Discover the world's flag carriers

Flag carrier
A flag carrier is a transportation company,

such as an airline or shipping company,
that, being locally registered in a given
sovereign state, enjoys preferential rights
or privileges accorded by the government
for international operations.
A Concorde of the United Kingdom flag carrier British

A Concorde of the United Kingdom flag carrier British
Airways
Historically, the term was used to refer to

airlines owned by the government of their
home country and associated with the
national identity of that country.[1] Such an
airline may also be known as a national
airline or a national carrier, although this
can have different legal meanings in some
countries. Today, it is any international
airline with a strong connection to its
home country or that represents its home
country internationally, regardless of
whether it is government-owned.[2][3]
Flag carriers may also be known as such
due to laws requiring aircraft or ships to
display the state flag of the country of
their registry.[4] For example, under the law
of the United States, a U.S. flag air carrier
is any airline that holds a certificate under
Section 401 of the Federal Aviation Act of
1958 (i.e., any U.S.-based airline operating
internationally),[5] and any ship registered
in the United States is known as a U.S.
flag vessel.[6]
Background
The term "flag carrier" is a legacy of the
time when countries established state-
owned airline companies. Governments
then took the lead due to the high capital
costs of establishing and running airlines.
However, not all such airlines were
government-owned; Pan Am, TWA, Cathay
Pacific, Union de Transports Aériens,
Canadian Pacific Air Lines and Olympic
Airlines were all privately owned. Most of
these were considered to be flag carriers[7]
as they were the "main national airline"[8]
and often a sign of their country's
presence abroad.[9][10]
An El Al's Douglas DC-4 in 1948.
The heavily regulated aviation industry

also meant aviation rights are often
negotiated between governments, denying
airlines the right to an open market. These
Bilateral Air Transport Agreements similar
to the Bermuda I and Bermuda II
agreements specify rights awardable only
to locally registered airlines, forcing some
governments to jump-start airlines to
avoid being disadvantaged in the face of
foreign competition. Some countries also
establish flag carriers such as Israel's El
Al[11] or Lebanon's Middle East Airlines[12]
for nationalist reasons, or to aid the
country's economy, particularly in the area
of tourism.[13]
In many cases, governments would

directly assist in the growth of their flag
carriers typically through subsidies and
other fiscal incentives. The establishment
of competitors in the form of other locally
registered airlines may be prohibited, or
heavily regulated to avoid direct
competition.[14] Even where privately run
airlines may be allowed to be established,
the flag carriers may still be accorded
priority, especially in the apportionment of
aviation rights to local or international
markets.[15]
In the last two decades, however, many of
these airlines have since been
corporatized as a public company or a
state-owned enterprise, or completely
privatized.[16] The aviation industry has
also been gradually deregulated and
liberalized,[17] permitting greater freedoms
of the air particularly in the United States
and in the European Union with the signing
of the Open Skies agreement.[18] One of
the features of such agreements is the
right of a country to designate multiple
airlines to serve international routes with
the result that there is no single "flag
carrier".[19]
List of flag-carrying airlines
This section needs additional citations for
verification. Learn more
The chart below lists airlines considered to

be a "flag carrier", based on current or
former state ownership, or other verifiable
designation as a national airline.
Details of current
Country or Region Airline
state ownership
Afghanistan Ariana Afghan Airlines[20] Majority[21]
Albania Air Albania[22]
Algeria Air Algérie[23] State-owned[24]
Angola TAAG Angola Airlines[25] Majority[26]
Argentina Aerolíneas Argentinas[27] State-owned[27]
Qantas[28] None
Australia
Virgin Australia[30] None
None – owned by
Austria Austrian Airlines[31]
Lufthansa
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Airlines[33]
Bahamas Bahamasair[34] State-owned
Bahrain Gulf Air[35] State-owned[36]
Public-limited
Bangladesh Biman Bangladesh Airlines[37]
company
Belarus Belavia[38] State-owned[39]
None – owned by
Belgium Brussels Airlines[40]
Lufthansa[41]
Bhutan Druk Air[42] None
Bolivia Boliviana de Aviación[43] State-owned[44]
Botswana Air Botswana[45] State-owned[45]
Brunei Royal Brunei Airlines[46] State-owned[46]
Minority State-owned
Bulgaria Bulgaria Air[47]
(0.01%)[48]
Brazil LATAM Brasil[49]
Burkina Faso Air Burkina

Cambodia Cambodia Angkor Air[50] Majority (51%)[51]
Cameroon Camair-Co[52]
Canada Air Canada[53] None
Cape Verde TACV[55]
Cayman Islands Cayman Airways State-owned (100%)[56
Chad Chadian Airlines[57] Majority (51%)[58]
Chile LATAM Chile[59][60] None
Majority (51.7%), in
which:[63]
40.98% through
CNAHC (100%
China Air China[62]
state-owned)
10.72% through
CNACG (100%
owned by CNAHC)
Colombia Avianca[65] None
Croatia Croatia Airlines[66] Majority (98%)[67]
Cuba Cubana de Aviación[68]
Czech Republic Czech Airlines[69] None[69]
DR Congo Congo Airways[70] State-owned[70]
Denmark
Norway Scandinavian Airlines[71] Joint venture[nb 1]
Sweden
Djibouti Air Djibouti[74] Joint venture
Egypt EgyptAir[75] State-owned[76]
Equatorial Guinea CEIBA Intercontinental[77]
Eritrea Eritrean Airlines State-owned
Estonia Nordica[78] State-owned[79]

Eswatini Eswatini Airlink Joint venture
Ethiopia Ethiopian Airlines[58] State-owned[80]
Faroe Islands Atlantic Airways[81]
Fiji Fiji Airways[82] Majority (51%)[83]
Finland Finnair[84] Majority (55.8%)[85]
Minority (18%
France Air France[86]
share)[87]
French Polynesia Air Tahiti Nui[88] Majority[89]
Georgia Georgian Airways None
Germany Lufthansa[90] None
Greece Aegean Airlines[93]
Greenland Air Greenland[94]
Guernsey Aurigny Air Services[95] State-owned[96]
Guyana Caribbean Airlines[97] None
Minority (6.08% by
Hong Kong
Government)[99]
Minority (16.03% by
Chinese Government)
Hong Kong Cathay Pacific[98]
30% through Air
China Limited
(53.46% owned by
the Chinese
Government)[100][101
Iceland Icelandair[102]
India Air India[103] State-owned[103]
Indonesia Garuda Indonesia[104] Majority (60.536%)[105]
Ireland Aer Lingus[107][108] None – owned by IAG

Iran Iran Air[110] State-owned[111]
Iraq Iraqi Airways[112]
Israel El Al[113] Minority (~1.1%)[114]
Italy Alitalia[115] State-owned[116]
Ivory Coast Air Côte d'Ivoire[117] Minority (49%)
Jamaica Caribbean Airlines[118] Minority (16%)
Japan Japan Airlines[119] None
Jordan Royal Jordanian[122]
Kazakhstan Air Astana[123] Majority (51%)[124]
Kenya Kenya Airways[125] Minority (29.8%)[126]
Kiribati Air Kiribati[127]
Kuwait Kuwait Airways[128] State-owned[129]
Laos Lao Airlines[130] State-owned[131]
Latvia Air Baltic[132] Majority (80.05%)[133]
Lebanon Middle East Airlines[134] Majority (99%)[134]
Afriqiyah Airways[135] State-owned[136]

Libya
Libyan Airlines[137] State-owned[137]
Luxembourg Luxair[138] Majority (73.86%)[139]
Macau Air Macau[140] Minority (5%)
Madagascar Air Madagascar[141] Majority
Malawi Malawian Airlines[142] Majority (51%)[142]
State-owned (100%)
Malaysia Malaysia Airlines[143] through Khazanah
Nasional[144]
Maldives Maldivian
Malta Air Malta[145] Majority[146]
Mauritania Mauritania Airlines[147]

Mauritius Air Mauritius[148]
Mexico Aeroméxico[149] None
Moldova Air Moldova[150]
Mongolia MIAT Mongolian Airlines[151] State-owned[152]
Montenegro Montenegro Airlines[153]
Morocco Royal Air Maroc[154] State-owned[155]
Mozambique LAM Mozambique Airlines[156] State-owned
Myanmar Myanmar National Airlines[157] State-owned[158]
State-owned
Namibia Air Namibia[159]
(100%)[160]
Nauru Nauru Airlines[161] State-owned[161]
Nepal Nepal Airlines[162] State-owned
Netherlands KLM[163] Minority (14%)[164]
New Zealand Air New Zealand[165] Majority (53%)[166]
North Korea Air Koryo[170] State-owned[171]
Oman Oman Air[172] Majority[173]
Pakistan Pakistan International Airlines[174] State-owned[175]
Panama Copa Airlines[176] None
Papua New Guinea Air Niugini[177]
Philippines Philippine Airlines[178]
Poland LOT Polish Airlines[179] State-owned[180]
Portugal TAP Air Portugal[181] Majority (72%) [182]
Qatar Qatar Airways[183] State-owned
Republic of the Congo Equatorial Congo Airlines[184] Majority (70%)
Réunion Air Austral[185]
Romania TAROM[186] Majority (95%)[187]

Russia Aeroflot[188] Majority (51%)[189]
Rwanda RwandAir[190] State-owned[190]
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines SVG Air
Samoa Samoa Airways[191] State-owned[192]
São Tomé and Príncipe STP Airways None
Saudi Arabia Saudia[193] Majority
Senegal Air Senegal[194]
Serbia Air Serbia[195] Majority (51%)[196]
Seychelles Air Seychelles[197] None
State-owned
Solomon Islands Solomon Airlines[198]
(100%)[199]
Majority (54.5%
Singapore Singapore Airlines[200] through Temasek
Holdings[201])
South Africa South African Airways[202] State-owned[203]
South Korea Korean Air[204] None[205]
Spain Iberia[209] Minority (5%)[210]
Sri Lanka SriLankan Airlines[211] State-owned[212]
Sudan Sudan Airways State-owned[213]
Suriname Surinam Airways[214] State-owned[215]
None – owned by
Switzerland Swiss International Air Lines[216]
Lufthansa[217]
Syria Syrian Air[218] State-owned
Taiwan China Airlines[219] None
Tanzania Air Tanzania State-owned

Thailand Thai Airways International[221] Majority (47.86%)[222]
Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean Airlines[223] Majority (84%)[224]
Tunisia Tunisair[225] Majority[225]
Turkey Turkish Airlines[226] Minority (49%)
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Airlines[227] State-owned
Uganda Uganda Airlines[228]
Ukraine Ukraine International Airlines[229]
State-owned by the
Etihad Airways[230] Government of Abu
Dhabi[231][232]
State-owned by the
United Arab Emirates Government of Dubai
through the
Emirates[233]
Investment
Corporation of
Dubai.[234]
United Kingdom British Airways[235] None
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Airways[237] Majority
Venezuela Conviasa[238]
Vietnam Vietnam Airlines[239] Majority (86.2%)[239]
Vanuatu Air Vanuatu[240]
Yemen Yemenia[241] Majority
Zimbabwe Air Zimbabwe[242] State-owned[242]
See also
List of charter airlines
List of low-cost airlines
Notes
1. SAS is partly owned by the
governments of Denmark and Sweden,
and was partly owned by the
government of Norway until June
2018. SAS is the flag carrier for all
three nations.[71][72][73]
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225. "Tunisair's sluggish attitude towards
change makes it ill-prepared for Open
Skies" . Centre for Aviation. 21 August
October 2012. Retrieved 4 December
2012. "As a majority state-owned
airline in North Africa, Tunisair has
retained most of the flag carrier
privileges that are cemented in the
1944 Chicago Convention, but those
protectionist practices run counter to
the present realities of passengers
wanting choice and low fares."
22 . Hofmann, Kurt (12 May 2015). "Turkish
Airlines swings to net profit in 1Q" . Air
original on 13 May 2015. "The
Istanbul-based flag carrier flies to 45
domestic and 226 international
destinations in 109 countries and
operates 274 aircraft, comprising 62
widebody, 202 narrowbody and 10
cargo aircraft."
227. Borodina, Polina (26 March 2014).
"Turkmenistan Airlines receives first
Boeing 777-200LR" . Air Transport
26 March 2014. "The flag carrier of
Turkmenistan operates scheduled
flights on 15 routes in 11 European
and Asian countries including
Frankfurt, London, Moscow, Beijing
and Istanbul."
22 . Nensel, Mark (18 July 2018). "Revived
Uganda flag carrier orders CRJ900s,
A330neos" . Air Transport World.
2018.
229. "Ukraine International to double
international network as Aerosvit
restructures" . Centre for Aviation. 14
January 2013. Archived from the
original on 22 January 2013. "While a
relatively large country (both in land
mass and population – it has about 45
million people), the Ukrainian market
(like many other markets in Eastern
Europe) cannot easily sustain two
large flag carriers, particularly as low-
cost competition continues to
increase."
230. Dron, Alan (17 June 2016). "Etihad,
Avianca Brasil ink new codeshare" . Air
original on 17 June 2016. "United
Arab Emirates (UAE) flag carrier Etihad
Airways has signed a codeshare
agreement with Avianca Brasil in the
Abu Dhabi-based carrier’s latest move
to increase its penetration in the South
American market."
231. "Etihad Holds Roadshows To Finance
Aircraft" . Airwise News. 23 February
24 May 2013.
232. Shaw-Smith, Peter. "Etihad 'Slightly
Ahead' in Plan to Return to
Profitability" . Aviation International
News. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
233. "Etihad Suspends Flights To
Damascus" . Airwise News. Reuters.
Retrieved 9 October 2012. "The
website of the UAE's other flag carrier,
Emirates, says flights to Damascus
remain operational."
234. "Emirates and Dnata now under ICD |
GulfNews.com" . archive.ph. 3 January
January 2013. Retrieved 7 December
2019.
235. Flottau, Jens (4 May 2018). "IAG
reports strong 1Q as passenger
revenues improve" . Air Transport
May 2018. "UK flag carrier British
Airways (BA) continued to be the most
profitable unit, with a 9.9% operating
margin, followed by Iberia (1%)."
23 . "Profile: British Airways" . BBC News.
20 September 2001. Archived from the
original on 1 November 2013. "In May
the airline reported a sharp rise in
profits and revealed that it was making
more money from each customer than
it has done since it was privatised in
1987."
237. Montag-Girmes, Polina (31 August
2016). "Uzbekistan Airways takes first
Boeing 787" . Air Transport World.
September 2016. "The flag carrier of
the Republic of Uzbekistan has trained
18 pilots and two pilot-instructors for
the new aircraft type."
23 . http://www.conviasa.aero/es/nosotros
/historia
239. Schofield, Adrian (13 April 2018).
"Vietnam Airlines continues to
dominate international market" . Air
240. "All About Air Vanuatu" . Archived from
the original on 1 November 2013.
241. Dron, Alan (30 March 2015). "Yemenia
suspends services" . Air Transport
31 March 2015. "The Yemen national
carrier said it was suspending flight
operations "until further notice due to
the prevalent unfavorable operational
situation and restriction imposed on
Yemen airspace"."
242. "flyafrica.com and fastjet give
Zimbabwe its first taste of LCCs with
local start-up" . Centre for Aviation. 2
July 2014. Archived from the original
on 2 July 2014. "Government-owned
flag carrier Air Zimbabwe currently
operates only two international routes
although it has been trying for some
time to resume more international
services."
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media
related to Flag carrier.
International Air Transport Association

US Maritime Administration
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Flag_carrier&oldid=990220742"
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Flag carrier

A ﬂag carrier is a transportation company,

A Concorde of the United Kingdom ﬂag carrier British

Historically, the term was used to refer to

The heavily regulated aviation industry

In many cases, governments would

The chart below lists airlines considered to

Afghanistan Ariana Afghan Airlines[20] Majority[21]

Albania Air Albania[22]

Algeria Air Algérie[23] State-owned[24]

Angola TAAG Angola Airlines[25] Majority[26]

Argentina Aerolíneas Argentinas[27] State-owned[27]

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Airlines[33]

Bahamas Bahamasair[34] State-owned

Bahrain Gulf Air[35] State-owned[36]

Belarus Belavia[38] State-owned[39]

Bhutan Druk Air[42] None

Bolivia Boliviana de Aviación[43] State-owned[44]

Botswana Air Botswana[45] State-owned[45]

Brunei Royal Brunei Airlines[46] State-owned[46]

Brazil LATAM Brasil[49]

Burkina Faso Air Burkina

Canada Air Canada[53] None

Cape Verde TACV[55]

Cayman Islands Cayman Airways State-owned (100%)[56

Chad Chadian Airlines[57] Majority (51%)[58]

Chile LATAM Chile[59][60] None

Colombia Avianca[65] None

Croatia Croatia Airlines[66] Majority (98%)[67]

Cuba Cubana de Aviación[68]

Czech Republic Czech Airlines[69] None[69]

DR Congo Congo Airways[70] State-owned[70]

Norway Scandinavian Airlines[71] Joint venture[nb 1]

Djibouti Air Djibouti[74] Joint venture

Egypt EgyptAir[75] State-owned[76]

Equatorial Guinea CEIBA Intercontinental[77]

Eritrea Eritrean Airlines State-owned

Estonia Nordica[78] State-owned[79]

Ethiopia Ethiopian Airlines[58] State-owned[80]

Faroe Islands Atlantic Airways[81]

Fiji Fiji Airways[82] Majority (51%)[83]

Finland Finnair[84] Majority (55.8%)[85]

French Polynesia Air Tahiti Nui[88] Majority[89]

Georgia Georgian Airways None

Germany Lufthansa[90] None

Greece Aegean Airlines[93]

Greenland Air Greenland[94]

Guernsey Aurigny Air Services[95] State-owned[96]

Guyana Caribbean Airlines[97] None

India Air India[103] State-owned[103]

Indonesia Garuda Indonesia[104] Majority (60.536%)[105]

Ireland Aer Lingus[107][108] None – owned by IAG

Iraq Iraqi Airways[112]

Israel El Al[113] Minority (~1.1%)[114]

Italy Alitalia[115] State-owned[116]

Ivory Coast Air Côte d'Ivoire[117] Minority (49%)

Jamaica Caribbean Airlines[118] Minority (16%)

Japan Japan Airlines[119] None

Jordan Royal Jordanian[122]

Kazakhstan Air Astana[123] Majority (51%)[124]

Kenya Kenya Airways[125] Minority (29.8%)[126]

Kiribati Air Kiribati[127]