Agenda 只要把 section 2念好，測驗的問答題就會拿高分。

每個問答題雖然是考產區，但一定是考該產區的種植與釀造。
EX: Bordeaux 的 Premium wine 會怎麼釀造? 有哪些選擇?
只有氣泡酒與加烈酒，比較會考釀造的詳細過程。
Section 2
Factors Affecting the Style, Quality and Price of Wine

viticulture 4. The Vine

種植 5. The Growing Environment
6. Vineyard Management
wine 7. Common Elements in Winemaking and Maturation
making 8. White and Sweet Winemaking
釀造
9. Red and Rose Winemaking
10. Factors that Affect the Price of Wine
11. Wine and the Law
Watch the vedio “Winegrowing in Bourgogne, an artisanal trade : The People and the Vines”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZatwJvyhV64

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Vine Species Page 19
[ˋvaɪtɪs] [ˋvaɪnəfəra]
1. Vitis Vinifera (釀酒葡萄)
• Eurasian species (歐亞混血種)
• Used to make wine for several thousand years.
歐洲傳統的葡萄藤品種，CH,PN等都屬於此種

2. American vines [fəˋlɑksərə] [ˋpɛst] 害蟲

• Resistant to Phylloxera (a vine pest)
• Used to be rootstock for Vitis Vinifera

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 Grape Variety – Cutting and Layering Page 19

• Grape variety = variation in (1)color and (2)flavor

• 2 techniques to preserve the unique qualities of a variety:

① Cutting ② Layering
Used in commercial nursery. Rare to use since Phylloxera problem.
Young vine
cuttings in a
nursery.

Source: Source: https://www.groworganic.com/blogs/articles/how-to-propagate-

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Prop plants-by-layering
agation_of_grapevines

• Although a grape variety is genetically identical, sometimes “mutation” happens.

• Vines with positive mutations are selected for further propagation by cutting or
layering. This is know as “clonal selection” (<-> “massale selection”).
克隆複製選擇法 混合選擇法

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Mutation Example

Pinot gris (center) and Pinot blanc (right) are color mutations of Pinot noir (left).
Source: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Propagation_of_grapevines

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Create New Varieties Page 22

Methods
1 mutation from cloning (same gene)
• Random happen
2 crossing (雜交): new variety is produced from 2 parents of the same species (V. Vinifera).
• EX: Cabernet Sauvignon = Cabernet Franc x Sauvignon Blanc
Muller Thurgau = Riesling x Madeleine
Pintotage = Pinot Noir x Cinsault
3 hybrid (混血): new variety is produced from 2 parents of 2 different species.  create new rootstock
• Typically at least one American vine as a parent.

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 根瘤蚜蟲傳播路徑: US -> UK -> France

Phylloxera in 19 th Century in Europe Page 22

• Vitis Vinifera:
 Phylloxera feeds on the roots of the vine.
 Over a few years, the vine is weakened and ultimately
dies.
 Exception: ① Chile, ②some areas of Argentina and
South Australia.
 Strict quarantine procedures are the only protection © Vinehealth Australia | Phylloxera nymphs swarm along a root cut from an
Australian vineyard.
against infection. Source: https://www.wine-searcher.com/m/2019/09/the-complete-
guide-to-phylloxera
• American vine:
 Phylloxera sucks the sticky sap(樹汁) of American vines.
 Sticky sap also forms a protective layer to prevent
secondary infection.

Rootstock
• A large number of hybrids has been bred accordingly.
• Specific rootstocks can be used to protect against Phylloxera and provide better resistance to
drought conditions.

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Grafting Page 23

① Bench grafting (室內(板凳)嫁接法) ② Head Grafting (頭接枝法)

cane
cane

trunk

A new graft.
The section at the top is V.
vinifera, and the bud that will
form the new plant is clearly
visible.
圖片上這種技術叫 Omega Graft
A newly planted bench-grafting
vine.
The red wax is used to protect
the join between the two
sections of cane.
A head-grafting vine in the A well-established head graft.
spring after the grafting.
The two canes are held secure
with tape, which has been
covered with pruning paint to
protect the wound(傷疤).

• Made in plaint nurseries. (by machine) • Grower can change any variety in market demand.
• Store in a warm environment to encourage the two parts • Cheaper than replanting the whole vineyard.
fuse together.

• 重新種，前三年生的葡萄都不能用。時間上的代價較大。 • The grafted vine can produce fruits in next vintage.

Q: head grafting 這麼好，為何法國還是都用 bench grafting 較

多? 8
Omega Graft
Source: https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Propagation_of_grapevines 9
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 Page 21

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 Page 21

[ˋtɛndrɪl]蔓
③

= cane (8~20 buds) 或 spur (2~3 buds)

④ (>1 yr) = trunk + arm (cordon) [‘kor,don]

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