DB ONMo Ae }e- YAK 94(470+571)"19"(075.8) BBK 63.3(2)6x73 B26 v 880722. . 9m Pewen3euTb Kadbenpa Hopeiimet oTeyecTBeHHOH UcTOpHH weTopuyecKoro cpakyseteta MITFY (saneayrommii npod. 3. Af. Waeun), 3aB, Kaespok uctopuun Mxcturyra tepenosTOTOBKH HM MOBbILIeHHA KBpamMuKaunu MI um. M. B. Jlomonocosa npod. 4. H. Vinkun LTTIB ua, H.A.Hexpacore Onner a6onehentioro Ofer cHsaHe Cextop, Bapcenkos A. C., Baosun A. 1. B26 Ucropusa Poccnn. 1917-2004: Yue. rocobue 214 CryeHTOB py30B / A. C. Bapcenkos, A. MW. Boosux. — M.: Acrext ITpecc, 2005. — 816. ISBN 5—7567—0339—X B Hactosuem noco6um — caMoM TIONHOM Ha ceromHsIHMit AeHb 13710- XeHMH yuHuepcHtTetcKoro yueOHoro Kypca OTeYeCTREHHOH ucTopn c 1917 r. HO HAWUX MEA — WpOCHExeHL CBA3b MEXAY CORETCKHM M TIOCTCOBETCKHM Me- pHozamH wcropun Pocent, Moxasaiiet ycnOBHA BOSHUKHOREHHA, OCOBeHHOCTH Pa3BUTHA CoBeTCKOFO FocysupcTBA M OBllecTBA Ha pasHbIX aTaNax HoveHUel OTEYECTBEHHOM KCTOPHN; OTIPedeAABUEHE HX SBOAIOUMO cbakTopit; MPHIHABL Ht oGcroatenscrsa pacriaza ConercKoro Coioza; cranonaerte Poccniicxolt Dene- pawn. Moaroronnentoe Ha ocHone HOBelILIMX HecreTOBanMit 1 AOKyMeHTAMb- HbIX NYGIMKALMM, MOCOGHE BKUOMAeT TeMbI, KOTOpEIe paHlee 3 yyeOuOlt zusTe- Patype He OCBCIANHCS, M Mpemlaracr HOByIO TpakTOBKy MHOFHX H3BECTHDIX nnpoorem. ZAR CTYACHTOB BhICINMX YUCOHDIX 3ABEREHHH HCTOPMYECKHX H MOMHTONO- THYCCKHX CreuHanbHocTeli. BBK 63.3(2)6973 ISBN 5—7567—0339—X © 3A0 Usnatesecreo «Acnekt TIpece», 2005 Bce KHMTM H3gaTenbcTBa «. [log THM MMeeT- CA B BHAY, YTO YaCTb YEMOBEYECTBa, HAXOAAWAACA Ha COBpeMeHHOH Kall ‘TANMCTMYECKON CTaLMH pasBHTHA, H BNped» GyAeT yemeMHO pazBHBaTbCa mpi KanuTanuame. «Tpyym@ 3anaga, sanaguol udeu, — yTBepxaaeTca B 3Tapa | PEBOMOWHA H PPA MJAHCKAA BOHHA B POCCHH. 1917-1920 § 1, Pepoarouna 1917 r. B Poccnu Fladenue camodepscacuz. 145-munanonnaa Poccna setynnia B [lep- By!O MMpoByl0 ROMY HaM6omee cnaSoll B 9KOHOMHMECKOM OTHOWeHUM cpeaK BeNUKHX Hepxas Esponni, yracTeonanigix 6 KoHcbrKKTe. OO, of- Hako, He MpemBellato Gembl, TocKonbKy B aBrycre 1914 r. ce GbiaM yBepe- HBI, YTO BoO#Ha GyseT HenOnroi. Ka3zanacb, TO Ha HECKObKO MecsILeR pesepBOB CTpalibl GyseT MOCTATOUHO, UTOGEI ROCTOHHO BHINOMHHTE COIO3- HMYCCKHe OGABATENLCTBA M YYaCTBOBATh B ONpeneeHMH CyAbObI MOCAeEBO- eHHoro Mupa B KayecTBe OAHOrO H3 NOGeguTerCi. Ho soiina 3aTanysacb. A OTCTAaBAHHe BOCHHOM NPOMbIWLACHHOCTH OT QeMeHTAPHbIX APMCHCKMX 3aNpocoB, ee HecooTBeTCTBHe TpeGoBaHHAM COBpeMeHHOM BOHHEL, Hepa3zBuTOCcTh HHdpactTpyKtypH! (Mpexze Bcero TpakcnoprHol), HeNOROpOTRHBOCTS GlopoKpaTH4eckono alimapaTa caMo- JepxkaBuA NpMBCIM K TOMY, YTO pacCMadHBaTbCs 3a HEMOCTATKH PasBATHA CTpaHbl NPHULIOCb OrTPOMHEIMH XepTBAMH. Pycckas apMus MOHeCAa HaH- Gonee TAxebIe MOTeEpH, Bola BEIIBAIA YpeIBbIdalinoe HaNpRKeEHHE BO Bcex cipepax KH3HM poccHiicKoro oOutecTBa. Hecmotps Ha To yTo B 1916 PF. B COM yoanocb HanaguTh cHabxKeHHe aPMHH M HECKObKO CTaGHAN3HPOBATh MOAOKEHHE Ha (PpOHTe, Mopanb- HbI YX apMun Obl HH3KMM; We BOMHET 1.19 GOAbUIMHCTBa OCTaBaRHCh HeACHBIMH, a KEPTBbI HE BHITIAMeAM OFpaBlaHHbIMu. Bonpuine TaroThr OOWECTBO HECIO B Thy: B JepeBHe (yXO1 B aPMHIO, peKBA3HILNA AOWAa- Belt, COKpaleHHe NOCTYMICHHH MpOMTOBapOB 43 Topoga), B ropomax (Ha- Mpsaxenne na da6pukax, pOcT Aoporosn3Hb!, nepedou co cHaGakeHHeM). K 3TOMYy obaBslANach HEHABHCTb K TEM, KTO HAKMBAJICH Ha BOCHHBIX MO- CTaBKax. Tlepexupaemble TpyaHocTH OOmecTBO NpaMo cBA3bIBANO C HEeecro- coGHocTBIO «BepxoB». [Tporcxogpitiee B ccbepe BAaCTHBIX OTHOWEHMIt BbIgbIBaI0 BCe GoMbUee BOSMyUIeHHe (HeNONyAMPHBI peMbep, «MHHH- erTepckas 4exapaa», YacTan cMeHa ryGepHaTopos, akTHBHOCTb PacnyTuHa, MrHopuposanue Jlymbi). C kona 1915 r. ace vane cTano aByuaTb B MONTH yeckux Kpyrax Poccuu cio «pesoniounar. OcobeHHo HeTepnAMbIM GbIIO oGecneyeHHe nposoBonecrsnem. OObABNIeHHaA NpaBHTeABCTBOM B CeHTAG- pe 1916 r. xneGHad MOHONOAHA OKa3aTach NPOBATEHHOH OCHOBHDIMH Zep- 2KaTeJIAMU TOBAPHOrO xae6a. Bee TpoMye W pe3se CTAHOBHIMCh MpPOTECThI B 14roposax, Aenad GbicTpoe HapacTaHue HANpAXKeHHOCTH OFEBHAHBIM Lake Wiad CTOpoHHuX HabAlodatenei. Yxe B OKTAOpe 1916 Fr. SpuTaHcKuit Mocon B Poccun Jl. Y. BrioKKeneH ZocrarouHo TouHO cnporHo3MpoBan GryoKaiiuee pa3surne coGprruit: «Bonnenusa SyAyT BbI3BAHbI CKOpee 3KOHOMHNECKHMH, 4eM MOAHTHYECKMMM TIPHuMHaMH, H HadHyT HX He paGoune Ha dbaopuKax, HO TOMMEI, CTOALIHE Ha MOpO3e B OTEPEMX Y MPOAOBOALCTBEHHBIX ABOK>. Mi Tem He MeHee Hayao pesOMOUMH OKa3a10Cb HEOKMAaHHBIM A scex. B cepegnue cbespana 1917 r, 13-3a TpadcnoprHsix TpyaHocrei B Mer- porpane yxyal10ck NposoBonEcTBeHHoOe cHadxenue. {Linnie ovepenH 3A MPOAOBONBCTBHEM YCHAMBAIH HELOBOABCTBO MpexAe BCero MamOMMy- 14x ropoackHx cioes. BosmywieHne BeITUIeCHyOCk Hapyky 23 despa (10 cTapomy CTHJIIO), Koraa oTMeYyaicH MexayHapoanbiit xXeHCKHii JeHb. ToicsaH paSorHHll NHTepckux MpeANPUATHI BRILL Ha yAMUbI, Mporec- ‘TYA NpoTue nepeGoes 8 cHaGacHHM xHeG0M H pocTa LoporosH3Hbt. K HAM TIPHCOCAMHMMCh MYKYMHSI JaGacTOBABLIMX B ropose 3aBOAOB, u ObiNEe YHCAO YuACTHUKOB BhICTYTIEHMA COCTaBHO 128 Toc. yenoBeK. HemoncTpa- UHH MpoxoaH.1H Kak B-LeHTpe, Tak H Ha OKpanHax ropoma. Hayannce no- FPOMBI Mara3HHOB, HapyUIMTOCh ABMKeHMe OGLLeECcTReEHHOrO TpaHcnopra. A yuacTue B MaHMCpecTauaax COMMANMCTHYECKMX arMTaTOpos MpHBEAG K TOMY, UTO SKOHOMMUECKME O3YHTH Nepenmervch ¢ MOAMTHYECKHMM «{ko- AO Boliny!», . Flosromy 4 nipuka3zat HanpaavTs B Merporpag aa nogaBneHHa BOAHCHHI TeHepasa H. Manoa, HageJ1MB ero To CyTH AMKTaTOpCKHMH NOAHOMOUMA- mu. Hamepenna Hukonas neppoHavanbHo pasienal HayaibHHK w7ada CrapkKi revepan M. B. Anekcees, KOTOppIii, OAHAaKO, BCKOPe H3MCHM CBOIO TOUKY 3peHHA H COnMMApHsHpoBanca C MosHUMelt BpemMentoro KomutTeTa Pocyzap- creeHHont Jlympl. Anekcees npnkagzan H, Mpaxoay Bo3aepKaTbCA OT CHIOBDIX MCTOSOB HaBeACHHA NOpALKA, a K BeYepy 28 cexpars, sapyyHBUUMCE Nop- AepxKol KOMAaHAYIOULNX (ppoHTamn, yOeAHN uapa cormacnTpca Ha dopmn- poBaHve MpasuTenpersa, oTBeTCTBeHHOrO Neper Aymor. Ecan Ger coGeirna He NOAYYHAN NaTbHeMwero pasBuTHa, TO Poccus NpespaTHnacn ObI B KOH- CTHTYLMOHHYIO MOHapxHto. OAHaKO YCTYMIKM 3aNO3NaH, M HaXOMMBIUHECA B Ietporpase NosMTHKH ObliM HacTpocHbl Gomes pemHTeAbHO. 16Yxe 28 espana Bce B CTONMUE OCOSHABAIN, YTO B CTpAHe MPOMCXO- OUT pesomounst. CHMBOJMYCCKHi CMBICH COObITHH OTPaxkala NOABHBWAA- CA BMECTO YHHYTOKAeMOM WAPCKOM HOBas aTPHOYTHKA: MOBCEMECTHO pa3- BeBUINCh able (blarn, onexay YKpallaiK Kpacnble OaHiTbl. Fopoa w ero BaxHelimne OObexTs!l (ZHMHMH ABOpeu, Aamupanteiicrso, NeTponasaos- ckad KperiocTs, Teerpat, BOK3abI KAP.) HAXOAMJIMCb B pykax BOCCTaB- LUM COAT H BOOpyKeHHbIX padounx. HMeHHO Mx paaMKaAbHble HacTpoe- HHA onpegemuin oGcTaHoBKy. LlapcKoe npaBnTenbCTBO YILLIO B OTCTABKY, HeKOTOPhIX MHHMCTpos apecroBaau. Benen 3a THM B HOY C I na 2 Mapra Ha Neperonopax Mexkay BpeMeHHbim KOMHTeTOM TocynapcTBenHolt Jlymbt 4 Ucnonkomom Terpocogeta Gbiia aocTurnyTa AoroBopenHoOcTh 06 oGpa- 30BaHKM BpemMeHHoro MmpaBuTeLCTBa BO rake C MONYAAPHbIM 3CMCKHM HesTesem KHAseM I. E. JIbBopbim. B 3THx ycnopuiax pykoBogHMblit M. B. Poa3a1iko AYMCKHii KOMHTET yxKe- CTOYMA CBO NO3HIIO Ha NeperoBopax ¢ WapeM HW yxKe HAaCTOATeNbHO TpeGopast ero orpeueHHa. K Tomy Xe CTA CKIOHSITECA M BORHHbIC: 2 Mapra Bce KOMaHAyIOINMe (ppOHTOR NoAVepkaNM TenerpaMMaMH JYMCKYIO WHH- UmaTMBy, Mosaras, YTO M3GaBNeHMe CTpaHBI OT HeTIONyAapHOTO Uaps OCTAHOBHT PeBOJIOUHIO, CNOA3IAHHE K XAOCY, BOCCTAHOBHT BaCTb H NOps~ OK B CTpave uw apmun. Tlocre HeKoToppix Kone6anuii Huxonaii B 15.00 2 mapa 1917 r. orpekes 3a ceGst M 3a CBOerO ChINa OT NpeCTOMa B NONb3y BeTMKOrO KHAa3ad Muxanaa AneKkcanapopiya. OgHaKo 3 Mapta M TOT OTKa- SICA OT MPHHATHA Npectona Se3 cormacua YupeauterbHoro coOpanus. Monapxua 8 Poccuw nepectana cylecTBopath. Packpenowenue pecoarouuonnol cmuxuu, Haxaso camoopeanuzauuu Macc. O6ycropnennaa BOMHOK PespamLcKad peromouna OGHAXWIa MIyOUHHble COLMMAIbHO-9KOHOMHMYECKHE, TOAMTHYECKHE H DYXOBHbIC TIpoTHBOpedHsA Poccnu Havana XX crosetua. MW nWweHHele CaepxKHBalOWHX Hava pyx- HYBILErO B OAHOYAChE PeEXUMA CaMbIe PaVIMNHble COWMAIbHbIe PTPynnbl TIOCHCMIMIM SAXBNTh O CBGMX MHTEPCCaX, Ge3x0TaraTembHOM PCLICHHH Ha- KOMIMBUIHxca NpobeM. Bce 9TO NPHBEAO K AKTHBU3ALLMM CYUECTBOBABLINX M NOABIEHHIO HOBbIX OpraHM3aulMi, OObeaAMHeHHH, KOTOPble CTpeMHINCb OKaS3bIBATL HABIEHHe Ha 3bIOKYIO MOKA Cle BIACTb. Benen 3a [Metporpagom fo Bce crpane cTaIM BOSHHKaTb CopeThl. B mapte 1917 r. tonpKo & ryGepHCKHX, ye3/IHbIx M MPOMBILICHHbIX LeHTpax Ux Gbi0 cosTaHo OKOAO 600, Kak NpaBHO, ABAABUIMXCH OObEAMHEHHEI- mu Coperamu padoumx m COMMATCKUX AenyTaTOR, KOTOpDIe B pAe MeCT byHKUMOHMpOBAIM pasqenbHO. Ornpasch Ha NowepaxKKy Macc, OHN feii- CTBOBAIH KaK Opralibl HAPOAOBNACTHA: OTMEHSUIN pacnopskeHHa M NpH- Ka3bi Oblpuinx UWapCKUX YHHOB, NPOK3BOAMAM apecTbl nomnueiicKux Wi KaH- HAapMOB, peryANpoRa 3apmuiaTy pabounx, BBOAMM ABOUHBIM MOpHAKOM 8-4acoBol pabouHi AeHb, pykOBOAHIM CHaOxKeHWeM HaceNeHHA Mpoo- BOADCTBMEM, pewiasn ApyrHe S3KOHOMMYeCKHE BONpocH!. BOSHHKHOBEHHE Goabworo YncRa CopeToR 1 3HAYMTEAbHbIi pasMax MX ACATCABHOCTH OObCK- THBHO AMKTOBAIH HEOGXOAMMOCTD ONPEAeTEHHa HX TIOSHUMH M KOOpAMHa- 17wHwv yeusnii, Mosromy B KOHUe Mapra — Hayaze anpeas B Merporpaae upo- umo Beepoccnitckoe copemanne Cosetos padounx UW CommaTcKHX AeyTaTos, Ha Hem pacemarpupance BaxHeilne Npodembl nocaedenparbcKort >H3- Hx Poccun: 06 oTHoUieHHH K BOWE 1 kK BpeMeHnomy MpaBvreaberRy, opra- HM3AUHH PCBOJIOUNCHHDIX CHA, O TloaroToBKe K YupeaHTenbHOMy CcoOpa- HMO, NPOLOBONLCTBEHHOM HM 3@MENbHOM, a TaKxke paGoveM MW KPeCTbsH- CKOM BOIpocax, Ha ocHope PeleHHA JTOFO COBELLAHHA HAYaOCh CO3NAHHe o6nacTHbIx obvenHHeHHit Coperos: K ocenn 1917 r. 4x Gputo B Poccun 13, CopewaHhe H26pano NpezcrasHrered B McnoaKOM STerpocozeta, KOTOpBIit AO CO3bIBA CbE3Aa CTAT LeHTparbHLIM OpraHoM CoseTos cTpaHbt. Orpomuoe 3HayeHne 1a Gyaywero Poccun HMeAH mpoucxoaMBUHe B apMelickol cpeae mpoueccst, Ha ocnose npaKaza Ne | NetporpaacKoro Coneta (Manan | mapTa) B BOdcKax Hayasock cbopMupoBaHue POTHIX, GaTabOHHbIX, NOAKOBbIX — BIMOTb AO apMeHCKYX — CONAATCKMX KOMMTE- Tos. HanGoxrce paxxHbIM B NpHKase Germ TpeTHH NYHKT, NpeAMHcLBaIOWIH: BOHHCKOM 4acTH BO BCex NOMMTHYECKHX BBICTYILICHHAX NOAYAHATHCH Co- BeTy paGOuHX DemyTaTOR H CBOMM COAZAaTCKHM KOMUTeTaM. STHM MOApEI- Basic OCHOBHOM MpHHUMN dbyRKUMOHMpoBaHHA apMHH — e@HHOHayasHe. Ipvixas npesyematpvean TaKKe yCTAHOBNeHMe KOHTpONs Hal OpyKHeM, €O CTOPOHb! COMMATCKMX KOMMTETOB, KOTOPbIe CTaHOBHAMCL peaabHLIMH XO3M€BAMH BOHHCKHX YacTelt. Ulepspiit corercKuit Npuka3 BbIsBaN AMKOBaHHe ycTaBLelt MH O3N06- JeHHOH BOMHOH, YHIDKeHHAMM ComZaTCKOH Maccbl. OgHaKo ero peann3za- MMA Bena K TOMY, HTO apMua M3 BaKHEMMero rocyAapcTBReEMHOrO WHCTHTYTA Npeppawwwach B MOLWHbI HHCTpyMeHT NosMTHYecKOH GopEObl, KOTOpbIit Mor 6bITb HanpaBicH H Ha paspyllieHMe Camoro rocyfapcrsa. Eure Ha yrio- MaHyTOM Bcepoccniickom coBemlaHHi ConeTos 6bii0 moAYepKHYTO, YTO CONMATCKNE KOMUTETH ABAAKOTCH COCTABHOM YacThIO CHCTeMBS CoBeTos. Cosaauve CTpOliHol CHCTeMbi CORAATCKUX OpraHHaaUMit 3aBepLIMnOCh B Mae 1917 r. Wucto congaTCKHX KOMHTETOB Ha CpoHTe mpnoMxKANOCh K SO TbIc., B HUX CocToaIO 0 300 TEC, conaaT HM OuLepoB. Baicoxoii crene- HbIO OpraHH30RaHHOCTH OTAHYaMCh MopaKH BaaTuiicKoro dprota. B kone afpena onM co3gaam LlexrpoGant (LlextparbHbiii KomMTeT BanruitcKoro quota) — spicui BpGopHEi oprak Marpocckux Macc. Ero Bo3riaBMs GoabuesHk IT. E. Apidenxo. Ha cocrossinemca | cbeane BartuiicKkoro do- Ta B MiOHE Gb NpUNAT yeTaB, CormacHO KOTOpomy LleHTpobanr craHo- BWics BBICWIeH HNCTaNuMel dota. Be3 ero cavkuWH HM O2MH NpuKas KOMaHdoBaHHA (KpoMe OnepaTHBHEIX) 11m BpeMexHoro npasnterbcrBa He MMeA CHB. Tlocae Despanbckol peBsoOrOUMH aKTHBHO Wa CAMOOPraHH3aLlus pa- 6o4ero Kmacca. NomMumo yyacTus B coszaHHn Cosetos, paboune NpoMbIL- A@HHOCTH H Tpalcnopta cosgzaBain taGpu4Ho-saBoAcKHe KOMMTeTH! (P3K). B page cayuaes OHH Hasblpaich CopeTamn (babpH4HO-3aBOACKHX CTApocT, paGOUNX MENLYTATOB, 3ABOMCKHX YORHOMOUEHHBIX 4 T.L. Masi ux 3aza- yeh cTano ocymectaleHHe paGovero KOHTPONH 3a MpOH3BOACTBOM H pac- 18tipexetcHuem, D3K aBouHbIM NOpAAKOM BBOZMAM 8-YacoBol paGounit AeHb, pelliaiH BONpOCI pacueHOK M 3apMIaTEI, MpHeMa H YBOALHEHMA, CHabxKe- Hua paGounx mpogoponbcTBveM. Blacks OHM TaKxXe MIPHUMHbI 3akpbl- THA TIpeanpHATHit, coKpauieHHs OObeMoOB NpoMsBogcTBa. pu O3K co- 30aBAIHCh KOMHCCHH: paGOuero KOHTPOMA, paCHEHOUHEIe, MPOOBOALCTBEH- Hblé, KOH@IMKTHBIC, KYAbTypHO-npocBeTHTeIbHOM paGoTpi. Hpeanpunumates BerHyxkAeHbI OblaM MUPHTbCA C 3THMM KOMMTETA- MH, XOTA BCAYECKH CIPEMMMCh O(PaHHUHT UX AesiTeAbHOCTb. B cepeanHe wioun 1917 F. cocrossacb neppan KoHdepeHuna 3K Tetporpana u ero oxpectHocteii, npeycrapnnsutaa 337 Tec. pabownx. Ha Heli Spit H36paH Lentpanpnblit coset (UC) 3K Merporpaga, 8B KoTOpOM OMMHMpOBaTH GonbmeBHKH (19 43 25). Cosnapancb Take KOMHTeTbI 4 B ApyrHx ropogax, ametporpagcknii LC craa scepoceniickum ueHTpom D3K. K ocenu 1917 6. ero oObeqHHeHHa CyLecTBOBATH Gomee Hem B50 MPOMBILITeHHbIX MeHTpax. B koHue Mapra — Hayane anpens 1917 Tr. B page KpyIHbIX ropozoB (Ilerporpaie, Mockee, Xappkose, Osecce u ap.) Hayaocs dopMuposa- Hue oTpaz0B Kpacnod rpapaum. Ona coszapanach Ha ocHoBe ROGpoBolb-~ Horo yyacTna paGounx. UnunnaTHBa B OpradH3alMi OTpAsLOB NpHHage- Kalla paliOHHbIM OpraHw3aunam PCIPII(6) u 3K. Bo BHeypornoe Bpe- MA pabouHx OGy4aNN NONB3OBAHHIO CTPeTKOBbIM OpyxKHEM HM BOeEHHOMY cTporw. Orpsant PopmupoRasquch 10 NPOH3BOACTBEHHOMY MpM3Haky — Ha TIPeANPHATHIX, HO B OTACNBHLIX TOposAaX Ob OOueropoacKHe HH pali- OHHBIe, a TakoKe APYKHHDI HW OTPAAbI MIpH Copetax, pexe ~~ MpH KOmMuTe- Tax PCP11(6). Opranv3opana Gpiia 4 pabovad MHIMLM, KOTOpas K HHOJIO 1917 r. Bavaacb B Kpacuyio reapanio. K sTomy BpeMeHH e€ paJbI TOALKO B Tletporpane npestiitann 5 tbIc. 4enowex, a B OKTAGpe 3fecb Geto yxe Gonee 20 TeIc. KpacHorsapstetiuer. Npwsem Kpacnas rsapana umesta socTa- TOUHO CTpoiiHy crpyxtypy yripawicHns. No6deaa Dexpanpckoti pesomounu co3zqana GAaronpusTHble ycnoBna AAA Oprannsaiin npodcoiw3s08, HX DeaTesbHOCTH. K MIOHIO B CTpaHe cy- WLECTROBANO OKONO 2 THC. TAKHX OObeAMHEHMA. B OTAMUHE OT 3K, o6te- AMHSABLIAX paGOUHX OAHOTO NpeANPHATHH, MpOdcoiosbt CTPOHAKCh MO mpotpeccHoHanbHO-UexXOBOMY MIpH3HaKy (MeTasauctos, M€4aTHKKORB, KO- %KEBCHHKKOB HM T.L.). Y pyKOBOACTBA GONbINMHCTBa OpraHH3auniA CTOAAM MEHBINEBUKM M SCepbl, YTO BEAO K KOHLEHTpallM BHYMAHMS TIpotpcow- 30B B OCHOBHOM Ha 3KOHOMH4ECKOlt Gopnoe. OjHako B COBMCCTHDIX aKILH- ax ¢ D3K mponcxognAa MOMMTM3ALHA VM STHX OpraHH3zaunh. {1a Koopau- HaLHH destTeAbHOCTH B NpeseraXx POPOAOB cOIaBANMCh COOTBETCTBYIOLIME 61opo, Koropple lerom 1917 r, Gai MepeHMeHOBaHbI B CoBeTbl Mpodcorw- 30B. B uione 9TOrO roza AelicTRoBan 51 CopeT npodcoto30s, obbeAMHAB- WIHX OKoNO 70% BCex YeHOB NpOdcorw30B. Tlocie Despansckoi pewonounn AaAo o CeGe 3HaTb MW KPeCTBAHCKOe Apwxenue. B mepable Mecsiubt OHO HMenO NpenMyULeCcTBEHHO MUpHbIe dop- MbI: Y MHOPHX 6pina yBepeHHOCTb, YTO CospIBAemoe YupeanTeabHoe co- Gpadue HakOHeU-TO Mo ClipaBeaMBOCTH pelMT arpapHEIi BoNpoc. Sty 19YBepeHHOCTh NOANHTbIBANA BbICTYNABLIAA OT MMeHM KPeCTbAH MapTun — acepbl. OHH H HapOAHble COLMAINCTHI (. C nagenvem camogzepxaBunt HeBHZaHHbIli pasMax mpHobpem peruona- Au3M. B anpene Ha cheese kyOaHcKoro Kasa4ecTBa B EkaTepniogape 6nia o6pa3osana Ky6aHckas KpaeBat BOicKOBad pala, H36paniiad CBoe mpa~ BHTeBCTBO H aTaMaHa. BaegeHo 6bi10 BOeHHOe NoOOXKeHHe, CChOpMUpO- BaHbi ApyXHHal U3 OPULEpoOB, lOHKEpOB, 3MKHTOUHOTO Kaza4ecTa. MMo3- 2Ke MpaBuTeAbCTBRO OObABMAO CeOA BEPXOBHO!i BIACTbIO OGnacTH. L917 rog orkpbla HOBEI STAN B pasBHTMu CHONpCKoro O6jacTHHYe- cTpa. Cpean xHTeneit Kpan Gpuna MONyAApHOH MbICAb O TOM, YTO Cux6upb B KaYeCTBE ABTOHOMHOM EAH! AO12KHa OGAadaTe BCeM OAMOTOH BulacTH Ha cBoeH TeppuTopun. Hameyanocb cosganue Cu6upcKoii oGnacTHoi AyMbI, KaGuneTa MHHMCTpOR, CyAeOHbIX OpraHos (B TOM UHC c yueTOM HaUMO- HAIbHDIX OCOBEHHOCTes), MECTHOTO CaMOYNpaRIeHMA 4 KOHTPODA. @espaiecKad PeBOOLLMA OTKPbLa panee HEUSBECTHBIe B POccHH BO3- MOXHOCTH AIM ACATENBHOCTH PayLMaHBIX NONMTHYECKHX Mapu, B reue- HM HECKOAbKHX MECHUEB BOSHUKNO Sonee 50 napTHHAbx oObedMHeHHi. Him fipenctoano asanTuposats cBou MporpaMMHbIe YCTAaHOBKH K H3Me- HMBUICHCA CHTYaWWH, [IPC QIOXKHTb OTBETL Ha CTOABLUNE Neped cTpaHol HaHOONee OCTPO BOMPOCLI, BBECTH PEBOIOLMOHHYIO CTHXHIO B OMpene~ sleHHoe pycno. Bee ao npenrnosarano yuactne B GoppGe 3a BIacTh, OnTa- AeHMe KOTOPOA B OrPOMHON CTeNeHH 3aBHCENO OT CHOCOGHOCTH YyBCTBO- BaTb MACCOBbIE HACTPOCHHA, BbIABHTaTh NPHHHMaeMbie GombiMHCTBOM JIO3YHCA, HM€Th NOJMTHYECKYK BOJIKO WM OpraHH3alino, cnocobHy1o BO- TUIOWATL HaMeYeHHbIii Kype. B peawibHot NONHTHYeCKOl *KH3HH 1917 7, Gy- AYUCE CTPAHbI ONPe ACIS YETHIPE MOTMTMYECKHE NapTHK: KadeTbl, MEHb~ LWEBMKH, 3CEpbl H SoubIeBHKH. Kagerbi npespaTHHcb 13 ONO3MUKOHHOA B NapTHto, Hrpaloulyio r1aB- HYIO POJb B NpPabMTenscTBe. Moaromy 8 nepBbe nocuedesparbeKne Mecs- Ub1 OT npososumMon MMH NOJHTUKM 3aBNCeNO HAaBeJeEHHe MOpssiKka UW Ocy- MMeCTBAEHHEe OU€BHAHO HEOOXOAHMEIX NpecOpaszoBannil. Mopesenue Kane- TOB B TipaBUTeNbCTBE AMKTOBANOCh UX IPOrpaMMHPIMM yCTaHOBKaMu. Kak 4 MIpeacTasHTeAH MmogaBiaowero GombUIKHeTBa NapTHit, OM Mosarann, 4TO OCHOBbI NOAMTHYECKOFO HK COLLMAaAbHO-3KOHOMUYECKOLO CTpOH Poc- CHM AOJDKHO ONpedeNNT YupesutenbHoe coGpanue, NosTOMy BbICTYNMAK 3a NpoposraawmenHe PoccuH 2eMOKpaTH4eCKOM M MapmaMeHTCKON pecnyo- ankoit, Kagerbi 8 ueOM HeraTHBHO OTHOCHIHCs K Conetam, oTcTanBag HZeW CHHOH BAACTH BpemexHoro Ti paBMTeAbCTBa. Ha mectax BractH Cosetos, MO MHEHMIO ANAepOB STON MapTHH, HOA- XKHBI GbitM MPOTHBOCTOATh rOpOACKHe AyMbI HW 3eMcTBa, KapeTb! TBepuo 4 TIOCACHOBATE/IbHO CTOSIM 3a NPOAOMKeHMe yuacTHA PoccusM B BOE HK 32 2NONHOe BbINOAHeHHe OGAIATENLCTB Nepes COIWSHUKAMM. TOADKO M0 €€ OKOH- YAH CUMTANOCL BO3MOXKHSIM CO3BaTh YupedutetaHoe CoGpanne, no3sToO- My pelligHve BCex NpoGjeM COSHaTeMbHO OTKAagbIBAIOch (3aTATHBANOCh) AO 3aBePWEHYA BOCHHEIX Aciicrauit. To arpapHomy Borpocy 8 nporpaMMy Obl BHECeH TYMAHHLI NYHKT O TOM, HTO 3€M/a DOMKHA NPMHANIEKATS BCEMY «TPYAOBOMY 3EMJIeAIbYECKOMY HaceNeHMid», T.e. KANHTaMheTMue- CKHM NOMEIIHKaM # KyslakaM Tak Ke, Kak M TPYDALLeMyCA KPeCTbsAHCTBY. Npu3nas netom 1917 r. — B o6cTaHOBKe OCTporo KpH3HCa — HeOdxo- AMMOCTb POCy/APCTBEHHOTO PeTyAMPOBAHHA SKOHOMHKH, KANCTHI NpH3bI- BAIN je1aTb 3TO OCTOPOXHO, He YUWEMIAS YaCTHbIX CO6CTBeHHHKOB, CaMit Oke Ha BBeLEHME 3THX Mep TaK H He Mow. OHM OTKa3aIHCb (B CBASH C BOHHOK) OT BBeeEHHH 8-4acoBOoro paSou¥ero AHA, MpoTHBOReHCTBOBAAK pocty sapaGorHolt miaTbl, YcraHOBEHHio padoyero KOHTpOAA. Kanerbl ObVIH CTOPOHHAKAMH LUIMpOKOH NONMTHYECKOM, IKOHOMMYECKOH HW KyAbTYPHOH secTepHu3aiinn Pocenn. Byayyn camoit , BKIROYaH Oypxyasnio. Efi orpogmach B MLE Bpemeu- HOFO MpaBHTeALCTBa pOb OCHOBHOTO ABHraTenA pedopm, CopeTbl 2xKe pac- CMaTpHBasMCh KaK OPlaHb] «MaKCHM@JIbHOrO AaABICHHA» WH KOHTPOUIS. TlepsoHaaibHo MeHbIUCBHKM HE MpeAbABIIHIA HUKAKHX rpeTeH3Hit H8 BRACTE, 3ATEM Cepbe3HO KONeOANHCh OTHOCHTEBHO BXOKMEHHA B Tpa- BHTebCTBO. OHH BBICTYMaM 3a YCTAHOBMeHHE AeEMOKpaTHyecKorO Mupa, HO BMECTE ¢ TEM CUMTAIM HEOHXOAMMBIM yuacTHe PoccHM B BOiHE, KOTO- 22pas, MO UX MHHHI0, TeMepb HOCHT PeROAIONMOHHO-O6OPOHHTeABHBI Xa- paktep. BLiiBurad «npaBMibHbie> HIeH — ycraHOBMTs padounii KOHTpomb 3a TIPOH3BOLCTBOM, BECTH NO“POTOBKY 3eMeAbHOM peopMbi, o6AOXKHTb HaJOLOM BOCHHbIE CBepxrIpHObIIK Gypxya3HU, YCKOpHTb CosbIB Yupean- TeNbHOTO COGpaHHA, MeHbILeEBUKH He CMOFsin MOBAHATD Ha Bpemennoe TpaBnrerbcrso C eAbIO MpoBeAeHUs 3THX Mep. XapakTepHbIMH 4YepTAaMHn MeHbWEBHCTCKOM YacTH poccHfickoh CouMan-aeMOKpaTHH GbiIM OpraHH- SAUMOHHAM PEIXAOCTH, PAIOGWEHHOCTh BXOAMBILMX B MapTuio rpysn 4 oGRE- avHennit, Tlo Mepe pass Tia pesououHOHHOrO KpH3nca B 1917 r. 9TH He- AOcTaTKM ycyryOMIMCb pasHOMmacKaMH, YO OcnaGINO NOsMUMH MapTHH Tepen ee NPOTHRHUKaMM Kak «CripaBa», TaK M «ceBar. OgHoii 43 HanGonee aKTHBHbIX HM MaccOBbIX 6bL1a Naprua acepos. Ee YHCICHHOCTE pocia BLICOKMMM TeMMaMH H K ety 1917 r. qocrurna 800 ThIC. yeroBeK. Scepbl NpPHHMMAAK DeATenbHoe yuacTHe B CO3AaHuM CoBeToB, CONMATCKMX KOMUTETOB, PAVIMYHbIX KPECTBAHCKHX OpranHsauMit. Crpate- THYecKOl Mx LembIO B OI9I7 Fr. Gant cosa YupeautTembHoro coGpanns, B KOTOPOM OHH paccuMTbiBaA — H He 63 OCHOBaHMH — nonyynTb Oomb- UIMHCTBO, C TEM YTOGBI MMPHBIM, AEMOKpATHYeCKHM TYTEM peasM3oBaTb cBolo nporpamMy. Mocae Pespans aceprr noagepkann Kak BpemenHoe npasuterpeTsa, Tak u Covers. Bo BpemewHom mpaBuTesEcTBe OHM Bitme- AM TapHblit opraH BlacTH H rocyfapcTReHMOrO ynpaBAeHHA cTpaHois, Copertbi Ke paccMaTpHBaI Kak (ocpopMneH- Has B BAe CTaTbHt, OHA MOJYYLTa H3BECTHOCTh Kak «AnpespCkHe Te3HChI>) cogepxkayia yrBepxXAeHHe, ITO SypakyasHbiit 9TAN peBoniounn B PoccuH 3a- KONICA M HeOGXOAHM flepexosl kK cnemylwiulei ee chase — coUuManHCTHMeC- KOH. OCHOBHBIMH SleMeHTaMU 3TOrO mIaHa nepexoja Obuin: mipekpaiweHHe BOMHE W NOLAepKKK BpeMeHHOLo NpaBHTeABCTBa ¢ Nepenayeit Bce BlacTH CoseTam; 3amMeHa perysPHOK apMiM HapOAHOM MiLIMuMen; KOHHCKaLHA MOMCLMM4beH COOCTRCHHOCTH MH HallMOHaNM3aUHA BCCH 3CMRU; KOHTPOlb 32 Npov3BorcTBOM M pacnpeseeHHeM co cTopoHb! Coperos. JleHHH KOpeHHEIM 06pa30m nepeocmbicausa H pob Coseros. Ou paccmMaTpMBal AX B CBOeH pa- Gore kak paGouee NpaBHTCAbCTEO, BbIPAaxkaioulee MHTEpecEI NpoweTapwaTa 4 Bcef GexHeHmel yacTH ropo~cKoro M cenbcKoro HaceneHua. M3 3toro BbITeKaa HOBast MapTHiiHad crpaterua: GopbOa 3a nepemauy BAaCTH OT Bpemensoro npaguresicTaa Coxeram, ¢ oom cropoHbt, 4 GopnGa Gonb- WeBUKOB 3a NpeoOrananne B Copetax ~ ¢ apyroit. TepsonaxaspHo JIGCHMHCKAS MO3SHUMA BbI3BaNa CMATCHHE COPaTHHKOB 4 Mpotecrsl ApyrHx counanuctos. Ee nasbipaiu «6pedom», OTMe4aIH, YTO OHa BeacT K packony couManucTHyeckHx cun Poccun. Tem He MeHee B TEYCHHE HECKONIBKUX HEJCb Jlenmny ydaloch NepesIOMHTb CHTYaUHKO, Ha aNpeAbCKOH KOHMepecHUMH OONUICBHKOB OCHOBHas YaCTb cro Hazel 6pina on06pena. Tlocnexyioulee pa3ssuTHe COOBITHH MOATBeEpAH.10 OCHOB- Hbit ACHMHCKHE MPOFHOSsbi, 4TO CoceGcTBOBANO pocTy aBTOpHTeTA BAMS- HMA BOK SOMBUIEBHKOB. 24K uucny 4x HECOMHEHHBIX NPEMMYLICCTB Nepe) JIPyTHMHK MapTHaMy or- HOCHAMCb: HUHNE LEHTPAIM30BAHHOM, C BLICOKMM YPOBHEM JMCUAnTHAA Opran3alMu, APKHM XapM3MaTH4ecKHH AHAep. CNOCOGHSIM YYTKO yam BaTb HaCTPOCHMA NPHUICALIMX B ABUDKCHMe HapOAHBIX Macc, (popHympo- BaTb NOHSATHBIC JIOSYHIH, CTABHTb Y€TKHE 3a0a4H WHE GonBLUMiica omareTh BalacTbio. BoAbWeBHKH He THYLWAINCb OYAHHYHOH, KPOMOTAMBOH padotel 3 cogfaHHbIx peromouved ObbeanHeHHaAx. pu LIK naprun Gputo ccpopunposa- Ho Biopo pouTopbix M THUIOBbIX OpraHH3ainii; B CopeTax aeficrosatt SonbleBHcTcKHe cbpakuHH; GOAbLUOe BHUMAHHe ylenaroce paGore B daisea- KOMAaX 1 Tipodco1osax. Bospuresuctckne arTaTOpbl CTapaslHch MAKCHMATbHO MCHONLIOBATL BOIMOAXHOCTH MHTHHTOB, MaHhdbecTauHi, cTaviek H apynix HapOAHDIX BbICTyTINIeHHH. OrpomMHoe 3HaYeHHe TIpHAaBANOCh MeyaTHOi Mo- narange. C neva 1917 F. sbixoaWwia THpakom 90 TIC. 9K3eEMILAHPOB «T]paaza», a oO; YCTAHORHHE cBoGoxbl C10Ba, Te4aTH, COlOI0B, COOpanuii, crayek; OTMeHY COCHOBADIK, BEPOHCNOBEAANHDIX MW HALLMOHATBHBIX OTPAHNYeHHid, HEMEANEHHYA ToM10- TOBKy K Co3piBy YupeautesbHoro coGpaHus Ha OCHOBE BCeOGIIErO, pasHO- To, NpaMoro H TaHHOro roAOCOBAHUA; 3aMeHy NOAHUMK HapOAHOA mumMUN- eli c BLISOpHIM HaYaLCTBOM, NOMYMHEHHLIM OprakaM MeCTHOTO caNoyn- PaBleHHs; BbIGOpbI B OpraHbi MCCTHOPO CaMOylpaBieHHA. TipaputeabcTeo npctyni1o K CBOel AeATENbHOCTH B YCAOBHAX Hapy- WeHHA ODHO W3 BaKHEMUAX rocynapcTBeEHHBIX PyAKUM — roepxa- HHA OGWECTBEHHOLO MopsKa, DEPOPMaLMH MCKMOYMTEIbHOrO Fpasi (0 cygapeTsa Ha MpHMeHenHe HacnnMa. FpHKa3 Ne | pesko cHH3HA ynpaesa- eMOCTb apMuh. JIMKeMAanMA NOAMUKM He conpopoxAaiace Gaicrpan cosaaHuem spekTHBHOM MuAMUMH. B To xe BpeMa Ge3 CaHKUMH mpaBa- TEALCTBA CYUICCTBOBANM BOOPyXeHHbIe ChOpPMHPOBAHHs, KOTOPBie HAXx0- AWMCh NOA WIMAHHEM Ppa3IMYHbIX NOJMTHYCCKHX CHI, a nopolt Wd BHE HX. Bce 310 Beno K pasryay MpecTynHocTH, NogTepxMBANO B OGuLeCTBE at Mocdepy TpeBoru WH HeompesenenHocTH. BpemeHHoe NpaBHTeAbCTRO OCYLUECTBAIO BaxkKHbIe NpeOOpasonHitt & oGilecTBeHHO-NONHTHMECKO cchepe. OTMeHeHSI GLUTH CMEpTHas K23Hb H BOCHHO-MosenbIe CYABI, Y3AKOHEHbI PasrpOM HapOANbIMM MaccaMn amnapaTa NOAKTHYECKON NONKUHH, Hajsl30pa H CbICKA, APECT WapCKOTO Coseta Mier pos. Ynpa3sqHANHCb KaTopra M CCBIAKA, AMHHCTHPOBANIHCh BCE NOMHTIKIMO- YeHHbIe. 3aKoH oF 12 arpeas 1917 r. paspeutan cBoGory co6paruii m coms. BTlpovsouvl w3MeHeHHA B CHCTeMe yiiparjeHua TeppuTopHAMH. Beéec~ TO NpeKHHX ryGepHaTopoR — 3TH JOJDKHOCTH AMKBHAMPOBasIMCb — Ha3Ha~ wach KOMHccapEl Bpementoro mpaeutemLcraa. Mx uate noaGupann 43 Yvicna Iipencedarencii 3eMCKMX HIM TOPOACKMX yMpaB, AMAepOR ApyrAx OOUICCTBEHHBIX OpraHu3aut. K mato 1917 r. B crpaHe Gputo 57 ryGepH- CKHX, 353 ye3aHbix KOMHCCapa. [TposeacHa 6bi/ta Cepbe3Had pedbopmMa Me- CTHOTO CaMOyMpaBNeHHa, NonrOTOBAeHbI H MPHHATL! 3aKOHbI O roporc- KOM H 3€MCKOM CaMOynpaBeHHH. 3aKoH or 21 maa yupexaal 3emMcKHe BOAOCTHbIe COOpaHHA M YItpaBbl, JIMKBHAMpOBal ycTapeBLIMit HHCTMTYT SEMCKMX HaYaIbHHKOB HM KPeCTBAHCKHEe CocmoOBHEIe Opranhsaunn. Brep- BbIC Ha BOAOCTHOM YPOBHE YTREPKMANCA MPH BCeOGUIMX, APAMBIX 1 PaBHbIxX BbISOpoB JIpH TaifHOM Fo0coBaHHH, Pacwwupasach KOMNCTCHUHA 3€MCKHX OPraHOB, KOTOpEre pacnipoctpavAcb Ha HOBbIe TeppHTOpHh cTpa- bl. B TO xe Bpema nepemmerenve cucTembl CopeTon, paaiHuHbIx o6tle- CTBEHHBIX KOMHTeTOB H 3eMCTB, HempopadoTaHHocTb MpaBosoro cTaTyca MX BIAMMOOTHOWEHUA Mean COsdaHMIO SppeKTUBHO! CHCTeMbI ynpaB- AeHMA Ha MecTaX, a Sopot u ycutMBan GecnopAZOK. 13 (26) mapta 1917 r. Geta cosaato OcoGoe conewmanue To nozroToR- Ke BpiGopos B YupegurenbHoe co6panne. O”Hako Ha4ano paGothl orKa- ObIBAIOCh, 4 efO 3aCeLaHHA HAYAIMCh TOJIbKO B KOHUE Maa, Burore BBIGOPbI 6p Ha3HayeHbI Ha 12 (25), a co3biIn caMoro Co6paHHa — Ha 28 Hosdpa (1) nexa6ps) 1917 r, Beem 6bLi0 O4eBHAHO, YTO BEICOpbI B 3TOT OpraH, Cc KOTOpbIM TlozaBAAOUICe GOALLIMHCTBO TparkaaH Poccuy cBA3bIBANY CBON Hadexibt, BpeMeHHoe MpaBHTeAbCTBO COSHATENLHO 3aTATHBANO. Elpapureiberso NOHHMANO BAKHOCTh arpapHbIX mpeobpazoBaHHi B Poccuu. B mapre 1917 r. rocyaapcraeHHod co6cTrseHHocTbW cTau KaGu- HeTCkve H yIENbHble 3EMIH, MpMHadNexaBluMe UWapcKoH caMuaHny. 19 Mapta (I arlpeaz) pw MuHuctpe 3emnedzernsn Gbi1 OGpa30baH Taap- Hbtli 3eMeAbHbIi KOMHTET, a MO3aHee 3eMeNbHbIC KOMHTeTH (TySePHCKHE, YeSAHbIe, BONOCTHbIe) NOABKIMCH Ki Ha Mecrax. TlonoxenneM or 21 anpe~ asa (4 maa) 1917 7. oH CO3ZaBAIMCh AMUb LA %K*e ODIO M3HAHO PACTOPWKEHHE O NPUBACICHMM KpecThHH K yrooBHO oTEeT- CTBCHHOCTH 3a YYACTHE B . estes bHOCTe HU30BbIX KPECTbAHCKHX OPTaHn3a- UHii YaCTO BXOMHa B NPOTHBOpe4Me c MpaBHTeABCTBeHHOM AMHHEH: KO- MUTeTHI GPann NOs KOHTPOAb NOMEIMMYSH MMeHHA, a KOe-Tae NPHCTYyNH- AIM K HX 3axBaty. KpecTpae BMZe1H NAaCCHBHOCTh NpaBHTebCTBa MPH NOD- XO K Mx TIPOGNEMaM, BIOAHE AKTHBHO ACHiCTBYS B MpecedeHuu «arpapHBIX GecnopsnkoB>. 26BpemenHoe TIPABMTEIBCTBO YHACIEQOBAIO OT HAPCKOPO TaKylO HCJICr- kylo npoéemy, Kak NposososmbcrBenHad. B mapre 1917 r. aa ee peweHna co3man 6b o6mlerocyqapcTBeHHB WM M€CTHbIE NPOROBOMBCTBEHHbIC KO- Murersi, 2 25 mapra (7 arpensa) sBegeHa x1eGHad MOHONONMA KH Kaproy- Had cucTema (yctaHopieHHaa HOpMa — | yHT x1e6a B aeHb). OnHaKo OCHOBHBIe JepxkaTerH xieGa — MOMELIHKM HM COCTOSTeAbHOe KpeCTbAH- cTso — caGoTHponain 9TH pemeHMs, a lpaBuTerberso He nphGerano K oKecTKUM MepaM. 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