Cookery Reviewer
flavors and textures in addition to be
Two types of green salads
• Tossed salad.
• Composed salad.
Tossed Salad
• prepared by placing the greens,
garnishes and dressing in a large
bowl and losing to combine.
Composed Salad
• Has a more elegant look
• Prepared by arranging each of the
ingredients on plates in an artistic
fashion.
Cos
• Another name for Romaine lettuce.
Micro Greens
• Are even smaller than baby greens.
• Very fragile and must be hand
picked and carefully packed for
delivery.
Tearing and Cutting
• Some Chiefs want greens torn by
hand.
• Less likely to bruise in torn by hand.
Main course salads
• It should be large enough to serve as
a full meal and should contain a
substantial portion of protein.
• Meat, poultry, and seafood salads as
well as egg salad and cheese are
popular choices.
• It should offer enough variety of
protein salad platter or fruits.
Separate course salads
• These salads must be very light
without filling.
• Rich, heavy dressings such as sour
cream and mayonnaise should be
avoided.
• Light salad are serve after the main
course to cleanse the palate, refresh
the appetite and provide a break
before dessert.
Dessert salads
• These are usually sweet and may
contain items such as fruits,
sweetened gelatin, nuts and cream.
Appetizer Salads
• It stimulates appetite which has
fresh, crisp ingredients.
• Tangy flavorful dressing and
attractive appetizing appearance.
• It looks appealing because of
flavorful foods like cheese, ham,
salami shrimp and crabmeat. Crisp
raw or lightly cooked vegetables can
also be added.
Accompaniment Salads
• It must balance and harmonize with
the rest of the meal, like any other
side dish.
• Don't serve potato salad at the same
meal at which you are serving
French Fries or another starch.
• Sweet fruit salads are rarely
appropriate as accompaniment
except with such items as ham or
pork.
Side dish salads
• It should be light and flavorful, not
too much vegetable salads are often
good choices.
• Heavier salads such as macaroni or
high protein salads containing
seafood, cheese are less appropriate,
unless the main course is light.
Basic Vinaigrette Dressing
• Wine Vinegar - 8 Fl. oz.
• Salt - 2 tsp. Pepper - TT
• Salad Oil - 24 Fl. Oz.
Emulsion
• A uniform mixture of two unfixable
liquids. It's often temporary (for
example oil and water)
a la grecque
• Preparation style in which vegetables
are marinated in olive oil, lemon
juice and herbs, then served cold
French Dressing
• Classically, a vinaigrette dressing
made from oil, vinegar, salt and
pepper.
Kinds of Salad
• One can make an endless variety of
salads by combining different
ingredients. However, salads are
typically classified into the following
types.
Simple Salad
• A simple salad is based on one
ingredient, like lettuce or tomato,
and is finished with a dressing.
• Simple salads can have little or no
garnishes.
• Examples of simple salads include
iceberg lettuce with Thousand Island
dressing and tomato salad with
vinaigrette dressing.
Mixed Salad
• A mixed salad contains two or more
ingredients mixed together and
combined with a dressing.
• A Greek salad consisting of
cucumber, onions, tomatoes, olives,
and feta cheese tossed with a garlic
dressing or a drizzle of olive oil is a
good example of a mixed salad.
Compound Salad
• In a compound salad, the different
ingredients are combined with
mayonnaise.
• Waldorf salad is a fine example of a
compound salad.
• It consists of celery, apples, and
walnuts dressed with mayonnaise
and usually served on a bed of
lettuce leaves.
Composed Salad
• The ingredients of a composed salad
are artfully arranged on a plate and
drizzled with a dressing, rather than
tossed with it.
• One of the most popular composed
salads is salade niçoise, which is
composed of tomatoes, tuna, hard-
boiled eggs, olives, and anchovies,
all laid on a plate or platter and
drizzled with vinaigrette.
Warm Salad
• A warm salad is made by tossing the
ingredients and the dressing in a pan
or skillet overheat.
• It can also be made by serving the
cooked ingredients, like meat or fish,
when still warm, or by just warming
the dressing itself.
• For instance, a warm seafood salad
can be made by sautéing or poaching
the seafood and serving it with a
warmed dressing.
Classic Salad
• A classic salad is any of the salads
based on French cuisine and
traditions of cookery.
• Roquefort salad and salade russe are
some popular classic salads.
Contemporary Salad
• This kind of salad includes salad
variants that are very popular
nowadays.
• Examples of contemporary salads are
Thai beef salad, Caesar salad, and
vegetable and pasta salad.
Ethnic Salad
• A salad that originates from the
cuisines of countries other than
France is known as an ethnic salad.
• Levantine tabbouleh, Italian insalata
Caprese, and Philippine kinilnat are
some examples of ethnic salads.
Components of a Salad
• While there are many different kinds
of salads, they consist of the same
four basic components.
Base
• The base of a salad refers to the layer
of ingredients placed on the plate or
platter to give definition to the salad.
• Leaf vegetables such as lettuce or
baby spinach, and fruits such as
mango and avocado are often used as
a salad base.
Body
• It consists of the main ingredients of
the salad and serves as the focal
point of the presentation.
• The body of a salad is set on top of
the base.
Dressing
• Salads are served with a dressing that
enhances the flavors of the
ingredients.
• It is often tossed together with the
ingredients but is sometimes served
on the side.
Garnish
• A garnish adds color, texture, and
form to the salad, and often gives the
overall taste of the salad a boost.
Ingredients Used for Salads
• The following are just some of the
most commonly used ingredients for
salads of many different kinds.
Leaf Vegetables
• Most salads are composed of leaf
vegetables of many varieties.
• While most salad greens are
available year round, the quality and
 price of these vary with the season
and area in which they are grown.
• It is good to use salad greens that are
in season, because they are cheaper.
Belgian Endive
• Curly endive has thick, narrow
leaves with curly edges that have a
bitter flavor. Curly endive is also
known as chicory.
Escarole
• Escarole belongs to the endive
family. Its flat, curly-edged leaves
are arranged in a loose head and
have a bitter flavor.
Butterhead Lettuce
• This mild-flavored of lettuce has
tender leaves arranged in a loose,
round head.
Iceberg Lettuce
• Iceberg lettuce is the most popular
leaf vegetable used for salads. It has
crisp, pale green leaves that have a
very mild flavor.
Leaf Lettuce
• Leaf lettuce has crisp, tender, curly
leaves than can either be red or
green, and have a mild flavor.
Romaine Lettuce
• It has crisp leaves forming an
elongated head.
• This type of lettuce has a fairly mild
flavor.
Chinese Cabbage
• Chinese or napa cabbage has a long,
narrow head with green leaves that
are white in the center.
• Chinese or napa cabbage has a long,
narrow head with green leaves that
are white in the center.
Radicchio
• This leaf vegetable has tender red-
purple leaves with a slightly bitter
flavor.
Spinach
• The deep green leaves of spinach are
tender and have a fairly mild flavor.
Watercress
• Watercress has small round leaves
on slender stalks. It has a delicate
texture and a peppery, pungent
flavor.
Other Vegetables
• Aside from leaf vegetables, many
other kinds of vegetables can be used
for salads.
• The addition of one or more kinds of
vegetable can add different flavors,
colors, and textures that can make
even a simple salad interesting in
both appearance and taste.
• Among the most popular vegetables
used for salads are tomato,
cucumber, carrot, onion, celery, and
bell pepper (red, green, and yellow).
Eggplant, asparagus, radish,
cauliflower, broccoli, jicama, squash,
green bean, and zucchini can also be
added to a salad to add crunch and
another layer of flavor.
 • These vegetables are typically used
raw, but cooked and preserved WAYERCESS
(canned, dried, and pickled)
vegetables may be used, as well.

CURLY
ENDIVE
ICEBERG
LETTUCE

ROMAINE
LETTUCE
ESCAROLE

CHINESE
CABBAGE

ARUGULA
SPINACH

RADICCHIO

BUTTERHEAD
LETTUCE
Arts Reviewer
NEOCLASSICAL ART
- Neoclassicism, 1780-1840, the word
neoclassic came from the Greek word neos
meaning “new” and Latin word classicus
which is similar in the meaning to the
English phrase “first class.”
- The Western movement in decorative and
visual arts was called Neoclassicism.
- It also applies to literature, theater, music,
and architecture that were influenced by the
classical art and culture of Ancient Greece
and Ancient Rome.
- The Neoclassical movement coincided
with the 18th century age of reason also
known as the Age of Enlightenment.
- The art styles in this period were brought
about by the renewed interest in Greek and
Roman classics.
- Neoclassical art pieces such as painting,
sculptures, and architecture generally
portrayed Roman History which elevated the
Roman heroes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
NEOCLASSICAL ART
• Portrayal of Roman history
• Formal composition
• The use of diagonal to show the peak of an
emotion or moment (versus a regular
moment)
• Local color
• Overall lighting
• Classic geo-structure
NEOCLASSICAL ARTISTS
JACQUES LOUIS-DAVID - He is the
principal proponent of the Neoclassical
style.
- A. The Death of Marat – David’s master
shows the portrayal of a revolutionary
martyr.
This is a painting of the murdered French
revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat
- B. Napoleon Crossing the Alps- the
painting that showed strongly idealized view
of the
real crossing that Napoleon and his army
made the Alps through the Great St. Bernard
Pass in May 1800.
- C. Oath of the Horatii – It was a large
painting that depicts a scene from a Roman
legend about the dispute between Rome and
Alba Longa. The three brothers, all of
whom appear willing to sacrifice their lives
for the good of Rome, are shown saluting
their father who holds their swords out of
them.
JEAN AUGUSTE-DOMINIQUE INGRES
– was a pupil of David. He was influenced
by Italian Renaissance painters like Raphael,
Nicholas Pousin, Botticelli and his mentor
David.
- His paintings were usually nudes, portraits,
and mythological themes.
- He is famous for his society portraits and
female nudes.
- He was a well-known portraitist.
- He captured his figure with an impressive
photographic likeness.
- Years later, as the most sought-after
portraitist in France, Ingres painted the grace
and splendor of his female elite sitters, again
with photographic realism.
- Ingres’ first historical paintings were done
in the troubadour style, echoing the
idealized atmosphere of the Middle Ages.
La Source – Ingres displayed his model
body in much more realistic proportions.
Portrait of Napoleon on the Imperial
Throne- the painting depicts Napoleon in his
decadent coronation costume, seated upon
his golden-entrusted throne, hand resting
upon smooth ivory balls.
The Apotheosis of Homer- the painting was
a state-commission by Charles X to have
him remembered in the building works of
the Louvre. The painting depicts an image of
Homer, receiving all brilliant men of Rome,
Greece, and contemporary times.
caused by Spain’s moral and themes.
- In these, the artist illustrates the massacres,
rapes, violence, assassinations, profanities,
and crimes committed by both French and
Spanish armies during the Napoleonic
occupation. An obscure, curious, and
irrational element was apparent in Goya’s
work.
FAMOUS ARTISTS AND THEIR WORKS
JACQUES LOUIS-DAVID
- The Death of Marat
- Napoleon Crossing the Alps
- Belisarius Asking Alms
- Oath of the Horatii
- Death of Socrates
- The Lictors Bringing to Brutus and the
Bodies of His Sons

FRANCISCO GOYA JEAN AUGUSTE-DOMINIQUE INGRES

- Both in the content of his paintings, with - La Source

their in-depth exploration of reality and - The Turkish Bath
references to the dream world, and in his
very original technique. - Napoleon I on His Imperial Throne

- His work embodies his personal FRANCISCO GOYA

imaginative visions, defying traditional - The Colossus
academicism and conventional subjects.
- Saturn Devouring His Own Son
- He described himself as a pupil of
Velazquez, Rembrandt, and nature: from - The Disasters of War
Velazquez he acquired a feeling for softly - Los Caprichos
shaded color, applied in layer: from
Rembrandt , his predilection for dark and - The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters
mysterious background settings; and from
- The Maja Nude
nature, he took an endless variety of form,
some beautiful, some not. - House of the Deaf Man
- He was a keen observer of contemporary
society and recorded the sense of unease
ART OF THE ROMANTIC PERIOD
- Romanticism was a movement in which
the artists of Neoclassical period sought to
break new ground in the expression of
emotion, both subtle and stormy.
- It embraced a number of distinctive
themes, such as a longing for history,
supernatural elements, social injustices, and
nature.
- Landscape painting also became more
popular due to the peoples’ romantic
adoration of nature.
- Romanticism was a reaction to the
classical, contemplative nature of
Neoclassical pieces.
- Romanticism celebrated the individual
imagination and intuition in the enduring
search for individual rights and liberty.
- Romanticists practitioners found their
voices across all genres including literature,
music, art, and architecture.
- Many Romanticists emphasized the
individual’s connection to nature and an
idealized past.
Characteristics:
- shows the height of action
- emotional extremes
- celebrated nature as out of control
- dramatic compositions
- heightened sensation (life and death
moments)
EUGENE DELACROIX
- He received his artistic training in Paris
and became known as a leading figure of the
French Romantic era of the 19th century.
- Many of Delacroix’s early paintings had
religious subjects.
- He was hailed as a central figure I in the
Romantic era of French art.
Death of Sardanapalus- a decadent scene of
a defeated Assyrian king preparing to
commit suicide.
Liberty Leading the People – a response to
the July Revolution of 1830 in which a
woman holding a French flag leads a band
of fighters from all social classes.
THEODORE GERICAULT
- Handsome, brooding and elegant.
- He was a typical Romantic artist.
- Exhibiting a fierce individualism in his
subject matter and tone, he lived a typically
short yet intense life.
The Raft of the Medusa – was iconic in the
era in which he lived, forging a new
emphasis on raw emotion and sharply
veering away from the refined
compositional studies of Neoclassicism.
JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER
- He was one of the greatest English
landscape painters, renowned for his
dramatic and atmospheric treatment of light.
- His early work consisted mainly of
drawings and watercolors.
- He was hugely inspired by the light
historical monuments and works of art and
by the light and scenery.
- Turner was a fiercely private and often
eccentric man.
ARTISTS AND THEIR WORKS
EUGENE DELACROIX
- Liberty Leading the People
- The Death of Sardanapalus
- Dante and Virgil in Hell
- The Massacre of Chios
- Greece on the Ruins of Missolonghi
- The Women of Algiers in Their Apartment
- Moroccan Chieftain Receiving Tribute
- The Lion Hunt
- Jacob Wrestling with the Angel
THEODORE GERICAULT
The Raft of the Medusa
JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM TURNER
- The Fighting Temeraire
- Rain, Steam and Speed

Test Types (Third Monthly Test)

True/False
Multiple Choice
Matching Type
VE Reviewer 5 Liturgical Seasons:
1. A- Advent
Special Lesson – Lenten Season 2. C – Christmas
Lent – Germanic word that means “spring 3. O – Ordinary Time
season”; Latin equivalent is “quadragesima”
4. L – Lent
a word meaning forty days; Tessarokosti”-
(Greek) for forty days 5. E – Easter
– spiritual spring, a time for spiritual 6. *O – Ordinary Time
growth and renewal; winter is over and life
Ash Wednesday – The season of Lent
begins
Begins;
– one of the five liturgical seasons in
*Catholics are not the only ones celebrating
the liturgical year
Ash Wednesday
–is the season in preparation for a more
*Almost billions of Catholics flock to the
important reason of our being Christians
Church on Ash Wednesday to receive the
- EASTER.
ashes. Then, we know that Lent begins.
Spring – time of change and renewal
Ashes – used to mark Catholics in their
10 commandments: foreheads as a sign of conversation and
repentance; are sacramental because they are
1. I, the Lord, am your God, you shall not
blessed
have other gods beside me.
Blessed Palms – used to make ashes; burnt
2. You shall not take the name of the Lord
and blessed again in another year.
your God in vain.
Formula (said when placing ashes):
3. Remember to keep holy the Lord’s Day.
New version:
4. Honor your Father and your Mother.
-Turn away from sin and be faithful to the
5. You shall not kill.
Gospel
6. You shall not commit adultery.
-You are dust and into dust you shall return
7. You shall not steal.
Old Version:
8. You shall not bear false witness against
-“Repent and believe the Gospel.” or
your neighbor.
-“MAGBAGONG BUHAY KA AT SA
9. You shall covet your neighbors’ wife.
MABUTING BALITA AY
10. You shall not covet your neighbors’ SUMAMPALATAYA”
goods.
*The season of Lent is forty days long not
counting Sunday
Sundays – mini-easter; day of the
resurrection also the reason why it is not
counted for lent.
Forty (Bible):
• Time of Purification and Preparation
A. It took forty years for Israel to get
ready to go to the promised land.
B. It took forty days and forty nights for
the earth to be purified from sin (Noah’s
ark)
C. Jesus prayed for forty days and forty
nights to prepare for his Public ministry
(Color of Lent Purple Penance Amends
Making Up for something we did wrong)
Three Pillars of Lent:
• Almsgiving - During Lent, we are
asked to focus more intently on
"almsgiving," which means donating
money or goods to the poor and
performing other acts of charity.
Almsgiving is "a witness to fraternal
charity" and "a work of justice
pleasing to God."
• Sacrifice - A Lenten sacrifice is a
spiritually motivated voluntary
renunciation of a pleasure or luxury
that most Christians give up for the
observance of Lent
A. Fasting - Eliminate a food or food
group for the entire season. Especially
consider saving rich and fatty foods for
Easter. All days of fast one full meal and
two lesser meals are allowed in ages 18 – 59
years old. Days of fast are only on Ash
Wednesday and Good Friday.
*Fasting is NOT diet – it is a form of
spiritual ascetism, self-control
B. Abstinence - Refrain from eating
meat (bloody foods) on all Fridays in
Lent, substituting fish for example.
Meat may not be eaten. All the
Fridays of lent are observed with
Abstinence in ages 14 and above.
• Holiness – Becoming familiar with
the life of Jesus through participating
in different activities:
Activities:
STA. CRUZADA
PRAYING, FASTING AND ALMS-
GIVING
VISITA IGLESIA
STATIONS OF THE CROSS
PABASA NG PASYON
LENTEN SACRIFICES
C. Meditating - 'Sensing God' is a
practical introduction and guide to
meditation in the Christian tradition.
Refrain from things and try to
meditate on prayers
Lent Timeline:
• Ash Wednesday - Ash Wednesday
derives its name from this practice,
which is accompanied by the words,
"Repent, and believe in the Gospel"
• 40 days and 8 Sundays of Lent
• Holy Week (The Climax):
I.Palm Sunday - Palm Sunday recalls an event
in the Christian Scripture (The New
Testament) of Jesus entering into Jerusalem
and being greeted by the people waving
 palm branches. For Christians, it is a
reminder of the welcoming of Jesus into our
hearts and of our willingness to follow him.
II.Holy Days (Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday)
III.Maundy Thursday (Holy Triduum) - also
known as Holy Thursday and Sheer
Thursday, among other names—is a
Christian holy day that commemorates
events known as the Washing of the Feet
and the Last Supper.
*Last Supper - Last Supper, also called
Lord's Supper, in the New Testament, the
final meal shared by Jesus and his disciples
in an upper room in Jerusalem
IV. Good Friday (Holy Triduum) - the
Friday before Easter, the day on
which Christians annually observe
the commemoration of the
Crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
IV. Black Saturday (Holy Triduum) - It
is a day of mourning — the day
Jesus Christ was laid in his tomb
after his death by crucifixion.
*Easter Vigil – Night before Easter; On this
holy night, the Church keeps watch,
celebrating the resurrection of Christ in the
sacraments and awaiting his return in glory.
**Easter Sunday – Not part of Lent
Lesson 10 – The Renewal of The Church
Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) –
Convened by Pope John XXIII; also called
Vatican II
*not convoked due to heresies or
reformation, but rather on renewal
*This time, humans are focused in growing
obsession that makes them take God and the
Church out of their life
*Church have struggled and have fallen a lot
Sin – greatest oppressor of all
Christ – the solution to the greatest
oppressor; light of the world
Light of Christ – will vivify the world;
eradicate darkness that sin will bring
Pre-Vatican II Facts:
1. Priests was facing back during Mass
2. Priests was called “celebrant”
3. Men were bored during these times
Church’s renewal documents:
1. Decree on Ecumenism
2. Declaration on the Relations of the
Church to Non-Christians Religions
– puts an end to anti-semitism; anti-
semitism is hostility to or to
prejudice against the laws
3. The Declaration on Religious
Freedom – manifests the Church’s
high regard for the dignity and the
equality of all peoples regardless of
belief, cultures, and status in life;
recognizes freedom
4. Pastoral Constitution of the Church
in the Modern World (Gaudium et
Spes.) – this document embodies the
Church to “engage in conversation
with the entire human family (n.3);
help shed light on the human
mystery and cooperate in solving
contemporary problems (n.10);
examins the signs of times and
 interprets them in the light of the
Gospel.
*The last powerful words of this document
echoes the words of Paul on his letter to the
Romans
Renewal of Church in the Philippines:
Primary Objectives:
• Promotion and renewal of Filipino
Christian life through Christ, with
Christ, and in Christ.
Primary Visions:
• Service of the people of God rather
than domination
• Give the lay a greater participation in
the mission of the Church.
• The option for the poor
Second Plenary Council – Strengthening
Basic Ecclesial Communities (BECs)
Basic Ecclesial Communities (BECs) –
articulate the Church’s resolve to follow
Jesus’ path for servant hood
• Small communities of Christians
who gather together.
• United to their pastors
• Know each other by name and share
both Word of God and concerns both
material and spiritual
• Solidarity to each other, to Justice
Plenary Council – formal meeting of
archbishops and bishops for a country or
region
Aggiornamento – Theme of Second Vatican
Council for “updating”
Sign of times – the facts, events, and
phenomena of our times that needs to be
interpreted
Pentecost – Birthday of the Church ; 3rd
Glorious Mystery – descending of the Holy
Spirit
(Counterpart) Second Plenary Council of the
Philippines (PCP II) (1991)
Lay VEM (vibrant, evangelizing,
missionaries)
Faith, Hope, and Love – Rom. 5:1-5
Lesson 11 – Jesus the Original Sacrament
“The Father is in Jesus and He is in the
Father”
Lord, Show us the father – John 14:8-11
Jesus Christ – The sacrament of His Father;
Central and decisive event in the whole
history of salvation; He is the realization of
God’s plan of love; Both mystery and
meaning of God
Two aspects to consider:
• His whole life of word
• His whole life of action
“Repent for the Kingdom of heaven is at
hand” (Matthew 3:2)
“The Kingdom of Heaven…” (Matthew
13:44)
Deeds:’
• Word of mouth and parables
• Actions
• Miracles of healing the sick and
afflicted.
 • Acts of Forgiving
• Freed all by bondage of sin
Paschal Mystery
• Passion
• Death
• Resurrection
33 years – Jesus lived for Human
3 years – public life
God Jesus (Head and Bridegroom) Church
(Body and Bride)
Church – Jesus’ basic sacrament
Tangible – sense of touch or thing touched
Incarnation – Jesus was conceived in the
womb of Mary; Jesus is true God and true
man (doctrine)
Mystical Body – mystical union of all
Christians into a spiritual body with Jesus
Christ as their head
Sacrament - A sacrament is an external or
sensible sign, instituted by Christ, that
causes the Grace it signifies.
Jesus and the Father had been together in all
stages of His life, in heaven and on
earth. Jn.14:11 in His whole of WORD and
ACTION
WORD - Jesus proclaimed the Kingdom of
God through the word of mouth. (Matthew
3:2) and (Mt. 13:44)
ACTION – not only in words; performed
miracles, healed the sick and forgave sinners
Now, glorifies and is seated at the right hand
of the Father, continues to be the Sacrament
of the Father
The mutual encounter with the human
beings and God, ever since incarnation,
takes place through the Church, the
Sacrament of Christ.
Jesus is the realization of God’s plan of
love, His purpose of Grace, in spite of sin, to
call to perfect communion with Him.
Through Jesus, we are reminded that the
Sacraments are religious rituals expressing
specific relations of God’s presence. Jesus is
both the MYSTERY and MEANING of
GOD
MYSTERY - Jesus is personified and both
form and transform our human relationships.
MEANING – Jesus manifests who God is
and who we are.
JESUS life, death and resurrection transform
our human reality.
IN CELEBRATING THE SACRAMENTS:
• THE CHURCH PERFORMS HER
ROLE OF KEEPING CHRIST
ALIVE IN THE HEARTS OF MEN
AND WOMEN
• THE CHURCH MAKES HER
MEMBERS EXPERIENCE
CHRIST’S PRESENCE AND THE
SANCTIFYING WORK OF THE
HOLY SPIRIT
Lesson 12 – Baptism
Nicodemus – The Pharisee who asked Jesus
about “new life.”
In order for us to enter the Kingdom of
heaven, we must be “born again”
Jn 3:16
• if we believe in Him, we will have
eternal life.
• As we have read from His talk with
Nicodemus, Jesus promises us
forgiveness of sins and a new life
with Him if we choose to believe in
Him.
The Sacrament of Baptism
• the first sacrament we receive, and
the reception of the other sacraments
depends on it. It is the first of the
three Sacraments of Initiation, the
other two being the Sacrament of
Confirmation and the Sacrament of
Holy Eucharist.
• Once a person is baptized, he
formally becomes a member of the
Church and receives new life as a
child of God.
• Baptism is necessary for salvation.
"Amen, amen, I say to you, no one can enter
the kingdom of God without being born of
water and Spirit" (Jn 3:5)
The Celebration of the Sacrament of
Baptism
• Roles for both parents and
godparents, the essentials of that rite
are two: the pouring of water over
the head of the person to be baptized
(or the immersion of the person in
water), and the words "I baptize you
in the name of the Father, and of the
Son, and of the Holy Spirit."
The Minister of the Sacrament of Baptism
• In fact, when the life of a person is in
danger, even a non-baptized person-
including someone who does not
himself believe in Christ-can baptize.
• Conditional baptism - the ordinary
minister of the sacrament-a priest
may later perform a conditional
baptism. It is not a "rebaptism"; the
sacrament can only be received once,
and a conditional baptism cannot be
performed for any reason other than
grave doubt about the validity of the
original application.
Infant Baptism
• baptism is most commonly
administered to infants.
• Since baptism removes both the guilt
and the punishment due to original
sin, delaying baptism until a child
can understand the sacrament may
put the child's salvation in danger,
should he or she die unbaptized.
Adult Baptism
• Adult converts to Catholicism also
receive the sacrament, unless they
have already received a Christian
Baptism.
• If there is any doubt about whether
an adult has already been baptized,
the priest will perform a conditional
baptism.
• A person can only be baptized once
as a Christian if, say, he was
baptized as a Lutheran, he cannot be
baptized again when he converts to
Catholicism.
The Effects of the Sacrament of Baptism • third, sharing the Trinitarian divine
life in an on-going, progressive way
Baptism has six primary effects, which are
that looks ever to the future.
all supernatural graces:
Ordinary minister of Baptism
• The removal of the guilt of both
original and personal sins. • Bishops
• The remission of all punishment that • Priests
we owe because of sin, both • Deacons
temporal (in this world and in
Purgatory) and eternal (the Extra-ordinary minister of Baptism
punishment that we would suffer in • All of us/Anyone
hell).
• The infusion of grace in the form of Holy Water – An important matter of the
sanctifying grace (the life of God Sacrament of Baptism.
within us); the seven gifts of the
Holy Spirit; and the three theological
virtues.
• Becoming one with Christ as original
and personal sins are removed.
• Becoming a member of the Church,
the family of God.
• Reception of the other sacraments
and the grace that they impart.

When we receive the Sacrament of Baptism,

we become Christians, we receive all the
supernatural graces, are empowered to
receive all the other sacraments and we
become worthy to be called "children of
God and heirs of heaven."

Baptism is presented under three major

headings:
• first, new life in Christ through water
and the Spirit, and by dying/rising
with Christ in sharing His Paschal
Mystery;
• second, incorporation into the
Church through the sacra ment of
Faith; and
Computer Reviewers
Lesson 3
Five Things You Need to Start Selling
Online
• Know What to Sell
• Know How to Sell
• Choose a Place to Sell
• Decide How You'll Get Paid
• Get Customers
Places to Sell Online
Auction Sites
• If your potential buyers are asked to
bid on the product you're selling
online in a website, then you are
technically selling through an
auction wherein the highest bid,
coming from a starting price, wins
the bidder the right to purchase the
item.
• Auction sites provide the
convenience of not having to set up a
website to begin selling.
• eBay is a popular selling site which
uses the auction system.
Fixed Price Marketplaces
• Unlike auctions, fixed price
marketplaces are websites where
goods are sold with definite prices.
• Sellers or merchants do not need to
worry about website creation,
maintenance, and traffic.
• Amazon.com is a fixed price
marketplace.
Online Craft Fairs
• The craft fair is like a bazaar and is
an excellent place for craftspeople,
who are generally specialized artists,
to connect to the public and garner
followers.
• Free Craft Fair is an online craft fair
for business-oriented artists.
Classifieds
• Classified advertising is often
associated with newspapers wherein
small ads are grouped together item
that any sell into categories in their
own sections (hence the term).
• Oodle is a popular classifieds site.
Auction - a place to bid on items for sale.
Classifieds - a method of advertising where
advertisements are grouped together for
prospective respondents to read.
Craft Fairs - online bazaars where art and
other craft items are sold by specialized
artists E-commerce-commerce or business
managed electronically or online.
EDI - Electronic Data Interchange; a
networking technology predating the
Internet that facilitated the exchange of data
from one computer to another.
Fixed Price Marketplace - online selling
venue where items on sale have definite
prices Infomercial - direct response video
advertisement.
Selling - exchange of goods for an amount
of money
Social Network - site where people can
connect with one another.
Target Market - who you're selling to
Lesson 4 SUMMARY
Tools for Selling Online Tools like shopping cart, payment functions,
as well as for promotion, data analysis
The Shopping Cart – The shopping cart
(analytics) and monitoring of inventory,
feature is used by a customer to "load" in the
including shipment and delivery functions,
products he wants to purchase, just like you
are available for your website for free or for
would a shopping cart in a supermarket.
a premium payment.
Payment – A business wouldn't be a
Analytics – the use of analyzed existing or
business if it didn't receive any money in
simulated future data to develop realistic
exchange for the goods and services it
decisions for future actions.
offers, and the same goes for an e-business.
Feedback Form - a form that a reader fills
Storage and Delivery – If your business
out and sends to the person designated by
depends upon providing services, then
the e-business. These can be used to elicit
storage and delivery of goods isn't of much
information or to have them purchase
concern.
something from the site
Promotion – essentially all about letting
Logistics Supplier - a company which
potential customers know that your business
specializes in handling and delivering goods
and its website exist, as well as what your
from one point to another.
business offers. While advertising and
marketing do fall under this topic, there are Survey Form - a document with blank
other ways by which you can promote your spaces to be filled out with particulars on a
business. certain subject.
(Google's Feedburner is a popular service Web Feed - a data format used for providing
businesspeople can use to create feeds of users with frequently updated content.
blogs that display short versions of posts
Viral marketing - promotion of marketing
with links to video or audio content that
messages through online social networks
followers can audience is mobile computer
users consume.)
Analytics – The practical definition of Lesson 6
analytics is the use of analyzed existing or
simulated future data to develop realistic Designing the Online Store
decisions for future actions. Google
Analytics is one of the most popular
analytics tools available. Yahoo! Web Essentials for an E-commerce Website
Analytics is another popular and versatile There are four essential design aspects that
analytics tool which can be used by you will need for your e-commerce website
beginners and expert alike. to be effective:
1. non-cluttered layout – s a rule, the visual
content page must follow the natural flow of
the eyes when scanning or reading a book,
and that's from left to right, then back again.
F-shaped Basically, a good layout allows the
reader to gently focus on items on the screen
in a pattern that follows the natural way a
viewer's eyes take when looking at a web
page, which is an pattern, beginning at the
top left corner and going down and right.
• The layout must consider the F-
shaped pattern (see above image)
that people naturally follow when
looking at a web page. If your
showcase is a product, it may help to
put its image on the left, followed by
the information on the right side.
• The logo must be at the top left
corner of the page, because that's
where people usually look first and it
will give you credibility at the outset.
• The first few lines of the text must
get the attention of your readers.
These must tell the reader what the
whole business is about and that
there's more to discover about the
product or service.
• The first two paragraphs must
contain the most important points of
the business.
• Less is more, they say, so keep it
simple to get your message across to
the audience.
2. readable text – The target audience must
be able to understand what the seller is
trying to say The typeface used must not be
too small or too big. It must be of the kind
that is easy to read and straightforward, such
as Calibri or Arial. Using fonts with serifs
(in printing, short lines at the end of the lines
of a letter), such as Times New Roman, is
okay, but as a norm, it's the sans serif fonts
that are used because they are supposedly
easier on the eyes when displayed on the
computer screen; their use on websites,
however, is not the rule.
3. clear visuals – There's a reason why the
saying "a picture says a thousand words" has
so much truth to it: A picture may not have a
single word in it, yet it has the power to
deliver a message more than any description
could. A single picture of a product, for
instance, can already give so much
information.
4. easy navigation – If you have a website
that sells more than one product, you must
make sure that potential customers browsing
your site can easily find the links to other
pages of your site where they can find the
products they want to see.
Making Sure Your E-commerce Website
Does What It's Intended To
• Test your site's content. – Such
things as misspelled words and
broken links will give potential
customers the impression of a lack of
professionalism, which would make
them less likely to buy something
from your website.
• Make sure that the website loads
quickly – Instead of using large file
image formats like BMP and JPEG,
you can use PNG, which is smaller.
• Verify upgrades that you will put on
your website. – Nothing is more
annoying to a potential customer
than to have a website not do what
he wants it to do. And if he gets
annoyed enough, he might not return
to your website again.
• "Load test" the site, which you can
do by creating sample transactions to
 simulate customer traffic and see Landing Page - a long web page that
how much traffic it can handle. – contains details on a product used in
This is very important for good connection with an online ad.
customer service and experience,
Testimonials - a stated expression or
particularly to make sure that your
recommendation from a person regarding a
website doesn't crash when too many
product or service.
customers get online at the same
time. Upselling - a sales method that encourages a
• Check to make sure that your customer to buy another item Cross-selling -
Internet Service Provider's (ISP) a way of selling among or between
performance is good. – If your customers.
website is top-notch, but your
network provider is sub-par, the
customer will perceive your
website's performance to be sub-par.
• Integrate upselling and cross-selling
opportunities into your website. –
The former is upselling, the latter is
cross-selling, and both could bring in
more revenue for you.
• Ensure the efficiency and
effectiveness of your search
functions. – If a customer is looking
for a red shirt in particular, then all
he should see are red shirts when he
searches your website-not pink, not
pants, but red shirts.

SUMMARY
The design of an online store is important. If
you want your e-commerce site to be
effective, four essential design aspects are
needed, namely: non-cluttered layout,
readable text, clear visuals, and easy
navigation.

Typeface - a style of type of a typographic

family
English Reviewer
Lesson 1 – Sir Gawain and The Green
Knight
-is a medieval English verse romance said to
have been the mid to late 14th century;
Composed around 1370
Author: An anonymous writer known as the
Gawain-poet; Retold by Cathy S. Mosley
•The author of Sir Gawain and the Green
Knight is anonymous.
•He or she lived in the late 14th Century,
and perhaps in western England.
•The Gawain-poet is also responsible for
three other poems: Pearl, Cleanness, and
Patience.
•The "Gawain Poet", or less commonly the
"Pearl Poet", is the name given to the author
of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, an
alliterative poem written in 14th-century
Middle English.
Overview of the Story
The narration begins when a knight
enters the hall of King Arthur. He is the
Green Knight. He suggests a game. Any of
the knights who had enough bravery to
strike the Green Knight’s head right off
would get to keep his axe, but the challenger
would have to accept a similar strike within
a year. Gawain accepts this challenge and
chops off the head of the green knight. The
green night collects his chopped off head
and takes his leave, after informing Gawain
to search for a Green chapel.
As the year came close to the end,
Gawain sets out heading for the chapel, and
he comes across a castle placed in the desert.
The lord there asks him to stay at least past
New Years. The lord proposes. That Gawain
should stay at his castle while the lord went
hunting and the two would get to exchange
their gains at the day’s end.
The exchange occurs over three days.
While the lord is hunting each day, the lady
of the castle makes attempts to seduce
Gawain. Gawain rejects the advances, but he
kisses her. She eventually gives him a magic
belt meant to protect the wearer. Gawain
repays this with kisses but keeps the belt a
secret.
Gawain gets to the Green Chapel.
The knight makes two attempts to chop off
his head, but Gawain flinches twice. On the
third swing, the Green Knight makes a small
cut on Gawain’s neck. He then reveals that
he was the host at the castle and his
appearance was changed by Morgan le Fay.
The Green night tells him that the first two
swings represented the first two days of the
agreement they had where Gawain gave him
the kisses he received from the lady. The
cut, however, was because he accepted the
belt and hid it. Gawain is filled with shame
and puts on the belt as a reminder of his
transgressions. He goes back to Camelot and
tells the tale. The court bursts in laughter but
honors him by wearing similar girdles. This
becomes a tradition.
Major Characters:
Sir Gawain - The story’s protagonist. A
loyal knight to King Arthur, as well as his
nephew. Gawain goes on his quest to meet
the Green Knight in order to uphold his
knightly values.
The Green Knight - Sir Gawain’s main
opposition in the story. He is a richly
decorated knight, who has green skin and
hair.
King Arthur - The king of Camelot. Uncle
of Sir Gawain. It is at his celebration feast
that the Green Knight challenges the court to
a game.
Bertilak de Hausdesert - The Lord of the
castle at which Gawain spends his time
before meeting the Green Knight. We learn
his true identity at the end of the story.
Minor Characters:
Bertilak’s Wife - During the competition
between Gawain and her husband, she tests
Gawain’s integrity and honesty
Morgan le Fay – (Old Lady) Powerful
sorceress trained by Merlin. Assists Lady
Bertilak in testing Gawain
Guinevere - King Arthur’s wife and Queen.
Seated next to Gawain during the court’s
feast
Setting :
Camelot (Bertilak’s Home) - The Holiday
celebrations take place at King Arthur’s
castle in Camelot. It is here that the Green
Knight challenges Gawain to exchange
blows with him.
The Green Chapel - The supposed home of
the Green Knight. Gawain is sent here to
keep his end of the bargain which he made
with the Green Knight at Arthur’s holiday
celebration a year prior
Conflict:
Man vs. Self - Gawain’s struggle to decide
between his duties as a knight and the worth
of his own life.
*Rising Action – Man vs. Supernatural
Themes:
Temptation and Testing - At the heart of Sir
Gawain and the Green Knight is the test of
Gawain's adherence to the code of chivalry.
Hunting and Seduction - Scholars have
frequently noted the parallels between the
three hunting scenes and the three seduction
scenes in Gawain. They are generally agreed
that the fox chase has significant parallels to
the third seduction scene, in which Gawain
accepts the girdle from Bertilak's wife.
Nature and Chivalry - Nature represents a
chaotic, lawless order which is in direct
confrontation with the civilization of
Camelot throughout Sir Gawain and the
Green Knight. The green horse and rider that
first invade Arthur's peaceful halls are iconic
representations of nature's disturbance.
Games - Games at this time were seen as
tests of worthiness, as when the Green
Knight challenges the court's right to its
good name in a "Christmas game".
Times and Seasons - Times, dates, seasons,
and cycles within Gawain are often noted by
scholars because of their symbolic nature.
The story starts on New Year's Eve with a
beheading and culminates one year later on
the next New Year's Day.
Symbolisms:
The Green Knight – “most difficult
character” to interpret; the color green
represents forces of nature, and the word
"knight" connects him to society and
civilization. Green Knight represents the
primitive, and uncivilized side of man's
nature, he also opposes nature as well.
*Green also symbolizes fertility and rebirth;
like the rebirth of the Green Knight
The Green Horse - Shows the central idea of
human nature's potential.
Girdle – symbolism of male’s weakness to
temptation
The Lady’s Ring – This red color can be
seen as symbolizing royalty, divinity, and
the Passion of the Christ, something that
Gawain as a knight of the Round Table
would strive for, but this color could also
represent the negative qualities of
temptation and covetousness.
Wounds - During the medieval period, the
body and the soul were believed to be so
intimately connected that wounds were
considered an outward sign of inward sin.
The neck, specifically, was believed to
correlate with the part of the soul related to
will, connecting the reasoning part (the
head) and the courageous part (the heart).
*Pentangle – symbol of faithfulness; in Sir
Gawain’s Shield
Number Patterns:
3 - Three kisses are exchanged between
Gawain and Bertilak's wife; Gawain is
tempted by her on three separate days;
Bertilak goes hunting three times, and the
Green Knight swings at Gawain three times
with his axe.
2 - The number two also appears repeatedly,
as in the two beheading scenes, two
confession scenes, and two castles.
Chivalry Vocabulary:
Prowress – ability to fight
Loyalty – To God, King, and Lady
Generosity – includes gift-giving and
hospitality
Franchise - that "something special" that
distinguishes a knight; linked to birthright
Courtesy - initially "behavior at court," the
term emphasizes behavior towards a lady
Rules of Chivalry:
Live to Serve King and Country
Never use a weapon on an opponent not
equal to the attack.
Exhibit courage in word and deed
Always keep one’s word of honor
Avoid deception
Be respectful of host, women, and honor
Medieval Romance - The basic material of
medieval romance is knightly activity and
adventure; we might best define medieval
romance as a story of adventure.
- Any "love interest" is likely to be
incidental to the story
- The stories were often woven around a
well known figure.
- The hero is always made to conform to
medieval conceptions of a knight .
- Often follows the loose pattern of a quest.
- A tale of adventure in which knights,
kings, or distressed ladies, are motivated by
love, religious faith, or the mere desire for
adventure.
- Usually set in remote times or places.
- Involves elements of the fantastic or
supernatural
*Women are highly respected because of
men’s love to Virgin Mary.
Lesson 2 – Voices
Voice refers to the form of the transitive
verb that shows whether the subject is the
doer of the action or the receiver of the
action. There are two kinds of voice:
• Active - If the subject of a sentence
is the doer of the action, the verb is
in the active voice.
• Passive - If the subject is the receiver
of the action, the verb is in the
passive voice.
Changing an active to passive voice:
1. Make the object of the active
sentence the subject of the passive
sentence.
(Active) Sir Gawain hurriedly offered the
three kisses.
(Passive) The three kisses were hurriedly
offered by Sir Gawain.
2. Add the correct form of the verb
"be" according to the tense of the
verb and the number of the subject
(Active) Sir Gawain visited the castle last
evening.
(Passive) The castle was visited by Sir
Gawain last evening.
3. Move the subject of the active
sentence to the back of the passive
sentence with the aid of the
preposition "by". If the subject of the
active sentence is not important, omit
it.
(Active) He rode his horse.
(Passive) His horse was ridden by him.
His horse was ridden.
4. If there are two objects, use one of
them (direct or indirect) to be the
subject of the passive sentence.
Normally, the indirect object is
used.
(Active) Sir Gawain gave the host two
kisses.
(Passive) The host was given two kisses by
Sir Gawain.
The two kisses were given to the
host by Sir Gawain
5. When changing a sentence with a
progressive verb tense to passive
form, follow this pattern: be very
being past participle.
(Active) Lady Bertilak was kissing Sir
Gawain.
(Passive) Sir Gawain was being kissed by
Lady Bertilak
*Some grammarians recommend that you
avoid writing in the passive form because
the passive voice has the tendency to
weaken the clarity of your writing.
However, scientists are frequently
encouraged to write in passive voice to lend
their writing a sense of objectivity.
The Road Not Taken
Tone, Word Choice, Imagery, Style, and
Theme. This activity is referred to with the
acronym “TWIST”.
TONE
• The tone of this poem is
contemplative, meaning that the
speaker is reflecting upon and
becoming nostalgic as they consider
which road to take. The poem has
almost a sentimental mood.
WORD CHOICE
• Frost uses figurative language quite a
bit in this poem. One example of a
metaphor is the fork in the road,
which is a metaphor for making a
decision about one’s life.
IMAGERY
• Clearly the poem takes place in the
woods. Frost shows that it is
probably fall by describing the roads
as yellow with leaves and grass.
STYLE
• This poem has 4 stanzas, each with 5
lines. The rhyme scheme is ABAAB,
which means that the first, third, and
fourth lines rhyme, and the second
and fifth lines rhyme.
THEME
• The theme of this poem is that
people are always confronted with
making choices in life and are
ultimately defined by these choices.
Robert Frost Biography
• One if the most relatable American
poet
• Born in San Francisco, California
• Born on March 26, 1874
• Most known for writing poems set in
rural areas of New England
• Among his most famous works are:
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy
Evening, Nothing Gold Can Stay,
The Road not Taken
Preposition
• Is a word or group of words used
before a noun, pronoun or noun
phrase to show direction, time, place,
location, spatial relationships, or to
introduce an object.
Prepositional Phrase
• Consists of a preposition and its
object, which always a noun.
• Can act as a modifier.
• Nouns can be single word phrases.
Example:
On March 26, 1847, Robert was born.
Let’s sail around the world.

Prepositional Phrases as an adjective

• Describes a noun or pronoun.
• In answers the question: Which one?
What kind? How much? How many?
Examples:
Something in Him.

The house on the left belongs to him.

Adjective
• Describes or modifies a noun or
pronoun.

Prepositional Phrase as an adverb

• Modifies a verb.
• Answers the question: How? When?
Where?
Examples:
I walked over the bridge.

The fire alarm rang before class.

Music Reviewer
Romantic Composers
Romantic Period
• Cultural movement start during the
19th Century.
• Emotion, Individuality, and
Imagination
• Artist fascinated with fantasy,
irrational and unknown.
• Evoke emotional expression.
• Exposing their innermost thoughts.
• Can convey ideas and feelings that
cannot put into words.
Niccolo Paganini
• October 27, 1782, at Genoa Italy
• Most famous violin virtuoso in
the world
• Rockstar Performances
• Different rumors came out.
• La Campanella
• 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op. 1
incomplete
• Concerto No. 1 in Eb, Op. 6
• 15 Quartets for Guitar and Strings
Trio
• The Carnival of Venice
Frederic Chopin
• Born on March 1,
1810, in Zelazowa Poland
• Died on October 17, 1849, in Paris
France
• Extra ordinary composer
• Fantasie in F minor, Op. 49
• Revolutionary Etude, Op. 10, No. 12
and 24
• Preludes, Op. 28 No. 7
Franz Li szt
• Born on October 22, 1811, in the
village Doborjan, Hungary
• Died on July 31, 1886, in Bayreuth,
Germany
• Greatest piano virtuoso of his time
• Court conductor for the grand duke
of Weimar
• Love Dream
• Un Sospiro
• Sonata in B Minor
Robert Schumann
• Born on June 8, 1810, in
Zwickau, Germany
• Died on July 29, 1856, in Germany
• Best-known piano pieces
were written for his wife
• Emotional
• A Woman’s Love and Life
• A Poet’s Love
Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky
• Born on May 7, 1840, in Russia
• Died on November 6, 1893
• First Russian composer whose
music made a lasting
impression internationally
 • He started improvising at the piano
and composing songs at an early age
• Swan Lake
• Romeo and Juliet
• The Seasons
Camille Saint-Saëns
• Born on October 9, 1835, in Paris
• Died on December 16, 1921
• He started his music at an early age
through the help of his aunt.
• He began his piano lesson when he
was only two years old.
• Composing his first piano piece at
the age of three.
• He was considered as a composer
who creates elegant music that is
neat, polished, and never excessive.
• Carnival of the Animals
• The Swan
Performance Practices during the romantic
period
Type of Music
• Program Music – based on a specific
narrative and invoke images to the
listeners..
• Piano Music – the music produced
by the piano.
Romantic Composition
• At present, it is used as background
music for TV and radio shows,
events, or soundtracks for movies.
• Example: G. Rossini – William Tell
Overture – Finale
Setting of the Romantic Period
• Concerts – it became more of public
events rather than private events of
the elite.
Composers of the period
• The composers have to do additional
work and cannot rely anymore on the
patronage of the wealthy upper class.
House of the MIDDLE CLASS
• During this time the middle class
houses became important place of
music making in this period.
• The chamber works music for a
small group of musicians often
perform as entertainment in these
places.
Piano
• Became the favorite instruments of
both professional and amateur
musicians.
Middle Class Families
• They often enroll their children to
private piano lessons.
• The wider public became more
exposed to music and began to
acquire music literacy.
Tone Poem or Symphonic Poem
• Roman music genre
• Commonly written for orchestra
• Inspired by ideas or scenes from
stories, poem or even sceneries.
Orchestra
• Became relatively bigger
 • Other instruments were given main
parts of the piece.
For the next succeeding years
• Composers preferred to compose
instrumental music over vocal music.
• Romantic period paved the way for
the rise of prestige on
INSTRUMENTAL MUSIC.
Virtuoso
• Highly skilled in arts.
• Title associated with a performer.
• Highly technical and sophisticated
skill in music so brilliant that he/she
is able to mesmerize the audience.
Science Reviewer
Volcano - usually a cone shaped mountain
or hill that opens downward to a pool of
molten rock below the surface of the earth.
Ring of Fire - a string of Volcanoes that runs
around the edge of the Pacific Ocean.
How are Volcanoes Formed?
⚫ When tectonic plates collide and go
through the process of subduction, it
sets the foundation for a volcano.
The overlapping of the tectonic
plates causes the magma to break
through the crust, which is the cause
of a volcanoes' birth.
Parts of Volcano
Crater - It is a funnel – shaped depression at
the top of a volcano formed as a result of
explosive eruption.
(Taal Volcano Has 47 Craters)
Phases of Volcano
● Active Volcanoes - are ones that
have erupted in the past 10,000
years, and that are likely to erupt
again. With active magma chamber.
● Dormant Volcanoes - are ones that
have not erupted in the past 10,000
years, but still have the possibility.
With magma chamber slowly filling.
● Extinct Volcanoes - are one which
no eruption has occurred within
historic times and future occurrences
are highly improbable. With inactive
magma chamber.
Viscosity - the property of a fluid that resists
the force tending to cause the fluid to flow.
Magma - molten material beneath or within
the earth's crust, from which igneous rock is
formed.
Lava - the molten, fluid rock that issues
from a volcano or volcanic vent.
Ash - the powdery residue of matter that
remains after burning.
Caldera - A large crater formed by volcanic
explosion or by collapse of a volcanic cone.
Hot spring - A natural spring of mineral
water at a temperature of 21°C (70°F) or
above, found in areas of volcanic activity.
Geyser - A hot spring that intermittently
sends up fountain like jets of water and
steam into the air.
Types of Volcanoes
Shield Volcanoes
•The magma inside a shield volcano is
rich in iron and magnesium and is
very fluid.
• Since the magma is very fluid, the
lava coming out of the volcano tends
to flow great distances.
• Mauna Loa is an example.
Composite Volcanoes
• The magma inside a composite
volcano is rich in silica and much
 thicker than magma from a shield
volcano.
• Gases get trapped inside this thicker
magma.
• Mayon Volcano is an example.
Cinder Cone Volcanoes
• The magma inside a cinder cone
volcano has large amounts of gas
trapped in it.
• Eruptions from cinder cone
volcanoes are violent and explosive
because of all the gas trapped in the
magma.
• Smith Volcano is an example.
Types of Volcanic Eruption
• Phreatic/Hydrothermal – It is a
steam driven eruption as the hot
rocks come in contact with water.
• Phreatomagmatic – It is a violent
eruption due to contact between
water and magma.
• Strombolian – It is a period weak to
violent eruption characterized by
fountain lava.
• Vulcanian – It is characterized by tall
eruption that reach up to 20 km high
with pyroclastic flow and ashfall
tephra.
• Plinian – It is excessively explosive
type of eruption of gas and
pyroclasics.
Effects of Volcanic Eruption
Primary Effects of Volcanic Eruption
• Volcanic gases: All magma contains
dissolved gases. These gases are
mainly steam, carbon dioxide and
compounds of sulphur and chlorine.
• Lava flows: These are streams of
molten rock.
• Pyroclastic flows - These are high
speed avalanches of hot ash, rock
fragments and gas which move down
the sides of a volcano. These flows
occur when the vent area or ash
column collapses.
Secondary Effects of Volcanic Eruption
• Lahars - These are mixtures of water,
rock, ash, sand and mud that
originate from the slopes of a
volcano. Lahars often happen
because of heavy rainfall eroding
volcanic deposits.
• Landslides - Heat from cooling
magma can cause hydrothermal
alteration of the rocks, turning
sections of them into clay. This
weakens the rocks and increases the
risk of slope failures.
Volcanic Alert Levels & Preparedness Plan
Volcano Alert Levels
• Level 0 - Quiet or no alert
• Level 1 - Low level of volcanic
unrest
• Level 2 - Overflowing magma.
• Level 3 - Magmatic unrest
• Level 4 - Hazardous eruption
imminent
• Level 5 - Hazardous eruption in
progress
To do for Volcanic eruption
Before
• Stay tuned.
• Know disaster hotlines.
• Prepare a Go - bag.
During
• Stay calm!
• Seek shelter immediately.
• Close all windows, doors, and
fireplace.
After
• Stay tuned.
• Stay indoors.
• Be safe, eruption may result in
floods and landslide.
Positive Effects of Volcanic Eruption
• It can bring out various precious
minerals.
• Can fertile soils
• Can lead to land formation.
• Can be a tourist spot.
World Climate
World Climate
• Weather – Short - term
• Climate – Long - term
1. Weather
• Condition of atmosphere at a specific
time and place.
Factor
Temperature
• Hotness and coldness of place
Wind
• Movement of wind in the
atmosphere
• Can be measured by Anemometers.
• Air is state of matter/relax state.
Air pressure
• Forced cause by the weight of air in
the Earth’s surface.
• Measured by a barometer.
Humidity
• Amount of water vapor in the air.
• Measured by hydrometer.
Precipitation
• Water falling from the atmosphere,
in the forms of rain, snow, or hail.
2. Climate
• General pattern of weather in a
certain area over a lang period.
Factors
Latitude
• Distance from north and south from
equator.
• Imaginary line parallel to the
equator.
Altitude
• Height above sea level

Note:
• As the latitude increases,
temperature decreases.
• The air temperature decreases as the
altitude increases.

Climate Change
• Natural phenomenon
• Change in the average weather of a
given area or region.
Araling Panlipunan Reviewer
Aralin 1 – Paikot na daloy ng Ekonomiya
Makroekonomiks – Sangay ng ekonomiks
kung saan inaaral ang mga desisyon at
polisiya ng pamahalaan tungkol sa paghahati
ng yaman at kaunlaran ng bansa.
Sambahayan – Binubuo ng mga konsyumer
na bumibili ng produkto at serbisyo;
pinagmumulan ng salik ng produksyon
Bahay-kalakal – Binubuo ng mga negosyo
na gumagawa at nagbebenta ng produkto at
serbisyo
Paikot na daloy ng ekonomiya – isang payak
na modelong naglalarawan ng ekonomiya at
inaaral sa makroekonomiks
Tableau Economique (Francis Quesnay –
1758):
Mga Ugnayan ng Samabahayan at Bahay-
Kalakal:
1. Paikot na daloy ng kita
• Kita – pera kapalit ng mga produkto
at serbisyo; napupunta sa bahay-
kalakal
• Sahod – kita na natanggap ng bahay-
kalakal na kukunin naman para
ipang-sahod sa mga manggagawa
• Upa – perang pambayad ng lupa
• Sahod, upa, Interes – pera na kikitain
in sambahayan kapalit ng mga salik
ng produksyon
2. Paikot na daloy ng produkto at
serbisyo
• Bahay kalakal = kumukuha ng salik
ng produksyon galing sambahayan
• Sambahayan = bibili ng mga
produkto galing bahay-kalakal
Pamilihang Pampinansyal – pinaglalagyan
ng pera ng sambahayan na hindi ginagaamit
sa pamimili ng produkto at serbisyo
• Pag-iimpok – pagtatabi ng pera ng
sambahayan sa mga pamilihang
pampinansyal
• Pamumuhunan – perang maaaring
ipautang sa mga bahay-kalakal
bilang capital para sa pagpapalaki at
pagpapa-unlad ng negosyo ng
sambaha
• Interes – halaga na idinadagdag sa
pera na inutang; kumikita ang
sambahayan dito
*broken lines – hindi palagi dumadaloy ang
pera sa mga pamilihang pampinansyal at
nakadepende lamang sa desisyon ng
sambahayan
Mga Halimbawa ng pamilihang
pampinansyal:
1. Bangko
2. Kooperatiba
3. Insurance company
 4. Pawnshop
5. Stock market
Pamahalaan – dito napupunta ang bahagi ng
kita ng sambahayan
Buwis – pera na kinokolekta ng pamahalaan
na ginagamit para sa mga proyekto at
serbisyong lipunan
Transfer payments – pagbabayad o
pagbibigay ng pamahalaan ng pera sa
sambahayan na walang kapalit na produkto
at serbisyo
Panlabas na Sektor – mga pamilihan sa labas
ng bansa; nagsisilbing pamilihan ng mga
produkto at serbisyo na ginagawa o makikita
lamang sa ibang bansa
• Import – pag-aangkat o pagbili ng
produkto at serbisyo ng sambahayan
sa ibang bansa
Export – Pagbili ng panlabas na sektor sa
produkto at serbisyo ng bahay-kalakal.
Aralin 2 - Pambansang Kita
Kaunlaran
• Pagbabago sa antas ng pamumuhay
ng tao
Economic indicators
• Datos ng mga gawaing pang-
ekonomiya na ginagamit sa
pagsusuri ng kalagayan ng
ekonomiya
Underground economy
• Mga negosyo na ilegal o hindi
rehistrado sa pamahalaan at hindi
nagbabayad ng buwis
Ang Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at
Gross National Income (GNI) ay mga
economic indicators na ginagamit na
panukat ng kita o yaman ng isang bansa.
Ang Pilipinas ay pang-37 sa may
pinakamalaking GDP sa buong mundo at
pang-15 naman sa Asya. Ayon sa
International Monetary Fund noong 2019,
ang limang bansa na may pinakamalaking
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ay ang
sumusunod:
1. United States of America
2. China
3. Japan
4. Germany
5. United Kingdom
Ang Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ay ang
kabuuang halaga ng lahat ng produkto at
serbisyo na gawa sa isang bansa sa loob ng
isang taon.
a. Ang presyo ng mga produkto at
serbisyo sa pamilihan ay ang halaga
na kinokompyut sa GDP.
b. Ang kasama sa pagkakalkula ng
GDP ay ang lahat ng final goods o
mga produktong tapos na ang
produksyon. Hindi sinasama sa
kalkulasyon ng GDP ang mga
intermediate goods o mga produkto
na ginagamit sa paggawa ng isa pang
produkto upang maiwasan ang
double counting.
 c. c. Hindi kasama sa GDP ang mga
produktong secondhand o nagamit na
at naibenta uli.
d. d. Kasama sa GDP ang mga
produktong nagawa na kahit hindi pa
naibenta. Halimbawa ay natapos
magawa ang isang kotse ng taong
2018. Kasama sa GDP ng 2018 ang
kotseng ito kahit na sa taong 2019 ito
nabili.
e. e. Hindi kasama sa pagkokompyut
ng GDP ang transfer payments ng
pamahalaan dahil wala itong kapalit
na produkto o serbisyo.
f. f. Hindi kasama sa GDP ang mga
produkto o serbisyo na ilegal at hindi
rehistrado sa pamahalaan o kabilang
sa underground economy.
Value-Added Approach
Gumagamit ng value-added approach sa
pagkokompyut ng final goods na kasama sa
GDP. Ang value-added approach ay ang
pagkokompyut ng nadadagdag na halaga sa
isang produkto sa bawat bahagi o hakbang
ng produksyon hanggang sa matukoy ang
magiging halaga nito sa pamilihan.
Kompyutasyon Pagkalkula ng GDP
Maaaring kalkulahin kompyutin ang GDP sa
dalawang paraan:
a. Final Expenditure Approach
- Ang paggamit ng final expenditure
approach ay ang pagkokompyut ng
GDP batay sa gastusin ng lahat ng
sektor ng ekonomiya. Ang mga
gastusin na ito ay pera na inilabas ng
lahat ng sektor kapalit ng produkto at
serbisyo.
Kung saan ang:
• Consumption (C) ay gastusin ng
sambahayan;
• Government (G) ay gastusin ng
gobyerno;
• Investment (I) ay gastusin ng bahay-
kalakal para sa kapital; at
• Net Export (X-M) ay gastusin ng
panlabas na sektor.
Binabawas ang import (m) sa export(x) dahil
ang kailangan lamang kompyutin ay ang
gastusin ng panlabas na sektor. Hindi
binabayaran ng palabas na sektor ang mga
imported na produkto at serbisyo.
b. Income Approach
• Ang income approach naman ay ang
pagkokompyut ng GDP batay sa kita
ng lahat ng sektor ng ekonomiya.
Mga kabilang sa GDP sa income approach:
• kita o sahod ng manggagawa
• kita ng bahay kalakal
• kita sa renta sa lupa
• net interest o interes mula sa utang
para sa kapital
• buwis na ibinabayad sa pamahalaan
Nominal vs. Real GDP
Nominal GDP
• Ang nakompyut na GDP gamit ang
current prices o presyo ng mga
produkto at serbisyo sa kasalukuyang
taon.
Real GDP
• Gumagamit ng presy ng produkto at
serbisyo ng base year sa
pagkokompyut dahil kadalasan na
ginagamit ang real GDP sa
pagkukumpara ng yaman ng isang
bansa kada taon.
•
Gross National Income
• Ang Gross National Income ay ang
kabuuang halaga ng produkto at
serbisyo na gawa ng mga Pilipino sa
lob at labas ng bansa sa loob ng
isang taon. Para makalkul akompyut
ang GNI, idadagdag sa GDP ang
NFIA o Net Factor Income from
Abroad na kita ng mga Pilipino sa
labas ng bansa
Growth Rate
• Ang GDP growth rate ay ang
porsyento ng pagbabago sa GDP sa
pagitan ng dalawang taon.
Implasyon
Implasyon o Inflation
• Pagtaas ng pangkalahatang presyo ng
mga produkto at serbisyo sa
ekonomiya
Deplasyon o Deflation
• Pangkalahatang pagbaba naman ng
presyo ng produkto at serbisyo sa
ekonomiya
Economic Indicators
• Datos ng mga gawaing pang-
ekonomiya na ginagamit sa
pagsusuri ng kalagayan ng
ekonomiya
Economic Growth
• Pagtaas ng dami ng produkto o
serbisyo na nagagawa sa isang bansa
Implasyon
Implasyon o Inflation
• Ang pagtaas ng pangkalahatang
presyo ng mga produkto at serbisyo
sa ekonomiya. Ang implasyon ay
isang economic indicator.
Hyperinflation
• Ang mabilis na pagtaas ng
pangkalahatang presyo na maaaring
mangyari bawat oras, araw o linggo.
Ang pangkalahatang pagbaba naman ng
presyo ng produkto at serbisyo sa
ekonomiya ay tinatawag na deplasyon o
deflation.
Business cycle
• Ang implasyon ay isa sa indikasyon
kung nasaan ang ekonomiya sa isang
business cycle.
 • Ang business cycle ay ang natural na
pagbabago sa economic growth ng
isang bansa.
• Ang bahagi ng business cycle kung
saan masigla ang ekonomiya ay
tinatawag na expansion.
Recession
• Ang ekonomiya dahil pababa ang
GDP ng bansa at maraming walang
trabaho.
Dahilan ng Implasyon
• Demand-Pull Inflation
• Nagkakaroon ng demand-pull
inflation kapag tumataas ang
pangkalahatang demand ng mga
produkto at serbisyo sa ekonomiya.
• Cost-push Inflation
• Nagkakaroon naman ng cost-push
inflation kapag nagtaas ang presyo
ng mga salik ng produksyon katulad
ng sahod ng manggagawa o hilaw na
matervales (intermediate goods).
Kalkulasyon ng Implasyon
• Sinusukat ang implasyon sa
pamamagitan ng inflation rate o
porsyento ng pagbabago sa
implasyon sa pagitan ng dalawang
magkasunod na taon. Para makuha
ang inflation rate, kailangan munang
kompyutin ang CPI o Consumer
Price Index.
Ang CPI ay ang pagbabago sa presyo ng
mga produkto at serbisyong palaging
ginagamit ng mga konsyumer. Batayan
naman sa pagkompyut ng CPI ay ang market
basket.
Mga hakbang sa pagkokompyut ng inflation
rate:
1. Kompyutin ang Total Weighted
Price (TWP) ng mga produkto sa
market basket.
2. Komprutin ang Consumer Price
Index o CPI gamit ang TWP.
3. Kompvutin ang implasyon o
inflation rate gamit ang CPI.
Market Basket
• Ang market basket ay ang mga piling
produkto na kumakatawan sa
pangunahing pangangailangan at
pinagkakagastusan ng mga
mamayan.
Kinukuha ang weighted price ng bawat
produkto sa pamamagitan ng pag-multiply
ng dam ng kinokonsumo na produkto sa
presyo nito. Matapos makuha ang weighted
price ng bawat produkto sa bawat taon ay
pagsasamahin ang weighted price ng mga
produkto sa parehong taon upang makuha
ang total weighted price (TWP).
Ang Total Weighted Price (TWP)
Current year
• Ang taon na sinusukat ang
implasyon samantalang ang base
year ay ang taon na pinagbabatayan
 o pinagkukumparahan ng presyo.
Ang pamahalaan ang nagbibigay o
nagtatakda ng base year. Ang CPI ng
base year ay palaging 100.

Purchasing Power of Peso

Purchasing Power of Peso (PPP)
• Tumutukoy sa kakayahan ng piso na
bumiling produkto at serbisyo.