RIVANKA GoéL 4 “Unsere Memory — prerpror EHEC CEE cee CECeeteet DEPIT of CSE The memotup ont is an errenhal formponel in any dugatt compultr Abnce it iw needed for a prapans and data. K The maumum Alize of the memory that can be ured AD any Computer is determined Sy the address) Achermne F Eq a Ib bet computer that generates ‘Ib-bit addresses aed Pe d as copaste of addressing Upte 2!= 44K mem Ascahans. “¢ “t We no: ef Seve a tig ns Jeprrerta the gice “L the addness Apace Ce the Compuler . Chorackrs hes of emi Spkem L- Laolion 2- Gpa Proce ssor_ Mword Size & Lateral * No of words & External 3 Unt Of knamber. Word > no.et bea used bp Aaprsed a newb & insted on Block Ln case of external memory, dake bs dranfened in Aorger unde han a word, Trese are Acfe ox Wecks.toMemon Hererchy ¥ There wa bode —ef4. ee the Kage key characrahies 4 inten i cat, copa oly aad access Lime . * Following rclitiontp held amy ve dies, dermolopies thot ore used te smphemerr Bee Ayton - @) Fastr access Hine , paste cast per bub ( brooke copay » Araotler. cost pe bik O COreatir capaci, plewer access time 4 The colution to alo dilemma related to abel ne tart Ang Unseenots Is nat tb rely on sinple m Componest or Hehnslany , but bo tnpley teary, easrchy ‘A ty peeal memory teen a gata at 2 how - ~& As ome gous clown the hitrardy, follnunag occur a) Weore ong cost por tue | 5) lnreos) <4 D Increasiag access tme 4) Deere aang prequenny of access +f he Pt ody by pasesson |\ * Ths, smaller mane expensive, fest memories ane swpplemented by Larger cheaper, slower memories. TNtTe Te v Prenat. oceess hme ° Faadaon of occesm L Invatnag only Level LC-4f rnho) * ¥ The above pywre shows the avermge access Are Jo a teo- Seve memento 0 juecbon 24 bt Asho H whore i Hi hrackten ef atl memomp accesses thot are rund ib fates. tee (Rere deel L) T ; access Ame + devel L Th : access te to Meveh2 ¥ The yeph ahews that the wre of tan Seeks a a rremae can Acduce average access me, pacended hat the conditions (Ca) Hrsugh Ca) appty . % hia os grat pocsbte uoth the Aekp +f a puruple known 0% Locality, of Aapersace. * Trew panuple tlofer that ree Aspurences Head to desler. % Oe 4 hong, pond of hime , Luss h use change, bobover a shark boned “ hme, pecs ls pranly wordung, ahh freed Luslerns + eer, Aaputnces.Semicandudar RAM Memories * the eye hime ey geet condudio reemeues marge from loons. F> fess than Lons K Recue of rapid odeances sr VUSL Jecmolary | ne cost of. genni orductar reanoues has dropped dranahealty. Tr lennel Onganeation | The bare element of semicondu tar rremorg. is che mio col | ¥ Despde pans electronic Jerhnmbezies osed, all Aton! wnductar Tent cell, have eee: prepees = @ They exhisck hoo atodle 4 takes , Ukich can be used to raprssect Lando (>) a capable of being. wwartten ants ( atleast once) Wb ack she stole © They One copaste 2 Susy read t sense He stole * Men oy cells ane usually, orgieniceal in Ke fm head in tle Sieh colt is corpeble +4 storing | ome be ot Infprmaton * Eo row colts comhhlé a raimenp word and olf Cobbs of a Rous om connedtad be | common June mfonred do oy word June, Whith & drlvtn “4 address deroder on the dup.6 ¥ The ceUls in cath column are connedad dra Sense | whe. carck by feo bb Lines The cemme/rde creek are connected f the data Input/ Ouefe pat dines f the hep & Duuny read eporaten , these nauk Arse or road dhe Anfprraction ckerned in the cells Acleded oa te cod Sune and hrarsmt thir Inform alion fo the ecupuh dota Anes. me hung Wilads, epennllen, the sense [rorte arcu secre gape anfprmebion and store ub dn the colle ef me Ackeded word P Pee? by sy ul TI] Dee - iy He {FF} ees 1 —AladnessI —E tO Or yf dec od * : i aie : Mimo As ‘ | a cols, r ul Fo _H ' (—F ee ptt Cee » a eles ae) a {Sie | east Ee Rio 7 Lute | Laue C's Risa), : t ovdput mo by bs x Above pyre & on example of ie ere heer chip osuabay, of Ioweads #{ 8 bile each( rfored bos |bX8 wrganrestion),¥the data input and alata eulput of tach Gense/ wad Coruuk ort connectid fa Alngho. bidimtenct data Sune that can be connected he data bus oY oy computer | % Two covtre] Lines R/W and cs ae proved 1p addition, to address ans dota Lines. tthe R/W Anpul cbeapies dhe sage operation and Jne cS (Chap Select) anput Ade a & paven chip in a mth hep ween Wp ayten | Static” RAMs kMenariea drat conuh of crcuade pnt oy eating, hur stoi os Hevege sos power applied are broom ar stalic’ memories. b v PA aes feces) | | : ie | + Word ine k-—— Bed Ures | if stadic RAM colt | En abore pyre, too nvertine wre cas erga Bb fpram a Lath. | A The Latch is Connected to two bu Dnes by tronsishas Wise ee |% 4 othese trantstons at as Awuehes that con be epered ° wr hosed onder control et woad Une W 4arlun the adead! Bane ‘ell groaad devel , he Jransutins are turned opp and Batch Asters te Abele eg. Act us aMune Hat the coll w 19 Alele 1 af Are Loge vatutat perk X 4 1 and ot fant 7 is 0. thes stole “os monrtamed as dong. as he. synal on the word Une & ot pound Renel a K Ut cheutd be holed thal conhaucus power noeded jor the coll ast abs ata % if power & arkoouaphed | the cell's contents ww be Avsk. wher pour & ousted, the Ladch wu Artite into @ Aleble site , but ab wll not necescanty, be the sume ak ire et eke before palop hoo menWu es ~ x Hesce SRAMS ant gand te be volabhe he case Thur cwoaterts oz frost when power 1% inlowmesp ted fdvastage 1. SRAMs corarme flav power because cunrerk {ows ta he cel only, when he cel bony acressed 2 Shahe RAMS con be accessed vey yuck bayee eee ee a | . Dasedvn alae GRAMS come at a hugh test hearse ther celle rsqune several trans utins Dynaric RAMS Ye A. dypmannc RAM is made unth cells that stre data as chonge on copacibons & The presence or absence ct change on o capacte n | in anlenprelid an ao binary Lon 0. ; + Reause capacitors have a | eno, to dupmarese RAMS negro peweduc pear zapeshinp dees ee EE | k The form Sdinnans Aapers b the Here et the Atonod change fe Leak ana even when pewter & Con Hes, supplied. | Bid ne ‘ntora link Pram a eR =T 4 Single drarsisb clpna rnc |e In onder store Anponmatron in fhe cell, Jraarsuldr Tia recoved end dn oppreprrate voltage % opplied to fhe but Lune, K Trin coures a brown avout of change b he alered ja the copaction + Aflor He thawuler ia honed off, the copa ten begins be duxhorge + This be ured by cop autor” s eum deakoge reactance £ # the Kanter conhruss bo conduct a see amend i carnentt C pin erally In paconaptrss) aftr Uo is turned ofp kK hus the Anporenation tered in te coll can be ruhused tered oly af uf ix read bere te chargt on the Copacclor ‘dnvepc hela threskeld value. * Dwurg a Keod speratton , Hee tronsalm in a Aclected COL as Kurned om, KA Sense amplifier connedtid & the bub June cletedz wheter the change slored on the copautor us atove ® the thresketd value > 4 LE 50, ab dauves the but Line fo a full volage thot neprerends ogc value 1. Thy vedlege rechangis Ine copactin fo he full charge shot wuwbonds fy Ante value |. 4 If He Aue tr ddete Ahad he chorge om he copa wir, Us eleudt Ihe fresheld ole, ict pulls the but Lune to Level wh ensures treat fre cape tor tell have no charge pasprss tahag fesgec value o,“Thus roading dhe eodeds of the coll aulsmah nafrerhes abs codlenki t Bi ¥ AU alls ne rdechd nous are real of he Meme Keone ig hich pafrashes he asalenkart entre roud. ¥ Apphiyag a proud adduess carers all colls on fhe CWrrdsponding ROWS fo be sead and waputhed dung both Read and Wade oporaltons. 4 une thot fhe conleds of e DRAM arg maintained, tah rOud “ cells must be accessed perecically, + Gemarelly, a ropes corncurk prrforms this purction & When the Kiowa nig 4 dhe menany device ws usbralled acpedvemousls | svdh menanita ort called anyychronus DRA Ms. K In hia cue, a sheualyeed memory covbollen wrcuit panda weeny conbre] Sarnala Cha dius 4 celumea Aeletion) Irak gre the ong dn sed cones, The prccescon. must take ato account the delay un the Dreaporae mE the. roe Yih he Sporatinn aL BRAM i dened by Speen zed with a chock Aural, Arch menortes are called Spadrraus DRAMsSRAMs Ve BRAMS Lt us vofatsule ie. tre power rust be conhnoualy | | fapplied fo menorg, 4 | | peewee Pierce | 2. Les ie 3. Lese simpler 4 less Bao Veon a4 compared tb BRE aut. 4. Deesnot Aa Utne ea iene Cs 6S. foster than DRAM. DRAMS ut us, also volatsle Mone dense fe. “rn one, Ces pen unit anea) DRAM cell 6 more Apter and smaller (thus mere dense) gE atc Chourer os aauglll ts RAMs © Due b ub sheed, his wae fa C bok on — a 2 COM: ons deal fal | nohureie slonee euther_ | Lor 6 DRAM & used fe = sacun eee DRAM. ane analog tn iat Nature as Ca pao Can chAR ony change wdhin aMarin qnemeny * Te man conmpurton syste. sx the cedral stmrage ont no | | x Ibo nelotvely longe and fest meno used fp sto propane and dota duns ag, compeilin operolisn . TRE mun mem is wade Aen conductor | ae mney a 7 i aac # These anlegsatad RAM chaps Ore valsste 14 hvo possule operoting. modes — Stahe aad cdynanud . & The static RAM consult of antemrad pup flops shod Atore the biaamy, Anpormalton & The Chored ainfommohsn nerrninn \aded ak Long a power & eppled fp fhe unt. Kk The dupoa mc KAM ators the bhanay. Aaporrastien In the para of deduce chorges Ihst ore oppued to copacebors These capa ctons ane provicled araide tke chop by Mos taaasistans . & fe stored charge on the copacitins dead to duschange Wh hme and te copa cons must be powcdiatty- nedanged bp Arpakinge diane rmtmony + Refreshing 1 done by Spin: Hough the words eve feus mW ceconds b restore Ae cap Ag MARN * The dps anne RAM offers reduced power comamph or and Jorgen storage copacctiy wa Angle es chip. % The stohe KAM WU caster fo and wade yds. * Stahe RAM uw ued b use and hag shorter read Ament cache menaues while se clyname RAMS ane ured fo iraplenn ert the. Main eg * Most a the man En aR dn a general purpose compuler. Lb made ap eft Ram ale rcted corteet aps but a portion ef the memory may be contraucted woth ROM Chaps + RAM wm wsed jon eae the butk ef the propams and data that can be changed % ROM Ww ased tr Hore propiams tot are permanently sescdenh in compuliir. &K ROM & also ured t clare an snthel pryiam called a bootebab Lender — Whose fuschen 2s b ato Me Computer, Ao frarane operabing. uch en Putri toned on * the stertp ef a compuctor, Consuls er honing the pawer, on and ahorhng, fhe execution a peptam % Thos when Pwr 4% toned Computer sds the peyum ot the bootstrap Loader on the hardware of ihe conte. ty jhe fout aadrccs + The beole nap propam Leeds & porhen L Ke spent = pew dak fe main mem Aanafored fo He opersiing Computer for gone all wae. ond combi} then Sys lem vfs pAcpores heee Is RAM and ay Ups EE kee ms needed for fhe computer. is Jorgen. thar He copredy, + one chp, ab Tete > Combe & Rumbo Sf ups foun the Asgqunrsd ree gice. Chup elec L —__fegy Chip (ded 2. —\eez Regd, aD (BENE es rd ee eee Wade ——lwe ROM T=bU addyas——] 09 1266 RAM tp * A bidtrechonel cota bus Wine fp transfer date ether, m memany. to cPu dung road eprrsten, or poem cpu bh weemany during woarte Spershon % Min biduckionel bus can be conatructad wouth tase- Abo buppens. * Te cmve excumple , copactiy of Ae memory. ia [29 words “PPM bee CL nite) per word, % Tok requints +-bu address and an §—ket bubrectional, dota bus, * The read and wate snpul Apecspy- dhe memromy eberalion and the hoo Chop select Ccs) covhret, Inpuli oro po enosling the chip only uke ut is pelectad by the re p Loee so.cit *¢ =* Hrgh- impedence ie tagh ~Impadence ate Hea ho Inpedence Pie Lapuk date fo RAM See Dukpub dake fem RAM PS Hrgh Lapaderce Findtron taste « The purcton Jable indicotes that the unt uw in operation only when CSL=L and CSZ=0. x The bax on Sop aewad seleck verente andicates that This unpub 4s enabled uber ub & equol fr O. * LF he dup cde unpub oaneh enabled, or rf they oe eragled but the peod or wale rnputs ane pot enosled, dhe memor4, is tahsbulid and UR dete bud Hs ip hagh Anaped er Ce Atote when CSL=L and T=0, the mewn ena Be: placod An a wwlé or noad mode. * Wher hik arpa ws eronled , ster a byle prom data hus int a Ascoftion ape ciped ny dhe 4 cadabness wpub dunes. when RD taput & eranl is placed into data bur. led , the contents op deed byte Chup deck L Chapsled 2 — aC B-bu data bus Geb onldness A $l2xX8 Rom Chip Sc eSScoeSsccee eeswe "4 Juat lke a RAM dup, ROM chep tan odes be crgeneed An ’\rlon, nap *% Hourver , since ROM Can ond. road be Inan output mode * AS chown Io pases byes. pr dake Bus con only ‘the Aame- size mp, ub possible te have mare bite oY ROM than of RAM became dhe saternol binary Apace than in RAM & There w no need pr a asad or write the uatk can pale neod Lee Heese Mop cells 19 RoM orenee Aess conlrol, ke couse # Assuming Hata computin aylem needs SI2 by hes me Slee oe ‘ee RAM end SI2 by ter ef Rom, we need Y (24K 8 RAM Chaps and L Slaxe kom chip * The ota essing, of menorp Can *e Neen ty means of 4 table that Apt uper na AscLgnod to each dup. Ne Wa fable Cknoun os m a ptctorral reprosrrtalion of ase pe each Sup th the sy len, Loup addness address map) provdes ee addtess space deo Hexadeumal Pddaess burs beast Component) address [io gg Ti Es ee 000-124 Roms ooco-opag7e Jo oo XK KK KK XK e255 [Rana foto oor |° now ares 256-383 | RAMS owo-onr fo Loxxyxx x x agy-S) ;RAMY Olo-OIFFlo Li xxk xxx x Shek Liem Q200-o3FF [L xx xxkex xv8 * In the bute , the cwaporert celuan Apeepes whole a ROM o& Rom Cup Ww wed, x RUthough there are 16 address Lines but the fasle chows only Lo Lanes hecause the otter 6 arenot ured and are assumed I be Zeno Khe small x's under Abe addres bus Lines des gral those Imes thot must be connecttd t Ke address importa in Cath Chup * The RAM chops have fre syfer and need + addaess dunes *% The fom chp hos Slo byes and need g adduers Lynes * mE v's one asctqued Lower bus Uines— Sines 1 bh F fou he RAM and lunes [ haces, a for Ro™M bw Now bb cles g hn gaucah behween four RAM Chops , Wo Chace hut Lines Band 9 bh Atpwaest four dishnce cae bombil nahin * The dutinetion berween RAM and ROM Up is done wales, bus Aine Lo.Mern ony, Conn his fr Cru cPeu We-t_ to 5 8 F-1_ RD WR* Te Speed oL main memory 4 voy Asus an Cersperusen vr the speed of rredern prec escodes For yo perfomance > the prscesson. connet Aptosl rvuich oy tb tune woaking fo acess anfouctiors ancl dala sn man memory Xk Hence d Gavportank to dere a achene that Aedusces the time needed to access the racer Information. bacd * An efhtuerd solution xm wea fart cache serena whack emertally makes Ahe main meiner appear te dhe processor to be faster than cb asatly, i, * The efpech veness +4 the cache mechantam is based on pe prouple of Amcality of ruferince * This pacruple can be mansferled An fase weg i= temporal and Apohol = ce meant Be : - oe Auet Ao be exe cuted aga wendp Aoet * The polio Aseolily of pypeence mennx Jrot ansfuchers in Lose proimdy toa Aecert | exe uted insdauchen ( wth respec to She | aollnencady ane alan ubety pr we eee: 20 % The wo corbrel coruadrg. ww destgned| + bake advantage me. prepedly of Anelaty of adense natraachea's\ * te fercporat aspect cf the Aacolty L responce suggest Shak umeree on Infermation clement ( tartan chinn of a data) rs prt needed, His elenent should be breughy | ant cache where uf unl hepapelly, emenin nhl ob in needed ogein + The spohat ane ct sugyeete Shot snslead “4 fetehing post one eltrmert from fhe reauin Pokey fo the (ache, at ds useful to fetch pneverol elenert Jrot res e ob aol acear akdnesses as wel, % The foun Cpteck’ 26 used fo ape oe ee cre a ddness Ascations ef sorne az 4 A cache bheele also allad cache tine * ‘naan | ——7 | LINod fl Block | More i ache K—— > bees ot may | | — | | ene x Wher a Read nequest ies Geel from Tne processor, * Ihe contents sp a block of reemery, words wntoun She Lecahen Apeeped one Trans pore ante cache me word aba hme & Tes, refersnces fo any of the Locations 19 bis block can be met by dure tay aang pom cake. * frenenatty, , cache can ahore feur rember of blocks on compared pb main remand. pi pteg paae hehvten main ey, bhecks ew cache ane ig Abe , a ee eee ies fae a |- "ys When the cathe 4c futh ond a nem ony, wed Ga gr dela) snot in nok in he cache ds atfeunced, he cache covbre} fordurerne mush deade Uhrich block, should be removed & vsoti Apace pr the neue bhock that ovrteins the efernce ol werd The cotlection of gules fon making, tris desis combhues He asplactmrent a eae Cae ik 2 Th the rsjuned cloned a pruct in The carhe, ge called cacke fut. Hid Lelerey The hme feken te pad data to ache wheber pened eltmert presenk In cache or not CO MES = TF fhe requored clemerd is net present A cache, oF iw called cache wiss. Nuss Lattney the lime token te gett aquuaed elemot (dale or pastwctes) from man memery- and place ont cache 16 @llad miss tater ess ° ©) Cathe3 ee fut prewrs Ahe cache/ main rite ow Fine ty upto 2 addues able words, wth Mae bo consu's Cath word havi a yuk A bef address Than memory. Constsli 1 e remaken 4 pred Keng th bledes a kK weds cath Aceomnge L word = b nye MS Tale rarten a werd 18 braun minor, =f Noe Lua raquiged & naprusest each warg= 1 Ne ef weds per bLeck I mrteasg = K Noe blocks In man rn =_2” 4 tockes a sonny “2 Bhecks 19 AAS ort cotted Ynes and, Beock size +f main meentha = Line size af cache. ee no a Bn corre memo = WI = 2" No luner In ache memory = We2” kK No eh ook agurred ty repre each word in Cache =m Lk cheba be rofed Hat CSS % rf a wend Ih a bhock of nnemory oe ead, that block 4s tunjored be one eh the Lunes of He he.> 24 % Regune dhene ore mara blocks then Liner , an indivdcod June cannot be unguely, and permanent Ly dedicalzal by 0 porh clan bhork . k Tres , cath Une includes a 4o4 thot adenhhes ushich parhatax bird a curently beng, stoned. Tras tay, vaually O portion sf moun enn, £5 4 rear memory haw CY wards , cache hos Ie wows and ind. size = 4 wordt ‘i et fren, Moet bled 1a man mesa, Roo bLeles 19 cache = 18s 4 dees lines = 64 _ |b blots 4 Dare my oe fF Then oe 24 pends in cane rota and 2° words 45 mon memmy y % Ihe bet rotary address is divealed. inte dwo falda :- tag feld index field | <— hh bh ———> ke duced reopping. Cathe orgenteahon uses nebik addnese be access mor meer aad Keeit Index be access cache.2s A The He Index field can fuer ke dyveded into :- = fp inden <—§€*§ phycical address ——> MAS for moss pease: The Mork ettset fold beUle whith bloke ty be accessed g the Lie rember fall Jel which Le coin cache Conta as dhe bode * The fag field & used t dufeushald between bre preset to one cache Line AR, dane bhock by Preenb re sfbeab — bok ——> Deen BOL In masa ro) * Fath word In cache conatsth of he cata wersh ard ike assouaked tag + pdine KE word is fost brought ln the cache, the Ing bets axe ctorad along side tne dota bua. 2? Werks $e chen the CPI generaten a memory request’, the indax field a wed Ip the adduess A access the cache. a the img freld 4 tee CPu address compared uth the tay In the urd xead from cache. * s+ he tuo fags match, Kars Wa kb and desmed date word Win Cache:26 “ALLE there & no mutch, there ib & nose ee the nag used word i sad from main mena ¥ 14 ia then sfaned in fhe cache fogeter with he news te, supleany the puvisus value Main raeen Bok o | yt Seg eee ene, Brock | —Teteko | fetock Block 2 Ss } | lock 3 ~ | | | | i toy Sune word | | <— Gb ——> aaeres = | Block 63 Here mam m size = 64. words Cacke Size = Ie words Bhouk Size = 4 wards The blot of man Some a ia cael 0,4, 82 Q L{LS 35 2 126,19, 14 3 [3.7)), 15 Styred I pod roler2 rT f qe ee Line nerabow eae oo Bid = an eral peace ito as paca nad jie SE ead Une con stare} words ther, no Ff pda ured te gupusert each ward = 2 lather toy = 00, hin€ rember =0o Poscine combiaations of Prddnesces i- 00 \when fog = gt, Juve nunber= OL Possible comb) naliovs of addnessest- LL ie oe Lé Lo, Une nwmbejzlo Wher tag = [te [Ses] Bena 00 00 Chis D ©O OL Cblok L) 00 £0 CEede 2) DOLL Chleck 3) a or 00 (block 52) ob ob Chleck 53) ol 10 Chkocle SY) OL LL Cbkstk 55) fossible combln Hons 4 addnesces - Lo Lo 09 (Block 10) When tags LL, Une ntmban = LL Lo 01 (Blak 4) Lo LO ( lak 42) do Lt ( lek 43) Posuble combinatinrs ef addvesses ~ 11 LL 00( Blak $9 “TMs, | C4 541,92,93) Lyi re O21 Block 61) LE LL 10 (Blake2 Lt Li LL (Block 63) B lock (60,61, 62,63) Li28 Few csamaples op Raed mapping e-gl Man ron size = 32668 Find ty sicoe = 2FK25° GAG tae due dary, =e Slee, Cathe size = 32 KB 35 |b = ae =2)* B Ps Riock Size= 1 KB = Deg a be ede cache <— “ive —> os Le Thus, Nov bids veel fon ieee beg fidd= 20 Sore cies caeaeae Tag duredary sizes Nop fe fon tog. field k Nove} Lunes 1? cathe hort al Chas ak imeicadts trot 27° blacks of main memory as can be rapped Arks ene Ane ef Cake) No 94 Unea 9 cache = Cache size _ g's Lick tee = 2] Ss Ly cut ez gute & Cache sice= Sl2 KB Bleck Sice= 1 KG Tog Lek Prpeiat addness =F Find Main maton, S12e and beg dunelony Stee?aw) Ca ue sice = S12 KB = oom oe, = 4p Ls tg Kut Riock size= J kB Se, Maun See site a = = p2tp Pr isak = 2°Ks""8 = 64+ ™6 Tag. dured.ony size =X 2° bu& 293 > Main memarup Slee = L6 1B =2%x2?B =2"e@ L, Blok size = 1 KB a. = 2a? = p/*ig Ly je wake Neva, tog. bu =Lo Find cathe size 4 fay devectany sizeey) = Main memory, size = oSsa? 6 = GY MB eee ts. bt Toy ba in Physica addness =Lo find cate Slice, bhotk size, tag cunecory ste ? Gthe fee << 16b = Cathe sxe — 2" bytes pare Rut oleck sieg cant be guessed b SERGE A Se ceamcee and seal by die domy, Size Cant be accested Nitacke site = S12 kB bg ‘eg:S + =235K%2 = 2/48 L419 bytes Tog bike in Phage real address = F Find Man menary Sie, rap ding dong Stee ? ~ <—!3 be —> e (ain manny size = 2 bales <— 26 be ~—»> wn biscde size Cant be quessed z strecharty lag doe don size Cant be ye essed3) eqt _ Main mateo size = [28 KB a ee = te Ls Cathe size = 16 KG ila =24x2!° =2B L- — 914 take slog nes Saneata Bleck size = 2568 = 2a re = 2°68 oe uk > —lttkh—> go soo of ey ada = 3 ba Tag Aneclany sie = Be2 Gb ey [ue | Mk | Tg, [ng deey Mateo Hi tree i lmree em lle | (3268 32 Ke L RB | 20 bug [saat SaqM6 Sake | Lke Fuk Eee (6 an lide aa eo pe bua * Cuma 64 ke esced “Ley bd rea Gye Siz kB Fee Sethe: ee (28 k8 16 kB 256 B | Zak | 2x2%bueAss octal} re warping ¥ Lt & more fluusle returd dn whith = main momory black Gan be placed inte any cathe block posh an, ¥ he bag bua of on addness rAeceved prom the precester. axe compared to the tng, bila of Cath block of he cache to see at the clestred btock & present. ¥ Tha Jechvague pores complete prodem An ao the. Cache Location In which bo place Ane memory bbeck , 4 Thus the Apace i he cache can be used mere efyiuent Ly. > Mvanlage | ¥ A need block Mathes tr be prtugnt Ane the cache hos aaplace (eject) ci exiag black only Hf he cathe /& pe % Lats wre, we need bho Axpla Cem enh algertinm do select jhe block by be Aspleckd suchas FIFo, Lay, MPU ee (Simca bh page rtplacernnt algeuthn) x The vost 4 an assouahve cache in tughes than the cost st a duzch- mopped cache because of he need ky Geanth ott = patterns b i debarmine whether a reas Dock w In cache | | y Sudy Sean ny ww called ascoua lesre earch and Rence the name. | | |== Blok oO ChokL | | t ety Cache mwmar | tHe t / | : —{ Block t atc eee eters = co aaa) | f — | | | [Block en | | | Je Dor oe ee —— > Blockon | Diradvantage * Teg size Antares. Horan rf any, word Us prroent in cache, Ih exack posthen cant be find but easy Tn dusd mappa, ond me tag Brewed LAM one amparaler th acc cerohre mapplep, age fag foots need b be compared with that of ke weid to be ceanched he, i | os cola a: use aU comparators prosttely ox (htm In Ve beLous —3Y as “uF any of the tag field watches with the block nember, at means tut 19 cache or, the OR gate unui prsduce L +f any of tag field mates wth block nimber . ¥ In this cose, Vit Lodency = Prepepetion dda, a comparatomt fexpogelion delay of of gate The darcd ra loge eh ahove Arheane is thot fon 0 cathe Lunes, we need n commporafons =7 ties jonvase an Aad wren cost e4 main mene ize = 3258 =2ee” =2r*G ae KB Lis te = 25K 2" = 2! B L5 jo bu Find bik and At Laten gehen dol Bi OTS Lons & pape es, oR ae Lo nsbe o be ke eta Gy neeh beg buh = — bas No ‘ cache Lunes = 20 C equal bo tog, bz) Pespagatunn dal sup +4 vomporatons = 10% 20 ns = 200%4 eepagehen duloy of OR gake= Lo ms 2ootlons 2lom oe % 1 should be noted that wn died mappiag., aeplattem ek + a word (an oadap OCW 1A & porhuvtor ine 4 ¥ — ae assoushive a le wep la Com oak algoutthm ia wed oe} | Mam [cache | block. Jeep ey EGAP fompoonha "EET | ttee stew | tut fin | 264 128 Ke | ts ka 2568 | 2b ae ~ 232 3208 | 32ke ke psifcel oe | pes ea thay func Infersunle 512 kB ‘LKB “Bbue 23 log ma SIZKB ie prog 17x25) SEE bus anit I reese bos [cea 1x8 | bo [oat lca Fe rap cleat he guessed I i 6B Grit} be ——— i quesseal _| guessed Yk® a ah el [onal leeeee I ay zs |ean'* be Fgosscn| 4 Me i Opescecl 1B) Le ba oS, cant he isp leone} - ) lean ve quested rey gaa presse |36 € qt 2 Main merry cee = 128 KB = DF xB Pa en 8 | 1p bu se reba | No of Lunes In cache B24 x2leg | = Caesive eee blede sive Le ty tute eo Blok Size= 2568 Sa = 29y =2¢ aa — eshte the & bua Peay] G5) deg tas =a — l# tk <4 eres tag diwdany size= 9x26 Noe compalons = 2 & | Main memory, Site = 32 68 = 2s hae B = 2it B Lac bu Cache size = 32 kB = 9Sy 9! No ot Unes 2Fx2'?B elhe = 2/58 a Lay fs 255 Bhoce site = 1 eB =2'°R - % Jo buy < 25 bhre robbs | se, wk = 25 <——20 buh Tag dine gyte = 28 X2S bur No ef wepormlors = 2 = | |33 243+ Cache site = SJ2 kB Block Site = [kB Ohne =2/°B = 2B Leto nuts 19 bute Tag bua = Pa SF bihse— J 0 ba — Thus, main mm slze eri ere = 9lte <— 1 bus > = poke Lene Which & A praulien ye Inacposs! ble Aace Main mi[m slee> Cathe sjee C44 Cache site = S12 KB Bilede size = /kB = 5 7 xo. ayle@ fee L 13 bu — es wu = 17 bole ~ elt bh oe lob> Thus, man m size oe | ‘es ps Ba —— 29 ty > = "(29 MB Tay dure Tomy, Stee= ZK hb a Se No ef vompantlons = 2? xf i= 9 A38 E45 = Mase memory sice= 16076 =24%1%23°R =224@ Blok sixe = 4kB Liga We : = 2*x2!°B = o's Loin wk Tay bd = Jo bute - ary bho S os fas rust be 20 but 9 <4 1A > question, at is given to bus, bua deraet contain Also, tea | Ap jprmetion adout carres'ze So we can't hind cache size os Well os a ae eae EGghe Ea Meunier chy, Aize = 16 &B ~ Bie steel tice 34 bog = gitg )2 tds Face cones hey Hee so Size can't be guessed aad Tag deseo gice can't be guessed boZz = 64 MB Cyt = May memeny site = = 9 Seer 8 = 22*B 926 bh Ne} ts=Lo sles 6 &, bick size=2°8B = 64 EB Cacke size 4 7 dene Kory Size can't be peace 248} Cache slee= S/2K@Q ox B =>'°B Lis you Ne ef tea bus = + bah a To fad meno sice, bhack size + (eeaelea bag dian chevy he wut gee ah Any Ws wat jesstaeYo Set basocutie MOP | Kd jaa Urnbiactnn 4 Arve ct and asscushve apps Jengnes % Blocks *f dhe cache @ Gre reo ppl ablews a b tock + the morn mean oup to resie An an+p bhock of @ Ape usc seb, Je Thus, fra rviltation presen of dos cb moppiag. 8 eased chet thor / . by hawt ng fos ces fr Ik, pee * rt the Anne His , te hendusrre post ix mnalteted bp deonaalng Ace sf assccahve Acat ch ; Man jnunony Block © Block L ell pute sez and the coche Memo erm | Guo}. Bleck o | i Heel tock L } ta) HET Bb 2 Fl eoas | G— ae - 141 $ fe rimbor of blocks jor set ia fpraunden Mak con be ; Ade dad Ip wut the Acq wrerneads of es posheulas cowepilten + A cake that Aan Kk blocks parset 1 asforrd Pr as a be — sd-ascouslve cache * The fogs! call address + 4a ree ota in sek ascoustive cake U given os — < tay —> * & block ~» cigs _¢ bea | | iaeeaaaton| Pesaaiouiss /=2rtean!| aoe 0 Peettho <——— PA > ¢€ "i —— Sa Sor a ee 3 ti fee nepaale [pe ea | L | Yo | [ht 2 Z ne a 3268 32k8 1K 2awls [224 tng] y 22 bi | ame | Sikes. LKB Hh 1 bay ae = [Ib oe ame | 4YKR [Lo pr" ny y LE can't be | | | oy MB 2sbks guessed Lo fac ten oe a carlt te leet &™MB Ske rest 7 Lgpessed | soy 3 aeyo eee Main frien is size = 128 KB = 2 7x2 B = el beh Cache siee= Pepe ACE cua sane Bae 8 aps =o bay ect oe <4>¢5—>¢8> i i aves ee Set assocahwg = <—lt bh — ie. 2 Lunes pon set Ne a Lines in corhe= 2" 3g a i No ef ttm sets = 26 9S Log bu No. of fag bs = 4 Tag chine Kary size= Ne- ef bag bh * Ne of eel =4*2° Ne 2 Corpanctons = = ~~ ascoushiveness Size be Sue “4 Bah amapention * 7 < a tee £42 Main size= 32 8 aun ere fe : oe Ly 3g bus Coche size = 32 KB =2!58 Ls |s ba Rlotk Site = L KB Cet ascoctahvuly = 4 = 2'°B ve. 4 dunes pen set ce bleale 3 <229~e 3 elk o of Unes = jj Se ey <—— 354) — e af Neeg cen 2* 38 eb he bh = 22 rat tay Taq duartory Size = 22*25 bub Ne ea comporslons = 4 onsfar, = 22 bh Slee st each Comp agg 2 Cache size = 512 KB Block size= LAB oe geld = 2B » =2!38 jo beta Lots bik Geb ace octal yt hy = 8- way Noo unanZ, 3 Eas Se Nove, e228 No of Hey bode = bd _ See = 2” So, Mur renner a Re a. No “4. vorapanatara= 8 ize ef eat coveparaton = 22 «2 Tos daneTory size = F" ee Main rao cize=16 GB : = o%B is fleck sie = 4 KB oe =2)1228 ont bpp ua Le Ls \2 ade eve lire > | Sef ascoush wy = Yun <— BY bk —> ie. Y dines bor ack No ep Ade = 27 = Nie of Lines 22” ie at a oe wv eee el = pnie > 22> get Fee eee err Cache gi2e = solving ' ie 2% No + ie Ge NS n= 26 fer set * Size dre Ge, cache Site = 526 = 6YMB \ Tay dura ory sizes lok 2" Neo ef ape = 4 = _ =i size of compared ° s mB eqs ~- Mun rrherory size = 64 24> t p2emB Lee but To4 bus = CB aks elemet EE OU 40m 2bWw Geb assouah = Ye wa le Y me ‘ Peas Ne ed sch = 2% Ne Bleck size = 2% Stee Sy Cache Size = No of col, % Size Of Rach cob i Me of cach Anes per seb = 2°ey % oe ; = po Pighe = 2’? _ 2%e@ | = 256 KB a Block size, Tog dure Dory size (Pf he grassed Neo-of wmpanstions ~y. See 4. Comparator © lo be ergs & Cache size = 512 KB Tag bd = Fb = 28 eg mate Set ascoceahvnly “5 ava ii Fee Lines rar) ieee Cathe “ize = No 4 geks * Size ~. each sek & See ef each line oo = 2h 42? Ket ait = 9 tet wmty =lb &, Main memory size = 2°78 = 2 Me Block sice £ T dora Lowy, size can't se gressed Ne of con panoers = 8, vie. ¢ cach cornpartor ~FiG§+ 4b | Comparer belivety all mapping Heng wes Contd an example i Main m eenory, Sco aoe L432 bd Cache size = 4 MB =2228 L422 bot Block size= | ke = 2!°B L410 bute Sey Phgstcal addrect fokes 32 bua No 4 Qynes Mo cache =F we have Y- no-ef sehy co 2" = ¢S BS 274 _ 9! lines Te 2 wok acsoudhre maap plage, then Dine ct Ascouatve 2p ee Se - Sy) a scouoh-e ix tee baer fea) Sa Addiass Serer =| format —n— — 2 [Ne of tag bo to bos 22 buh 2 othe | | Ne eal corapanatieg al? i | Neo} nes 2 De Salers | Be ef wmpardy Lo ue 22 bd | jr au | “Tos ok 2 bh [a2%2? bole | [2% 2! be49 Ta kewmny ach assoualve mapping TF k=], at becomes dinect peg Lf ken, dt becowes ascciahve mapa whore A as equal fo aa 4 cache bLlecks ~ 7 pusaxds » <—____ eT, i hucods Seed ee &sS oush -t Te oes i A# Cache Wate felicy ¥ Byore a blak hat ia resent Jn the cathe can be rcplaced Bb ts recess ary te consider whether sf has heen altered wa he CAE but net tn the mar ne + If ubhesweh, then the old biock An the cache may be over waster % Tf af has, hat means that atheart one wade operation has been perpinred on a word in Hot dine of cache and main olny must be Updalad accordingly . ¥ erg ane bur fecnvgues be wyraling, to cathe Ka) While Baugh Using tia Hohwegue, at uote atiom ore made ty mor mem ory a Well ax fo he Cathe, Cacwuny dhak maoriy men pry 1 charms valdd, The mar duced raddage ap His Femeyue ix trot Ue quests Jak of rotmert toffe and reouy, Ceol a hoirfeneck . 6) Inlsde ee “La thu Aechmeg ue , updates oe made onky » cake, Wht an update oc CL, OM duky o modified bak assovatad untth He Lune & cet, Thus whey a block ia Arpla od ) at ib uontter into man m 4 and oly 4 the day /naodsped but & cek, The od vantage} ward bak polyp ahor of muinimrces mer ena unlic '3 - Tre dtnad vantage 4s Ire portions of. rain memory Can we +t invralad and ence accesses by L/o meocules can ke allowed: only Hoveugh ace. past rm a bus anzation Jo whieh mare tAan me device C portly a prscessor) has a cache ard main mening a chored,a nous problim ib introduced etre ollered , thr Incaldates a het x LF data wn ome Cah , but also frat onty the wwrspondieg, word fn main rem ary. Aare word in 0 her caches ( 4 any other cache also + Contains that Aime word). x A syste Het” prevente thes problem is Sard fo rrainhun Cache cshenen ey , y Poscible appara res ts cache Coteren iy. eee osctble @) Bus uratdu ag with uvute Hrcegh CSne Ny cated ltt &) Hordurare Jransbarereg- bus (C) Non cacheasle btm Ores, i Lb Tn this core, requests nat Dooked up 9 any AE: he capi Aent dure thy fo renoSo Although there ore forge Mimaben of cathe Anaplom entahens, dhew ara feud basic desyym elemevti that rere to Chassifpy and daffertahrode cake ardulechuies : ce Size :. The longer Ahe cache, the forger Ahe number a goles Anvelved 4 addres sing. the cache. The result is that Leager ch caches fend Jo be aly hy Ahewer thar Bmsrllar ones — evtr when buclt wrth he Aame inkega acted crcets Humelogy, ard pul tn he same place on chip and anu beard, a Barry undion » Reamure here anc fewer cache Lines than ran memory blocks, ar ackgeni eon iw needed pr reppiag, Main mnewanie blocks inte cache Lines, Uh elyoarths ane ef tree Ayper 2S @) Direct Mapping. 5D Assotuch ve Map pea © &4 assouatie mapping 3 Waite polio: fic durcusced cartler , frere are tuo cane conte polis — ®) Wade eaten ee 4) Wake - ba de ped co| 4. dine — x not ize. ' ; Size shen a block of date ta nabtered and placed in cade, fhe destred coord bud also Lorne nianhern of. adpacent wouls arc rdbucred Ac the bhodk Arce inicases \pore von Avaatl f> Jorgen. Alees he Fuh ratio anUl af jot Inuzare he cause 4 prope Locality but Leche, ad aborts decreasing, ' * 7 Number Bf aches There con he hoo catgeucation c = @ Single or po bevel, & Onuped va spc caches Haguseesl ome fis hoqe dens ly has invcared, of has become. pose ible i have a cache on the Aame chap as the paccescar : the on chop ure. Compared uth a cache acathasie via an external bus, the en-chop acre acduces the precesson's enteral bun achuty oad thureprre speeds up exe cection men ard INVLASLE overall aysten poypenerce. Rormdes this, we also need an eff ehep ov. external carre. > Tras omrults In an exgarreation kreun as Hwo-devel cache wdh the tnkrnal cache deugnated ws Revel Crab aad athe external Ca the destgnated as Level2 CL2), 1 there a no L2 Cathe and the processor makes an Access Asguesd fo a me Soahan nod in UL) AACS then the precescor. must access DRAM or ROM roemony acacse he bus, Mut fo fyprertly, steer. bus speed ard claus rmoenrorg 0 66e 86 hme ,Aks results in pr perprwarce,s2 On the other hand , 4 the L2 SRAM cache W ured ther posed fhe wuss! Information ‘ a be hed. ae carat cage tx quel the use ef o gerond Revel cache amprove erprmants - However. the wre 4 poulhtevel carer tomapurcate alk a the dang Issues rclated fo caches tncQd Alte , neplacemect oolioatel ee & wile pely ‘a Lks. advantages ane— een eae CIES 1 & uated Lub caches hecause at balances a) For ake tee fag her hp aate Thad Ap she Lead bereter anata SHON oak loko feHhes eds fe be deserved and anoplemorted On the other. hand, Apub care Asfors & cathe used br Anst WAL chins and data sper ty the Apet cane are used an papers calor pra chines which tanphaslee poratt h pasta hon execulen lod pope yy ot pacd led putre pti Dees + tr advantages ann — ay ad clirminaler Lonteation jp cade beewenn the anti den pith / decode wut and dhe eee tion vk,we Aeeel Hears F por fered m (ML) in Amallar, fosker expensive Cper beh) Ahan the Lower. evel takes piece via M1. % Re carse ef Aocahuly ,™mCR A bRock is brought inte ML, there ahoctd b@ a rember sf Wecesces b Lecalons an thot block , pesulbng, An fast © {2 Avice$3 Operation of Two-Level eran Comaidern. + the apper Devel, memory (ML) rs penalfer perk and mere expersivec per bit) dhan the ‘Power Level (M2). ML ny ured a6 a benporany stare for part of dhe wontenti a the hanger M2, When a rotenone, Daprences bs mode, an obciap he js mode te access the then w ML. Lp thes succeeds, Jhon a quick access is made, Lf nok, they a bhede ef memovy, Jecabtons 1% Cepind fora M2 b ML ord the access Athen fakes plece wa ML, Because of focally pence a block un biog ht inh M1, there should be a rember = accesses ty Locations in Kot block , nesting. an fast overotL ae To, exprecs fhe. aversge fame to accesc on dem, we have -~ Te= HXT + Cl-w) xCr tte) = 7+ Cl-W) xT, vhere Te: @ acess Kime T, , acess hme + ML Ceq. Cache) Ta. access Sime M2 (eg. mrau memory ) Hs dak ratio C fpadlion of me roforinre fond In ML) Terprmance cl a_beo- devel men ory Conaderrag cost =ushers ; e, avenage cost pet fr combined doo Seve meen, Cys rerage cost por bub of upper Level meenory, My ies 2 overage coc pox bok a fares Level meng M2 Sy: Alze of Me Si ATeE ef My We would Jue Com Co. Gwen hot C) Sey hes _ TRG UGA ci << 5, New comaiden ny accece bimme 1 Bra hoo evel wn ty provrde a Aupni feant [epprance Improvement, we need te have Th Oppeeti malely, equal fs Ty OWEN: Gives det Fay muh Less han a4 KOM Memories ¥ TH I non-volatile mem - * Td 1 ured b clorg shoe ingtruckion Which mul be stored povnanenity, fee spurshag Syslenn Software , * Generabiy,, the vorlenti 4 such mntendruy an be nead as af they were SPM or DRAM Memrdruen |, 5s ¥ Bd a tpeual wads prrcess ta needed to plece the Anprmation inte thin “memory | * Sance ste normal eperatron invelves, onky, cod ag of Akpred dota, a memo hes memory 1s called Read only. Mem ory, Cfkom), Bat Line Se. Word bine pascal = fle . & _ Gonelded # stone O - i Not connected 49 chre 1 of shes fel * A hegec valu Oo is shored tn he Cet yf the Ianaulon bs wonecked fo pod at point P, othewrse a L ue stored ¥ The but Line in Lonnected harcugh a sesister ao the power w Ae * To rzad the 2 tale “4 the cet , the word Line iw achralad. * Thus, the trancutor swuh is dosed and the voltage on Khe bak June drops tb neat zero f there & a connection Seheen bransulon aad good % LE there’ no conection to yo the kat Line remrasna at dhe hugh voltage indi coking t; 4 A sine crcrut oF Ae end Sf the be Sune generoles he propo. output value. Dake ane warty Into ROM when oe reanvbollined,se “PROM Some KOM dostgns atlout the dole b be Louded by the vaser, Phun providing a preqraromanle Rom C PROM). * Puegprarmmasifioly ds advered bp ieeet ye a fre ak port P (chown 1A pardons frgure), % Before at is peegram med, the mem, wortuns off Os, % Pre User Can inset Ls at the asguard Lecotions hy burn. eat the facs at These Rorations Wain hagh- Corres pulses 4 Rut, thes urkele prrcess & Irreversible, Ft Wnhey small amok of frxed propants and chala ane necced Jo store, PROM wa ferka and Less expensive approach EPRoM * Thi Saupe ef Rom oMows dhe cfored data Js be erased and nud data bbe Loaded, » dh an Mosasle , aprcgiarnmab le RoM | celled EPROM EPROM: one capable of refaning stored dafoimahen br a deog, hme , thoy can ured m place “4 Roms whe Aol wane ws beng developed. * Le ta Ww j changes and updates Con se eee memoria, ¥ Ne 1 mpertank advidage ef EPROM Oups 0s Shak thay Gorn: tan SE eaewed ical na phegrarom ed* (FEaasurg ARG uns classi pashng, dhe charges trapped Ess the rans tors ef menavy cus. *% Thin wa be done by Oxpociag the chip ds Ut xarahet Aight * Fox Hue neoton, EPROM Chips are) mombed in packages thot have Baasbarent wr adiows Et pRoM wt One mayor ds ad vantage, SE EPROM & that a cp mut be prypicabley Atmoed prom the ur Cunt fox Capron and tat sh entine conting are caared by a have Lot Aug % Tria diqwhack can he overtomo d hy ws. ~Y prograrmasle and electra tty erasable RoMs (called E£ EPRoMs) : / Th donot need bb * These chaps oct ni ce demoed fren fon erasure . | A Moremer, JB also possible to erase the cell utenkt v aahechvchy 4 The desod vattage of EEPROM in that dffoud voltages ane needed fon emia lag, wording and |Asadiag, the stoned dots Do Younselt Flash Menor adss Secondary | Poaxelonny dove K Semiconductor memes Lee KAM Canned He used fo provide atl of the skorege cope lot needed 14 compulos . Kk Predr moun Lnulatior in dhe covt per bo of shored Anpametton . Tries Aarge Aberage agp urements of most Compulin Ay Kins are futpued ayn the fom et. meagre dusks, tical disks and saguithe fapes [tha arc we abty, aeforred fas Redes storage devices. Mapa Dok #A dak wa crater peta cons brucled ay, Ren maguché matecal , cocted wrth « rangothizanle rai eiatla ke Dake ane aceoudtd on and Sater neliieved from dhe duk via a conducting cock named the ead, K Tre head & & aclahively, poral device capaple of ul areas ng pom on washag, te a portion +f, peter Aatatting eneoh at, Ps gives ruse to the organization Nestalaasell let: 6) Tasavlen time» nee the head iw us position, the 22 or wots wporation es Then berformed as the Aer moves onder the head — the datla Hranrfer ors. The tna anquned pr the roarpr is the Bansfer fine, Wad fpr wat | 1 | |- ae + fietebional pola | eee : deve pe delay Crs aston] chonnel, | Tr apes bony a w The Kraas jor chee fp or pom the dusk depends eo the notetion Spred o{ the csk of T=_b yn here T: transfer Trae bor neep bytes b le trans porred NH ne ef by les om daa dk fy acketion speed Go reveldion fr sec) ~ Thus, the total oncrage access Ame A '~ ‘ qa het ++) an o9N eitow Ke the average Acde hme, Qr Exploun ophcal ctorage devices &e maqreht {sper Qe Dappereahote Kamen Cav and CC Gy Explain the concept *f vue matey:218 b mene, Dr gacve tion Corarder the 2d memory, crgarieatiol : 62 This 20 organs cation gufpows pom a problon of ccoling. Th works frre uker the rember of verde ty the mewbry- = aalahvely ameall but crootia ptoslen shen the amb wa Acalod apm unrassed 9 SIZE, | This happes because the oree at word seleck wares uu an exponerhel fundison ef the site of Ihe addaess. eq Tp the MAR ls 10 acts ee eee Shere we 1024 words Jn the menor Ta ths cose Ane doredar wil need fy output Lory aeparale Lunes | TP MAR is IS beh urde, thore wu b¢ 22,F68 wurbs aad | | | | | an case ef 20 buh, tin would be @ mtldion | Go, one b tackle rhe exporenradl ec plsinn ef growl s co! ad word selet wires ts bo i in Ke decoder a & eee emo@ cells antp a teow - dirvuion yet 4 words instead of a ome dimons lenal erent. Tarn the MAR wu brcker inte tov halves which ant fed acparcdelp Arte smaller desoders One deder addassces fre rows of she pes and other derodor addsesses the Wwlhmns ieee il. TT L i CEES) ES) coo) cece > z) Hl | | BR _— ee eel NG een se F \ LU ! eee . Her Ean ment ce has on ANID gale thot aaprorent dhe uatereec bn of a vehcall wire pensere decoder aad «© herszovdal WHE bow other. The cutpat of thes Aid gale ta the Une selet wireTuy th obvve fugure ,the Lobel reed word seleck tines gr doen por Le bb @. Tf mar had lo bu , bone utd @ Lo2y werd cfek wer in droditional crgavention , but only OY ah Ie 25D erpanestion kecause each bath of MAR ows S address bee and 25>32 6yata Secoudany erage. Fixed device Aemoverdle devic Hpp CoD wD Pp Bho rou ( vHDD Ye x orculer datk, called platens arranged me. over other (almost % ” we Apr) around Apiadle Neapods ape hon mognebe, raaltriall Uke Alumni hoy, sated wsdh Jo-2onm of mapath makrcel te shoadard dianitern, fy” « aralot woh speeds wen oe [Sooo dpm Cservery) Dake chu : ST eTsheey a demapedcig mapeshe teal x Mognthe Acader. Wn IK Used Bb rtod dake min and wile date © te dubs a CD Duvet * order duals thet we ophcad rays fo rved 4 viride » fortasle *& Dae per — Ce CD-ROM C Read ony 4 /mn) & cp-R CRecordasle) + can b water ; bu cont be medford Or f deleted Later © CB-Rwv CRe-wrtatble) ~ dalr can be urottts or cLelated z Fegan66 bu D Pare E pagal video Daxplae : ax aptr ol devices “that can stare IS himes dala held by Cds ured te share Mob mulhmedia “thot red h 4] ope con Ih 3 vorthes —— h ‘a ss (9) Acad only (6) arccotdasle [C) ne-ritable » pds Cus 6 / bey duve/ hath won) - . cot Ansers bo rcced dota uses sold tale mofo pather than maagrt 4 nom volatile Ee ee + used ts slarc HD Video £ okexr mulhmedia feles x Uses shove wraveleng is user. of compored fo CD/DVD cS & enatles wadbag arm b fous nme h on dk & hence pok ~ st ee , kK (ay shore up 12.8 OB dak643 Sonia heey Wie bones eae ge ea Less fran Pes maray eons Lumbed to wank, + seco ieee Reroecs, Tiree Aewrnd cing | DirectLy Accessible! Rowted Pex vn ots | hy 3 naough Per ory Secor (et Clash ~ aynaltist sbirage Sir byte) Und enka a hard desk. Li can consid te Leder on gang ef sechow depending Fines on file aALrralion Js Track Nl Track Trade | y = The calledian came Tras Cylinder X where Xu the Hack humber68 A Advantage of wey cyinden Ke read /clow dale a aduston med © aed fo be moved ufen det is abored 1» came fracks Sf dufferert fp lata Ls pasults foster access fe ; ual adoro Gm, fe Lb boot coli CEES disk malin Legeeat lee Aarachoushoy Pry cal sector Usa tty sree of Floppy dusk is 444 MB — go sedou /Hak % 18 Hada Jsrde ¥ 2 side = 2980 secon 28goxdke= 199 MB 2090 sectou w( 1 Boot dor + [9 setou fr 2 FAT +14 cates bp? \ eps noct Asedhryy = 2647 sedi Cavarlonle b wserd) 2847 x Bae = £42 MB (space avadasle. te 1s es)64 A hard deck hes 63 sechone per track ; Lo plalers eath uth a 2 devorling surfaces 4 JDO ea ad The address ye aah caficder. oi, ardor is gre wwe fuple Where ¢ iw how suxfece nember 5 3 is sector number Ts, the 0% gedaan addrrssed as (0,0,0> , he Lt sector as <0,0, L> and com The address C400 ,16,29> canrtafonds + seclor puntben ?. does RiW head go, wehae 20 cwfacer in bral - Rio heads fpr ead Hack in a nda wove dn Came poshhon L Law seek ett <9,0,0> <1,0,0 > ay oe Z rfc head for 274 surface Capa euch upinder > 63 sedou 20 * aly t ey pe tieck : aah = |260 sedou Yoo k {260 = S0Yo00 se numbered lk surface before Yoo cyliaaler. . Hratnden2 — ty gook capladin, cach suafese eine = exes L surface = 1908 So 4voo fpo o8 So Sov "24 ses,