 Solid-state polyaddition

o Also known as chain-growth polymerization in

the solid phase

o Widely used in industrial applications

o Mechanism

 Radiation on monomers during temperatures at

the polymerization or at a lower

temperature, followed by warming of the
sample for post-radiation
 Common monomers to be used: vinyl or cyclic

compounds
o Important parameters for the process to be
successful: topotacticity, reaction temperature,
radiation dose, and crystal structure 
 Solid-state polycondensation

o Direct solid state polymerization (direct SSP), post

solid state polymerization (SSP finishing) 

Initial materials to be used can be: polyamide salt and
amino acid, as well as solid prepolymers
 Solid-state polycondensation
o Factors that affect SSP processes: prescribed

chemical affinity of the reactants, reversible

characteristics of condensation reactions
o Direct SSP

 Temperature must be lower than melting point

of both monomer and polymer

 Mechanism: nucleation and growth model
 CONDITIONS FOR SSP EQUIPMENT
 Low reaction temperature and oxygen free environment
which can be achieved by utilizing inert gas flow,
vacuum or high pressure
 Dependent on the starting material to be used and scale
of operation
o Inert gas flow: industrial/ bench-scale applications

o Vacuum: small scale production

o High pressure: well-oriented polymers

LAYOUT OF PROCESS