquq{<!nvr<gk<kqz<!okijzg<
okijzg<gim<sq!!
q!!

yzq! njlh<Hgt<! Lkzqbux<jxh<! hbe<hMk<kq! lqe<eqbz<! Dmgl<! uibqzig! gVk<kvr<gqz<!

hr<G!ohXOuii<!OfVg<G!Ofi<!g{<M!gVk<Kg<gjt!hiqlixqg<!ogit<tzil</!

uq{<!nvr<gk<kqe<!fe<jlgt<!!

78
 2/ okijzK~vk<kqz<!-Vh<hui<gTme<!gVk<Kgjt!wtqkig!hiqlixqg<!ogit<tzil</!
3/ Nsqiqbi<gt<!li{ui<gtqe<!gx<xjzk<!Kug<gq!gm<Mh<hMk<Kl<!Ljx!Njgbiz<!-l<Ljxjb!
li{ui<gt<!nkqgl<!uvOux<gqe<xei</!!
4/ li{ui<gt<! kr<gt<! gz<uq! fqXuer<gTme<! gx<xKme<! OlZl<! yV! Kj{! njlh<hig!
-ke<&zl<!OlZl<!kguz<gjtg<!gx<gqe<xei</!!
5/ sqg<gelie! Ljxbqz<! li{ui<gt<! fqjxbk<! kguz<gjt! Gjxf<k! oszuqz<! gx<Xg<!
ogit<gqe<xei</!

uquikk<kqx<Gl<!sqf<kjeg<Glie!uqeig<gt<!

2/ uqiqUjv!Ljxbqje!uqiquig!wPKg!
3/ s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kz<!Ljxbqz<!hqvs<sjeg<gie!kQi<k<kz<!Ljxbqjeh<!hx<xq!uqtg<Gg/!
4/ osbz<!kqm<m!Ljxjb!uqtg<Gg!
5/ s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqg<Gl<OhiK!&zLjxjb!wu<uqkl<!hbe<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml</!
6/ Ytq!uq{<{vr<gl<!hx<xq!uqtg<Gg/!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! nzG!6!!
nzG!6!!

s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kZg<gie!ut&zr<gt<!

!
(Resources for Effective Social Science Teaching)!
!

Ofig<gr<gt<!!

-h<himl<!LcUXl<!kVuibqz<!li{u!Nsqiqbi<!!

2/s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kZg<gie!hz<OuX!utr<gjt!uqtg<Gui</!

3/gx<hqk<kz<!osbz<hiMgtqz<!sLkib!utr<gjt!hbe<hMk<Kui</!

4/kguz<!lx<Xl<!okipqz<Fm<h!utr<gjt!ogi{<M!gx<hqk<kz<!!

5/s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kZg<G!Okjubie!uqeig<gjt!njmbitl<!gi{<hi</!

Le<Ejv!
jv!

LPjlbie! fqjxU! ohx<x! uip<g<jgg<G! dkUuOk! gz<uqbqe<! Ofig<gligUl<! njk! njmukqz<!

=MhMl<! gVuqbig! gx<hqk<kz<! uqtg<GuK/! gx<hqk<kz<! li{ui<gtqe<! fqjz! himh<! ohiVTg<Ogx<h!

79
hz<OuX! F~z<gtqz<! njlgqe<xK/! nK! nxqU! lel<! dmz! sii<fk < ! wPs<sqgtqe<! okiGh<hig!
dt<tK/! Hze<! upqg<gx<xz<! li{ui<gTg<G! sqxh<hie! ujgbqz<! gx<xjz! nxqukx<Gl<! nK!
fQck<kqVg<gUl<! hbe<hMgqxK/weOu! nuiqe<! dbqiq! s&g! nxquqbz<! nxqjuh<! ohXukqz<! njmBl<!
gx<xz<! nEhur<gtqe<! Jl<Hze<gTg<G! =MhMl<hc! uib<h<htqg<g! Ou{<Ml</! -ux<jxk<! kVukx<Gk<!
kx<OhiK!gx<hqk<kz<!utr<gt<!hbe<hMgqxK/!

ns<scg<gh<hm<m!ut&zr<gt<!(Print resources) !

li{ui<gTg<G! himg<gVk<jk! ns<Sucuqz<! Hk<kgl<?! hVu! -kp<?fiOtM?! Olx<Ogit<<!

Hk<kgl<?! gjzg<gtR<sqbl<! we! hz<OuX! ucur<gtqz<! ns<sck<K! oktquig! ogiMh<hK!
ns<scg<gh<hm<m!ut!&zr<gt<!weh<hMl</!!

li{ui<gTg<G! himg<gVk<jk! gx<hqh<hkx<G! hz<OuX! upqLjxgjt! hbe<hMk<Kgqe<xei</!

nkqz<! ns<S! ucuqz<! ogiMh<hK! ns<scg<gh<hm<mju! we<h<hMl</! himg<gVk<K?! hmr<gt<?! osb<kqgt<?!
likqiq! dVur<gt<?! gim<sqgt<! okiGh<Hgt<! we! hz<OuX! ujgbig! -Vh<hqEl<! nux<jx! ns<S!
ucuqz! ogiMk<kiz<! nux<jx! oktquig! Hiqf<K! Ni<uligg<! gx<hi</! ns<scg<gh<hm<m! utr<gtqz<!
hz<OuX!ujggt<!-Vg<gqxK!nux<jx!yu<ouie<xig!hii<h<Ohil</!

osb<kqk<kit<!(Newa Papers)!
!

hz<OuX! osb<kqgt<! nmr<gqb! yV! okiGh<H! osb<kqk<kit<! weh<hMl</-kqz<! ne<xim! dzg!

fmh<Hgjt! lg<gTg<G! hz<OuX! ucuqz<! okiquqg<gqxK/! OlZl<?! ne<xim! nvsqbz<! fqgp<Ugt<?!
dzgqe<! hz<OuX!-mr<gtqz<! fjmohXl<! ue<Ljx!osb<kqgt<! lx<Xl<! gz<uqs<! osb<kqgt<?!hz<OuX!
-mr<gtqz<! fjmohXl<! uqjtbim<Ms<! osb<kqgt<?! kx<osbzig! fjmohXl<! fqgp<Ugt<?! fim<ce<!
fmh<Hgt<!Ohie<xux<jx!dmEg<Gme<!okiquqg<Gl<!yV!sqxf<k!sikel!osb<kqk<kit<!NGl</!

osb<kqk<kitqz<! lifqzs<! osb<kqgt<?! lium<ms<! osb<kqgt<?! ui<k<kg! osb<kqgt<?! uqtl<hvl<?!

Oujzuib<h<Hs<! osb<kqgt<! njek<Kl<! lg<gTg<G! nxquqh<hkiz<! -ke<&zl<! lg<gtqjmOb! yV!
uqpqh<H{i<U! Wx<hMgqxK/! kx<ohiPK! osb<kqk<kit<gt<! -f<K?! kqel{q?! lijzlzi<?! kqelzi<?!
kqegve<?! lijz! LvS?! gijzg<gkqi<! we! hz<OuX! ohbiqz<! hqsSiqg<gh<hm<mM! kguz<! gjz! hz!
ucuqz<! lg<gTg<G! dmEg<Gme<! okiquqg<gqxK/! -keiz<! li{ui<gt<?! ohiKlg<gt<?!
nvsqbz<uikqgt<?!gz<uq!fqXuer<gt<?!ui<k<kgi<gt<!njeuVl<!lqGf<k!hbe<!njmgqe<xei</!

fiOtM!(Journals)!
fiOtM! !

s&g! nxquqbqz<! fqgp<Ugt<! kguz<gt<! nmr<gqbkiGl</! hz<OuX! Kjv! uz<Zfi<gt<! gz<uq!

lx<Xl<! hz<OuX! Kjx! sii<f<k! kjzh<Hgjt! Oki<f<okMk<K! kjzh<Hk<! okimi<hie! hz<OuX!
gVk<Kgt<! nmr<gqb! yV! -kp<! NGl</! -K! fie<G! likl<! ye<X?! 7! likl<! ye<X! uVml! -v{<M!
we!ns<sigq!outqbqmh<hMl</!!

hz! kguz<gtqz<! hz<OuX! gz<uqs<! osb<kqgjt! nxqf<K! ogit<t! Kj{HiqgqxK/! OlZl<?!

hz<OuX! Nb<U! nmr<gz<gt<! kir<gqb! osb<kqgTl<! outquVgqxK/-f<fiOtMgjt! hch<hkiz<!
gz<uqk<! kguz<gjt! gx<Xg<! ogit<gqe<xei</! fiOtMgjt! hch<hkiz<! Nb<U! sl<hf<klie! hz<OuX!
kguz<gjt!Nb<U!li{ui<gt<! gx<X!kir<gt<! Olx<ogit<Tl<! Nb<uqx<G!yV!Le<likqiq!kguzig!
wMk<Kg<!ogit<gqe<xei</!!

fiOtMgjt! hch<hke<! &zl<! yu<ouiV! kjzh<Hs<! sii<f<k! Nb<uqe<! LcUgt<?! Nb<uqe<!

keqs<! sqxh<Hgt<! OlZl<! Hkqb!Nb<uqx<G!dkUl<! sqz!gVk<Kg<gjt!kir<gq!uVl<! yV!okiGh<hig!
-Vg<gqxK/kjzsqxf<k! hz! gz<uq! uz<Zfi<gt<! kVl<! gVk<kqzqVf<K! Olx<ogit<Tl<! Nb<uqx<G! le<!
likqiq!kguzigUl<!fiOtMgt<!-Vg<gqxK/!!

fiOtiMgtqz<! hz<OuX! kjzh<hqx<Gk<! kGf<k! gVk<kqx<G! Wx<xix<Ohie<x! ujvhmr<gt<?!

Ogim<Mh<! hmr<gt<?! nm<muj{gt<! &zl<! kjzh<H! sii<f<k! keqs<sqxh<Hgjt! nxqf<K!

80
ogit<tzil</fiOtMgt<! &zl<! ohixqbqbz<?! Outi{<jl?! gz<uqbqbz<?! uqR<Riel<?! u{qguqbz<?!
ohiVtikivl<?! uqzr<gqbz<?! g{g<gqbz<?! -zg<gqbl<?! nvsqbz<?! nxquqbz<! we! hz<OuX! Kjxsii<f<k!
gVk<Kg<gjtk<!okt<tk<oktquig!nxqf<K!ogit<t!ohVl<!dkuqbig!-Vg<gqxK/!

hVu!-kp<!(Magazines)!
!

hz! gz<uq! fqXuer<gt<! ng<gz<uqbi{<M! -Xkqbqz<! outqbqMl<! yV! -kp<! NGl<! -K! yV!
hVu!-kp<!NGl<!yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!hVuk<kqz<!fmf<k!fqgp<<s<sqgtqe<!okiGh<H!NGl</!

hz!gz<uq!fqXuer<gt<! yu<ouiV!gz<uq!N{<ce<! -Xkqbqz<! gz<uqbi{<M!okimg<gl<! Lkz<!

ng<gz<uq! N{<M! LcBl<! ujv! dt<t! osb<kqgt<! nmr<gqb! yV! -kp<! hVu! -kp<! weh<hMl</!
nkiuK!yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!hVuk<kqz<!fmf<k!fqgp<s<sqgtqe<!okiGh<H!NGl</!

yV!okipqz<! fqXuer<gt<?!uqbihiv!ui<k<kg!fqXuer<gt<! okimg<gl<! Lkz<! yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!

hVul<!ujv!dt<t!osb<kqgt!nmr<gqbk<!okiGh<H!hVu!-kp<gt<!NGl</!

hVu!-kpqz<! yV!hVuk<kqz<! fqgp<f<k!fqgp<s<sqgjt!njeuVg<Gl<! okiquqg<gqe<x!fqgp<Uk<!

okiGh<H! NGl</hVu! -kp<! yu<ouiV! hVuk<kqe<! -Xkqbqz<! nxquqg<Gl<! osb<kq! okiGh<H! NGl</!
-h<hVu! -kp<gt<! &zl<! uVr<giz! sf<kkqbqei<! hz<OuX! kguz<gjt! wtqkig! nxqf<K! ogit<t!
ohVl<! dkuqbig! -Vg<gqxK/! -s<! osb<kq! hmr<gtigOui?! kguz<! okiGh<hig! hz! gVk<Kg<gjt!
gx<Xg<!ogit<t!dkUgqxK/!!

Olx<Ogit<!Hk<kgr<gt<!(Audio resources) !

yV! himl<?! yV! kjzh<Hk<! okimi<hie! hz! gVk<Kg<gt<! nmr<gqb! okiGh<H! Olx<Ogit<!
Hk<kgl<! weh<hMl</! yV! himk<! okimi<hie! nkqgivh<! h,i<ulie! uqiquie! kguz<! nxqb! hbe<hMuK!
yV!Hk<kgl<!NGl</!

kjzh<Hk<! okimi<hig! nxqf<k! kguz<! lx<Xl<! nk<kjzh<Hk<! okimi<hie! OlZl<! fqjxbk<!

kguz<gjtk<! okiqf<K! ogit<t! ohVf<Kj{! HiquK! Olx<Ogit<! Hk<kgl<! NGl</! okimi<Hjmbk<!
kguz<gjtk<!OkMl<!Oll<hm<m!kguz<!okiGh<H!Olx<Ogit<!Hk<kgl<!NGl</!

s&g!nxquqbz<!gjzgtR<sqbl<!(Social Scinence/ Social Scinence Encyclopedia)!

!

s&g! nxquqbz<! / leqkOfb! gjzg<gtR<sqbl<! Gxqh<hig! -zg<gqbl<?! gjz?! -js! lx<Xl<!

kk<Kul<! Lkzqbux<jx! hx<xqb! uqtg<gl<! ogiMh<hK! NGl</! leqkOfbl<! leqk! gzis<sivl<! hx<xq!
hch<hK! NGl</! uvziX! gmf<kgiz<! fqgp<s<sqgt<! nvsi<gtqe<?! nvsqgtqe<! uip<g<jg?! nui<gtK!
oux<xqgt<?! nui<gt<! ohx<x! -mr<gt<?! nui<gtqe<! Nm<sq! Ljx! hx<xqBl<! ohiqObii<gt<?!
Le<Oeii<gtK! uip<g<jg! hx<xqb! oktquie! gVk<Kg<gjt! okiquqh<hK! NGl</! -jmg<gizkkqz<!
okb<uk<kqe<!Lv{<himiie!gVk<Kgjth<!hx<xq!okiquqg<gqe<xK/!

leqk!Ofb!gjzg<gtR<sqbl<! -bx<jg!nxquqbz<?!nEhu!n[GLjxgt<! lx<Xl<! Hvike!

lx<Xl<! fuQe! olipqgt<?! -zg<gqbl<?! kk<Kul<?! lkl<?! gjz?! -js! hx<xqb! Nb<U! njek<jkBl<!
oktquig! uqtg<gqg<! %XuK/! leqk! Ofbuqbz<! leqkeqe<! Okix<xl<?! uti<s<sq?! hpg<g! upg<gr<gt<?!
dzg! nxquqbz<?! gjz! Ohie<x! njek<Kg<! gVk<Kg<gjtBl<! oktquig! uqtg<gqg<! %Xl<! NviBl<!
Nb<uqbz<! NGl</!s&g!nxquqbz<?!leqkOf!gjzg<gtR<sqbLl<! okimi<Hjmb!Nb<U!F~z<! NGl</!
-K!nEhuk<kiz<!nxqbh<hMgqx!yV!nxquqbz<!F~z<!NGl</!!

-u<uixig! ns<scg<gh<hm<m! &zr<gt<! li{ui<gTg<G! himk<! okiGh<Hjmb! hz<OuX!

kguz<gjt! oktquigg<! gx<Xg<! ogit<t! osb<kqk<kit<gt<?! fiOtMgt<?! hVu-kp<gt<?! Olx<Ogit<!
Hk<kgr<gt<?! s&g! nxquqbz<! lx<Xl<! leqkOfbg<! gjzg<! gtR<sqbl<! Ohie<xe! li{ui<gt<?!
kguz<gjt!wtqkigg<!gx<X!oktqU!ohx!dkUgqxK/!

81
!

Ogt<uq!ut&zr<gt<!(Audio Resources)!
!

okipqz<! Fm<h! uti<s<sq! ohVgqg<! gi{h<hMl</! -f<fim<gtqz<! gl<b,m<mi<?! okijzg<gim<sq!

Ohie<xe! lg<gtqjmOb! nkqg! hbe<hiM! gi{h<hm<miZl<! lg<gt<! wr<Gs<! osz<gqxii<gOti! nr<G!
&jz?!LMg<G!wz<zi!-mr<gTg<Gl<<! wtqkig!wMk<Ks<! ose<x!osb<kqgt<?!fz<z!gVk<Kgt<?!-js!
Ngqbux<jx! wtqkig! dmEg<Gme<! Ogm<M! okiqf<K! lg<gtqjmOb! uqpqh<H{i<ju! Wx<hMk<k!
dkUuK!Ogt<uqg<gVuqgtigqb!uioeizq!lx<Xl<!yzqhkqU!fimi!gVuqgtiGl</!

uioeizq!
uioeizq!(Radio)!
!

Sjulqg<g! fqgp<s<sqgjt! lg<gt<! hzVl<! yOv! Ofvk<kqz<! Ogm<M! lgqp! dkUuK! uioeizq/! -K!
gz<uqk<Kjxbqz<!li{ig<gi<g<G!nxqU!Hgm<mUl<!ohiK!nxqU!uti<g<gUl<!dkUgqxK/!

-kje!-Vujggtigh<!hqiqg<gzil<!

2/ uqtg<gh<!himr<gt<!(Expositary Lessons)!
3/ hqe<e{qh<!himr<gt<!(Background Lessons)!
!
uqtg<gh<!himr<gt<!(Expositary Lessons)!
!

!!nxquqbz<?! -zg<gqbl<l?! uvziX! Ohie<x! himr<gtqz<! sqz! Gxqh<hqm<m! kjzh<Hgjt!!!

uqtg<Gukx<gig!yzqhvh<hh<!ohXl<!fqgp<s<sqgt</!

2/ hqe<e{qh<!himr<gt<!(Background Lessons)!
!

hb{h<! Ohs<Sg<gt<?! s&g! nxquqbz<! ! gjkgjt! fck<kz<! Ohie<x! gz<uq! yzqhvh<H! -u<ujgjbs<!
siVl</!-ju!ht<tqh<!himr<gtqe<!hqe<e{qbiGl</!

Wx<hiMgt<!!

2/ yu<ouiV!uGh<Hl<!uioeizqh<!himOujtgt<!kqm<mlqm!Ou{<Ml</!!
3/ gz<uq!yzqhvh<jhg<! Ogm<GLe<ei<! nh<ohiVjth<! hx<xqb!sqz!Gxqh<Hgt<! Le<ekig!uqtg<g!
Ou{<Ml</!!
4/ uioeizq! Ogm<Gl<ohiK! Gxqh<H! wMk<Kg<! ogit<t! Ou{<Ml</gz<uq! yzqhvh<jhg<! Ogm<mhqe<H!
okimi<! Oujz!kVkz<! Ou{<Ml</uioeizqh<! Ohs<sqz<! Ogm<mux<jx!OlZl<! uqtg<Gkz<?!Ogm<m!
Ohs<sqe<! ohiVjth<! hqxhimh<! ohiVOtiM! -j{k<Kg<! gim<Mkz<?li{ig<gi<! ! kuxig!
d{i<f<kqVh<hqe<! nh<hGkqgjtk<! kqVk<kqg<! %xz<! .! Ngqb! Oujzgjt! Nsqiqbi<! osb<kz<!
Ou{<Ml</!!
5/ hkU!fimi&zl<! Lg<gqb!uioeizq!fqgp<s<sqjbh<! hkqU!osb<K!nux<jxh<! hqe<ei<k<! Okju!
Wx<hMl<OhiK!Ohim<Mg<!gim<mzil</!
6/ -kx<oge!uioeizqs<!sr<gl<!njlg<gzil</!

fe<jlgt<!!

2/ gizk<kiZl<! okijzuiZl<! hqiqg<gh<hm<m! sqxf<k! kjzui<gtqe<! Gvozizqjbg<! Ogm<gs<!

osb<gqxK/!
3/ -js?! fimgl<! Ohie<x! fqgp<s<sqgt<! gjzh<hbe<! ogi{<mju/! dzg! fqgp<s<sqgjtg<!
Ogm<mziz<!li{ig<gvxqU!-e<jxb!fqjzjlgTme<!-j{g<gh<hMgqxK/!!
4/ li{ig<giqe<!guek<jkk<!K~{<MgqxK/!!
5/ hvf<k!leh<hie<jljb!d{<mig<GgqxK/!

82
yu<Ouii<! dbi<! ht<tqg<Gl<! uioeizq! fqgp<s<sqgt<! ns<sqm<M! nEh<hh<hMgqe<xe/! fMfqjzh<! ht<tq!
fqgp<s<sqgjts<! ose<je!uioeizqBl<?!dbi<ht<tqg<giejkk<! kqVs<sqBl<! okimg<gh<! ht<tq!6!–!Nl<!
uGh<H!Nr<gqzk<jkh<!ohr<gTi<!fqjzbLl<!yzq!hvh<Hgqe<xe/!

yzqh<hkqU!fimig<gVuq!
Vuq!(Tape Recorder)!

s&g! nxquqbz! uGh<hqz<! yV! kjzh<<jhObinz<zK! fqgp<s<sqjbObi! uqtg<gg<%cb! sqxb!

himr<gjtk<! okiGk<K! njlk<K! hkqU! osb<K! kqVl<hk<! kqVl<hg<! Ogm<gs<! osb<bzil</uvziX!
sl<hf<kh<hm<m! -mr<gt<?! gmz<gt<?! g{<mr<gt<?! gizfqjzgt<?! nVr<gim<sqbgl<?! likqiqgt<?!
fqzh<hmr<gt<!Ohie<xux<jx!gs<sqk!um<Mgtqz<!(CDs) Ohim<M!gi{<hqk<K!gx<hqg<gzil</!

ytq.
ytq.yzq!
yzq!gs<sqk!
qk!um<M!(DVDs/CDs)!
! !

himg<gVk<Kg<gjt! cuqcbqz<! hqiq<{<m<! osb<K! Okjubie! gVk<Kg<gjt! g{qeq! cuqc! hm!

uQp<k<kqbqe<! &zl<! kqjvbqz<! uqps<! osb<K! li{ui<gTg<G! gx<hqg<gzil</! sqc! -K! gs<sqx! um<M!
we<h<hMl</!-kqz<! s&g!nxquqbz!himg<! gVk<Kg<gjt!osb<kq!ucuqz<! lx<Xl<! hml<! Ogim<Mh!hml<!
ucuqz<! hkqU! osb<K! Okjubie! Ofvk<kqz<! li{ui<gTg<G! kqjvbqz<! gi{<hqk<K! gx<hqg<gzil</!
-u<uiX!gx<hqh<hkiz<!himg<!gVk<Kg<gjt!oktquig!gx<Xg<!ogit<ui</!

s&g! nxquqbz<! uGh<hqz<! yV! kjzh<H! nz<zK! fqgp<s<sqjb! uqtg<gg<%cb! himr<gjtk<!

okiGk<K! njlk<K! hkqU! osb<K! kqVl<hk<! kqVl<hg<! Ogm<gs<! osb<bzil</! OlZl<?! s&g! nxquqbz<!
okimi<Hjmb! -mr<gt<?! gmz<gt<?! g{<mr<gt<?! gizfqjzgt<?! nVr<gim<sqbgl<?! likqiqgt<?!
fqzh<hmr<gt<! Ohie<xux<jx!gs<sqk!um<Mgtqz<! )sqc*!hkqU!osb<K!njk!g{qeq!kqjv!uQp<k<kqbqz<!
Ohim<Mg<!gi{<hqk<K!gx<hqg<gzil</!-u<uiX!osb<ukiz<!himg<!gVk<jk!oktquigg<!gx<hi</!

gim<sq!ut&zr<gt<!!(Visual Resources)!

himg<! gVk<Kg<gjt! kGf<k! gim<sq! ucuqz<! kqjvbqz<! gi{<hqk<K! gx<hqk<kz<! NGl</!

-g<gVuqgjth<!hbe<hMk<kq!Ogm<mz<?!hii<k<kz<!Ohie<x!d{i<Ugjth<!hbe<hMk<kqg<!gx<xz<!NGl</!!

gim<sqg<!gVuqgtqz<!Lg<gqblieju!!
qblieju!!

2/ njsBl<!hms<SVt<!(Motion Picture)!
3/ okijzg<gim<sq!(Television)!
4/ Ogim<Mh<!hml<!lx<Xl!uiqh<hml<!(Graphs)!
5/ whqmbi^<Ogih<!!
6/ kjzOlz<!hql<hl<!uQp<k<kq!(Over head projector)!
7/ hms<SVt<! (Film strip) Ohie<x! siker<gjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! himg<gVk<Kg<gjt! hz<OuX!
ucuqz<! gi{<hqk<K! gx<hqg<gzil</! -keiz<?! li{ui<gt<! himg<! gVk<kqe<! ke<jlg<G! Wx<h!
Okjubie! gVk<kqx<Gk<! kGf<k! gim<sqg<! gVuqgjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! gx<hkiz<! oktquig!
Gph<hl<!-e<xq!gx<hi</!

Ogzqs<sqk<kqvl<!(Cartoons)!
!

Ogzqs<! sqk<kqvl<! we<hK! -Vhiqli{! wMk<Kg<gim<M! ujg! NGl/fuQe! hbe<him<cx<G!

ujvbh<hm<m! bkii<k<klie! gjzh<! hi{q! NGl</-K! fjgs<Sjug<! ogi{<mkig?! Ogzqs<sqk<kqvl<!
neqOl]e<!ogi{<mK/!!

Ogzqs<sqk<kqvk<kqe!Ofig<gl<!(Aims of Cartoons)!

83
 yV!Lg<gqb!fqgp<s<sq!nz<zK!gVk<jk!fjgs<sSjuBme<! Nb<U!osb<kz<! NGl</!uvzix<X!
fqgp<Ugt<?! s&gh! hqvs<sje! Ohie<x! osb<kqgjt! njeuVl<! fe<G! d{Vl<hc! osb<kz<! NGl</!
kqesiq!fitqkp<gtqz<! uVl!Ogzqs<sqk<kqvl<! ne<ximl<! fim<M!fmh<Hgjtg<! gim<Ml<! osb<kqgt<! NGl</!
-kqz<! -mk<kqe<! ke<jlg<G! Wx<h! djvbimz<gTl<! -ml<! ohXl</! himg<gVk<jk! Ogzqs<sqk<kqvlig!
dVuig<gq!gim<c!gx<hqh<hkiz<!njk!njsBl<!himucuqz<!Ni<ulig!gx<hi</!

gVk<
gVk<Kh<hmr<gt<!(Charts, Diagrams and Graphs)!
!

gVk<Kh<! hmr<gt<! ohiqb! ntU! Oksh<hmr<gjt! dhObigqgh<hkiz<! wu<uqkh<! hze<gt<!

Wx<hMgqe<xeOui!nu<utUl<!gVk<Kh<hmr<gtqe<!&zLl<!Wx<hMgqe<xe/!!

himh<ohiVt<gjt!Yuqbk<Kg<Giqb!Ljxbqz<?!hml<Ohizjlf<k!Ljxbqz<! njlh<hjkk<kie<!
gVk<Kh<!hmr<gt<!we<X!%Xgqe<Oxil</!

gizuiqjsh<hc!njlf<k!gVk<Kh<hmr<gt<!(Chronological Charts)!
!

-j{bie! -v{<M! OgiMgt<! nmr<gqb! hk<kqjbh<! hz! hGkqgtigh<! hqiqk<K?yu<ouiV!

hGkqBl<! yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!giz!ntjug<! Gxqg<Gl<hc!ujvkz<?!nh<hGkqbqz<! Lg<gqb!fqgp<s<sqgtqe<!
Okkqjbg<! Gxqk<K! nkx<G! -j{bigUt<t! Ogim<cz<! nux<OxiM! okimi<Ht<t! nvsi<gt<?!
Nsqiqbi<gt<?! fiMgt<! nz<zK! fqgp<s<sqgjtg<! Gxqk<Kh<! hml<! ujvkz</! -u<uqkh<! hmr<gt<! giz!
uiqjsjbBl<?!okimi<HgjtBl<!gx<g!dkuqbtqg<gqe<xe/!

Ljxosb<k!gVk<Kh<hmr<gt<!!

nvsir<gk<kqe<! njlh<H?! fgv! Nm<sqbqe<! njlh<H?! lk<kqb! nvsir<gl<?-vis<sqbk<kqe<!

nvsir<gl<?! fgvim<sq! Ohie<xux<xqx<gqjmOb! nkqgivr<gt<! hgqvh<hm<mcVk<kz<! Ohie<x!
himh<ohiVt<gjth<! hmr<gtqe<&zl<! okiqbh<hMk<kzil</!Jg<gqb!fim<Ms<! sr<gk<kqe<! njlh<Hl<! nke<!
hz!hqiqUgTl<!gVk<Kh<hmk<kqz<!uqtg<gh<hm<cVh<hjk!Yi<!wMk<Kg<gim<migg<!Gxqh<hqmzil</!

Yjm!nz<zK!lv!ucuqz<!njlf<k!gVk<
!gVk<Kh<!hmr<gt<!!

yV! osbz<Ljx! (Process) nz<zK! gVk<K! wu<uiX! uqiqujmgqe<xK! we<hjkBl<?! lk<kqb!

nvsir<gk<kqe<! uvU! -er<gjt! uqtg<gUl<! lv! dVug<! gVk<Kh<! hml<! dhObigqg<gh<hMgqe<xK/!
-kx<G! lixig?! hzgVk<Kgt<! ye<XOsi<f<K! wu<uiX! yV! ohiVtig! dVuigqe<xK/! yV!
-vis<sqbk<kqe<! uVliel<! wu<uqkl<! oszuqmh<hMgqe<xK! we<hjkBl<?! hz! giv{r<gt<! ye<XOsi<f<K!
Ohii<!fqgp<gqe<xK/!we<hjk!uqtg<gUl<!-u<uqkh<!hmr<gt<!uGh<hjxbqz<!dhObigqg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!

fjgs<Sju!(Comics)!
ju! !

himg<gVk<jk! leg<gVk<kqe<! ucuqz<! gx<hjebie! osb<kqgt<! hii<k<kz<?! Ogm<mz<! ucuqz<!

njlk<K! gx<hqg<gh<hMl</! hmg<gjk?! djv?! hqx! gim<sq! ucuqz<! -j{k<K! gx<hqg<gh<hMl</!
himg<gVk<Kgt<! Ohs<S! lx<Xl<! hz! sqXsqX!kjzh<Hgtqe<! ucujlg<gh<hm<M! djvbimz<gt<?! gjk?!
yzq! uqjtUgt<! &zl<! kguz<gt<! gx<hqg<gh<hMgqxK/! -K! osb<kqjb! wtqkig! hvh<Hl<! yV! hvf<k!
Dmgl<!NGl</!!

fjgs<Sju! himl<! gx<hqh<H! noliqg<gi?! Olx<GJOvih<hi?! hqvie<^<?! ohz<\qbl<?! \h<hie<!

Ohie<x! fiMgtqz<! gx<hqk<kZg<G! hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqxK/! noliqg<giuqz<! gilqg<^<! osb<kqk<kit<! &zl<!
nkqg!ntU!osb<kqgjt!lg<gTg<G!hvh<hq!uVgqe<xei</!

fjgs<Sju! gim<sqbig! -js?! hmr<gt<?! neqOl]e<! lx<Xl<! fjgs<Sjub,m<Ml<! ucuqz<!

dVur<gjts<! sqk<kiqk<K! kqjvbqz<! -m<M! himk<kqz<! Np<fk
< ! sqf<kjejbk<! K~{<Ml<! uqkk<kqz<!
gx<hjebig!njlk<K!gx<hqg<gzil</!

84
lqe<em<jmgt<!(Flash Cards)!
!

himh<ohiVjt!hmr<gt<?!sqX!K{<Mh<! hmr<gt<! &zl<! li{ui<gTg<G!wtqkqz<! gx<hqg<gzil</!

hmr<gjts<! Osgiqk<K! yV! okiGh<hig! jug<gzil</ohiqb! hmr<gjt! yV! sm<mk<kqz<! Osgiqk<K!
juk<K! gi{<hqg<gzil</! sqX! hmr<gjt! (Flash Cards) olz<zqb! K{qbqz<! hkqk<K! juk<K!
gi{<hqg<gzil</! lqgs<sqX! hmr<gjth<! hmolxq! gVuq&zl<! (Epidiascope) ohiqkig<gq! li{ui<gTg<G!
gim<mzil</!-u<uiX!hmr<gjt!uGh<hqz<!gi{<hqk<K!Nsqiqbi<!uqtg<gzil</!OlZl<!hmr<gjt!ym<cb!
Ogt<uqjb!Nsqiqbi<! li{ui<gtqml<! Ogm<M!li{ui<gtqe<! Rihg!sg<kq?!sqf<kje?!gx<hje!kqxje!
uti<g<gzil</!

ujvhmr<gt<!(Graphs)!
!

ujvhmr<gt<!(Graphs) ujvhmr<gjth<!hii<k<kUmOe!nkqz<!dt<tmr<gqbqVg<Gl<!gVk<K!fl<!
lek<kqz<! outqh<hjmbigk<k! okiqbuVgqe<xK/! ouG! wtqb! Ljxbqz<! ux{<m! uquvr<gjth<!
hii<k<kKl<! Hiqf<K! ogit<Tl<! Ljxbqz<! ujvhmr<gtqz<! lix<xq! njlg<gh<hMgqe<xe/! weOu?!
ujvhmr<gt<! yV! ul<sk<kqe<! wPs<sq?! uQp<s<sq?! ouh<h! km<hl<?! dx<hk<kqbqe<! uti<s<sq! Ohie<xux<jx!
uqtg<g!dkUgqe<xe/!

Oksh<
Oksh<hmr<gt<!(Maps)!
!

Oksh<hmr<gt<;! ! s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! gx<hqg<Gl<! ohiPK! Nsqiqbi<gt<! hqe<hx<xOu{<cb!

Olx<Ogit<! uisgl<! wK! we<X! sqf<kqh<Ohilieiz<?! uvziX! nz<zK! fqzF~z<! himlieK! Oksh<hml<!
nz<zK! gVk<Kh<hml<! -z<zilz<! h,i<k<kqbigiK! we<hkiGl</! -g<%x<jx! yk<K! li{ui<gtqe<!
Olx<Ogit<! uisgLl<! wf<kk<! Oki<Ul<! Oksh<hml<! nz<zK! gVk<Kh<hml<! -z<zilz<! h,i<k<kqbigiK!
we<X! njlBl</! weOu?! fqzF~z<! nz<zK! uvziX! gx<hqh<hkqz<! Oksh<hml<! -z<ziuqm<miz<!
nh<himr<gt<!ohiVtx<xkig!-Vg<Gl<!we<hjk!li{ui<gTl<!Nsqiqbi<gTl<!d{vOu{<Ml</!

Oksh<hml<!we<xiz<
iz<!we<e@!
@!

2/ fil<!uiPl<!fqzk<kqe<!Olx<hvh<hqe<!yV!hGkqbqe<!okiquqh<Hkie<!Oksh<hml<!NGl</!!
3/ himh<ohiVjt! nxquqg<Gl<! Ljxbqz! sqg<gzieKl<! (Complicated) SVg<glieKlie!
(condensed) Ljxkie<!Oksh<hmliGl</!!
4/ ke<eqml<! dt<tmr<gqbqVg<Gl<! himh<ohiVjtk<! kiOe! Hzh<hms<! osb<bilz<?! sqz!
siker<gjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! li{ui<gt<! okiqf<Kogit<Tl<hc! osb<gqe<x! yV! gx<hqg<Gl<!
gVuqbiGl</!!
5/ Oksh<hmk<jkh<!hml<!we<X!fil<!gVkg<!%miK!Neiz<?!yV!okiquqh<H!(representation) we<X!
ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!
6/ Oksh<! hml<! yv! ohiVtqe<! d{<jlbie! fqjzjbg<! Gxqg<guqz<jz/! Neiz<?! njk!
d{<jlbie!ohiVtqe<!njmbitl<!(Symbol of reality) we<X!okiqf<Kogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!!

Oksh<hmr<gtqe<!osbz<gt<!(Functions of maps)!
!

Oksh<hmr<gtqe<xq! s&g! nxquqbz! gx<hqg<g! LcbiK/-bg<gF~z<! nz<zK! -jbH! F~z<gt<!

gx<hqg<gh<hMl<ohiPK!Nb<Ug<%mr<gtqz<! osb<gVuqgTl<?!lx<jxb!gVuqgTl<! -z<jzObz<! wu<uqk!
fqjz!Wx<hMOli@!nOk!fqjzkie<!Oksh<hmr<gt<!-z<zik!uvzix<X!uGh<H!njxbqZl<!Wx<hMl</!

fqzF~z<! gx<hqk<kZg<Gl<! Oksh<hml<! -e<xqbjlbik! kig! dt<tK/! ^i<! aii<Ohii<M!

olg<ge<^q! we<El<! Ohvisqiqbiqe<! %x<Xh<hc! fqzF~z<! gx<hqh<Ohiiqe<! sqxf<k! kjgg<gVuq! Oksh<hml<!
NGl</!hz!Hk<kgr<gtqz<! wPkq!uqtg<Gujk!uqm!yV!Oksh<hmk<kqe<! &zl<! gVk<Kgjt!wtqkqz<!
uqtg<gquqmzil</!

Oksh<hmr<gtqe<! osbz<gt<! g{g<gx<xju/osb<kqgjt! fqjzbigg<! Gxqk<K! juh<hkx<Gl<?!

oktquigg<! %Xukx<Gl<?! yh<hqm<Mg<! %xUl<?! osb<kqh<! Ohig<Guvk<Kk<! okimi<H! Wx<hMk<kUl<!

85
Oksh<hmr<gt<! dkUgqe<xe/li{ui<gTg<G!fqzF~z<?!ohiVtikivl<?!km<houh<hl<?!nvsqbz<?!uvziX!
Ohie<x!uquvr<gjth<!Hzh<hms<!osb<uOk!Oksh<hmr<gtqe<!Lg<gqbs<!osbziGl</!!

-mr<Gxqk<kz<;!!
!!

fgvr<gt<?! -vis<sqbr<gt<?! ljzgt<?! h{<j{gt<?! okipqz<! fjmohXl<! -mr<gt<?!

hijzuer<gt<?! sloutqgt<?! ohVR<sijzgt<?! -Vh<Hh<! hijkgt<?! ht<tqgt<?! lkfqjzbr<gt<?!
Ogim<jmgt<?!Ohii<g<gtr<gt<!Ohie<xux<jxobz<zil<!Oksh<hmk<kqz<!-mr<Gxqk<Kg<!gim<mLcgqe<xK/!

uGk<K!njlk<kz<;!!
!

Oksh<hmk<kqe<! osbz<gtqz<! Gxqh<hqm<Mg<! %xk<kg<g! -v{<miuK! osbzieK! -ml<?! dVul<?!

keqs<sqxh<Hg<! Giqbju! Ohie<xux<jx! uGk<K! njlk<kziGl</! klqp<fiM! -f<kqbk<! Kj{g<!
g{<mk<kqe<! oke<hGkqbqzqVh<hjkBl<?! gr<jg! NX! ur<gg<gmjz! gz<h<hjkBl<?! Ogvt! -vis<sqbl<!
-f<kqbiuqe<! oke<Olx<Gh<! hGkqbqzqVh<hjkBl<?! -K! Ohie<x! lx<xux<jxBl<! Yi<! -f<kqbk<!
Oksh<hmk<kqz<! Gxqk<Kg<! gim<mzil</!weOu?!yV!fim<ce<! Oksh<hml<! nf<k!fim<ce<! Yi<! d{<jlbie!
hmlig!uqtr<GgqxK/!!

Oksh<hmr<gjt!njlh<hkqz<!Olx<ogit<th<hMl<!F[g<g!Ljxgt<!(Map techniques)!
!

Oksh<hmr<gt<! &zl<
&zl!
< hzuqks<! osbz<gjt! uqtg<gh<! hz! GxqgTl<?! uqtg<g! LjxgTl<?!
siker<gTl<!hbe<hMk<kh<hMgqe<xe/!
e/!!

2/kqjsgt<!!

h,lqbqe<! Olx<hvh<hqZt<t! ouu<OuX! -mr<gtqe<! -Vh<hqmr<gjtg<! Gxqh<hqm<Mk<! okiqf<K!

ogit<t!h,lk<kqb!Ovjg!dkUgqe<xK/!OlZl<! nu<uqmr<gt<! h,lk<kqb!Ovjg!dkUgqe<xK/!OlZl<!
nu<uqmr<gt<! h,lk<kqb! OvjgbqzqVf<K! wu<utU! K~vl<! umg<Og! nz<zK! okx<Og!
-Vg<gqxoke<hjks<!siqbig!uqtg<g!nm<sOvjggt<!dhObigh<hMgqe<xe/!

3/Kivl<
3/Kivl<!!

Yi<! -mk<kqzqVf<K! lx<Oxii<! -mk<kqx<G! -jmbqz<! dt<t! K~vk<jkk<! Oksh<hml<! %Xgqe<xK/!

-k<K~vk<jkk<!oktqUXk<k!&e<X!Ljxgt<!hqe<hx<xh<hMgqe<xe!

hz! uii<k<jkgtqeiz<! Ne! Yi! nxqg<jg! &zl! Yi<! -mk<kqe<! K~vk<jkg<! %x!
Lcgqe<xK/wMk<Kg<gim<mig!yV!os/lQ/211gq/lQ/!Jg<!Gxqg<Gl<!we<hjkg<!Gxqh<hqmzil</!

himk<kqe<! yV! Hxk<kqz<! Yi<! ntUOgiM! ujvf<K! njkh<hz! hqiqUgtig<Gkz</! yu<ouiV!

hqiqUl<!yV!Gxqh<hqm<m!K~vk<jkg<!Gxqg<Gl</!

4/hqvkqhqe<
4/hqvkqhqe<eLjx!!
Ljx!!

1/100 we<El<! hqvkqhqe<ek<jk! wMk<Kg<ogit<Ouil</d{<jlbie! ntuqz<! 211! z<! yv! hr<G!

hmk<kqz<! gim<mh<hm<cVh<hkiGl</! -kqz<! hGkq! w{<! hmk<kqe<! fQtk<jkBl<?! okiGkq! w{<! fqzk<kqe<!
Olx<hvh<hqe<!d{<jlbie!fQtk<jkBl<!Gxqg<gqe<xjkg<!gueqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

5/u{<
5/u{<{l<!kQm<Mkz<!!

hz! u{<{r<gjtk<! kQm<c! nke<! &zl<! fqgp<s<sqgt<?! uquvr<gt<?! sqxh<Hg<! %Xgt<!

Ohie<xux<jxk<! okiqbh<hMk<Kgqe<xei/!Yi<! -mk<kqe<! dbvl<?!ohiVt<! dx<hk<kqh<! hGkqgt<?!nvsqbz<!
hqiqUgt<?!km<houh<h!l{<mzr<gt<?!lg<gt<okijg!nmi<k<kq?!lg<gt<! -er<gtqe<! ujggt<?!hbqviGl<!
ohiVt<g<t!Ohie<xju!hzuqk!u{<{r<gtqz<!hmk<kqz<!kQm<c!uqtg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!

6/Gxqgt<
6/Gxqgt<!!

86
 uquvr<gjth<! hml<! &zl<! uqtg<Gui</hSuqe<! hml! gxjuliMgt<! uti<g<Gl<! -mk<jkBl<?!
yV! Ohii<uQveqe<! hml<! -vi[uk<jkBl<?! HjgOhig<gq! okipqx<sijzgjtBl<?! gm<mmr<gt<!
fgvk<jkBl<! Gxqg<gqe<xe/! fQ{<m! squh<Hg<! OgiMgt<! sijzupqgjtBl<?! fQzg<OgiM! NXgtqe<!
Ohig<GgjtBl<?!hPh<Hh<!hGkq!hQmh,lqjbBl<!Gxqk<Kk<!Oksh<hmr<gt<!njlg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!!

Oksh<hmr<gtqe<!ujggt<!(Kinds of maps)!
!

Oksh<hmh<!Hk<kgl<!(Atlas)!

s&g!nxquqbz<! gx<Gl<! yu<ouiV!li{ue<! jgbqZl<! Oksh<hmh<! Hk<kgl<! -Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

“Nsqiqbiqe<! Olx<hii<jubqz<! li{ui<gjt! dzgk<kqe<! hz! hGkqgTg<G! njpk<Ks<! osz<Zl<!
libuqk<jk!slg<gitl<!Ohie<xK”!Oksh<hmh<!Hk<kgliGl</!!

himh<Hk<kgk<kqZt<t!Oksh<hmr<gt<!(The maps in text books)!

!

ht<tqg%mh<! himh<Hk<kgk<kqz<! Oksh<hmr<gt<! dt<te/! li{ui<gt<! himr<gjt! fe<G!

uqtr<gqg<! ogit<Tl<! ujgbqz<! nh<hmr<gt<! dkUgqe<xe/! nux<jx! dhObigqh<hK!
ohiVk<kliekigUl<!uskqbiekigUl<!-Vg<gqe<xK/!!

nju! himk<OkiM! Osi<kK! ntqg<gh<hMukiz<?! nh<hmk<kqe<! okimi<jh! li{ui<gt<! fe<G!

uqtr<gqg<! ogit<ui</! nkqgs<! osb<kqgjt! -u<uqkh<! hmr<gtqz<! ofVg<gligg<! Gxqg<gg<%miK/!
himr<gjtg<!gx<hqg<Gl<ohiPK!-h<himr<gtqe<lQK!li{ui<gtqe<!guek<jkk<!kqVh<Hkz<!Ou{<Ml</!

himr<gt<!Gxqbqmh<hm<Mt<t!Oksh<hmr<gt<!(Pictorial maps)!
!

ohiVtikivl<?! fqzF~z<?! uvziX! Ohie<x! hGkqgjtg<! gx<hqh<hkx<Gh<! hmr<gt<! Gxqh<hqm<Mk<!

kbiiqk<kqVg<Gl<! Oksh<hmr<gt<! uGh<hjxbqz<! nkqglig! dhObigqg<gh<hm<M! uVgqe<xe/! -tl<!
li{ui<gtqmk<kqz<! himk<kqz<! gui<s<sqjb! -h<hmr<gt<! Wx<HMk<Kgqe<xe/gVk<Kgjt! fe<G!
Hiqf<Kogit<Tl<! hcBl<! -ju! dt<te/! w/gi! lvl<! oum<Ml<! okipqz<! fjmohXl<! -mk<kqz<! lvl<?!
oum<Mujkh<Ohie<x! hmLl<?! lQe<! hqck<kz<! nkqgl<! fjmohXl<! hGkqgjt! uqtg<g! nu<uqmr<gtqz<!
lQe<gt<! hml<! ujvf<Kl<! okipqx<sijzgt<! osxqUx<xqVg<Gl<! hGkqgtqz<! okipqx<sijzh<!
Hjgh<Ohig<gqgt<! nmr<gqb! hmk<jkBl<! ujvf<Kgim<Ml<! Ljx! osb<kqgjt! wtqb! Ljxbqz<!
Gpf<jkgTg<G!ntqg<gqe<xK/!!

Suiqz<!lim<mh<hMl<!ohiqb!ntUh<hmr<gt<
t<!(Wall maps)!
!

yu<Ouii<! NsqiqbVg<Gl<! uGh<Hg<Gs<! osz<Zl<! ohiPK! Suiqz<! lim<Ml<! Oksh<hmk<Kme<!

osz<Zl<! upg<gl<! flg<G! fe<xigk<! okiqBl</! ohiqb! ntUh<! hmk<kqz<! nvsqbz<! hqiqUgjtg<!
Gxqg<Gl<! hmr<gt<! flg<G! nkqg! hze<! ntqg<guz<zkz<z/! -bx<jg! njlh<Hgjtg<! %Xl<!
hmr<gjt! fil<! nkqglig! uGh<hjxbqz<! hbe<hMk<k! Ou{<Ml</! yu<ouiV! g{<mk<jkBl<! hx<xqb!
-bx<jg! njlh<Hh<! hml<! uvzix<Xh<! him! njxbqz<! -Vg<gOu{<Ml</! Suiqz<! lim<Ml<! ohVltUh<!
hmr<gt<!gQp<g<gi[l<!hbEjmbueuig!-Vg<gqe<xe/!!

wtqb!Ljxbqz!dVuig<gh<hm<mcVh<hkiz<!wz<OziVg<Gl<!fe<xig!uqtr<Gl</!!

uGh<hqz<!himl<!uti<s<sqbjmf<K!ogi{<M!osz<Zl<!ohiPK?!Sm<Mg<Ogiziz<!himk<Kme<%cb!
-mk<jk! nz<zK! SVg<gk<jkh<! hmk<kqz<! Gxqk<Kg<! gim<c! li{ui<gt<! lek<kqz<! hkqBl<hc!
osb<bzil</!!

GPuqe<!guek<jkh<!ohxLcgqe<xK!!

wz<jzg<OgiM!lm<Ml<!ujvbh<hm<Mt<t!Oksh<hmr<gt<!!

87
gXh<Hk<kitqz<! u{<{k<kqeiz<! wz<jzg<OgiMgt<! kQm<mh<hm<Mt<t!hmr<gt<! s&g!nxquqbz<?!fqzF~z<!
gx<hqk<kZg<G! -e<xqbjlbikjugtig! -Vg<gqe<xe/! -h<hmr<gt<! gVfqxLjmbkig! -Vh<hkiz<!
gVl<hzjg! Oksh<hml<! we<Xl<! upr<gh<hMgqe<xe/! himl<! Lcf<kKl<! sQjls<! S{<{g<! gm<mcbqeiz<!
Gxqk<kux<jx! npqk<KuqmUl<! Lcgqe<xK/! yu<ouiV! fiM! hx<xqb! hz! wz<jzg<! Ogim<Mh<! hmr<gt<!
-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!!

-h<hbqx<sqgjt!li{ui<gTg<G!ntqg<Gl<ohiPK!Jf<K!uqkqgjth<!hqe<hx<xOu{<Ml</!

2/ Oksh<hmr<gt<! wg<giv{l<! Le<eqm<Ml<! 26/35! os/lQ! fQtl<?! 26/35! os/lQ! ngzl<! ntUg<Gg<!
Gjxf<kqVg<gg<%miK/!!
3/ Oksh<hmr<gjts<!Sx<xqZl<!osu<ug!ucuqz<!wz<jzg<OgiMgt<!-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!
4/ wz<jzg<OgiMgTl<?!-bx<jgh<!hqiqUgTl<!jlbqeiz<!Gxqg<gh<hmOu{<Ml</!!
5/ yu<ouiV!hmLl<!ntU!uqgqkh<hc!ujvbh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!!
6/ GXg<Gg<! OgiMgTl<?! nkqg! wPk<KgTl<! yOv! hmk<kqz<! ntUg<G! lQxqb! Ljxbqz<!
Gxqh<hqMkz<!%miK/!

hbqx<sqgtqe<!ujggt<!!

2/ yh<hjmk<k!Oksh<hmk<jk!ujvkz<
jk!ujvkz<!!
3/ wz<jzg<Ogim<Mh<!hmr<gjt<h!h,i<k<kq!osb<kz<!!
4/ Rihgk<kqzqVf<K!Oksh<hmr<gjt!ujvBl<!hbqx<sqgt<!!
5/ HKh<hir<gie!Oksh<hmr<gjt!ujvBl<!hcbie!hbqx<sqgt<!!

yh<hjmk<k!Oksh<hmk<jk!ujvkz<!!

yh<hjmk<k! hmk<jk! ym<c! li{ui<gt<! kr<gt<! Gxqh<Hh<! Hk<kgk<kqz<! ujvkz<?! -keiz<!

kir<gt<! hcg<Gl<! fim<jmhx<xqb! dVul<?! njlh<Hh<! Ohie<xux<jx! fe<xig! li{ui<gt<!
d{vuii<gt</! Neiz<?! -u<uqkh<! hbqx<sqgt<! ntUg<G! lQxqbkig! -Vg<gg<%miK/! Oksh<! hmr<gjt!
ujvkOz! fil<! s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! gx<hke<! Ofig<glig! -Vg<gg<%miK/! fl<! Ofig<gk<jk!
njmukx<G! nK! yV! uibqzig! -Vh<hjk! fil<! d{vOu{<Ml</fil<! ogiMg<Gl<! hbqx<sq!
kqm<mum<mliekig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

wz<jzg<Ogim<Mh<!hmr<gjt<h!h,i<k<kq!osb<kz<!!

wz<jzg<Ogim<Mh<! hmr<gtqe<! hqvkqgjt! li{ui<gTg<G! ntqk<Kh<! himh<ohiVjtg<!

Gxqg<Gl<hc! hbqx<sq! ntqk<kz<! uqVl<hk<kg<g! LjxbiGl</! fgvr<gtqe<! -Vh<hqml<?! NXgtqe<!
Ohig<Ggt<?! Ohii<g<gtr<gt<?! s&g! nxquqbz<! hx<xqb! Rihgs<! sqe<er<gt<! dt<t! -mr<gt<!
Ohie<xux<jx!li{ui<gjt!wz<jzg<Ogim<Mh<!hmk<kqz<!Gxqg<Gl<hc!hbqx<sq!ntqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!!

Rihgk<kqzqVf<K!Oksh<hmr<gjt!ujvBl<!hbqx<sqgt<!!

uGh<hqz<! himl<! fmk<kqb! hqxG! li{ui<gjtk<! Oksh<hmh<! Hk<kgk<jkBl<?! lx<x!

Oksh<hmr<gjtBl<! hii<g<gilz<?! Rihgk<kqeiz<?! nh<himk<Kme<! okimi<Ht<t! hmk<jk! ujvBl<hc!
%Xkz</! -keiz<! gx<x! himk<kqe<! himh<ohiVjtg<! Gpf<jkgt<! kr<gt<! lek<kqz<! we<Xl<! fqXk<kq!
juk<kqVg<g!LcgqxK/!

HKh<hir<gie!Oksh<hmr<gjt!ujvBl<!hcbie!hbqx<sqgt<!!

kr<gt<! -s<jsh<hc?! gx<x! gVk<jk! uqtg<Gukx<Gk<! Oksh<hml<! ujvBl<! hbqx<sqjb!

li{ui<gTg<G! ntqg<g! Ou{<Ml</! w/gi! kr<gt<! -vis<sqbk<kqe<! lf<kqiqgt<! lium<mr<gjt!
Oksh<hmk<kqz<! Gxqh<hqMkz<?! kr<gt<! Diqz<! Wx<hm<Mt<t! okipqx<sijzgt<! nz<zK! li{ui<gtqe<!
-z<zr<gt<!Ohie<xux<jxBl<!hmk<kqz<!Gxqh<hqMkz<!

fqpx<hmr<gt<!(Photographs)!
!

88
s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! gx<hqk<kZg<G! himk<kjzh<hqx<G! Wx<h! gVk<Kgjt! fqpx<h<hmr<gtig!
kbiiqk<K! gx<hqh<hK! lqgUl<! sqxf<kkiGl</! li{ui<gtqe<! ubK! fqjzg<G! Wx<h! himk<kjzh<hqx<Gk<!
kGf<k!fqgp<hmr<gt<!kbiiqk<K!gx<hqh<hK!sqxh<H!NGl</!

hmr<gt<!(Pictures)!

s&g! nxquqbz! gx<hqh<hkqz<! hmr<gt<! sqxf<k! Kj{g<gVuqbig!

dhObigh<hMgqe<xe/himh<ohiVjt! uib<olipq&zl<! hk<Kk<! kmjugt<! osiz<ukx<Gh<! hkqz<! yV!
hmk<kqe<! &zl!li{ui<gTg<Gwtqkqz<! uqtr<g!juk<Kuqmzil/!s&g!nxquqbz<! himk<kqe<! $k<kqvl<!
we<X!hmk<jk!fil<! gVkzil</!li{ui<gTg<Gh<! himk<kqz<! gui<s<sqjb!Wx<hMk<KuOkiM?!nui<gtqe<!
gx<hei!sg<kqjbBl<!hmr<gt<!uti<g<gqe<xe/!

hmr<gjt!dhObigqg<
jt!dhObigqg<gGl<ohiPK!hqe<uVl<!uqkqgjth<!hqe<hx<xOu{<Ml</!

2/ hmr<gjtk<! okiGk<K! jug<gOu{<Ml</! nKhx<xqb! ngvikq! ye<Xl<! kbiiqk<K!

jug<gOu{<Ml</!
3/ ohiqb!hmr<gjts<! sm<mr<gtqz<! ohiVk<kqjug<g!Ou{<Ml</!sqXhmr<gjt!olz<zqb!K{qbqz<!
hkqk<Kjug<g!Ou{<Ml</!!
4/ lqgs<sqX!hmr<gjth<!hmolxq!gVuq&zl<!ohiqkig<gq!li{ui<gTg<Gg<!gim<mOu{<Ml</!!
5/ hmr<gjth<hx<xqb! ui<{jejb! uGh<hqz<! li{ui<gTg<G! uquiqg<gOu{<Ml</! hmk<kqz<!
dx<XOfig<g!Ou{<cb!nl<sr<gjt!Le<!%m<cOb!%xOu{<Ml</!
6/ wz<zi!li{ui<gTg<Gl<!hmr<gjth<!hii<g<g!uib<h<H!ntqg<gOu{<Ml</!

Suovim<cgt<!(Posters)!
!

yOv! yV! osb<kqjb! ohiqb! wPk<Kg<gtqz<! li{ui<gTg<G! gi{<hqh<hkx<G! uqtl<hvk<!

km<cgt<! dhObigh<hMk<kh<hMgqe<xe/! Gjxf<k! uii<k<jkgt<?! Gjxf<k! u{<{r<gTme<!
gi{<hqg<gh<hMl<! osb<kqbieK! osb<kqjb! kqxl<hm! wMk<Kg<! gim<Mgqe<xK/! uqtl<hvk<! km<cgt<! Sb!
uqt<gLjmbju/!Nsqiqbi<! ke<Ejmb!uqtg<gltqk<kzqe<! OhiK!-j{big!njk!hbe<hMk<kzil</!
uqtl<hvk<! km<mcgt<! ohiKuig! yV! lg<gt<! kguz<! okimi<Hs<! sikeliGl</! Nsqiqbi<gt<! s&g!
nxquqbz<! sii<f<k! hz<OuX! uqtl<hvk<! km<cgjts<! Osgiqk<Kg<! ogit<t! Ou{<Ml</! nux<jx!
ohiVk<klie! -mr<gtqz<?! ohiVk<klie! Ofvk<kqz<! dr<gt<! li{ui<gTg<Gs<! osb<kqgt!
ose<xjmBl<!ujgbqz<!dhObigqk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!

Suovim<c!dVuig<Gl<!OhiK!gueqg<gOu{<cbju!!
bju!!

2/ osiz<z!Ou{<cb!gVk<K!HiqBl<!u{<{l<!oktquig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
3/ wPk!Ou{<cb!osix<gt<!wtqjlbigUl<?!ohiqb!wPk<KgtqZl<!-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!!
4/ wz<OzijvBl<!guVl<!u{<{l<!km<cbqe<!njlh<H!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
5/ u{<{r<gt<!gui<s<sqjb!d{<mig<GliX!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!!

ujvhml<!nz<zK!uqtg<gh<hml<!(Diagrams)!
!

himg<gVk<jk!li{ui<gTg<G!gx<hqk<k!hqe<! gx<xz<! uqjtju!nxqb!yV!GPuqx<Gl<! lx<x!

GPuqx<Gl<!yh<hQM!osb<K!nke<!uqjtju!nxqf<K!ogit<t!ujvbh<hMl<!hml<!ujvhml<!weh<hMl</!
-jk!Ogim<Mh<! hml<! &zl<! uqtg<gh<hMgqxK/!-K!hm<jm!uqtg<gh<hml<! lx<Xl<! um<m!uqtg<gh<hml<!
weh<hMl</!

hm<jm!uqtg<gh<hml<!(Bar Diagram)!
!

Ht<tq! uquvr<gjt! hm<jmgt<! uibqzig! uqtg<gg<! %cb! wtqkie! Ljx! hm<jm!

uqtg<gh<hml<! NGl/! yu<ouiV! hm<jmBl<! yV! lixqjbg<! Gxqg<Gl</hm<jm! uqt<g<gh<hmk<jk!

89
GXg<Gh<hm<jm! uqtg<<gh<hmligOui! nz<zK! osr<Gk<K! hm<jm! uqtg<gh<hmligOui! njlg<gzil</!
hm<jmgt<biUl<!sl!ngzk<KmEl<!fQtr<gt<!lixqgtqe<!lkqh<Hg<G!Wx<xix<OhizUl<!njlf<kqVg<Gl</!

um<m!uqtg<
!uqtg<gh<hml<!(Pie Diagram)!
!

yV! lixqbqe<! %Xgjt! uqtg<g! um<m! uqtg<gh<hml<! lqgUl<! ohiVk<klie! uqtg<gh<hmlig!

uqtr<GgqxK/! 471! cgqiq! ogi{<m! um<ml<! hz<OuX! hGkqgtigh<! hqiqg<gh<hMgqe<xe/! hGkqgtqe<!
w{<{qg<jg! lixqbqe<! %Xgtqe<! w{<{qg<jgjb! ohiXk<K! njlBl</! %Xgtqe<! lkqh<Hgjt!
lixqbqe<!olik<k!lkqh<hiz<!uGk<K!471Nz<!ohVg<gqeiz<!ng<%xqjeg<!Gxqg<Gl<!hGkqbqe<!Ogi{l<!
21Nl<! uGh<H! ujv! hck<kui<gtqe<! w{<{qg<jgbie! 2447:! -zm<sk<jk! olik<k! w{<{qg<jgbie!
41:78!-zm<sk<kiz<!uGk<K!471Nz<!ohVg<gqeiz<!gqjmh<hkx<Gs<!sll</!

! nkiuK!
nkiuK! !

-KOhiz!Ogi{r<gjtg<!ogi{<M!um<mk<jk!%Xgtig!dVuig<gq!um<m!uqtg<gh<hml<!ujvbzil</!

likqiqgt<!(Models)!

hmr<gjtk<kuqv! likqiq! dVur<gt<! s&g! nxquqbz<! gx<hqh<hkx<Gs<! sqxf<k! Kj{g<! gVuq!

NGl</gigqkk<jk! Dxjuk<K?! njvk<K! liU! ujg?! gtqle<?! l{z<! sQjlg<! GjpU! l{<!
Ohie<xujx<jxg<! ogi{<M! likqiq! dVur<gjts<! osb<K! s&g! nxquqbz<! him! njxbqz<! juk<K!
-Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! Huq! likqiq?! nj{g<gm<Mgt<?! hizr<gt<?! l{<! nMg<Ggt<?! hijxgt<?! ljzgt<?!
okipqx<sijzgt<?! lqe<kqm<ml<?! KjxLgl<?! -vU! .! hgz<?! $iqbeK! hiuje! -bg<gl<?! $iqbjes<!
Sx<xq! gqvgr<gtqe<! -bg<gl<?! Oksk<! kjzui<gtqe<! dVur<gt<?! Ogiuqz<gt<! Sx<Xzi! ^<kzr<gt<!
likqiq! dVur<gt<! osb<K! gim<mzil</! OlZl<! he<eim<M! lg<gt<! fjm?! djm! hiujegt<! hx<xq!
likqiq!dVur<gt<!osb<K!li{ui<gTg<G!gx<hqk<K!hbqx<sq!ntqg<gzil</!

likqiq!ucur<gt<!(Specimens)!
!

Hk<kgl<! lx<Xl<! leqki<gt<! kbiiqg<Gl<! njek<K! ohiVm<gjtBl<! lg<gt<! lk<kqbqz<!

okiquqk<kZg<G! -f<k! likqiqgt<! dkuqbig! njlgqxK/! -ke<! &zl<! lg<gTg<G! li{ui<gTg<G!
okiquqg<Gl<! gVk<Kg<gt<! hx<xqb! Le<! ucul<! NGl</! ^<ohsqle<! likqiqgt<! we<hK! ^<hQsi<! we<x!
zk<kQe<! osiz<zqz<! -Vf<K! uf<kK! NGl</! -ke<! ohiVt<! hii<g<g! we<hK! NGl</! yV! ^<ohsqlje!
juk<K!yV!GPjuh<!hx<xq!nxqf<K!ogit<tzil</!

leqkeiz<! kbiiqg<Gl<! njek<K! ohiVm<gjtBl<! lg<gt<! lk<kqbqz<! okiquqg<g! -f<k! likqiq!

dkuqbig! -Vg<gqxK/! -ke<&zl<! li{ui<gt<! lx<Xl<! lg<gTg<G! okiquqg<Gl<! gVk<Kgt<! hx<xqb!
Le<!ucul<!NGl</!

dbqi<! nxquqbz<! nxqRi<gt<! sqxqb! h,s<sq! -tr<gjt! Osgiqk<K! nlqzk<kqz<! Ohim<M!

hiKgik<K! likqiq! uculig! yV! g{<{ic! Jiiqz<! njmk<K! juk<K! li{ui<<gTg<G! likqiqbig!
gi{<hqk<K!gx<hqg<g!hbe<hMk<Kgqe<xei</!!

ICT ut&zr<gt<!(ICT Resource)!

!

himg<gVk<Kgjt! -j{bktl<! g{qeq! ytq.yzqfimig<! gVuqgt<?! GXf<kkm<M! -ux<jxh<!

hbe<hMk<kq! himk<kguz<gjt! hz<OuX! ut&zr<gjt<! &zl<! gx<hqg<gh<hMkz<! NGl</! -u<uiX!
osb<ukiz<!himg<gVk<jk!Gph<hl<!-e<xq!oktquigg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<ui</!

himg<! gVk<Kg<gjt! okipqz<Fm<hg<! gVuqgtig! ! g{qeq?! -j{bktl<?! szeh<hm! uQp<s<sq?!

yzqh<hkqU!fimg<gVuq?!gs<sqkum<M!(CDs) ytq!–!yzq!fimgig<gVuq?!kjzOlz<!hql<hl<!uQp<k<kq?!hml<!
uQp<k<kq! Ohie<x! gVuqgt<! &zl<! himh<! ohiVtqe<! ke<jlg<G! Wx<h! kGf<k! Fm<hg<! gVuqgjth<!

90
hbe<hMk<kq! gx<hqg<gh<hMkjzg<! Gxqh<hqmzil</! OlZl<! OvcObi?! okijzg<gim<sq?! hz<Z~mgl<! Ohie<x!
hz<OuX!uqklig!himg<!gVk<Kgjt!li{ui<gTg<G!gx<hqg<gzil</!

uioeizq!lx<Xl<!okijzg<gim<sq!
q!(Radio - TV)!
!!

uioeizq! s&g! nxquqbz! himl<! gx<hqg<g! dkUl<! yV! sqxf<k! sikel<! NGl</! uioeizqg<!
gVuqjb! hbe<hMk<kikui<gOt! -z<jz! we<X! %xzil</! dzgqe<! &jz! LMg<ogz<zil<! wtqkig!
wMk<Ks<! ose<X! osb<kqgt<?! fz<z! gVk<Kgt<?! -js! Lkzqbux<jx! Ogm<hkx<G! uioeizq! sqxf<k!
gVuq!NGl</!

gz<uq! fqgp<s<sqgt<! yV! sqz! kjzh<Hgtqz<! yzqhvh<hiGl<! OhiK! sqg<gelie! oszuqz<!

lifqzl<?!fiM!LPuKl<! hvu!uib<h<hig!njlgqxK/!klqp<fim<cz<! gz<uqbiti<gtqe<! Kj{ogi{<M!
Le<%m<cOb! kqm<mlqm<M! hz! gz<uqg<oge! hz! gz<uq! fqgp<ss
< qgt<! yzqhvh<hh<hMuK! li{ui<gTg<G!
lqgUl<! hbet<tkig! dt<tK/! nu<uh<ohiPK! ytqhvh<hh<hMl<! gz<uq! fqgp<s<sqgt<! uioeizq! gz<uq!
fqgp<s<sqobe!Hk<kglig!outquVgqxK/!!

uskq! hjmk<k! ht<tqgt<! wz<zi! uGh<HgtqZl<! uioeizq! Ogm<Gl<! gVuqgjt! ohiVk<kq!

uioeizq!fqgp<s<sqgjt!wz<zi!li{ui<gTl<!Ogm<GliX!osb<K!hbejmgqe<xei</!

okijzg<gim<sq!(Television)!
q! !

uioeizqg<Gh<! hqe<! lg<gt<! okimi<hqz<! liohVl<! Hvm<sqjbs<! osb<k! gVuq?! okijzg<gim<sq!

NGl</!ytq.yzqfimi!yV!sqxf<k!gz<uqs<! sikel</!gz<uq!gx<g!Nsqiqbi<! upqgim<cbig!-Vf<K!fe<G!
okiqf<okMk<k!ytq.yzq!fimig<gtqe<! &zl<! wf<kg<! gcelie!gVk<jkBl<! wtqkqz<! sqxh<hig!gx<hqg<g!
LcBl</!himg<gVk<Kgjt!hmligUl<?!uqtg<gligUl<! yOv!Ofvk<kqz<! hz!li{ui<gt<! hii<k<K!gx<g!
WKuig!njlBl</!li{ui<gt<!guek<jk!=i<g<g!fqgp<s<sqgTg<Ogx<h!yzq!OuXhiMgt<?!uqtg<gr<gt<!
ntqg<g! WKuiGl</! fqgp<s<sqgjt! hkqU! osb<K! lQ{<Ml<! Ohim<M! hii<g<Gl<! gVuqBl<! kx<ohiPK!
dt<tkiz<! Okjubie! fqgp<s<sqgjt! hkqU! osb<K! Okjubie! slbr<gtqz<! wtqkqz<! hii<k<Kg<!
ogit<tzil</!

-f<kqb! okijzg<gim<sq! fqXuel<! ne<xim! fqgp<s<sqgtqz<! lg<gt<! okijg! ohVg<gl<?! hz!

okipqx<sijzgt<! hx<xqb! uqtg<gl<?! dzgqz<! yu<ouiV! -mr<gtqZl<! fjmohXl<! fqgp<Ugjt!
osb<kqgtigUl<?!Nr<gir<Og!fjmohXl<! ue<Ljx!osbz<gt<?!gizfqjzgt<?!uqtl<hvr<gt<! Ohie<x!
fqgp<s<sqgjt! dmEg<Gme<! yzqhvh<H! osb<ukiz<! lg<gt<?! li{ui<gt<! ytq! –! yzqbig! njek<K!
fqgp<s<sqgjtBl<! Ofvcbig! hii<h<hkiz<?! Ogm<hkiz<! Ofvc! nEhur<gt<! gqjmg<gh<! ohXukiz<!
lqgUl<!hbEt<tkig!njlgqxK/!!

-j{bktl<!(Internet)!

-j{bl<! (Internet) we<hK! ujzbjlh<Hgt<! hz! -j{f<k! yV! okiGh<H/! -kqz<!

-j{f<Kt<t! wuVl<! -kqz<! dt<t! g{qeqgtqz<! wkEmEl<! okimi<H! ogi{<M! kguz<gjth<!
ohxLcBl</! ht<tqgt<?! gz<Z~iqgt<! ohiqb! nZuzgr<gtqz<! dt<t! g{qeqgt<! yu<ouie<Xl<!
ye<Xme<! ye<X! -j{g<gh<hm<M! -Vg<Gl</! nkeiz<! kguz<gt<! yV! g{qeqbqzqVf<K! lx<oxiV!
g{qeqg<G! osz<z! LcBl</! -kx<G! GXl<hvh<H! ujzbjlh<H! (Local Area Network-LAN) we<X!
ohbi</!-j{g<gh<hm<m!g{qeqgt<!hz!-mr<gtqz<!hz!fiMgtqz<!%m!-Vf<kiz<!nju!okijzOhsq!
-j{h<H! osbx<jgg<! Ogit<! &zl<! -j{g<gh<hm<M! -Vg<Gl</! njk! ofMl<hvh<H! ujzbjlh<H!
(Wide Area Network -WAN) we<X!njph<hi</!

-j{bk<kqz<! osb<kqgjtk<! Okm! flK! g{qeq! yV! Oliml<! (Modem) &zl<! okijzOhsq!
-j{h<hqz<! -j{g<gh<hm<M! -Vg<gOu{<Ml</! WOkEl<! yV! -j{bs<! Osjubiti<! &zl<! -j{b<!
-j{h<hqje! fil<! ohx<xqVg<g! Ou{<Ml</! -f<kqbiuqz<! VSNL (Vides Bharat Sanchor Nigam Ltd.,)
BSNL, sk<kqbl<?!Ne<jze<?!lf<k<vi!Ne<jze<?!c]<ofm<! Ohie<x!Osjubiti<gt<! dt<tei</!OlZl<!

91
-e<mi<oem<! wg<^<h<Otivi<! (Internet Explorer) nz<zK! ofm<^<Ogh<! OfuqOgm<mi<! (Netscape Navigator)
Ohie<x!ole<ohiVt<!flK!g{qeqbz<!fqXuh<hm<M!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

hz<Z~mgl<!(Multimedia) !

n{<jlg<! gizk<kqz<! Two-in-one, Three-in-one we<hK! Ohiz! hzujgh<hm<m! gVuqggt<!

Episcope. Diascope. Epidiascope, ytq?! yzq! gs<sqk! um<M! (CD) gim<Ml<! gVuqgt<! njek<jkBl<!
-j{k<K! HKujgbie! gVuqgt<! dVuigq! dt<tK/! -Klm<Mlz<zilz<! hz<ujg! Dmgr<gt<!
(Multimedia)gVuqgt<! dVuigq! dt<tK/! uskq! hjmk<k! gz<uq! fqXuer<gt<! -u<ouz<zi!
gVuqgjtBl<! hbe<hMk<kq! li{ui<gTg<G! gz<uq! gx<hqg<gqe<xK/! kx<gizk<kqz<! ht<tqgtqz<!
(LCD)wz</sq/c! jb! nkqgl<! hb<ehMk<Kgqe<xei</! wl</w^<! hui<hibq{<m<! dkuqBme<! fPur<gt<!
um<Mgtqz! nx<Hklie! uqtg<gr<gjt! kbiiqk<K! fPu! uQp<k<kq! &zl<! ! (Slide Projector) J!
hbe<hMk<kq!njek<K!himr<gjtBl<!li{ui<gTg<G!wtqkig!gx<hqg<gzil</!

-jmuqje!HiqBl<!hzujg!(Interactive
hzujg! !
Whiteboard)!

Nsqiqbi<! lx<Xl<! li{ui<gt<! lx<Xl<! him! uz<Zfi<gt! &zl<! himk<kguz<gjt! Ofvcbig!

gzf<Kjvbimz<! &zl<! gx<Xg<! ogit<t! dkUgqxK/! -ke<! &zl<! hz<OuX! kguz<gjt! wtqkig!
-jmuqje!Hiqkz<!&zl<!gx<Xg<!ogit<tzil</!-K!yV!hbEt<t!Ljx!NGl</!

-jmuqje! HiqBl<! hzjg! g{qeqBme<! -j{g<gh<hm<m! yV! ohiqb! hmuQp<s<sq! NGl</! -f<k!
hzjg! uGh<hjxs<! Sui<! nz<zK! yV! hzjg! kir<gq! ^<mi{<m<! &zl<! li{ui<gt<! hii<jug<G!
jug<gh<hm<M! gl<b,m<mVme<! -j{k<K! uqjsh<! hzjgbqz<! uqvziz<! -bg<gq! hzjgbqz<! uQp<k<kq!
Nsqiqbi<!li{ui<gt<!-jmuqje!HiqkZme<!himg<!gVk<jk!oktquigg<!gx<Xg<!ogit<ui</!!

uGh<hqz<! -jmuqjeHiqBl<! ou{<hzjgjb! hzuqklie! gm<mjlh<hqz<! njek<K! fqjzg<!

gz<uqg<Gl<! hbe<hMk<Kgqe<xei</! Oujz! osb<Bl<! GPg<gt<?! hbqx<sq! njxgt<?! uqjtbim<M!
hbqx<sqbqz<?! yzqhvh<H! ^<McObig<gt<! lx<Xl<! hqx! we! njek<K! KjxgTg<Gl<! hbe<hMk<kq! hbe<!
njmgqe<xei</!

s&g!ut&zr<gt<!(Community Resource)!
!

gx<hqg<Gl<ohiPK! Nsqiqbviz<! hbe<hMk<kh<hMl<! fqjzbr<gt<! okipqx<sijzgt<! sr<gr<gt<!

Ohie<x! dt<Ti<s<! $p<fqjzbqz<! dt<tux<jxk<kil<! ‘sLkib! utr<gt<’! we<El<! okimi<!
Gxqg<gqe<xK/!‘sLkibl<!we<hK!dzgk<kqe<!SVg<gliGl<’!(Epitome of the World) -/hqou^<zq!(E.B.
Wesely)!%xqBt<tii</!

ht<tqg<Gl<!sLkibk<kqx<Gl<!dt<t!okimi<H!!
!!

s&g! nxquqbz! gx<hqg<Gl<! dt<Ti<s<! sLkibl<! yV! &zh<! ohiVtig! njlge<xK/!

ht<tqg<%ml<! we<hK!s&gk<kqe<! -br<Gl<! yV!hGkq!we<Xkie<! gVkh<hMgqe<xK/!OlZl<! s&gk<jk!
nxqf<Kogit<ukx<Gs<! s&gk<kiz<! gi{h<hMl<! ohiVt<gOt! Okjuh<hMgqe<xe/! li{ue<! s&gk<kqz<!
hii<g<Gl<! uip<g<jg! Ljxgt<! wz<zil<! nui<gTg<G! fe<G! uqtr<Ggqe<xe/! Woee<xiz<! nux<xqe<!
okimi<Hgjt!fe<xig!li{ue<!Hiqf<Kogit<uOkbiGl</!

s&gl<! we<hK! li{ue<! uip<g<jg! fmk<Kukx<Gl</! gx<hkx<Gl<! nch<hjmbig! dt<t! yV!

gVuqbiGl</%m<M! uip<g<jg! fmk<Kukx<Gl<?! ohiKjlg<! gVk<Kgjtg<! gx<hqg<gUl<! Osi<f<Kuip!
dkUl<!leh<hie<jljb!uti<g<gUl<!li{uEg<G!s&gl<!Kj{Hiqgqe<xe/!OlZl<?!s&gk<kqz<kie<?!
\efibg! uip<g<jg! Ljxbqe<! nEhur<gjth<! ohXgqxie</! s&gk<kqZt<t! lkfqjzbr<gt<?!
Ogibqz<gt<?! gjmgt<?! fimgg<! ogim<mjggt<?! uQM?! Sx<Xh<Hxl<?! ht<tq! Ohie<xux<jx! wz<zil<!
li{uEg<Gh<! hqx<gizk<kqx<G! Okjuh<hMl<! nEhur<gjt! ntqg<gqe<xe/! weOu?! nux<jxh<hx<xq!
fqjeg<gUl<?! wMk<Kjvg<GUl<! uib<h<Hgt<! Wx<hMgqe<xe/! -u<uqk! nEhur<gtizkie<! %m<MxU!

92
Ljxbqz<! uip<g<jg! fmk<kUl<?! Osi<f<K! uipUl<?! leqkk<! okimi<Hgjt!
Wx<hMk<kqg<ogit<tLcgqe<xK/!

sLkib!utr<gt<!!

-bx<jgk<!Okix<xr<gt<!!

s&g!fqjzbr<gt<!!

okim<mxqb!Lcbikju!we!&e<
xqb!Lcbikju!we!&e<X!ujggtiGl</!

2/ -bx<jgk<!Okix<xr<
xr<gt<!!

sLkibk<kqz<! gi{h<hMl<! ljzgt<?! l{<ujggt<?! sijzupqgt<?! okipqx<sijzgt<?!

Hk<kgr<gt<?!ohiVm<gim<sq!fqjzbr<gt<?!NXgt<?!Wiqgt<?!nj{gt<?!giMgt<!Ohie<xju!
li{ui<gt<!Ofiqz<!ose<X!hii<g<gg<%cbju/!

3/ s&g!fqjzbr<gt<!!
s&g! fqjzbr<gt<! we<he! hqe<uVhju;! GMl<hl<<?! gm<sqgt<?! sLkib! fqXuer<gt<?!
fQkqle<xr<gt<?!kf<kq?!khiz<! fqjzbr<gt<?!sr<gr<gt<?!kz!fqXuer<gt<?!F~zgr<gt<?!
%m<MxUg<!gpgr<gt<!hch<hgr<gt<?!Ogibqz<gt<!Ohie<xju/!
4/ okim<mxqb!Lcbikju!
xqb!Lcbikju!
hpg<gupg<gr<gt<?!gVk<Kgt<?!fl<hqg<jggt<?!lvHupg<Gggt<?!leh<Ohig<Ggt<!Ngqb!
-ju!biUl<!sLkib!utr<gtiGl</!

s&kbik<Kme<!nxqLglig<gqg<!ogit<Tkz<!!

yu<ouiV!li{uEl<! kie<! uiPl<! slkibk<jk!fe<G!d{i<f<K!ogit<tOu{<Ml</!dt<Ti<!

fqzF~z<! gm<mibl<! himk<kqm<mk<kqz<! -ml<ohxOu{<Ml</!dt<Ti<! Nm<sqLjx?!ohiVtikiv!uip<g<jg!
Ohie<xux<jxBl<! gx<hqg<g! dx<X! Ofig<gz<?! Ofvcbigh<! ohXl<! nEhur<gt<! Ohie<x! Ljxgjtg<!
hqe<hx<xOu{<Ml</!

2/ Lkz<!Lbx<sqbieK?!
qbieK?!s&kibk<kqe<!h{<him<jm!li{ui<gt<!nxqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!!
ke<! fim<ce<! uvzix<X! nxqU! -e<xqbjlbikkiGl</! nvsqbz<! ogit<jggt<?! sm<mkqm<mr<gt<?!
fqz!diqjls<!sm<mr<gt<!Ohie<xux<jxh<!hx<xqBl<!gx<hqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
3/ sLkibk<kqZt<t!kjzui<gTme<!Ofiqz<!g{<M!OhSkz<!OhSkz<!!
s&gk<kqZt<t! kjzuig<gjt! li{ui<gt<! g{<MOhsq! osb<kqgjts<! Osgiqg<gOu{<Ml</!
kr<gt<! Kjxbqz<! ohx<xqVg<Gl<! nEhur<gjtk<! kjzjl! nkqgiiqgt<! lgqp<s<sqObiM!
%Xuii<g<t/! nk<kjgb! nEhur<gjt! OuXLjxbqz<! ohXujk! uqms<! sqxf<keuig!
-Vg<Gl</!!
4/ s&kibk<jkk<!KVuq!Nvib<kz<!!
s&kibk<kqZt<t! gjmgt<?! okipqz<fqjzbr<gt<?! lg<gt<! uiPl<! hGkqgt<?! Sx<Xh<Hxl<?!
Outi{<! h{<j{gt<! Ohie<xux<jx! Ofiqz<! li{ui<gt<! ose<X! gi{Ou{<Ml</!
sLkibk<jkBl<!nke<!Sx<Xh<Hxk<jkBl<!nxqukx<G!nKOu!sqxf<k!LjxbiGl</!!
5/ dt<Ti<s<!osb<kqgjtg<!%Xl<!fit<?uiv!-kp<gjth<!!hck<kz<!!
dt<Ti<s<! osb<kqk<kit<gjth<! hch<hkiz<! nke<! h{<hiM?! gVk<Kgt<?! ogit<jggt<?!
hpg<gupg<gr<gt<?! gjz! Ni<ul<?! lkl<?! uip<g<jg! Ljxgt<?! s&g! nxquqbz<?! fqzF~z<!
osb<kqgt<!biUl<!okiqf<K!ogit<t!Lcgqe<xK/!!
6/ dt<Ti<!hx<xqb!uvzix<Xh<!Hk<kgk<
kgk<jk!hck<kz<!!
dt<Ti<! hx<xqb! s&g! nxquqbz<! F~z<?! dt<Ti<g<! Ogibqz<! Hvi{r<gt<! nz<zK! nl<!
lium<mk<jkh<! hx<xqb! fqzF~z<?! s&g! nxquqbz<! hx<xqb! Hk<kgr<gjt! wz<zi! li{ui<gTl<!
hcg<g! Ou{<Ml</nh<Hk<kgr<gtqz<! Gjxf<k! osb<kqgOt! -Vh<hqEl<! njkh<! hch<hKl<!

93
 uqVl<hk<kg<g!osbziGl</kie<! uiPl<! sLkibk<jk!nxqf<K!ogit<ukx<G!-0K!yV!sqxf<k!
LjxbiGl</!
7/ sLkibk<kqe<!h{<cjggt<?!ogi{<mim<mr<gt<!Ohie<x!giiqbr<gtqz<!=MhMkz<!!
yu<ouiV! GclgEl<! kie<! uiPl<! sLkibk<kqzqVg<Gl<! hqx! lg<gTme<! ke<je!
ye<xqj{k<Kg<ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!ke<!Sx<Xh<Hxk<kqz<!%cuip<k<!okiqf<kuOe!Oksg<!Gclge<!
nz<zK! he<eim<Mg<! Gclgeigk<! ke<je! dbi<k<kqg<! ogit<t! LcBl<! we<hjk!
lxg<gzigiK/! li{ui<gTg<G! upqgim<cbig! -Vg<Gl<! Nsqiqbi<gt<! dt<Tiqz<!
Wx<hm<cVg<Gl<! sr<gr<gt<?! GPg<gt<! Ohie<xux<xqz<! gm<sqs<! sii<hqe<xqg<! gzf<K! ogi{<M!
ke<eiz<!Ne!dkuqgjts<!osb<Bl<hpg<gk<jk!li{ui<gt<!Olx<ogit<tOu{<Ml</!sijzgt<!
njlk<kz<?! okVg<gjts<! Sk<kl<! osb<kz<?! wPkh<hcg<gg<! gx<Xg<ogiMk<kz<?! Ofib<! hvUl<!
gizk<kqz<!lVk<Kui<gTme<!Osi<f<K!djpk<kz<!Ohie<x!s&g!Osjugjtg<!Gxqh<hqmzil</!
8/ s&gk<kqe<!keqh<hm<m!-bz<jh!fe<G!okiqf<K!ogit<Tkz<!!
yu<ouiV! sLkibk<kqZl<! yV! sqxh<hie! utl<! gi{h<hMl</! nju! hqe<uVueux<xqz<!
WkiuK!ye<X!hx<xq!-Vg<gzil</!uvzix<xqz!Hgp<ohx<x!ohVf<kjzui<! yVui<! hqx<fk!-ml<?!
Lg<gqb!fqgp<s<sq!fjmohx<x!-ml<?!yV!ohVl<!Ogim<jm!nz<zK!Ogibqz<!dt<t!-ml</!yV!
Gxqh<hqm<m! ohiVt<! dx<hk<kq! fqjzbl<?! ! -Vh<hqmk<kqe<! Lg<gqbk<! Kuk<kqeiz<! sqxh<Hh<!
ohx<Xt<t! -ml<?! nj{g<gm<M! Wx<hm<cVg<Gl<! -ml<?! nvsir<g! nZuzgl<! Ohie<xux<xqz<!
ye<xig! -Vg<gzil</! nu<uqks<! sqxh<H! ns<s&gk<kqei<! ohVjlh<hmg<%cbkig! -Vg<Gl</!
nh<hch<! ohVjl!ntqg<gg<%cb!utk<jk!fe<xig!Hiqf<K!ogit<t!Ou{<cbK!nh<hGkqbqz<!
uiPl<!li{ui<gtqe<!gmjlbiGl</!!
9/ sqXokijzh<!hb{r<gjt!Olx<ogit<Tkz<!!
li{ui<gt<! gx<Gl<! him! nzG! nz<zK! kjzh<Hh<hx<xqb! Ofiqjmk<! okimi<Hogi{<Mt<t!
sLkib!utr<gt<! dt<t!-mr<gTg<Gs<! sqXokijzh<! hb{r<gjt!Olx<ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!
s&gk<kqz<!fjmohXl<!uip<g<jgjb!Ofiqz<!g{<M!fe<G!Hiqf<K!ogit<ukx<G!-KOu!sqxf<k!
LjxbiGl</!
:/ kjzui<gjth<!ht<tqg<G!njpk<K!uVkz<!!
s&gk<kqz<! uqtr<Gl<! nvsqbz<! kjzui<gt<?! lkh<ohiqbii<gt<?! guqRi<gt<?! okipqz<!
fqH{i<gt<?! wPk<kiti<gt<?! h{<j{k<! okipqzqz<! =Mhm<Mt<tui<gt</! giiqbizbr<gtqe<!
kjzui<gt<?! nvsqbz<! nZuzg! nkqgiiqgt<?! fim<Mh<! hiKgiuzi<gt<?! gz<uqk<Kjxbqz<!
=Mhm<cVg<Gl<! nxqRi<gt<?! fimgl<! nz<zK! -jsbqz<! kqxjlbjmf<kui<gt<! Ohie<xui<gjt!
uGh<Hg<G! njpk<K! li{ui<gTg<Gs<! osix<ohipqU! fmk<kUl<! Wx<hiM! osb<bOu{<Ml</!
nh<ohiqObii<gjt!Ofiqz<! gi{Ul<?!OhsUl<?!Ogm<gUl<! li{ui<gTg<G!uib<h<H!Wx<hMgqxK/!
-u<uiX! li{ui<gt<! Dg<Guqg<gh<hm<Ms<! slkibk<jkh<! hx<xqb! osb<kqgjt! nkqgligUl<?!
F[g<glieux<jxBl<!ohx!Lbx<sq!wMg<Gl<!ohiVm<Mk<!K~{<mh<hMgqxii<gt</!
!
!
!

gim<sq!Ogt<uqk<!Kj{g<gVuqgjth<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!

njsUh<! hmr<gt<?! hmr<gt<?! fPur<gt<?! ohiVm<gim<sqh<! ohiVt<gt<! Ohie<xjugTl<! sLkib!

utk<jk! li{ui<gTg<G! wMk<Kjvg<gqe<xe/! sLkibk<jkh<hx<xqb! osb<kqgt<! biUl<!
uioeizqbiZl<!li{ui<gTg<G!ntqg<gh<hMgqe<xe/!!

sqXokijzh<!hb{r<gt<!(Field Trips)!
!

ouGgizf<okim<Om!lg<gt<! kir<gt<! ohx<x!nEhur<gjth<! hgqi<f<Kogit<Tl<! ohiVm<Ms<! sf<kqk<Kl<!

HK! nEhur<gjth<! ohx! outq! -mr<gTg<Gs<! osz<ujkBl<! Olx<ogi{<cVf<kei</! sqXokijzh<!
hb{l<! we<x!osiz<Zg<Gh<! ohiVt<! outqbqz<! YMkz<! we<hkiGl</!weOu!gz<uqh<hb{l<! Hkqbkigg<!
jgg<ogit<th<!hm<mkigg<!gVkOu{<cbkqz<jz!s&gl<!Wx<hm<m!gizk<kqzqVf<Ok!fmf<K!uVgqe<xK/!

sqXokijzh<!hb{l<!We<!Olx<ogit<th<hmOu{<Ml<@!!
!!

94
 2/ gx<xzqz<!li{ui<gt<!Ofvcbig!=Mhm!uib<h<htqg<gqe<xK/!
3/ ht<tqg<! %mk<jkBl<! s&gk<jkBl<! -j{h<hK! sqXokijzh<! hb{liGl</! ht<tqs<!
osbz<gjth<!hx<xqs<!s&gk<kqei<!sqf<kqg<Gl<hc!sqXokijzh<!hb{l<!K~{<cuqMgqxK/!
4/ Ofvcbie! nEhur<gjt! ntqh<hKl<?! dx<XOfig<Gkziz<?! gz<uqjbh<! ohXuKl<?!
ht<tqg<%mk<kqz<! fjmohXl<! osbz<gtqz<! li{ui<gTg<Gg<! gui<s<sqjbBl<! Dg<gk<jkBl<!
sqXokijzh<!hb{l<!Wx<hMk<Kgqe<xK/!
5/ sqXokijzh<! hb{r<gjt! Olx<ogit<Tukiz<! wz<zig<! Gpf<jkgTg<Gl<?! wu<uqk!
OuXhiMgTlqz<zilz<!nEhur<gjth<!ohiKuig!ntqg<g!Lcgqe<xK/!!
6/ li{ui<gtqmk<kqz<! fz<z!leh<Ohig<Ggjt!uti<g<g!Lcgqe<xK/!Nsqiqb!–!li{ui<! dxUl<!
fz<z!Ljxbqz<!dVuigqe<xK/!
7/ s&gk<kqz<! fjmohXl! hzuqkk<! okipqz<gjt! Ofiqz<! li{ui<gt<! hii<g<gqe<xei</! weOu! ?!
nux<jxh<hx<xqb! fz<z! gVk<jk! Olx<ogit<gqe<xei</! okipqz<gtqe<! hz! hqvs<sjegjth<!
Hiqf<Kogit<uOkiM?!sLkib!utr<gjtBl<!nxqf<K!ogit<t!uib<h<H!Wx<hMgqe<xK/!
8/ li{ui<gtqe<! G{<! -bz<H! fz<z! Ljxbqz<! uti<s<sq! ohXgqe<xK/! s&gk<Kme<!
ym<<cuip<gqe<x! hbqx<sqjb! li{ui<gt<! ohXgqe<xei</! %m<MxU! Ljxbqz<! osbzix<xz<!
ohiXh<H! Wx<Xg<! giiqbr<gjt! fmk<Kkz<?! gQp<h<hckz<?! hqxVg<G! dkuqosb<kz<! Ohie<x!
h{<HgjtBl<!sqXokijzh<!hb{l<!li{ui<gTg<Gl<!ntqg<guz<zK/!!! !

fmk<Kl<!Ljxgt<!!

2/ kqm<mlqMkz<!(Planning)!
!
3/ fmk<Kkz<!(Conduction)! !
4/ okimi<Oujz!(Follow
ujz! up)!!

kqm<mlqMkz<!!

Okjujb! d{vilz<! sqXokijzh<! hb{k<jk! Wx<hiM! osb<bg<%miK/himk<jkh<! hx<xqb!

ohiVjt! ntqg<guz<zkig! -Vg<gOu{<Ml</Hkqb! himk<jkk<! okimr<Gukx<G! Le<! li{ui<gjth<!
Hkqb!gVk<Kgjt! Wx<Xg<ogit<Tl<hc! Dg<Guqg<gOu{<Ml</! nkx<Gh<! himk<jkh<hx<xqk<! okimi<Ht<t!
-mk<kqx<Gg<! gz<uqh<! hb{l<! ose<X! uf<kiz<?! li{ui<gTg<Gh<! himk<jkg! gx<g! Ou{<Mole<X!
Nuz<!Wx<hMl</!

-e<El<! sqz!slbr<gtqz<! himk<jk!fmk<Kl<ohiPK!sqz!hGkqgt<! li{ui<gTg<G!wtqkqz<!

uqtr<gilzqVg<gzil</!dkiv{lig?!Yi<! nZuzgl<! -br<Gl<! Ljx!nz<zK!yV!okipqx<sijzbqz<!
fjmohXl<! okipqjzh<! hx<xqbkig! himl<! -Vg<gzil</! ng<gizr<gtqz<! uGh<hqz<! Wx<hm<m!
hqvs<sjegjtk<!kQi<g<g%cbkigUt<t!-mk<kqx<G!li{ui<gjt!njpk<K<s!ose<X!uvzil</!

wu<uqk! -mk<kqx<Gs<! osz<zOu{<Mole<hjk! Nsqiqbi<! %xqeKl<?! nk<kjgb! -mr<gt<!

wrGt<te! we<hjk! Nvib! Ou{<Ml</! nkqz<! Yi<! -mk<jkk<! Oki<f<okMg<Gl<hc! li{ui<gTg<Gg<!
%xzil</!wh<ohiPK?!wr<G!wz<OziVl<!%MuK?!wh<hch<!hb{k<jk!Lch<hK!Ohie<xKl<?!nKhx<xqb!
yPr<G!uqkqgTl<!biUl<!li{ui<gTme<!gzf<K!Le<%m<cOb!kqm<ml<!osb<bh<hmOu{<Ml</!!

sqXokijzh<! hb{l<! li{ui<gtqe<! yk<Kjph<hqe<! Ohiqz<! fjmohxOu{<Ml</! weqEl<!

LPohiXh<jhBl<! li{ui<gtqml<! uqm<Muqmg<%miK?!kqm<ml<! osb<ukqz<! li{ui<gTg<Gl<! hr<gtqg<g!
Ou{<Mole<hOk!Ofig<glig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

ohx<Oxiiqe<! sl<lklqz<zilz<! sqXokijzh<! hb{k<kqz<! li{ui<gjt! =MhMl<hc! osb<uK!

Wx<xke<X/gz<uqh<! hb{k<kqe<! Lg<gqbk<jkg<! %xq?! nui<gtqe<! dme<him<jmh<! ohxOu{<Ml</!
ht<tqg<%ml<! kbii<! osb<kqVg<Gl<! uq{<{h<hk<jk! li{ui<gt<! &zl<! ohx<OxiVg<G! nEh<hq?! nkqz<!
nui<gtqe<!jgobPk<jkh<!ohx<X!uVl<hc!li{ui<gTg<G!ntqk<kz<!yV!LjxbiGl</!!

95
 li{ui<gtqe<! Ohig<Guvk<K! Ljxjb! nkqgg<! guek<Kme<! Wx<hiM! osb<bOu{<Ml</!
li{ui<gtqe<! hiKgih<H! Nsqiqbiqe<! ohiXh<hig! -Vg<gOu{<Ml</ht<tq%mk<kqzqVf<K! fmf<K! ose<X!
hii<g<Gl<! -mr<gtig! -tl<! li{ui<gTg<G! Wx<hiM! osb<uK! lqgUl<! fz<zkiGl</wg<gizLl<?!
yu<ouiV! Gpf<jkbqe<! hiKgih<jhBl<! gueqk<kz<! we<hK! Nsqiqbiqe<! Gxqg<OgiTjvbig!
-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!

sqXokijzh<!hb{k<jk!fmk<Kkz<
kz!!

OsVlqmk<kqx<Gs<! osz<Zkz<;! hb{l<! osz<Zl<! Ofvl<! gz<uqh<! hbEjmbkigUl<?!

ohiPKOhig<gigUl<! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! Hkqb! -mr<gtqe<! upqbigs<! ose<xiz<! ljzgt<! NXgt<!
ht<tk<kig<Ggt<! hijxujggt<! -bx<jgk<! kiuvr<gt<! Ohie<xux<jxg<! Gxqh<hqm<M! li{ui<gjt!
dx<XOfig<Gl<! hpg<gk<jk! Olx<ogit<ts<! osb<bOu{<Ml</! li{ui<gtqe<! GPuqz<?! yV! Hjgh<hml<!
wMg<Gl<! li{ue<?! himge<?! uqmilz<! OhSgqe<xue<! wz<OziVl<! -Vf<kiz<! hb{l<! lgqp<s<sqbig!
-Vg<Gl</! weqEl<?! li{ui<gt<! yPg<gl<! Gjxuig! fmg<g! nElkqg<gg<%miK/! hb{l<!
we<hK?gm<Mh<himigUl<! njlkqbigUl<?! lgqp<ukigUl<! -Vg<Gl<hc! osb<uK! Nsqiqbiqe<!
ohiXh<hiGl</!

OsVlqmk<
OsVlqmk<jk!njmkz<!!

li{ui<gt<! hii<g<g! Ou{<cb! gm<mmk<kqx<G! wkqi<k<kqjs! upqbig! Fjpb! Ou{<Ml<!

ouGokijzuqOzOb! gm<mmk<jk! g{<[x<xiz<! njkh<hx<xqb! gm<mmg<gjz?! njlh<H?! dVul<!
Ohie<xux<jxh<!hx<xqs<!sqf<kqh<hii<gt</!

fqjzbk<kqz<!gjmhqcg<g!Ou{<cb!Ljxgt<!!

NsqiqbVg<G! dkuqbig! uqtg<gl<! %Xhui<! yVuiqe<! dkuqjbBl<! ohXuK!

fz<zkiGl</nuVl<?! NsqiqbVl<! gzf<K! OhSkz<! lqgUl<! -e<xqbjlbikkiGl</! li{ui<gtqe<!
Okjujb! nuVg<G! Nsqiqbi<! wMk<Kg<! %xqbkx<Gh<! hqxOg! nuVjmb! uqtg<gr<gt<! %xh<hm!
Ou{<Ml</!!

wMk<Kg<%Xkz<!!

2/ ht<tqg<Gk<! kqVl<hqs<! ose<xKl<! okimi<Oujzg<gig! -v{<M! nz<zK! &e<X! hqiqOujtgjt!

yKg<gOu{<Ml</!hqe<uVl<!osbz<gjt!fmk<kzil</!
3/ kir<gt<!Olx<ogi{<m!sqXokijzh<!hb{k<jkh<!hx<xqb!osiz<zimz<!fmk<Kkz<!!
4/ wz<zi! li{ui<gTl<! kr<gt<! nEhur<gjtg<! %xq?! nkeiz<! kuXkzig! Wx<Xg<ogi{<m!
gVk<jk! lix<xqg<ogit<uii<gt</! kr<gTg<G! Nsqiqbviz<! ogiMg<gh<hm<m! yh<hjmh<Hgjth<!
h,i<k<kq!osb<uii<gt</!
5/ yu<ouiV! li{uEl<! uib<olipqbig! wMk<Kg<%xqbKl<?! sqXokijzh<! hb{k<jkh<! hx<xqb!
wPk<Ks<!Osikje!ye<jxBl<!Wx<Xg<ogit<Tkz<!Ou{<Ml</!!
6/ sqXokijzh<! hb{l<! fmk<KukxG! dkuqb! wz<OziVg<Gl<! kr<gt<! fe<xqjbk<! okiquqk<Kg<!
gckr<gt<!ujvf<K!nEh<hzil</!
7/ ht<tq%mh<! hk<kqiqjgbqz<! sqXokijzh<! hb{k<jkh<! hx<xqb! gm<Mjv! ye<jxBl<!
outqbqmzil</!
8/ hii<k<k! -mr<gjth<! hx<xqBl<?! lek<jkg<! gui<f<k! gim<sqgjtBl<! hmlig! ujvf<Kl<?! likqiq!
dVuh<!hml<!osb<Kl<!hqxVg<G!uqtg<gqg<!%xzil<</!!
9/ uGh<hqz<! ohiVm<gim<sq! Wx<hiM! osb<K! nkqz<! kir<gt<! Osgiqk<K! uf<k! hmr<gt<?!
Hjgh<hmr<gt<?! ohiVt<gt<?! gVuqgt<! biux<jxBl<! kGf<k! kjzh<Hgtqe<! gQp<!
uiqjsh<hMk<kqh<! ht<tq! li{ui<gt<! wz<OziVg<Gl<! hbe<hMl<hc! Wx<hiM! osb<kZl<!
fjmohxzil</!
:/ uqtl<hvh<!hzjgbqz<!li{ui<gt<!wPkqb!gm<Mjvgt<!osb<kqk<!K[g<Ggt<?!Hjgh<!hmr<gt<!
Ohie<xux<jxh<!hzi<!nxqbg<!gim<MkjzBl<!Olx<ogit<til</!

96
 21/ ohx<Oxii<! sr<gk<kqz<! sqXokijzh<! hb{l<hx<xq! uquiqk<Kg<%xq! wu<uiX! nh<hb{l<! gz<uqh<!
hbEjmbkig!-Vf<kK!we<hjkg<!%xzil</!
22/ sqXokijzh<! hb{k<kiz<! hbe<! njmf<kjkh<! hx<xqBl<?! hb{! nEhur<gjth<! hx<xqBl<!
uGh<hqz<!fcg<g!Wx<hiM!osb<bzil</!!

nVr<gim<sqbgl<!(Museum)

li{ui<gt<! osb<k! uvziX! sl<hf<klie! likqiq! ohiVm<gt<?! okiz<ohiVm<gt<! gz<oum<Mgt<!

fi{br<gt<! Ohie<xux<jx! ohiVm<gim<sqbgk<kqz<! juk<K! nu<uh<ohiPK! li{ui<gjt!
dx<XOfig<gs<!osb<bzil<!

ohiVm<gim<sq!fqjzbk<kqz<
qz<!-ml<ohx!Ou{<cb!ohiVt<gt<!!

2/ dzgk<kqe<!hz!hGkqgtqz<!uiPl<!lg<gtqe<!hmr<gt<!!
3/ lx<jxb!fiMgtqz<!lg<gtqe<!uip<gg<jh<!hx<xqb!gVk<Kgjt!uqtg<Gl<!likqiq!dVur<gt<!!
4/ dt<Tiqz<!gi{h<hMl<!uvzix<Xs<!sqe<er<gt<!!
5/ hzuqkh<hm<mgz<?!l{<?!geqh<ohiVt<gt<!!
6/ uvzix<Xk<! okimi<Ht<t!hpjlbie!-kp<gt<! Sucgt<! fi{br<gt<! hm<mbr<gt<! dVur<gt<!
khiz<!Lk<kqjvgt<!Ohie<xju!!

ohiVm<gim<sqjb!wu<uqkl<!hbe<hMk<Kkz<!Ou{<Ml<@!

hjpb! gizk<jks<! Osi<f<kju! we<hkx<gigh<! ohiVt<gjt! li{ui<gTg<GLe<! n{q!

uGk<K! fqx<Gl<hc! osb<bg<%miK/himk<kqx<G! uqtg<gl<! kVukigOui! fz<z! gx<xz<! $p<fqjzjb!
Wx<hMk<Kukx<G!dkuqbigOui!-Vf<kiz<kie<!nu<xjx!uGh<hjxbqz<!hbe<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml</!

himk<kqz<! li{ui<gt<! gui<s<sqjbh<! ohXl<hc! Dg<Guqh<hkx<gigh<! Hkqb! ohiVt<gjth<!

himk<kqe<! okimg<gk<kqZl<?! sqz! hqvs<sjegjtk<kQi<h<hkx<G! dkUl<hc! -Vh<hqe<?! himl<! fmk<Kl<!
gizk<kqZl<?! gx<x! himk<kqz<! oktqUohxOui?! kqVh<hqg<! %Xukx<Ogi! dkUukig! -Vf<kiz<!
himLcuqZl<!ohiVt<gjt!Nsqiqbi<!dhObigqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

ohiVm<gim<sqjb! fqi<ugqg<g! yV! GP! Wx<hMk<k! Ou{<Ml</! yu<ouiV! li{uEl<!

ohiVm<gim<sqObiM!okimi<Hjmbueig!-Vg<Gl<hc!Wx<hiM!osb<bOu{<Ml</!!

wz<zi! li{ui<gTl<! ohx<Oxii<gTl<! ohiVm<gim<sqg<Gs<! sqz! ohiVt<gjtk<! kqvm<Ml<hc!

osb<bOu{<Ml</!s&gk<kqz<! uiPl<! lg<gt<! kr<gt<! uqVh<hs<! osbz<hx<xqs<! Osgiqg<Gl<! ohiVt<gjth<!
ht<tqg<Gg<! gme<! ogiMg<g! uVujkh<! hbe<hmk<kqg<! ogit<tOu{<Ml</! li{ui<gtqe<! guek<jkh<!
ohXl<!ujgbqz<!ohiVt<gjt!uiqjsh<hMk<kq!jug<gUl<!Ou{<Ml</!!

wz<ziVl<! gi[ukx<Gl<?! uti<s<sqbjmbs<! osb<ukx<Gl<?! dhObigqh<hkx<Gl<! uib<h<Hgt<!

ntqg<gOu{<Ml</!

uGh<hqz<!nVr<gim<sqbgl<!njlk<kz<!!

uiqjsh<hMk<Kkz<!!

li{ui<gtqe<! guek<jk! =i<k<kqMl<! ujgbqz<! nVr<gim<sqbgk<kqz<! ohiVm<gjt!

uiqjsh<hMk<k!Ou{<Ml</!

uqtg<gh<hmr<gt<!!

hqx!fiMgtqe<! -bx<jg!njlh<H!ujvhml<?!nr<G!uiPl<! lg<gtqe<! hmr<gt<! lx<Xl<! nr<G!

uiPl<!lg<gtqe<!uip<g<jg!Ljxjb!uqtg<Gl<!uqtg<gh<hml<!-ml<!ohXkz<!Ou{<Ml</!

97
hpl<ohiVm<gt<!!

s&g! nxquqbz! okimi<Hjmb! hpjlbie! -kp<gt<?! Sucgt<?! hm<mbr<gt<?! osh<OhMgt<?!

hpr<gizk<kqei<! hbe<hMk<kqb! fi{br<gt<?! ohiVt<gt<?! sqjzgt<?! gizfqjz! nxqg<jg?! sijzg<!
GxqbQMgt<?!kqjsgt<?!K~vl<!ntuQMgt<!Gxqk<k!hmr<gt<?!gVuqgt<!-ml<!ohXkz<!Ou{<Ml</!

dV!likqiqgt<!!

-bx<jg! njlh<H! dVlikqiq?! KjxLgl<?! fqzh<hml<?! nj{g<gm<M?! hizl<! Ohie<xux<jx!

dVlikqiq!ohiqb!ntuqz<!jug<gzil</!

uieqjz!Nvib<s<sqg<!gVuqgt<!(Meterological instruments)

gix<Xg<! gVuq! ljplieq! ouh<hlieq! hivlieq! neqli! lQm<mi<! fqpz<ogil<H! Ohie<x!

gVuqgjt!uvziX!njxbqz<!juk<K!nu<uh<ohiPK!li{ui<gTg<G!gx<hqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!!

-V!hGkqgt<!!

um<miv!fqjz!uvziX!hGkq!!
iv!fqjz!uvziX!hGkq!!

Oksqb!fqjz!uvziX!hGkq!
Oksqb!fqjz!uvziX!hGkq!

um<miv!fqjz!uvziX!hGkq!!
iv!fqjz!uvziX!hGkq!!

-h<hGkqbqz<! nf<kf<k!um<mivr<gtqz<?!dtTiqz<! gqjmk<k!uvziX!sii<f<k!ohiVm<gt<! -ml<!

ohXkz<! Ou{<Ml</!yu<ouiV!li{ujvBl<! dt<Tiqz<! gqjmk<k!uvziX!ohiVm<gjt!nVl<ohiVm<!
gim<sqbgk<kqz<!kf<K!dku!Dg<gh<hMk<Kkz<!Ou{<Ml</!

Oksqb!fqjz!uvziX!hGkq!
Oksqb!fqjz!uvziX!hGkq!

d{<jlbie! uvzix<X! sqe<er<gjt! nVl<ohiVt<! gim<sqbgk<kqz<! jug<g!-bziK/! dVu!

likqiqgt<! hz! osb<K! -ml<ohXkz<! Ou{<Ml</dkiv{lig! nj{g<gm<M! likqiq?! uvzix<Xh<!
Hgp<lqg<g!gm<mmr<gt<! l$kqgt<?!Okuizbr<gt<! Ngqbux<xqe<! likqiqgt<?!hqvhzr<gtqe<! dVulikqiq?!
sqf<K! sloutq! figiqgl<?avh<hi! figiqgl<! Ngqbux<jx! nxqBl<! likqiq! gqvill<?! fgvl<! Ohie<x!
dVulikqiqgjt!nVl<ohiVt<!gim<sqbgk<kqz<!jug<gzil</!

li{ui<!hr<gtqh<H!!
!

nVl<ohiVt<gim<sqbgk<kqz<! osl<jlbig! fqi<ugqk<kqm! li{ui<GP! njlg<gh<hMkz<!

Ou{<Ml</yu<ouiV! uvziX! gx<Gl<! li{uEl! nVl<ohiVt<gim<sqbgk<kqz<! WkiuokiV! ujgbqz<!
okimi<H!dt<tuvig!-Vg<Gl<!ujgbqz<!hr<Ogx<X!dVlikqiqgjt!osb<K!juk<kqmz<!Ou{<Ml</!

s&g!nxquqbz<!nVl<ohiVt<!gim<sqbgk<kqe<!hbe<gt<!!

d{<jlg<gie!sie<Xgt<!!

uvziX!we<hK!ouXl<! gjzh<himl<! we<x!gVk<jk!lix<xq!d{<jlbqOzOb!nu<uh<ohiPK!

fmf<k! fqgp<Ugt<?! nvsi<gt<! Nm<sqosb<k! Ljx?! lg<gtqe<! lgqp<s<sqbie! uip<g<jg! Ngqbux<jx!
Kz<zqblig! wMk<Kjvg<Gl<! himl<! we<hkx<gie! sie<Xgt<! nVl<ohiVt<! gim<sqbgk<kqz<! -ml<!
ohXkz<! Ou{<Ml</! nux<jx! gi[l<! li{ui<! njek<K! d{<jls<! sl<hur<gjtBl<! nxqf<K!
ogit<ui</!

Nkivr<gtqe<!Kj{b
Kj{biz<!gx<xz<!!

98
 uvziX! sii<f<k! ohiVm<gjt! gi[l<OhiK?! d{<jls<! sl<hur<gtqe<! okiGh<H! wtqkqz<!
gmf<k!giz!uvzix<xqje!Hiqf<Kogit<t!dkUl</!!

gx<hqk<kZg<gie!Kj{h<ohiVt<gt<!!

nVl<ohiVm<! gim<sqbgk<kqz<! nMg<gq! jug<gh<hm<m! uvziX! sii<f<k! ujvhmr<gt<?! likqiqgt<!

Ohie<xju!s&g!nxquqbz<!himl<!hbqZukx<Giqb!Kj{h<!ohiVm<gtig!njlgqe<xe/!

ohiVt<gjts<!Osgiqk<kz<!!

uvziX! nVl<ohiVm<! gim<sqbgk<jk! hii<g<Gl<! li{ui<gTg<G! gjzh<! ohiVm<gjts<!

Osgiqg<Gl<! Ni<ul<! Wx<hMgqxK/! OlZl<! hpr<giz! lg<gt<! hbe<hMk<kqb! Yjzs<Sucgt<?!
hpr<gizk<kqb! fi{br<gt<! Ohie<xux<jx! Osgiqk<K! nVl<ohiVm<gim<sqbk<kqx<G! ntqk<K! dku!
Ou{<Ml<!we<x!leh<hie<jl!li{ui<gTg<G!Wx<hMgqxK/!

gizuve<!Ljx!Gxqh<Hgt<!(Archieves)!
!

ohiKlg<gt<! lx<Xl<! ne<xim! fqgp<Ugt<! lx<Xl<! Lg<gqbs<! osb<kqgjt! Gxqk<K! juk<K!

hiKgik<K! jug<Gl<! Lg<gqb! Gxqh<Hgt<! nmr<gqb! okiGh<H! NGl</! -jk! gizuiqjsh<hc!
hiKgik<K!uVr<giz!sf<kkqbqeVg<G!ogiMg<Gl<!Lg<gqbkguz<!nmr<gqb!Lg<gqb!okiGh<H!NGl</!

Lg<gqb! uvzix<X! Nb<OuMgt<! lx<Xl<! dmzqbz<! lx<Xl<! Lg<gqb! gVk<Kgt<! nmr<gqb!

fqgp<Ugtqe<! okiGh<Hgjt! ym<M! olik<klig! Osi<k<K! juk<K! hiKgik<K! jug<Gl<! hiKgih<hqml<!
NGl</! -jk! gizuiqjsh<hc! okiGk<K! wPkq! uVr<giz! sf<kkqbqeVg<G! dkUl<! ujgbqz<!
hikgik<K!juk<K!ogimg<Gl!Lg<gqb!kguz<!nmr<gqb!okiGh<H!NGl</!

gizuve<! Ljxg<! Gxqh<H! Lke<jl! &z! Nkivl<! okiGh<H! NGl</! -K! h{<hiM?! uvziX!
sl<hf<klie! oktquie! uip<g<jg! LPuKl<! lixilz<! -Vg<gqe<x! Oki<f<okMg<gh<hm<m! Lg<gqbg<!
Gxqh<H!NGl</njek<Kk<!KjxgtqZl<!Kjx!sii<f<k!njek<K!Lg<gqb!nxqg<jgjtBl<!hiKgik<K!
giz!uve<! Ljxhc!hiKgik<K!juh<hkiz<! uVr<giz!sf<kkqqbeVg<G!-K!yV!Lg<gqbk<kguzig!
yV! sqxf<k! upqgim<Ml<! okiGh<hig! -Vg<gqxK/! -keiz<! hz<OuX! osb<kqgTg<G! Okjubqz<zi!
Okmz<!giz!uqvbl<!kuqi<g<gh<hMgqxK/!

F~zgl<!(Library)!
!

F~zgl<! Yi<! nxqUg<gtR<sqbl</! s&gnxquqbz<! okimi<Hjmb! Hk<kgr<gjt! Osgiqk<K!

gx<hkx<G!hbe<hMl<!Ljxbqz<!njlg<gh<hm<m!yV!gx<xz<!njlh<H!s&gnxquqbz<!F~zgl</!!

s&g!nxquqbz<! gx<hqh<hOkiM!lm<Ml<! nz<zilz<! li{ui<gtqe<! hcg<Gl<! kqxe<! uti<s<sq!ohx!

Nsqiqbi<!li{ui<gTg<G!dku!Ou{<Ml</!weOu!Gpf<jkgt<!Ni<uk<jk!K~{<Ml<!hcbie!Hk<kgl<!
F~zgk<kqz<!jug<g!Ou{<Ml</!

s&g!nxquqbz<!himkqm<mk<jkym<cb!Hk<kgr<gt<!F~zgk<kqz<!fqjxb!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

Kjx!F~zgr<gt<!!

Olz<fqjz!ht<tqbqz<! uvziX!li{ui<gTg<G!dbi<f<k!ntuqz<! gx<hqg<Gl<! ohiVm<M!Kjx!

F~zgr<gt<! -e<xqbjlbikK/!-keiz<! nkqg!ntU!Olx<Ogit<! Hk<kgr<gt<! Okju/li{ui<gTg<G!
osb<kqgjt!Osgiqg<Gl<! hpg<gl<! Wx<hm!sqxh<H!nk<kqbibr<gt<! nui<gTg<G!ogiMg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!
fqjxb!Hk<kgr<gt<!hch<hkiz<!li{ui<gTg<G!nxqU!uti<gqxK??fqjxb!nEhur<gt<!gqjmg<gqxK/!

F~zgk<kqz<!-ml<!ohx!Ou{<cb!Hk<kgr<gt<!!

99
 Olx<Ogit<! Hk<kgr<gt<! (Reference books) gjzg<! gtR<sqbr<gt<! (Encyclopaedias) N{<M!
Hk<kgr<gt<! (Year books) Oks! lifqz! jgObm<M! Hk<kgr<gt<! (State manuals) Oksh<hm! Hk<kgl<!
(Atlasses) uip<g<jg!uvziX!Hk<kgl<!&zh<!Hk<kgr<gt<!Nvib<s<sq!Hk<kgr<gt<!Hjegjkgt<!K{<M!
outqbQMgt<!hVu!outqbQMgt<!fit<-kp<gt<!Ohie<xju!!

F~zgl<!njlg<Gl<!-ml<!!

Kjx! F~zgl<! uGh<hjxbqe<! &jzbqz<! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! uskqg<G! Wx<h! uGh<hjxbqe<!

wf<k!hGkqbqz<!Ou{<MlieiZl<!njlg<gzil</njlkqbie!-mlig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

F~zgk<jk!njlk<kz<!!

Hk<kgr<gt<! njlh<hkx<G! Okjubie! ntUt<tkigUl<?! nzliiqgt<?! njxgt<! njlg<g!

Ou{<Ml</! Hk<kg! njxgt<! kqxf<k! nzliiqgt<! dt<tkig! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! Hk<kgr<gt<!
uisqh<huiqe<! guek<jkg<! guv! %cbkig! jug<g! &cb! Ljxbqz<! dt<t! nzliiq! lqgUl<!
hiKgih<hig! -Vg<Gl</! flg<G! uqVh<hLt<t! fitqkp<gt<?! sqX! Hk<kgl<! Lkzqbux<jx! jug<g!
siqUme<! %cb! nzliiqgt<! njlg<g! Ou{<Ml</! sqX! Hk<kgr<gt<! keqk<keq! njxbqz<! nMg<gq!
jug<g!Ou{<Ml</!sqxh<H!outqbQMgjt!jug<g!kguz<!hzjg!juh<hK!lqgUl<!nusqbl</!

Lg<gqblie!uvzix<X!Hk<kgr<gt<!(Advanced books on History)!

!

2/ Ohvisqiqbi<! ou^<zqbqe<! gVk<Kh<hch<! hqe<uVl<! hqiqUgtqz<! Hk<kgr<gt<! Oki<f<okMg<gh<hm<M!

uvziX!F~zgk<kqz<!-ml<ohxOu{<Ml</!
3/ Olx<Ogit<! Hk<kgr<gt<! gjzg<gtR<sqbr<gt<! N{<Mh<! Hk<kgr<gt<! -vis<sqbr<gtqe<! gjobm!
Hk<kgr<gt<!Oksh<hmh<!Hk<kgr<gt<!uip<g<jg!uvziX!Hk<kgr<gt<!Ohie<xju!!
4/ himh<Hk<kgk<kqx<G! -j{bie! Hk<kgr<gt<! nkiuK! uGh<hqx<G! fqblqg<gh<hm<cVg<Gl<!
Hk<kgk<jk! kuqv?! nkx<G! -j{big! wPkh<hm<Mt<t! hz! Hk<kgr<gjtBl<! Osgiqg<g!
Ou{<Ml</!
5/ &zh<! Hk<kgr<gt<! uvziX?! Huqbqbz<?! ohiVtikivl<?! nvsqbz<! himr<gt<! hx<xqbju! &zh<!
Hk<kgr<gtiGl</wMk<Kg<gim<mig! hqe<! uVhjugjtg<! %xzil</! ouh<^<miqe<! uvzix<Xk<!
okiGh<H! aii<ce<! noliqg<g! uvziX! -r<gqzif<K! fim<M! uvziX! hx<xqb! gQm<cr<! ouov^i<!
wPkqb! Nu{r<gt<! -/W/j^g<^<! wPkqBt<t! -f<kqb! uvzix<xqe<! Gxqh<Hgt<! ws</mhqt<b,/Y/!
giovm<! wPkqBt<t! -f<kqb! uvzix<xqe<! &zh<! Hk<kgl<?! mhqt<b,! ws</aqz<meqe<! -f<kqb!
uvzix<xqe<!Gxqh<Hgt</!
6/ keqh<hGkqgjth<! hx<xqb! sqxh<H! F~z<gt<! si<g<gii<! wPkqb! Lgzibi<! uvziX?! Ogihize<!
wPkqb! hz<zui<gtK! uvziX?! sQuz<! wPkqb! uq\bfgvh<! OhvvS?! lvik<kqb! uvziX!
fQzg{<m!si^<kqiqbqe<!Osipi<!uvziX!Ohie<xju!!
7/ uip<g<jg!uvzix<X!F~z<gt<!!
8/ Hjeg<!gjkgt</!
9/ NsqiqbVg<G!dkUl<!Hk<kgr<gt<!!
:/ K{<M!outqbQMgt<?!hVu!outqbQMgt<?!uieqjz!nxquqh<Hgt<?!Oksqb!Huqbqbz<! outqbQM!
Ohie<x!himr<gt<!fqjxf<kqVg<Gl<!Hk<kgr<gt</!

okiz<zqbz<!gtl<!(Excavated archeological sites)!

!

okiz<zqbz<! gtl<! we<hK! okiz<zqbz<! &zl<! Nb<U! osb<bh<hMuK! %cbKl<! gmf<kgiz!

fmucg<jggTg<gie!sie<Xgjt!dt<tmg<gqbK/! !!

Nkqs<sfz<Z~i<! okiz<zqbz<! gtl<! klqp<fim<cz<! lqgh<hpjlbie! figiqgk<jk!

Osi<f<kK/dzgqz<! Lkz<! figiqgl<"! Nkquvzix<jx! %Xl<! Nkqs<sfz<Z~i<! kqVofz<OuzqbqzqVf<K!
kqVs<osf<K~i<!osz<Zl!upqbqz<!28!gq/lQ!okijzuqz<!kilqvhv{q!Nx<xr<gjvbqz<!-K!dt<tK/!-K!

100
Yi<! -MgiM! -k<e! hvh<htU! 225! Wg<gi<! -r<G! 5! ncgG! yVui<! uQkl! kipqgtqz<! -xf<kui<gjt!
juk<K!Hjkk<Kt<tei</!-K!gq/L/!hk<kil<!F~x<xi{<Mg<G!Lf<kqbK/!

ose<jeg<G! nVOg! hm<mjxh<ohVl<HK~i<! we<x! gqvilk<kqz<! Olx<ogit<th<hm<m!

ngp<uivib<s<sqbqz<! gx<gizl<! Lkz<! uvzix<X! okimg<ggizl<! ujvbqzie! okiz<zqbz<! sie<Xgt<!
gqjmk<Kt<te/!

lKjvg<G! nVOg! gQOp! gqvilk<kqz<! okiz<zqbz<! ngp<uib<uqz<! g{<Mhqcg<gh<hm<m!

gm<cmr<gt<! sr<ggizk<kju! we! g{<Mhqcg<gh<hm<mK! –! okiz<zqbz<! Nb<uiti<! nli<fik<!
vilgqV]<{i/!-K!Ohie<X!hz!okiz<zqbz<! gtr<gt<! klqp<fim<cOzOb!nkqgl<! dt<te/!nux<jx!
uvzix<X!li{ui<gt<!Ofvcbig!ose<X!hii<k<K!nxqf<K!ogit<uK!sqxh<hiekiGl</!

fqjeUs<!sqe<el<!(Monuments)!
!

fqjeUs<sqe<el<! we<hK! Gxqh<hqmk<kg<g! leqki<gt<! fqgp<Ugjt! Ofvcbig! fqjeU!

%i<ukx<gie! njlh<Hgt<! NGl</-K! yV! s&gk<kqeVjmb! gmf<k! giz! fqgp<Ugtqe<!
njmbitliGl</!

-f<kqbiuqz<!dt<t!Hgp<ohx<x!fqjeUs<sqe<er<gt<!!

uqg<Omiiqbi! olOliiqbz<?! ogiz<gk<ki! 2:32Nl<! N{<M! ohiK! lg<gt<! hii<jug<G!

kqxf<Kuqmh<hm<mK?! hqiqm<c]<! -vi\! GMl<hk<kqeiqe<! sqz! niqb! Hjgh<hmr<gt<! -r<G! -ml<!
ohx<Xt<te/!

aui! laiz<! o\b<h<h,i<! ziz<! sf<k<! d^<ki! we<x! hqvhz! gm<cmg<gjz! fqH{viz<!
ucujlg<gh<hm<mK/!-f<k!litqjgbqz<!:61!\e<ez<gt<!dt<tK/!

hqvgkQ^<uvi<! Ogibqz<?! kR<siu,i<! -g<Ogibqz<! -vi\-vi\! Osipeiz<! gm<mh<hm<mK/! -K!

gm<cmg<gjz?!F{<gjz?!sqx<hg<gjzg<G!ohbi<ohx<xkiGl</!

ki\<laiz<?!Ng<vi!2743!Nl<!N{<M!Kur<gq!32!N{<MgTg<G!hqxG!gm<c!Lcg<gh<hm<mK/!
Lgzib!Ohvvsi<!]i\aieiz<!gm<mh<hm<mK/!

gmx<gjvOgibqz<?!laihzqHvl<! gjz!nl<sl<fqvl<hqb!Hvikeg<! Ogibqz<! gqvijem<! gx<gtiz<!

gm<mh<hm<mK!Boe^<Ogi!njlh<hqeiz<!dzgh<hivl<hiqb!sqe<elig!nr<gQgiqg<gh<hm<mK/!

s&g!nxquqbz<!utjlbl<!(Social Science Resource Center)

klqpgk<kqz<! yu<ouiV! lium<mk<kqZl<! um<miv! utjlbr<gt<! dt<te/-ju! li{ui<gtqe<!

gx<Gl<! Nx<xjz! nkqgiqg<gqe<xK/! uvzix<X! fqgp<Ugt<?! fqzhvh<Hgt<?fqzujvhmr<gt<?! uvzix<X!
Ohvvsi<gt<?! fqjeU! sqe<er<gt<! Ohie<xux<jx! hx<xq! utjlbr<gt<! Nsqiqbi<gTg<Gl<!
li{ui<gTg<Gl<!hbqx<sq!ntqk<K!uVgqe<xK/!

s&g!nxquqbz<gpgl<
gpgl<!(social science Club)!
!

ht<tqgtqz<! nz<zK!gz<Z~iqgtqz<!s&g!nxquqbz<! !Nsqiqbi<?! s&g!nxquqbz<! osbz<gtqz<!

dXh<hqevigg<! ogi{<m! s&g! nxquqbz<! osbz<gtqz<! sqxh<hig! =MhMl<! GP! njlh<Hg<G! s&g!
nxquqbz<! !gpgl<! ! weh<hMl</! s&g!nxquqbz<
s&g!nxquqbz! gpgl<! li{uiqjmOb!s&g!nxquqbz<
s&g!nxquqbz<! !lek<jk!! !
dVuig<Gl</!Le<Oeii<gjth<!hx<xq!oktquigk<!okiqf<K!ogit<Tl<!Ni<ul<!Wx<hMl</!

s&g!nxquqbz<
s&g!nxquqbz<!gpgk<
gpgk<kqe<!Ofig<gr<gt<!

101
 s&g! nxquqbz<!< leh<hie<jljb! li{uiiqjmOb! uti<k<kz</li{ui<gt<! s&g! nxquqbz<!!
himh<hGkqjb! kqm<mlqm<M! dVuig<gz<! yzqobitq! siker<gt<! hbe<hMk<kq! s&g! nxquqbz<!!
gx<hqk<kz<!lx<Xl<!fimgl<!Sx<Xzi!nVr<gim<sqbgl<!njlk<kz<!!

s&g!nxquqbz<!!gpg!njlh<
!gpg!njlh<H!!
!!

gpgk<kqe<! kjzuvigk<! kjzjl! NsqiqbVl<! ohiVtitvig! s&g! nxquqbz<! ! Nsqiqbi<!

-Vh<hi</li{ui<gt<! njeuVl<! gpgk<kqe<! dXh<hqei<gt<! Nui<! kjzjl!Nsqiqbiqe<! gmjl!gpgl<!
osl<jlbig! osbz<hm! njek<K! uskqBl<! osb<K! ogiMk<K?! yk<Kjph<Hk<! kVkz</! Gpgk<kqx<G!
upqgim<mcbig!osbz<hm<M!upqfmk<kqs<!osz<hui<!s&g!nxquqbz<!!Nsqiqbi<!Nuii</!!

gpgk<kqe<!osbz<hiMgt<!Oksqb!kqVfim<gt<!fimgr<gt<!!

Ohim<cgt<! sqxh<Hs<! osix<ohipqUgt<! kqjvh<hml<?!uQcObi!hml<! gim<Mkz<! Sx<Xzi!osz<Zkz<!

nVr<gim<sqbgl<! njlk<kz<! kqxeib<U! Ofi<gi{z<! gth<hb{l<! Olx<ogit<Tkz<! s&g! nxquqbz<!!!
osb<kqgt<!Osgiqk<kz<!jgobPk<K!hqvkq!fmk<Kkz<!!

hbe<gt<!!

hqe<kr<gqb! li{ui<gTl<! s&g! nxquqbz<! gpgk<kqz<! GPuig! hzuqk! osbz<hiMgtqz<!

hr<Ogx<g! uib<h<H! Wx<hMukiz<! lqgUl<! Ni<ulig! hzuqk! osbz<gtqz<! =Mhm<M! sqxf<K! uqtr<Gui</!
li{ui<gt<! hbEt<t! gVk<Kgjt! gx<X! kqxe<! uti<s<sq! ohXgqe<xei</! li{ui<gTg<G! %m<MxU!
leh<hie<jl?!ohiXh<H{i<U!uti<s<sq!njmgqxK/!

fz<z!s&g!nxquqbz<!himHk<kgk<kqe<!h{<Hgt<!(Characteristics fo good Social Science Text book)!

!

fz<z!himh<Hk<kgk<kqe<!keqs<!sqxh<Hg<!%Xgt<!sqX!jhbe<!sqXHk<kgl<!we<hK!Le<ohz<zil!
upg<gqzqVf<k! LKolipqbiGl</! s&g! nxquqbz<! himh<Hk<kgr<gjtg<! Gxqh<hqMl<ohiPK! -l<!
LKolipq!lix<xq!uqgqkLjxbqz<!kie<!dhObigqg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!ubK!fqvl<hqb!li{ue<!ke<sqX!
Hk<kgk<kqz<! ogiMg<gh<hm<cVg<Gl<! SVg<gk<jkg<! ogi{<M! gx<g! LcBl</! fz<zLjxbqz<!
uqtg<gh<hm<cVg<Gl<! himh<ohiVt<! uV{jegt<?! nkqgh<hcbie! himh<ohiVt<! dt<t! ohiqb!
Hk<kgr<gt<! kil<! -tl<! li{ui<gTg<Gk<! Okjuh<hMgqe<xe/! uqiqk<Kjvk<kz<! -z<zik?! sivlx<x!
himh<ohiVt<gt<! nmr<gqb! Hk<kgr<gjth<! ht<tq! li{ui<gt<! jgbqz<! ogiMg<Ou! %miK/!
dbi<uGh<H! li{ui<gTg<G! uqtg<gl<! nkqgl<! dt<t! Hk<kgr<gjth<! ht<tq! li{ui<! jgbqz<!
ogiMg<gOu! %miK/! dbi<uGh<H! li{ui<gTg<G! uqtg<gl<! nkqgl<! dt<t! Hk<kgr<gjtg<!
ogiMh<hkiz<?! Nsqiqbi<! uGh<H! Ofvk<jk! uqtg<gr<gt<! %Xukqz<! oszupqg<g! Ou{<cbkqz<jz/!
li{ui<gOt!hck<Kh!hbe<!ohx!uib<h<Hgt<!Wx<hMgqe<xe/!

Nsqiqbiqe<! Gvzqe<! uqiqUjvbiz<kie<! himk<kqe<! uqtg<gl<! fe<G! d{vh<hm<M?! himk<kqe<!

gui<s<sqjb! li{ui<gt<! njmuii<gt<! we<hkiGl</! -g<gVk<K! Nvl<hh<ht<tq! li{ui<gTg<G!
ohiVk<klieK/! Olz<! uGh<H! li{ui<gt<! Hk<kgr<gjth<! hck<Kk<! kr<gt<! Lbx<sqbqeiOzOb!
uqtg<gr<gjtg<! gx<Xg<ogit<t! Ou{<Mole<hjk! fil<! lxf<Kuqmg<! %miK/! weOu! ntUg<GlQxqb!
uqtg<gr<gt<! fqjxf<k! Hk<kgk<kjkBl<?! lqgUl<! SVg<gh<hm<m! himh<ohiVt<! nmr<gqb! Hk<kgk<jkBl<!
kuqi<g<g!Ou{<Ml</!

bju!!
ohiVk<klie!Hk<kgk<jk!Oki<f<okMg<Gl<ohiPK!gueqg<g!Ou{<cbju!!

2/ Nsqiqbiqe<!Hzjlhx<xqb!Nvib<U!!
!!
3/ Ohikei!Ljxhx<xqb!Nvib<U!(Pedagogic
! !
considerations)!
3. ohixqsii<f<k!Nvib<Ugt<!(Mechanical considerations)

Nsqiqbiqe<!Hzjlhx<xqb!Nvib<U!!
!!

102
 2/ Hk<kgl<! fz<z! Nkivr<gTme<! wPkh<hm<mkigUl<! -g<giz! fqgp<s<sqgt<! dt<tmr<gh<!
ohx<xkigUl<!-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!!
3/ ohVf<kjzui<gt<! nz<zK! fqgp<s<sqgt<! hx<xqb! hpjl! sii<f<k! himh<ohiVt<! okimi<f<K!
%xh<hmilz<!-Vg<gOu{<Ml</!!
4/ uip<g<jg! LjxBl<?! djmgjt! n{qBl<! Ljxbqe<! ui<{jeBl<! uqtg<gh<hmr<gtqz<!
gim<cbqVh<hjk!yk<K!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

Ohikei!Ljxhx<xqb!Nvib<U!(Pedagogic
! considerations)

2/ Oki<f<okMk<Kg<! %xh<hMl<! himh<ohiVt<! li{ui<gtqe<! leuti<s<sqg<Gh<! Wx<h! -Vg<g!

Ou{<Ml</!!
3/ wMk<Kg<gim<migg<! %XOuilibqe<! Olz<! uGh<Hgtqz<! himh<ohiVt<gt<! gizuiqjsh<! hc!
-z<zilz<!kjzh<H!sii<!Ljxbqz<!-Vg<gzil</!
4/ -j{upqh<! hch<H?! &zr<gt<! hx<xqb! Gxqh<Hgt<?! hbqx<sqgt<! Ohie<xju! nkqgligg<!
ogiMg<gh<hm<cVg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
5/ yu<ouiV! himk<kqe<-XkqbqZl<! hims<! SVg<gLl<! uvziXhx<xqb! fuQer<gt<?! gjkgt<?!
guqjkgt<!Ohie<xux<jxh<!hx<xqb!Gxqh<hqmz<gTl<!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

ohixqsii<f<k!Nvib<Ugt<!(Mechanical considerations)

2/ dV! !yh<hje!gui<s<sqbig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
3/ fz<z! gigqkk<kqZl<?! oktquie! ns<S! ucuk<kqZl<! ohiVtmg<gl</! ohiVtmg<g! ngvuiqjs!
Ohie<xjuBl<!fz<z!Hk<kgk<kqz<!-ml<!ohXkz<!Ou{<Ml</!

s&g!nxquqbz<!Nsqiqbi<!kGkqhiMgt<!(Quality of a Social Science Teacher)!

yV! fim<ce<! gz<uqk<kqm<mk<kqe<! kvl<! yu<Ouii<! Nsqiqbiqe<! kvk<jkh<! ohiXk<K! njlgqxK/!

s&g! nxquqbz<! ! hch<Hk<! kqxjlBl<! Ni<uLl<! ke<el<hqg<jgBl<! ogi{<m! Nsqiqbviz<! kqxl<hm!
gx<hqg<gh<hm!Ou{<Ml</!

s&g!nxquqbz<!Nsqiqbiqe<!kGkqgt<!!

• Hzjl!!
• okipqz<!Ljxh<!hbqx<sq!!
• hqiqk<kxqBl<!kqxe<!!
• Nu{r<gjts<!Osgiqk<Kh<!hGk<kz<!!
• s&g!nxquqbz<!!d{i<U!!
• sqf<kjejbk<K~{<Mkz<!!
• hzuqklie!Ljxgjt!hqe<hx<Xkz<!!

Hzjl!!
zjl!!

Nsqiqbi<! h{qg<Gh<! Hzjl! -e<xqbjlbikK/! kil<! gx<hqg<Gl<! himk<kqz<! Np<f<k! nxqUl<?! hqx!
himr<gjth<! hx<xqb! ohiK! nxqUl<! ohx<X! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! s&g! nxquqbz<! gx<hqh<hkqz<! nkqg!
dx<sigl<! djmbuvig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</s&g!nxquqbz<! Nsqiqbi<! s&g!nxquqbz<! !hx<xqb!nxqU!
sqxh<hig!ohx<xuvig!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!

okipqz<!Ljxh<!hbqx<sq!!
q!!

s&g!nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<! Oki<s<sq! ohXuKme<! -kje! gx<hqg<Gl<! Ljxbqz<! fe<G! hbqx<sq!

ohx<X! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! yu<ouiV! kjzh<Hg<Gl<! Wx<x! Kj{g<gVuqgjth<! hbe<hMk<kq! kil<!
gx<hqg<Gl<! himl<! SjuBt<tkig! Ng<g! Ou{<Ml</! s&g! nxquqbz<! ! himk<jk! gjk! osiz<Zl<!
Ljx?! osbz<kqm<mLjx?! ye<X%c! NviBl<! Ljx?! outqh<hb{l<?! fck<kz?! uqiqUjv! Ljx?!

103
&zLjx?! Hkqi<! kQi<Ljx! Ohie<x! Ljxgjt! fe<G! d{i<f<K!himk<kjzh<hqx<G! Wx<hh<! himk<jkg<!
gx<hqg<gk<!kqm<mlqMkz<!Ou{<Ml</!

hqiqk<kxqBl<!kqxe<!!

uvzix<Xk<! kguz<gTt<! d{<jl! wju@kuxie! fqgp<s<sqgjt! fck<Kg<! gim<Mkz<?! osbz<!

uqtg<gl<!osb<kz<?!uquiqk<kz<!kqxe<gt<!&zl<!sqxh<hig!gx<hqk<kz</!

Nu{r<gjts<!Osgiqk<Kh<!hGk<kz<!!

uvzix<X! Nu{r<gtqz<! -Vf<K! kguz<gjts<! Osgiqk<K! njugjt! hGk<K?! nkqzqVf<K!

d{<jlgjtg<!g{<mxqkz</!

s&g!nxquqbz<!!d{i<
!d{i<U!!

s&g! nxquqbz<! ! ! d{i<U! s&g! nxquqbz<! ! d{<jlgjt! dbq'm<ml<! dt<tuiX!

gx<hqg<Gl<!kqxe<!ohx<X!-Vk<kz</!

sqf<kjejbk<!K~{<Mkz<!!

li{ui<gtK!sqf<kjejbk<!K~{<c?!fqgp<s<sqgjt!Nvib<f<K!hii<g<Gl<!kqxe<!uti<k<kz</!

hzuqklie!Ljxgjt!hqe<hx<Xkz<!!

s&g!nxquqbz<!!himk<jk!hzuqklie!Ljxgjt!hqe<hx<xqg<!gx<hqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

s&g!nxquqbz<!himk<jk!hqe<uVl<!Ljxgtqe<!gVk<jk!hqe<hx<xq!gx<hqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

2/ fit<! -kp<?! uiv! -kp<?! okipqz<! hx<xqb! Hk<kgr<gt<! Nsqiqbi<! hck<K! nkqz<! uVl<! Lg<gqb!
gVk<Kgjt!li{ui<gTg<G!gx<hqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!!
3/ Nsqiqbi<!s&g!nxquqbz<!hx<xqb!gVk<Kg<gjt!hqx!Nsqiqbi<gTme<!gx<hqg<g!Ou{<Ml</kil<!!
4/ kil<! gx<hqg<Gl<! himk<kqz<! oktqU! ohx! gm<Mjvgt<?! Hk<kgr<gt<! Lkzqbux<jx! wPk!
Lx<hm!Ou{<Ml</!
5/ s&g! nxquqbz<! himl<! sqxf<k! Ljxbqz! gx<hqg<g! okipqx<sijzgt<?! uvzix<X! sqxh<Hlqg<g!
Ogiuqz<gt<!-mr<gTg<G!Sx<Xzi!Olx<ogi{<M!nxqju!uti<kK < g<!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!
6/ s&g!utl<!nxqb!s&gk<OkiM!ym<cbu!ip<g<jg!uip!Ou{<Ml</!
7/ Nsqiqi<gt<! fqjxb!lifiMgt<?%m<mr<gt<! gVk<kvr<Ggt<?!lXhbqx<sq!Lgil<gt<! Ohie<xux<xqz<!
nkqg!ntU!gzf<K!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!
8/ fimgr<gt<?!gjzfqgp<s<sqgt<?!uioeizq!fqgp<s<sqgt<?!kqjvh<hmr<gt<?!uqjtbim<M!Ohim<cgt<!
fjmohXl<! ohiPK! Nsqiqbi<! kuxiK! gzf<K! ogit<t! Ou{<Ml</-K! fim<ce<! h{<him<jm!
d{i<ukx<Gl<?!nxqju!uti<k<Kg<!ogit<ukx<Gl<!ohiqKl<!dkUl</!

Nsqiqbiqe<!ke<jlgt<
lgt!
< !

Yi<!Nsqiqbi<!NTjljb!uti<k<Kg<!ogit<tOu{<Ml</Yi<!NsqiqbVg<G!Okjubie!ke<jlgt<!!

2/ dmz<!hx<xqb!%Xgt<!(Physical Aspects)! !
3/ fx<G{r<gt<!(Virtues)!
!
4/ fqi<uigk<!kqxjl!(Executive
kqxjl! !
Abilities)!

2/dmz<
2/dmz<!hx<xqb!%Xgt<!(Physical Aspects)

Okix<xh<!ohizqU!!
ohizqU!!

104
Nsqiqbiqe<! djm?! Okix<xl<?! keqh<hpg<gl<?! Kh<HvU! Lkzqbux<xqz<! nkqg! guel<! Okju! Nsqiqbi<!
fz<z!Okix<xh<!ohizqUme<!-Vf<kiz<!li{ui<gTg<G!Nsqiqbi<Olz<!hx<X!d{<miGl</!

2/ hvf<k!leh<hie<jl?!hqxi<!-e<ez<gjt!g{<mxqBl<!ke<jl/!
3/ NsqiqbVg<G!fz<<z!Gvz<!utl<!-e<xqbjlbikK!!
4/ Nsqiqbi<!kl<!gVk<jk!fz<z!olipqbqz<!outqbqMl<!kqxjl!djmbvig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
5/ Nsqiqbi<?!li{ui<gjt!dx<sigh<hMk<k?!SXSXh<Hme<! gx<hqg<Gl<! kqxe<! ohx<xuvig!-Vk<kz<!
Ou{<Ml</!

3/fx<
3/fx<G{r<gt<!Nsqiqbi<!(Virtues)!
!

Nsqiqbi<! fx<G{l<! djmbuvig! -Vk<kz<! Ou{<Ml</li{ui<gTg<G! fz<z! upqgim<cbig!

uqtr<g!Ou{<Ml</!Yi<!Nsqiqbi<!ohx<X!-Vg<g!Ou{<cb!fx<G{r<gt<!!

2/ li{ui<gtqml<!OkipjlObiM!hpGkz<!Ou{<Ml</!
3/ li{ui<gtqe<!-jmb,Xgjt!dmEg<Gme<!Ohig<Ghuvig!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!
4/ okipqzqz<!Ofi<jl!djmbuvig!fmf<K!ogit<huvig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
5/ Nsqiqbi<!uGh<hqz<!slObisqk!Hk<kq!djmbuvig!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!
6/ ke<el<hqg<jg!djmbuvig!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!
7/ uGh<hqz<!hivhm<slqe<xq!fmf<K!ogit<t!Ou{<Ml</!
8/ Nsqiqbi<!uGh<hqz<!dx<siglig!-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

4/fqi<
4/fqi<uigk<!kqxjl!(Executive
kqxjl! !
Abilities)!

2/ Nsqiqbi<<! fz<z! kqxjl! djmbuvig! -Vk<kz<! Ou{<Ml</! Yi<! Nsqiqbiqml<! yV!

kjzuVg<G!Ou{<cb!kqxjlgt<!wz<zil<!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!!
3/ $p<fqjzg<G!Wx<x!Ljxgjt!lix<xq!njlk<Kg<ogit<Tl<! kqxjl!ohx<xuvig!Nsqiqbi<!
-Vg<g!Ou{<Ml</!
4/ li{ui<gt<! hzuqklie! nEhur<gjth<! ohXukx<G! Wx<h?! hzuqk! osbz<gjt! lix<xq!
njlk<Kg<!ogiMg<Gl<!kqxjl!djmbuvig!Nsqiqbi<!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!
5/ dzgqe<!hvf<k!-bz<Hgjt!fe<G!nxqf<kuvig!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!!
6/ -bx<jg! $pzqz<! Wx<hMl<! liXkZg<Gl<?leqkEg<Gl<! dt<t! okimi<Hgjt! fe<G!
d{i<f<kuvig!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!
7/ gjk!osiz<Zl<!kqxjl!ohx<xuvig!-Vk<kz<Ou{<Ml</!hb{r<gt<?!Sx<Xzig<gtqz<!
8/ hb{r<gt<?!Sx<Xzig<gtqz<!uqVh<hl<!djmbvig!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!
9/ s&g!nxquqbz<!Nsqiqbi<!he<eim<M!Ofig<G!djmbuvig?!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!
:/ hqx! himr<gtqz<! dt<t! sqxh<Hgjtk<! okiGk<K! s&g! nxquqbz<! himk<kqz<!
okiGk<ktqg<Gl<!kqxe<!ohx<X!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!!
21/ s&g!nxquqbz<! Nsqiqbi<! fuQe!Ohig<Ggjt!hx<xq!fe<G!nxqf<K!nkqg!ntU!kx<giz!
fuQe!Ohig<jg!sqxh<hig!gx<Xg<!ogiMg<g!Ou{<Ml</!

s&g! nxquqbz<! Nsqiqbi<! s&g! nxquqbz<! ! osb<kqgjt! nxqf<k! yV! fmliMl<! F~zgl</! s&g!
nxquqbz<!!himk<jk!Ni<uLt<t!himlig<g!uQv!d{i<Ume<!gx<hqg<g!Ou{<Ml</!s&g!nxquqbz<!
Nsqiqbiqml<! KVuq! NviBl<! h{<H! -Vg<g! Ou{<Ml</! s&g! nxquqbz<! Nsqiqbi<! hjpb!
LjxgjtBl<?!kx<giz!LjxgjtBl<! fe<G!nxqf<kuvig!-Vk<kz<! Ou{<Ml</!s&g!nxquqbz<!
Nsqiqbi<!kx<giz!fim<M!fmh<Hgjt!dmEg<Gme<!nxqf<kuvig!-Vk<kz<!Ou{<Ml</!

LcUjv!!
LcUjv!!

s&g! nxquqbz<! him!Nsqiqbi<! kGkqjbh<! hx<xq! -r<gqz<zle<! we<hui<! fz<z! Hzjl! ohx<x!
Nsqiqbi<gt<!sqxf<k!Ljxgjth<!hqe<hx<xq!gx<hqk<kzqZl<!li{ui<gtqe<!leouPs<sqjb!K~{<Ml<!
ujgbqz<!njlb!Ou{<Ml<!we<X!%Xui</!

105
 uquikk<kqx<Gl<!sqf<kjeg<Glie!uqeig<gt<!!

2/ s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kzqz<!kguz<!okipqz<Fm<hk<kqe<!hr<gqje!uquiqg<g@!
3/ ns<sqmh<hm<m!utr<gt<!we<xiz<!we<e@!nke<!Okujgjt!uqtg<Gg/!
4/ s&g!nxquqbz<!gx<hqk<kz<!Ljxbqz<!sLkib!utr<gtqe<!Okjujb!outqg<ogi{i<g/!
5/ hz<OuX!yzq?!ytq!utr<gjt!wMk<Kg<gim<Mme<!ogi{<M!uqtg<Gg/!

!!

106