Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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ORGANIZATION OF THE QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE
Purpose
This booklet provides practical guidance for the administration of
therapeutic foods to patients with acute malnutrition through hospitals and
health centres in Zimbabwe. It seeks to promote the best available therapy
to reduce the risk of death, shorten hospitalization, and facilitate full recovery
of acutely malnourished individuals. The booklet is aimed at health
personnel working at all levels of the health delivery system, including
Doctors, Nurses, Nutritionists, Dieticians and Auxiliaries.
Background
Malnutrition remains one of the most common causes of morbidity and
mortality among children throughout the world. According to global
estimates, 35% of all child mortality is attributable to maternal and child
1
under nutrition – applying these estimates to Zimbabwe, malnutrition may
contribute to nearly 12,000 child deaths each year.
Acute malnutrition, defined by a low weight for height (children), low body
mass index (adolescents and adults), presence of bi-lateral pitting oedema,
or low mid-upper arm circumference, is the most immediate form of
malnutrition. The risk of death in children with severe acute malnutrition
(SAM) is 10 times greater than the risk of death in their well nourished
counterparts, and the risk of death in children with moderate acute
malnutrition (MAM) is more than 2 times greater than in their well-
2
nourished counterparts. The risk of dying increases with the severity of the
condition.
1
Black et al., 2006, Lancet
2
Collins et al., 2006, Lancet
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mal-absorption of nutrients, and increased metabolic requirements, while
malnutrition exacerbates the effects of HIV by increasing susceptibility to
3
AIDS related illness . Reports from routine program monitoring suggest that
up to 70% of children admitted for treatment of SAM in Zimbabwe are HIV
infected. Furthermore, it is estimated that 18 percent of chronically ill
patients in Zimbabwe suffer from accompanying acute malnutrition (defined
as BMI <18.5). Low BMI is a powerful and independent predictor of
4
mortality after the start of ART , and significant weight loss in HIV positive
individuals is associated with increased risk of opportunistic infection,
5
complications, and early mortality .
Introduction
Malnutrition results from socio-economic and other problems such as poor
water and sanitation, sub-optimal care practices, poor access to nutritious
food, low education and repeated infections, which may also be HIV,
related. Successful management of malnutrition requires that both medical
and social problems be recognized and corrected.
3
Kotlerr DP, 1994, Wasting syndrome: nutritional support in HIV Infection, AIDS
4
Koethe et al., 2009, Macronutrient Supplementation for Malnourished HIV infected Adults: A
Review of the Evidence in Resource Adequate and Resource Constrained Settings, Clinical
Infectious Diseases 2009; 49:787-798
5
Friis H, 2006, Micronutrient Intervention and HIV infection: A Review of Current Evidence,
Tropical Medicine and International Health
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SECTION 2
CLASSIFICATION OF ACUTE MALNUTRITION
Classification
Measurement
Age Group Severe Acute Moderate Acute
Index
Malnutrition Malnutrition
Classify severe if presence of any of the following:
Bilateral pitting oedema
Children Less
Weight for Length <-3 SD (WHO)
than 6
Infant too weak or feeble to suckle effectively
Months
Mother reports breastfeeding failure AND infant is not gaining
weight at home
Classification of Acute Malnutrition
Weight for Height (W/H) <-3 SD (WHO) <-2 & ≥-3 SD (WHO)
Children 6 to Mid-upper Arm
<115 mm <125 & ≥ 115 mm
59 Months Circumference (MUAC)
Bilateral Pitting Oedema Yes No
Children and Body Mass Index (BMI) <-3 SD (WHO) OR
<-2 & ≥-3 SD (WHO)
Adolescents for Age visible wasting
(6 to 18
Bilateral pitting oedema Yes No
Years )
Adults Body Mass Index (BMI) <16 kg/m2 <18.5 & ≥16 kg/m2
(Above 18
Bilateral pitting oedema Yes No
Years)
Pregnant or Mid-upper Arm
<190 mm <230mm & ≥190mm
Lactating Circumference (MUAC)
Women (Any
Bilateral pitting oedema Yes No
Age)
For adolescents, you must calculate BMI prior to referring to the BMI for
Age Table.
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SECTION 3
FEEDING FORMULAS FOR MALNOURISHED INDIVIDUALS
What is F-75?
F-75, Formula 75, is used during the first phase in the management of of
complicated severe acute malnutrition. F-75 is administered until the
patient has fully stabilized, which typically takes between 2 and 7 days.
Severely malnourished patients with complications have difficulty tolerating
protein, sodium, or high amounts of fat – introduction of these nutrients in
incorrect proportions may lead to death. F-75 is specially formulated to
meet the malnourished patient’s needs without overwhelming the body's
systems during the initial stage of treatment. F-75 contains 75 kcal and 0.9 g
protein per 100 ml.
What is F-100?
F-100, Formula 100, is introduced after the patient is stabilized and is
intended to rebuild wasted tissues as quickly as possible during the “rapid
Feeding Formulas
recovery” phase. Like F-75, F-100 is specially formulated to provide the the
appropriate mix of nutrients as the patient recovers. F-100 contains more
calories and protein than F-75: 100 kcal and 2.9g protein per 100 ml.
What is RUTF?
RUTF, Ready to Use Therapeutic Food, is made of powdered ingredients
embedded in a lipid rich paste, resulting in an energy dense food that resists
microbial contamination. RUTF is a mixture of milk powder, vegetable oil,
sugar, peanut butter, powdered vitamins and minerals. As the name implies,
RUTF does not require preparation prior to consumption. RUTF has the
same basic formulation as F-100, and is used to support rapid recovery of
uncomplicated severely malnourished patients. While RUTF must be
consumed with water, no other foods are necessary for the rehabilitation of
the malnourished child. RUTF can be safely stored at ambient temperatures
for up to 24.
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What is CSB Plus?
CSB Plus is a dried blended food consisting of heat treated maize, soya
beans, sugar, vitamins, and minerals. The product is typically prepared in the
home as a porridge or gruel using boiled water. The most common
preparation uses 1 part of CSB Plus to 5 parts water. CSB Plus is prescribed
to recently recovered severely malnourished patients and to patients over
the age of 2 years with moderate acute malnutrition.
CSB Plus should be provided as a take-home ration.
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SECTION 4
ADMISSION CRITERIA FOR MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE MALNUTRITION
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Admission Criteria
Admission Criteria
AND
AND AND
ANY of the following:
Anorexia (no appetite) ALL of the following: ALL of the following:
Lower respiratory tract infection
Fever (>39° C) Appetite Appetite
Severe dehydration Clinically well Clinically well
Severe anemia Alert Alert
Hypoglycemia
Hypothermia (<35° C)
Not alert
INPATIENT CARE OUTPATIENT CARE SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING
Give F-75 in Phase I Give RUTF Give CSB Plus Plus to children between 6
Give F-100/RUTF in Phase II Give routine medicines and 24 months of age
ACTION
Give routine medicines Give CSB Plus to children over the age of
24 months
Give routine medicines
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CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS (6 TO 18 YEARS OF AGE)
WITH COMPLICATIONS WITHOUT COMPLICATIONS
Bilateral pitting oedama (any grade) Bilateral pitting oedema (grade one or BMI for AGE <-2 SD & ≥-3 SD (WHO)
OR two)
BMI for AGE <-3 SD (WHO) OR
BMI for AGE <-3 SD (WHO)
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Admission Criteria
Admission Criteria
Pregnant & lactating women Pregnant & Lactating women Pregnant & Lactating women
Bilateral pitting oedema (any grade) Bilateral pitting oedema (grade one or two) MUAC <230mm & ≥190mm
OR OR
MUAC < 190mm with weight loss in past 4 MUAC < 190mm with NO weight loss in past 4
DIAGNOSES
weeks weeks
AND
AND AND
Complications which affect food intake, in ALL of the following:
addition to: ALL of the following:
Anorexia No bilateral pitting oedema
Lower Respiratory tract infections Appetite Appetite
Fever Clinically well Clinically well
Severe dehydration Alert Alert
Severe anaemia
Hypoglycemia
Hypothermia
Not alert
INPATIENT CARE OUTPATIENT CARE SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING
Give F75 in Phase I Give RUTF Give CSB Plus
ACTION
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SECTION 4A
INPATIENT THERAPEUTIC CARE (STABILIZATION CARE)
Give F-75 at 130 ml/kg of body weight per day until the
patient re-gains appetite.
Start with 2 hourly feeds (12 feeds per day) and gradually
decrease the frequency of feeding and increase the volume of
Children 6 to
each feed until the patient is receiving 3-hourly feeds (8 feeds
59 Months
per day)
Breastfed children should always be offered breast milk
before the therapeutic milk, and should always be breastfed
on demand
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Transition Phase
All Age Once stabilized, replace F-75 with F-100. The quantity of
Groups formula provided should remain the same as in Phase 1
Children <6 Give twice the volume of formula offered during phase I
Months
Inpatient Therapeutic Care
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Discharge Criteria from Inpatient Care, by Age
Status Criteria
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Inpatient Therapeutic Care
COARTEM On Admission
ARTEMETER (if positive for All weighing ≥ 4kg Refer to EDLIZ Refer to EDLIZ Refer to EDLIZ
LUMEFANTRINE malaria)
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SECTION 4B
OUTPATIENT THERAPEUTIC CARE
Assessment of Appetite
Assessing Appetite:
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Daily Consumption of RUTF, by Age and Weight
<12 5 35
10 -13 1½ 11
14 - 19 2 14
Children and 20 - 21 2½ 18
Adolescents 22 - 28 3 21
(6 to 18 Years)
29 -30 3½ 25
31 - 41 4 28
42 - 48 4½ 32
25 - 28 2 14
Adults 29 - 32 2½ 18
(Above 18 33 - 41 3 21
Years)
42 - 44 3½ 25
44 - 60 4 28
Pregnant or 5 35
Lactating Any weight
Women 6 42
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How to Give RUTF at Home
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Other Exits from Outpatient Care
Status Criteria
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Routine Medicines to Accompany Outpatient Therapeutic Care
Length of
Product When Patient Age Prescription Dosage
Treatment
VITAMIN A 3 drops
6 months to < 1 year 100,000 IU
(1/2 capsule) Single dose on
(Do not provide vitamin 6 drops admission
A if child is readmitted On Admission ≥ 1 year (>8kg) 200,000 IU
(1 capsule)
or has received
recommended dose Do NOT provide Vitamin A to children with Oedema
within last 30 days)
IRON Do NOT Provide (contained in RUTF)
Single dose on
FOLIC ACID* On Admission All 5 mg Single dose
admission
On Admission
COARTEM ARTEMETER
(if positive for All weighing ≥ 4kg Refer to EDLIZ Refer to EDLIZ Refer to EDLIZ
LUMEFANTRINE
malaria)
On Admission < 2 years Do NOT Provide
(if not
ALBENDAZOLE or
provided in (Alb) 400 mg
MEBENDAZOLE ≥ 2 years Single dose Single dose
inpatient (Meb) 500 mg
care)
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Children 24 to 59
months of age CSB Plus 200g 6 Kg
Children and
CSB Plus 200g 6 Kg
Supplementary Feeding
Adolescents (6 to 18)
years(Above
Adults of age)18
Years) CSB Plus 200g 6 Kg
HIV+ Adults
CSB Plus 250g 7.5 Kg
Pregnant/Lactating
Women CSB Plus 250g 7.5 Kg
Note: Rations may differ between organizations – this is acceptable as long as the
ration allocation meets the recommended minimum quantity per day
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Discharge Criteria from Supplementary Feeding, by Age
Children and
Adolescents (6 to BMI for Age > -2 SD (WHO) for two consecutive visits
Supplementary Feeding
18 years)
Adults (Above 19
Years)
BMI > 18.5 kg/m2
HIV+ Adults
Pregnant or
MUAC greater than 230 mm
Lactating Women
Provide health and nutrition counseling prior to discharge
Status Criteria
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Supplementary Feeding
Length of
Product When Age of Patient Prescription Dosage
Treatment
VITAMIN A 3 drops
6 months to < 1 year 100,000 IU
(1/2 capsule)
(Do not provide
vitamin A if child is Single dose on
On Admission
readmitted or has 6 drops admission
≥ 1 year (>8kg) 200,000 IU
received (1 capsule)
recommended dose
within last 30 days)
2 Years to 5 Years
IRON/FOLATE On Admission 6 Years to 11 Years Refer to EDLIZ Refer to EDLIZ Refer to EDLIZ
Adults
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SECTION 5A
LOOK UP TABLES: CHILDREN 6 TO 59 MONTHS OF AGE (Girls)
Weight for Length (Lying) - GIRLS 6 to 59 Months using WHO Standard (Z-Score)
Lenth (cm) -3 SD -2 SD Length (cm) -3 SD -2 SD
55 3.5 3.8 71 6.5 7
55.5 3.6 3.9 71.5 6.5 7.1
56 3.7 4 72 6.6 7.2
56.5 3.8 4.1 72.5 6.7 7.3
57 3.9 4.3 73 6.8 7.4
57.5 4 4.4 73.5 6.9 7.4
58 4.1 4.5 74 6.9 7.5
58.5 4.2 4.6 74.5 7 7.6
59 4.3 4.7 75 7.1 7.7
59.5 4.4 4.8 75.5 7.1 7.8
60 4.5 4.9 76 7.2 7.8
60.5 4.6 5 76.5 7.3 7.9
61 4.7 5.1 77 7.4 8
61.5 4.8 5.2 77.5 7.4 8.1
Look Up Tables
62 4.9 5.3 78 7.5 8.2
62.5 5 5.4 78.5 7.6 8.2
63 5.1 5.5 79 7.7 8.3
63.5 5.2 5.6 79.5 7.7 8.4
64 5.3 5.7 80 7.8 8.5
64.5 5.4 5.8 80.5 7.9 8.6
65 5.5 5.9 81 8 8.7
65.5 5.5 6 81.5 8.1 8.8
66 5.6 6.1 82 8.1 8.8
66.5 5.7 6.2 82.5 8.2 8.9
67 5.8 6.3 83 8.3 9
67.5 5.9 6.4 83.5 8.4 9.1
68 6 6.5 84 8.5 9.2
68.5 6.1 6.6 84.5 8.6 9.3
69 6.1 6.7 85 8.8 9.6
69.5 6.2 6.8 85.5 8.9 9.7
70 6.3 6.9 86 9 9.8
70.5 6.4 6.9 86.5 9.1 9.9
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SECTION 5A
LOOK UP TABLES: CHILDREN 6 TO 59 MONTHS OF AGE (Girls)
Weight for Height (Standing) - GIRLS 6 to 59 Months using WHO Standard (Z-Score)
Height (cm) -3 SD -2 SD Height (cm) -3 SD -2 SD
87 9.2 10 101 12 13
87.5 9.3 10.1 101.5 12.1 13.1
88 9.4 10.2 102 12.2 13.3
88.5 9.5 10.3 102.5 12.3 13.4
89 9.6 10.4 103 12.4 13.5
89.5 9.7 10.5 103.5 12.5 13.6
90 9.8 10.6 104 12.6 13.8
90.5 9.9 10.7 104.5 12.8 13.9
91 10 10.9 105 12.9 14
91.5 10.1 11 105.5 13 14.2
92 10.2 11.1 106 13.1 14.3
92.5 10.3 11.2 106.5 13.3 14.5
93 10.4 11.3 107 13.4 14.6
93.5 10.5 11.4 107.5 13.5 14.7
Look Up Tables
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SECTION 5A
LOOK UP TABLES: CHILDREN 6 TO 59 MONTHS OF AGE (Boys)
Weight for Length (Lying) - BOYS 6 to 59 Months using WHO Standard (Z-Score)
Look Up Tables
61.5 5 5.4 77.5 7.9 8.5
62 5.1 5.6 78 7.9 8.6
62.5 5.2 5.7 78.5 8 8.7
63 5.3 5.8 79 8.1 8.7
63.5 5.4 5.9 79.5 8.2 8.8
64 5.5 6 80 8.2 8.9
64.5 5.6 6.1 80.5 8.3 9
65 5.7 6.2 81 8.4 9.1
65.5 5.8 6.3 81.5 8.5 9.1
66 5.9 6.4 82 8.5 9.2
66.5 6 6.5 82.5 8.6 9.3
67 6.1 6.6 83 8.7 9.4
67.5 6.2 6.7 83.5 8.8 9.5
68 6.3 6.8 84 8.9 9.6
68.5 6.4 6.9 84.5 9 9.7
69 6.5 7 85 9.2 10
69.5 6.6 7.1 85.5 9.3 10.1
70 6.6 7.2 86 9.4 10.2
70.5 6.7 7.3 86.5 9.5 10.3
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SECTION 5A
LOOK UP TABLES: CHILDREN 6 TO 59 MONTHS OF AGE (Boys)
Weight for Height (Standing) - BOYS 6 to 59 Months using WHO Standard (Z-Score)
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SECTION 5B
LOOK UP TABLES: CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS 6 TO 18 YEARS OF AGE
Look Up Tables
6:5 77 11.7 12.7 9:10 118 12.4 13.4
6:6 78 11.7 12.7 9:11 119 12.4 13.5
6:7 79 11.7 12.7 10:0 120 12.4 13.5
6:8 80 11.7 12.7 10:1 121 12.4 13.5
6:9 81 11.7 12.7 10:2 122 12.5 13.6
6:10 82 11.7 12.7 10:3 123 12.5 13.6
6:11 83 11.8 12.7 10:4 124 12.5 13.6
7:0 84 11.8 12.7 10:5 125 12.5 13.7
7:1 85 11.8 12.8 10:6 126 12.6 13.7
7:2 86 11.8 12.8 10:7 127 12.6 13.7
7:3 87 11.8 12.8 10:8 128 12.6 13.8
7:4 88 11.8 12.8 10:9 129 12.7 13.8
7:5 89 11.8 12.8 10:10 130 12.7 13.8
7:6 90 11.8 12.8 10:11 131 12.7 13.9
7:7 91 11.8 12.8 11:0 132 12.8 14
7:8 92 11.8 12.8 11:1 133 12.8 14
7:9 93 11.9 12.9 11:2 134 12.9 14
7:10 94 11.9 12.9 11:3 135 12.9 14.1
7:11 95 11.9 12.9 11:4 136 12.9 14.1
8:0 96 11.9 12.9 11:5 137 13 14.2
8:1 97 11.9 12.9 11:6 138 13 14.2
8:2 98 11.9 12.9 11:7 139 13 14.3
8:3 99 12 13 11:8 140 13.1 14.3
8:4 100 12 13 11:9 141 13.1 14.3
8:5 101 12 13 11:10 142 13.2 14.4
SECTION 5B
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SECTION 5B
LOOK UP TABLES: CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS 6 TO 18 YEARS OF AGE
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SECTION 5B
LOOK UP TABLES: CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS 6 TO 18 YEARS OF AGE
Look Up Tables
6:5 77 12.2 13.1 9:10 118 12.7 13.7
6:6 78 12.2 13.1 9:11 119 12.8 13.7
6:7 79 12.2 13.1 10:0 120 12.8 13.7
6:8 80 12.2 13.1 10:1 121 12.8 13.8
6:9 81 12.2 13.1 10:2 122 12.8 13.8
6:10 82 12.2 13.1 10:3 123 12.8 13.8
6:11 83 12.2 13.1 10:4 124 12.9 13.8
7:0 84 12.3 13.1 10:5 125 12.9 13.9
7:1 85 12.3 13.2 10:6 126 12.9 13.9
7:2 86 12.3 13.2 10:7 127 12.9 13.9
7:3 87 12.3 13.2 10:8 128 13.0 13.9
7:4 88 12.3 13.2 10:9 129 13.0 14
7:5 89 12.3 13.2 10:10 130 13.0 14
7:6 90 12.3 13.2 10:11 131 13.0 14
7:7 91 12.3 13.2 11:0 132 13.1 14.1
7:8 92 12.3 13.2 11:1 133 13.1 14.1
7:9 93 12.4 13.3 11:2 134 13.1 14.1
7:10 94 12.4 13.3 11:3 135 13.1 14.1
7:11 95 12.4 13.3 11:4 136 13.2 14.2
8:0 96 12.4 13.3 11:5 137 13.2 14.2
8:1 97 12.4 13.3 11:6 138 13.2 14.2
8:2 98 12.4 13.3 11:7 139 13.2 14.3
8:3 99 12.4 13.3 11:8 140 13.3 14.3
8:4 100 12.4 13.4 11:9 141 13.3 14.3
8:5 101 12.5 13.4 11:10 142 13.3 14.4
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SECTION 5B
LOOK UP TABLES: CHILDREN & ADOLESCENTS 6 TO 18 YEARS OF AGE
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SECTION 5C
LOOK UP TABLES: ADULT BMI
Look Up Tables
1.56 38.9 37.7 36.5 35.3 34.1 31.6 29.2 42.6 41.4 40.2
1.57 39.4 38.2 37.0 35.7 34.5 32.0 29.6 43.1 41.9 40.7
1.58 39.9 38.7 37.4 36.2 34.9 32.5 30.0 43.7 42.4 41.2
1.59 40.4 39.2 37.9 36.7 35.4 32.9 30.3 44.2 43.0 41.7
1.6 41.0 39.7 38.4 37.1 35.8 33.3 30.7 44.8 43.5 42.2
1.61 41.5 40.2 38.9 37.6 36.3 33.7 31.1 45.4 44.1 42.8
1.62 42.0 40.7 39.4 38.1 36.7 34.1 31.5 45.9 44.6 43.3
1.63 42.5 41.2 39.9 38.5 37.2 34.5 31.9 46.5 45.2 43.8
1.64 43.0 41.7 40.3 39.0 37.7 35.0 32.3 47.1 45.7 44.4
1.65 43.6 42.2 40.8 39.5 38.1 35.4 32.7 47.6 46.3 44.9
1.66 44.1 42.7 41.3 40.0 38.6 35.8 33.1 48.2 46.8 45.5
1.67 44.6 43.2 41.8 40.4 39.0 36.3 33.5 48.8 47.4 46.0
1.68 45.2 43.7 42.3 40.9 39.5 36.7 33.9 49.4 48.0 46.6
1.69 45.7 44.3 42.8 41.4 40.0 37.1 34.3 50.0 48.6 47.1
1.7 46.2 44.8 43.4 41.9 40.5 37.6 34.7 50.6 49.1 47.7
1.71 46.8 45.3 43.9 42.4 40.9 38.0 35.1 51.2 49.7 48.2
1.72 47.3 45.9 44.4 42.9 41.4 38.5 35.5 51.8 50.3 48.8
1.73 47.9 46.4 44.9 43.4 41.9 38.9 35.9 52.4 50.9 49.4
1.74 48.4 46.9 45.4 43.9 42.4 39.4 36.3 53.0 51.5 50.0
1.75 49.0 47.5 45.9 44.4 42.9 39.8 36.8 53.6 52.1 50.5
1.76 49.6 48.0 46.5 44.9 43.4 40.3 37.2 54.2 52.7 51.1
1.77 50.1 48.6 47.0 45.4 43.9 40.7 37.6 54.8 53.3 51.7
1.78 50.7 49.1 47.5 45.9 44.4 41.2 38.0 55.4 53.9 52.3
1.79 51.3 49.7 48.1 46.5 44.9 41.7 38.4 56.1 54.5 52.9
1.8 51.8 50.2 48.6 47.0 45.4 42.1 38.9 56.7 55.1 53.5
1.81 52.4 50.8 49.1 47.5 45.9 42.6 39.3 57.3 55.7 54.1
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SECTION 5C
LOOK UP TABLES: ADULT BMI
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SECTION 5D
LOOK UP TABLES: 15% Percent Weight Change (for MUAC Admissions)
Look Up Tables
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