Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Untitled

    Uploaded by

    Abhishek Srivastava
    18 views79 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    18 views79 pages

    Untitled

    Uploaded by

    Abhishek Srivastava

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 79
    ee <= | | Quantum Series Tech - ti Year n= 20 « Topic-wise coverage of entire sy ous in Question-Answer form, 2 - St 1 Questions (2 Marka): = Includes solution of totlowing AKTU Question Papers Pa es LE ee Pee en MO eee Ute ali AL a Fypesof Matrices: Symmetric Skew Symmetric and Orthogonay Matrices Complex Matrices ‘A.Concept Outline :Part-1 = ky Long and Medium Answer Type Questions 2c 1c Part 2 anne (-9€ t0 1-150) Trverse and Rank of Matrix using Blementary Transformation Rank-Nullity Theorem A. Concept Outline : Part 1-90 BB. Long ond Medium Answer Type Questions. 1-100 -emnmnnnee (I-16C to 1-290) Parts. Cayley-Hamilton Theorem and its Application Figen Valesond Eigen Vecon tion ofa Matrs A. Concept Outline :Part3 Mannan wi ei Hy 1.7e 116(Gom-1) pactenD Matrices sem ES PARTI ex of Matrices: Symmetric, Shaw Syrametre and Orthogonal Types ‘Matrices, Complex Matrices. = es oarT OUTLINE | PA CONCEPT OUTLINE : PART-1 nition of Matrix: An arrangement of mn numbers inthe form eifoisontal and vertical ines called a matrix oftype mby no Sider m PE assent Boe on Om Om : lasnm amet mt tna Sn ot aMatrix: Gena matic A then thematricotsned anes rowoint column and amas irom ical the o yge of A and is denoted by A’ or A". or Matrices: |r ars milan | porExample: A=|-3 2 7 ‘Skew Symmetric Matrix: A square matrixs called skew symmetric ifa'e-A. o1 3 a0 5 connate Mai comes con eee by i eorenpondingcnjgte ODIt sarrondetnpecetint oars Noam ae he ara Fea Matas at in ioe] aay “1.2 5 a hr — [ri 146 IfBis symmetric and Cisa skew-symmetric matrix 19/2 8 Then, Lasaye|or2 9 2 : 8 25. 0 6/2 -2 c= la-ay=|-5/2 0 2 3 Ao 6 19/2 3) [0 6/2 -2 Az=Bsc=|9/2 3 2|4|-5/2 0 2 3 25]| 2 -2 0 205-9 TEETER txpress|-9 12 4 | asthesum of alower triangular 1B -13 6 ‘matrix and an upper triangular matrix with zero leading diagonal. cai 1 a AcAA=|2 2 6|l2 2 6 a alla as 1s2-8 142-8 346-9 =| 244-6 264-6 6412-18 -1-2+3 -1-24+3 -3-6+9 000 = \0 0 0\=0, where O is a null matrix. 000 | show that thematrixA=| °° 24 is orthogonal Que 14. - i =|-sina cosa = Teower |] Ais orthogonal if AA’ = A'A =I fe -ansfone as Pe lemell east) . cos? asin? cosasina-sinacosa] [1 9 ae eceosl Lik nia eZ, benee Ais orthogonal. sine AA'= 0 2B y Geet | Doterm the value of a, B, 7 when I B ‘hs termine a-p |" orthogonal. ‘Answer 0B | Ia, Azla B a -B Y ‘Aisorthogonalif, AA'= 4. oaa mp -B yor? op 7 /fo o & a p -1||2 a -p yjly -1 7 aiey? Pay? -20 oY? =| 2p?-7? eae a? a —2ptsy? a| py? 2a pay? ac sem wee? aor oe eiter eet a eoy ‘Bquati apy rile apt-1°=0) a+parel aod As 1 men ote ing the correspo nding elements, we get 1 wre 1 peel wg 3 2-81 845i] games [ras sormition peel 5 i | then a prove that Ais | t Hi at amas F (Conjugate ofA) = |2-3t =BiSe) 345i 3 2-8 ‘a nal Then B=\2+3 5 i rene ign ioe 3-8 Now (By= | 2-31 845i pisHermitianic, ee Gaon | savress te ae a asP +iQwhere Pis: matrix. i A=P+i@ yor at ° 1. eal symmetric matrixand @= 122 js area skew symmetric matrix. 1ye1ii = 1 Waeie | show thats 7/1 © 0” ah oe o © is complex cube root of unity: "We know that, o? + 0 +1=0 Hereby quadratie formula, 10r oO alot oso 2-8 ={0 0 2/+ia ni gaat 20] [1 22) Lag 1/61 _ Since AA* =I, hence A is a unitary matrix. fre [Eimitea| show that the matrix lee hs Pe a ig| 8 unitary if Cs Pony gtapteyte Be. For unitary matrix, AA‘ Now. Aa [Oe -B+i8) [a-iy B-i8 B+iB a-iy | |-B-B ea Loo, -i8) (+ B-B)+Ap, _prB-B cm “l forme Geb BD CHBB-B+ (ay, iia Be -| fates th pnt o 1 =o ax Elementary Trans red Rah Tygon, GONGEPT GUTLINE # PART-2 spoare of Matrix fA and B be to square matrices of > owe AB = BA =I, then B is called inverse of 4 order st . pee ‘Inverse: pies of Im oy . Tab invertible then A*'is also invertible. i BY = Boat i ay =! Elementary Operations : a matrix are called elementary operations. The eo rowsor two columns, 28,78, ORC, ec, i. Maltplication ofa row or column by a non zero number K, e.g B,+KR, orC, KC, iit Addition of K times the elements of a row (or column) to the corresponding elements of another row (or column), K#0,e.g., R, +R, +KR,R, > R,-3R, C, > C, + 20, Note:lfwe rite >, + AR, that means , is replaced by R, + K times Rank of a Matrix A numbers sai tobe the rank of a matrix A if it possesses the following properties i. There is at least one square sub-matrix of A of order r whose determinant is not equal to zero. ii Ifthe matrix A contains any square sub-matrix of order r +1 then the determinant of every square sub-matrix of A of order +1 should be zero, ‘Therefore the rank of a matrix is the order of T Tele therkofan order of any highest order non Ea Matrix by Echelon Form Matrix A is said to be in i Every row of A which, has all it meets ts entries 0 occurs below ever non-zero entry, ae Sem} - Mates {Toei no 89 iy nec non rosea % thomumber frre terete fataon soy gee isha thanthe number ofrchaensinthe nee 2 | ihe of emaiin a Beer ne not at ae 7 ‘equal tothenumber of || ate | ant gas anytenaeo mae eabe et ge Semana. | raoos (6). [6 yamber r denotes the unit ‘ea an ofthe mar icteric | vO _ Questions-Answers = TT oie ‘GAA Compute the inverse of the matrix |1 2 3| by ° 311) employing elementary row transformation, (AKTU 2017-18, Marks 83] We know that, = A=IA 012) fi00 12 al=\o 1 ola 311) joo1 123) [o10 o 1 2|=|1 0 ola RoR 311) loot j1 2 3] foro o 1 2]=\1 0 ola R>R-3 \o 5 -8} |o 1) Ry 3 Ba 4 234 on ‘hs ing eleestary transformation. — [ARTU 2018-14, Manis] TERI sae 9110, Page 1-100, Unie. fi-1 0 wala 3-4 2 3-3] 32 BERR] xa. [ §] eneatatthe vale of the expresian (As 51424-, AKTU 2016-17, Marks 33] ot alt -3] sqating the value of A”, A and Fin given equation, ober $2), ,[t 0), 2/0 -2) fo} [1 of**lo aJ*|1 -3]=[o 2}~ | prove that the point (x,, he matrix | =, 3, 1) ioless than 3. reve rank Of a 1. 0s &y9,) and (xy,) are collinear DD, .... gon matinis ns tn 3, en he strioc ot Hae tet jn vm It Ys 1) =0 (L13.1) iY [Now the area of triangle whose vertices are (x,,,), (ry.y,) and (xy 9,) - 1M 1 Ye =0 (From eq, (1.13.1)) ee Since the area ofthis triangle is zero, soit vertices (x.y), (<,y,) and Gey) are collinear. 1d, | Reduce A to Echelon form and then to its row canonical 1 3 -1 2) ou -5 3 formwhereA=|. 15g) 1|-Hencefind the rank of A 4115 [ATU 2014-16, Marks 10 ‘Answer (1 3 -1 2 Jou -53 pee 4115 — fl ws 3 : Ry>Ry-2R,, | nm 6-3 a wee on 8 { pet) 1 -5 9 RyRy +R, -; me ean loo oe lee jos -5/1t 3/11 “Roo BR loo 0 0 ting Echelon form, Cintra ofA = Number of NOn-2eF0 rows WA) GET] Fed the rank ofthe matrix by reducing 10 nop ( 2-1) form|4 2 6 AKTU 2015-16, Miz ane ark 0) $2 -1 =/42 6 Sa RRR +R) pie [22 6 Ba a 696,-¢, bis Fil 1 3 00 9 RRL 40 On C70 -20, Corey sc Cy +Cy Cy Cy Cy Fii6: | Using elementary transformation: find the rank of the Rank of matrix = 2. following matrix: Ae Answer | A= 2 1 1 o -1 3-1 2-3-1 61d all ‘Number of non-zer0 TOWS Rank of given matrix = $ went] State Rank-Nullity theorem with example. ‘A. RankNullity Theorem : The rankenullity theorem states that the rank and the nullity dimension of the kernel) sum to the number of columns in a 7 suatrix M If there is a matrix M with x rows and y columns over, bea then felt rank (M) + nullity = y ‘Therank-nulty theoremis useful in calculating either one by cale i ul the eter instead, which is usefal as itis often much easier to find ti, rank than the nullity (or vice versa) B, Example : Consider the matrix : (62) Here, the rank is 1, si is { 3) ( 2 since the basis | (3 can be reduced to i} The kernel of A i { 2 ‘ernel of is vectors such that Av = 0, which is a vector space spanned by { 1] snd has air Cayley He PAI ‘system of Linear Equations, Characteristi ns, Characteristic Equation, eres tt, igen Vectors, Diagonalisation ofa Matrie *°"* CONCEPT OUTLINE: PART-a ition for Consistency : The system Content, possestes solution ifthe covincicurmatinn aa consented matrix (AB) are of same rank. sock) guegmedure to find the Solution of AX oeetot Une coeficient matrix be of type m xn 3, Write the augmented matrix (AB and reduce by applyingslementary row operation. beta 3, From the Echelon form we ean find the rank of piety Plea re a Now the following eases arse: : Nome Ts If rank (Al < rank (AB), then the a Case ne ie, theyhavenossktion, incop I: Ifrank {Al =rank [AB] = (say), then the system of equations eerecstent; kc they posemnea olen X= Afr =n, then the system of equations has unique slut 2 serena there will be infinite elution Only n = + 2 solutions will be linearly independent and rest ofthe soluti will be linear combination of them. setatons \ Linear Dependence and Linear Independence: Aset ofn-vectors “x, are said to be linearly dependentithere exists n scalars, epty Or daysdnotall zero such that ayz;+4,%_h~. dg, =0 andifall ay, ana, are zero, vectors are saidto be linearly independent. Characteristic Matrix : Let A be any square matrix of order n and \ trix (A - 2] is called the characteristic ). an indeterminate. The ‘matrix of A where [is an identity matrix of order n. li ae: On “he: ‘Also the determinant |A-M| = ca eee ie yy Onn Aan js called the characteristic polynomial ofA and the roots ofthis equation are called the characteristic roots, latent roots or eigen values of A. If} isa characteristic root of ann xn matrix A, then a non-zero vector eee at AX ~ AX is called a characteristic vector or eigen vector of “A corresponding to the eigen value 2. ia eg oa a Y) corm: matrix of order > aes Se a nad — eee ta} ~ sour etlt 3 | ene eta ttAO is satisfied by X= A, Caan vs | vote : es | oe sole shri e &: ——— oot ol 7 ae RoR eee Rakien ; PR M-2) 14 a ai 2 ,ooj fia. ooet,|2 2 ° ene save by calealating the inverse by elemen, stad jpeg spe operations | fBEY roy mee “ regents chs tt OF FAAS, a a (ARTO 2014. = (ARTUROIETS Marea a3 2. o100) /3 ° ° 1 1s i ‘aswer an oo1o0}-fa 4 - oi 0001 oo —— 225 oe aolution wee : - wat fe i na umber of solution [ARTO 2015-1; Marks 10) i. ml ro 3:0) ane POO aes 3 3 2 p+ 2y +32 = 10 UsBle|y -g -1: 5 pady seen tao:4 samt fo, rao: 41 1x] [6 [ gail 12 3lly|=/10) ie RoR, ale) Lo 2-3 - AX=B jo 10 350 11 1 2 0 4 C=lA:Bl=|1 2 eae o-3 2 Ror. 12 RoR "lo -r-1: -3 Rona 11 6 9 0 3: 9 =|o1 4|R +R -R, 120 4 oat o1 wo clo-3 2: -0 BoR-TR 1a 6 “ly 9-7/3: 68/3 RoR sR slo. 4 lo 0 29/8 : -110/3, 3 so coal 12 0: 4 solution 0-3 a: -11 R - Bee . =00ri.=3 and u-10#00r we fo ant ea] ROR BR | aac azgenedenn-1Oederuern }.* BA) = RO)=3 lo 0 Oo: 2, ‘plA) # (A : B), equations are inconsistent. THEIR] vestigate for what values of 2 and p, the aystem of ORIEL, 1406427686010 ands + 2y +224 haw i ) ii, Unique solution, e1.21. | ‘State and prove Cayley-Hamilton theorem. i Inia mumberofscitions, [ART 3018-14, Mania Wy Bez ‘A. Cayley-Hamilton Theorem : Every square matrix satisfies its own Deternine oR charactriatic equation. sation tar” "M8 and ¥ for which the followin TAHA] = DPD +, 2° 4020+ sn +0,) be the characteristics s4yse0 stadt! polynomial of (n x n) matrix A = ¢,, then the matrix equation, 40K 0X4... +0. = is satiated by X=A F+ys8e010 Hysar0b ie, Ata, AM +aA™ +... ta=0 ie,h-8400rA#3 and may have any value. 1 eens Het ~~ ests” ements HT a8 BE Oto SO Mathene — the f goa ne me are at most of degree ce St oe gh et Tika clit Matrices waa a fl 2 api 23) [as 25 or ian sence mean waad=|2 4 ale 4 5| -\25 45 56 ‘oe Ia os 6a 86) [mem xa 248) C7 B+ aks 14 25 ™) [154 275. a4 ai BP sot powes om both sides, ta), Ate 11/25 45 wl 275 495 616 ‘comparing oo na 31 56 70] [341 616 770. By Be 14 25 31}f1 2 3] 18,3, eee ele f i a1 56 70l|3 5 6] Bra ser at asa caput ving these equations bY A" = |283 510 pplAteaA™ +a Ant a] ™ c promen. (12.1), we have 157 283 353) [154 275. 341] fe 2_aaet=|283 510 636|-|275 495 616 7 eat verity Cayley Hamilton theorem for Aw | * 2) an 353 636 793] |341 616 770 Quei22. 44] 4 AKTU 2014-15, Mi, li ie able 2 ol. 000 find A’. 1 Ma ma Ccayley-Hamilton theoremis verified. atc equation, [A-2] =0 Bend A uliplying ea (1.22. bth sides by A 1, we get iG (eetA-d+A*=0 2 4-4 5 [20 “Le (a? 114-40, 1 t ‘14 25 31] [11 22 33} [4 0 e 25 45 56|+|22 44 55|+\0 4 0 (1-1) (44-1) 6-2)-251-21216-)-15] +3 110-3 (4-23) =9 31 56 70| [33 55 7 004 (1-2) 24~102-422-25] -2 [12-24-15] +3 [-2+ 3d) =0 1-3 2 (1-4) 02-1021) +2(8 +24) + 3(8A-2) = 0 os ie . 1 anersvaissivecan 816-0 eed B+ 44-10 | 7 catty | ry : , ‘ or verification of Cayley Hamilton theorem we need to verify, | Que 123, | Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for A = \° : | BAUA-4A 6120 (1.22.1) - ‘liz 20 24] | Fgycasertaniton rem for hey, wel pat ty melt a at AA Gat OA*— 4A + AA? 249 — 1242 250 — 2A op - 6At + 9A 4D + 24°— 124" 204 ar TAQ) + 2A GAP + BAAD 4 BAT 243(0) +2(0) + 5A-T 2-11] [100 ofa 2 al i ‘| a 2 2) \o 0 1 (2-1) (QAP + 142-2) +141 (1-2-2) =0 10-8 5] [1 00) [9 +5 5 (2-19(8-1)(1-2)-201-1)=0 5 10 “| 1 ‘ls 9 (1-1)(6-5.+38-2] =0 | o1 (1-1)08-8144)=0 5 124 2-6249-420 Gusis.| Show that row vectors of the matrix |-1 3 9 |are ‘To verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem le 2 AHH 9A-A = 0 weneed to prove, lo 2 1] | tinearly independent. w(2 2)[2 217 [6 ss ao ages ace 4 | 12-2 Tilt at 2} ls 6 6 1300 ag 2 SR a 021 feel 1 2 2] ns 4 1 oo. \ay=[-2 a 0| 210-240-220 sae 0-21 =|-0 | a Hence given matrix is non-singular. = 122 Now, A=|-1 3 a o 21] 12 2 alo 5 2/2 >e +R, lo 21 2 2 alos 2/2 >R+ 2p, lo 0 15 is 23 ‘Order of matrix. ‘are linearly independent, [Number of non-zero ro¥s "Rank (A) = 3 Hence the given raw vectors ‘Gae 19] Find the eigen values of the matrix a (8a) [7-1)(8-2)~ 16] -6 - 63-2) +8] + 2 (24-272) = 9 (Bi) [2171-3 +12~ 16] + 618-62 —8] + 2124-14 + 24] =9 (8~ 2) 101 +5] + 108-962 — 48 + 48-28 + 42 8)?—B0) +40-~12+ 102" —61.- 32. +80=0 ~i84 1812117 + 120 0 33-1824 1171 -120=0 d= L248 (other eigen values are in complex form) 310 5 ‘Que 127. Show that the matrix =|-2 -3 -4|, has less than 8 5 7 equation of giy -_ Mare mattis, By solvin : gota aR Tat sRant ts eBags m9 3a 162 + 12= 0 Sas 1. 12= 0 ig above equation, we get igen vector for i= 2 346-4 Soy te=8 ee foreret) - ginger Mehipetonin oy 272 andea 212) weg Ox + Sy +42 = 0 Using cross multiplication in eq, (1.27.4) and eq. (1.27.5), we get x y =40+30 - 10-0 0+20 Matrices Eigen vector = ~oriatic equation of matrix Pis [Pi =0 -4 on? roots 80 their ei a “Asthere are two ropeating their eigen vecton As thee pblembasessthan thee linearly inde eg, ae A Sine te eigen vectors andy aro not nearly jgMcgamy, gn) MEW, * ag -BCI ARN similarity transformation is not possible, eben (a -n02-2.~3) 5 G-DO+DO-De0 diagonal matrix isthe identity matrix with eigen values know that 2 il Wertgonal, $0 mri, fraiagonal, f ao 101) rixP=|0 -1 | tote sige vector) STEER mada ew Be [GATT Find a mati P which dagonatzes the matrix a(t 3 vent Ps aP=D 42) i a-[ Bien vstor mae oy 2 ae : Ge i] qpore Dia the diagonal matrix, Weknow that, AX=3X s ‘Where, ts the eigen value matrix. tt ) 4 2pior] fa, 0 Jfsox Alea] 2 4fuor)*[o 4, |[s01 sme characteristic equation ofthe matrix Ais sme ee rorx2+101x4) * [1012, (4-2-0220 33-7h.+10= 0 101A,= 1016 = A, o-2)0-5)=0 11i,=101x6 > A,=6 Rad Bigen vector for 4=2 TB] namteaurnr-[t 2 2 GE) G) to diagonal form, = 2 6 |AKTU 2016-17, Marks 04 cae Answer | , 1) Eigen vectoris | _9| Eigen vector for 2. = 5 (EG Pe Fs 1] mld easy ALE a ii ] =D (Diagonal matrix) 00 ren (220 to 270) Introduction to Limits, Continuity and Differentabitiy Rolle’s Theorem rrange’s Mean Value Theorem Cehy’s Mean Value Theorem A. Concept Outlin« . 2-20 ‘B. Long and Medium Answer Type Questions 2-3C wm (2A7C to 2-140) nn (n** Order Derivatives) ‘Theorem and its Application 2-70 2-8C Part-3.. wmmunnnne (2A15C to 2-270) paccem) smits, Continuity and Differentiaby, vs Mean Value Theorem and Cay, Ray, Value Theorem ‘chy Met Introduction t0 Lit Theorem, ee ———GoNGEPT OUTLINE : PART.) —~_ ———— Tmt : The fanetion flr, y) tends to the limit taza >~ Limit Maly ttelimit/isindependent ofthe path falas a) Join (,y)asx >a andy +6. Then byt lim, y) =! 1, ») in region R tends to the limit ) i aad only if corresponding to a postive nqigtt ther positive number 6such that" ‘The function fl x-vaandy 0 i (a,b) there exists anot [fz,y) I] <€ for 0 < (xa + (y-bP <6 for every point (x, in R. Continuity : A function x,y) i9 anid to be continuous at the point (obit lim») = (1,8 ierespetveof the path along with x >a,» +6 Rolle's Theorem :If tx) is i Continuous in fa, fi, Derivablein(a, 6) and | ii, Aa)=f. | ‘Then there exists atleast one value c ¢ (a, 5) such that /”( Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem : Let / be a i, Continuous in 6] and i Derivablein (a, 8), ‘Then there exists at least one value ¢ ¢ (a, b) such that £0)- fla) Bere, | Cauchy's Mean Value Th ‘which are th dria Let tx) and gix) be two functions | {a,b1. Then there ia 6) and g') # 0 for any value of x in | that atleast one value. in between @ and’ such | | Tower | Bey tim lim lays Let (a,b) € R* then fla, iftz.9)- fa, B)|= [ee -9) (2 P = [xa 40-9) ; Yea) sofa al 23 beta 0 Choe 6 £ then for [--al 0 ‘sz -=fle)2fle+ for values of both, wx HENLE oth 0 Siete oboe, (2 : is dilerentable in, b)fromeq. (2.4, such Nando. 24.) rasan stati = Orme vale ino, Siary itm Sebati ainegatet ao a 3 [40-1 hy 9 2 (ea fds at EBL Ofek co Ah 0d >and id) <0. Hence fd) =0. Ques] ve ‘ erty Ralls theorem for fs) = x(e~2)e™in (0,2, Tomer] N= 0fa Peveet "01 mtiauow nd dierent, so by Rll’ Here. Peete dexy 4 4 Shee Hote-ant Wet be0 rf ora Meta Smontein2)tne= § ea. 25C(Sem-1) nein aston valuc (, b such tat 1022. pe oe fa) = foe) +xAnx€ [B) and ar continsnsin ab] and erable b threfore sae asin, 0d diablo. se nevis con Ah 7) +bA=$)=0)=/la) +0 aq Latta) oes atafes ll the three conditions ofthe Rolls theorem. there exists a number ¢ (a, b)such that ‘Thos ‘Therefre by Rolle’ theorem O=¥ie)=fto4A [0)- fo, be ‘Thus f= GaeR] Verity Lagrange’s monn value theorem for fs) «= in 48. isconinuous and differentiable in (1,5), so by Lagrangs’+ mean value thearen, £0 F) «p19, forsome cin(a, Here \6) = 25, 1) = 1, f(x) = 2x. Therefore 25 am 60,5). ‘State and prove Cauchy's mean value theorem. eee i ich are both deri be two functions whi lei, heey eluate Then there exists at gy a that epee and sch oy por-fa_ fo Goa” FO Proof: . dora) =f +A) whee A is an unknown conten, dein eee and gare sven ay Choose A such that 4(6)= a) i et 0) + At) = fe) + Agta) . 4- f=fle sea) with) ~ 46)» 0. Ila) ~«0) = O then ga) = gb) ai ells teorom and then se) ~ 0 for neg eh se tube bats) 0 fay Teagan 4 Now te new fncion 6 satisfies te conditions of Role’ ths ‘There treet at easton cc (a, 5)such that MR = fle) + Age) ge (Oxf = gla) vith g()-g(a) Oasg(e)# Ofor any ‘Gu 38, | Verity Cauchy’s mean value theorem forthe functions i fades, g(0)=2*in the interval [a,b]. i feels Linttel ‘Auwwer Bie anes, fat By Coucys mean value theorem, W-fe, | Fey 40)" He) eee 21 (Sem-1) (a + BY Lae [FP cto, BM 1b) gfe fee py Cauchy/s mean vale theorem, Ine-Int_ -¢ 1 PART-2 ferentiation (x! Order Derivatives), Leibnits Theorem ‘and its Application ‘Successive Dt — CONCEPT OUTLINE : PART-2 Successive Differentiation : ity =/(x) isa differentiable function of, then dyid is called the frst differential cooffcient ofy w.r. x Y ‘ig called the second differential coefficient and in a | sitar way $2 similar way > wart.x. Tis type of differentiation is called successive differentiation 1 differential coefficient can be denoted by various ways as ay £2, Dy, yy fete Some Standard Results for n'* Derivative are : a beta + bye = min Hn ~2h..m-=n + Laas +) 2 Diiax ¢by!=(~1P nba lax +61" a 4 (ay n= bla 5. Dr log tax +) = ; alnt 1 prsin(ae+b)=0'sn (n3 rar+0) 8. D* cos (ax +) =a" cos (ng+ax+0) a, Drew sin (bx +0) = re sin (bx ++ n§) where r= \ahaBP = tan (6/2) 10, Diet cos bx +e) =e e08 (br +6 + n6) Leibnite Theorem :Ifu and are any two Functions oy their desired diferetialcoefcients exist, then the noth coefficient of ther products given by iter Deut) ="C,D" w0 +°C, Dw Dos, pes tent CDM UDV + ot Dry Oe Deerination ofthe Value ofthe Derivative of Pang Simplify the expression by taking LCM if possible i. Square both sides to avoid square root. ‘i Convert, in terms ofy (if possible). Step II: Find Step IV: Differentiate n times by Leibnite theorem. Step V: Puts =0in Steps (D, (ID), (ID and (IV). Questions Answers Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions =e ii reccomannancaues L costs Stop VI:Putn = 1,2, 3, 4in last equation of step V. ‘Step VII: Discuss the cases for n ie., even or odd. 1 asantif aL aston tents) iene oe 26 1g 20+ bende Horas tont promtart)=eren(arsbe38) spa telat oat) y = cos br sin ax i = Le@sinaxcos b2) y= 30 = Hina +e sin B31 prain(ox+b)= 0" in(ar++%2) 2 Jin x c08 Se 7 sin (a+ b)x+ naglerer { » y 1 = 2 (in4z-sin2s) ar) He a tee) al 2}. PBA rina tne aeretive of ta? { awe] 1 uf ne att aw at ae) +s ee a7 oa (200 2) 2 (4+ Jeet seve 2-90 (Sem-l) 2x + e082) =) (“4 3) 3] beihacaclintinanteieslersds ae init aa+x) 2 Saar? le? ‘We know that, CI ny Spt intn, Ma, (8 etant(2 oot (#}=tant(# Where te (3) (9 ‘ Nove differentiating y,(~ 1) times Where a = “(x logs), show that I, =n, ‘Que 2.12. |1f/, (x" log: eM + (nay ‘Answer ent yet n Sole log al + (nD! = nl, Teal, ,+(a-D! Que 2.18. Ifu = sin nx + cos ns, then prove that ' 4, = ntl + C1) sin dae) 4, where, is the differential coefficient of u wart. +n) [AKTU 207 , Marks 33) ‘Answer ' us sinns + cos nx ‘Ther differential coefcient of vs given ag 211C Gem-1) 19) sealer? rin (n+) one?) on sqaring and taking the snare root, we get = ntl + sin (nx + rm? = n{L + sin ns 608 r+ €08 ne sin ra? SCOTT] aty en them show that (2 54°88 619 ee y, = and hence calculate y,, when x = 0. ARTU 2013-14, Marks 10 oR =, then show (127, .~ (On + Dsy,.~ (n+ my,» cost logy)" then conte ml er once ealelate 7, when r= 0- AKTU 2015-16. Marks 10] : ye eneorts 21D yyeenorts (142) n”neom saringonboth et See eye? ous) iterating 2142), wept =) yyy Bey P= mE, See wou or (=x) y,-0— mY =| Differentiating eq, (2.14.4) n times by Leibnitz theorem, we get nin : C=, M—W pat oy OBI Me Fromeq. (214.1) (0) =| Fromeq.(2.14.2)9)(0) From eq. (2.14.4), 99(0) = m?. Put =1,2,8,4, 1(0) = my ineg. (2144 yx) = (2 +m) y,(0)= (17+ m2) {me [om me) 940) = (22 + m*)y,(0) = if “smu, ! 240) = G+ ms loa), ") ¥4(0) = (9? “ar, (0) = (82 + m2) 00) yp iM +m’ ¥<(0) =~ m (12 (ome, sO) = — mT m2) 2 pay y@lO) = (42. = ne (4m ¥(0)=m2(g0, 2, 0= = mid? + m2) (3? + tre, 7 3 m2? +m?) (4? + m2), iy, andy, p= [7 +m08* + mt Pa not ty [m2(2" + m*)(42 +m)... in? ~ le a murine pnyeam ye 215. een ‘ sang ae fo-pyemin myo (2152) oq (2.15.2) times by eibitz theorem, itfrentiti98 as eed BI 2), +I + YM, =O = mi)y,20 au yn tym =e prove that eset nt Dn yet t= mFy, = 0+ ARTU 201615, Marks: ‘Anse 4s Q, 2.15, Page 2-120, Unit? seme 02 taoeofn + Zand 1in place of + 1 Use gaa tre ain, then find the n* derivative of pare Tnower Given: yetes er en) Differentiating ea (2.170, \ ge mts fier ees frre y= my ani) J cuaring both: ides, necaringts , pinning soreeaion sn (1ax2By y+ 2032 = mM or death, +9, -my=0 i223) ¢ reniating eg, (2.17.8) times using Leis shores nay, + 0M g tno PAA Me +e Woe or ay, gt One Da, atime, =0 ie eee respectively, we get yO 1 pucgen!) — yore my) oem yom yagi etm, (0) panel 8h Bene (RIT ty {od (m=) y(0= (m2 18, i yf) = m? 2) yO) = (mn? — 22)y2 yd) = (mn? 3) 90) = (2-38 (me sad= (nn? om ng abe results, we have ni? — 1)? 8°) oem ~ (0 ~ 2, i sel Agito? A) te" 60 -2F', ai {ont -2) 0m Im? ~(n- 21, if niseve, Goede ]ity =e then prove that 1 +2*y, + (2 py (ios, , +124 De-ly,,, +n + Dy, =. 20a [AKTU 2017-18, Hay ‘Answer Given: yoga . Diferentiating eq (2.18.1) war.tx, we get | (28a) Diflereniatingeg, (2.18.2) ware, we get na) +8, 29-9, =0 | ss 2 y, 20 | 2.89 Now dierent rentiating eq, (2.182)n times by Leibnitz theorem, we get Yell °C su Cy (2=y, : ile: . OP ney ny) Different pei ‘odleahkgt 84 in aa ros Ong Pat ns Lay , (2184 rts, we get | Yaoi #2ay, + nin — Dy, sort Dy PART-3 ope, Involutes and Boolues, Crve Tracing: Cartesian and Polar Coordinates. Envel SONGEPT GUTLINE | PART-S saree elated tovecope Bis touched by same member ofthe family of urvesc. a i ig seaameee Ct Tc care age umber tapos [dong Anan Type and Medium Annwer Trp Questions Se quens.| Write the procedure for obtaining envelope. ‘Answer ‘Step I: Envelope is obtained generally by eliminating the parameter a between the equation of the given family curves fx,y,0)=0 and Fepy.yar=0 ba 2.19.0) 192) Where 2 nthe partial derivative offer Step II : In case @ cannot be oliminated between eq. (2.19.1) and 9, (2.192), then solve eq (2.19.1) and eq. (2.19.2) forx and yin terms of «a Then the envelope is given in the parametric form by the equations x=x(a) and y=yla) Step III: Ifthe eg 2.19.1) is aquadratc in the parameter a or quadratic insome parameter A which isa function ofa, then the envelope is given. by discriminant equated to zero ‘Suppose flx, y, a) = 0 is rewritten as a quadratic equation AM +BL+C=0 (2.193) Where A,B, C are functions of x,y while bis either « or functioa of Differentiating eq (2.19.3) wrt. Dit -16C (Sem) ey aed pieB=0 oF b= = 37 tig foe. 2193 7 68294 ripe required envelope aa) aaa” B_-4AC= Discriminant = 0 =0 ey Step IV: Envelope ofthe family F078 toa Bren cy, volute ofthe eurve C. iy Step V: For a given two parameter family of curves fry, a, p)=0 ay with a given relation g(@, B) = 0 aramet, chat spear ‘one of the parameters say fin terms of a by using the gn ~ (a, f). ‘Then proceed as in Step I. ey {Que 2.901] Find theenvelope ofthe one parameter familyofco, 1y=mx + an? where mis the parameter and «, p are constants ‘eower] yems+on? 24 Diflerentatng the given curves w.r.. the parameter in’ we gu, O=x+apmr-! . 2a ‘Using eg (220.2) eliminate m from eq, (2.20.1) A | ~(3 7 eg a(=2)P2 | 2 pa 4, Geely | me or a PP sae ppt. 24 (220 i the equating sto?” icy cu, ‘tation of required envelope of given fay Parbots, * the envelope ofthe two parameter family Bg 2170 Gem-1) elation asb=c ‘ewe ee wsra tay (221.1) la” \e-a seh is now a one-parameter family of parabolas with o as the which is m6 Pererentating es. 22LD wir a, ager) 1 (c-al? (2212) Substituting eq. (2.21.2) neq, (2.21.1), we get the required envelope as Pore [ae] | or Le + ME + [yale y" or (4 M2) HP el? (9s yf 208 Thus the envelope isthe astro given by 2B ys 8, Que 222. Define involute and evolute. How will you find an evoute ? ‘Answer A. volute and Involute : 1. As a point P moves along a given curve cy, the center of curvature ‘orresponding to P deseribes another curve 218¢ (Sem-D Pile 2 Tecan nnn 8th eat eg 4 | eens = own asthe invlut of Sy yah ewe ow) Cre PP ree ape err ee ‘Cartesian Form : Let y = oF the g Find the evolute of the 2a tl. Deduce Sei en horn cern wale _ by ‘i jute is : Xex-y(1+y yy _ Vey) (149205, farmthe parametric equtiosofthe evolit of Cexpegy, PY ‘Equation of the parameter x . ata (2.241) Inmany cases, th parameter canbe clininated betygg, todeq (2.222) Thisreslsin relation between X ang? ce X,Y) = Owhichis the equation ofthe required evolu, "ty ——_Dioren 'b. Parametric Form : Let the equation of the curve be iy form.x= x), y=) where isthe parameter, Then ghey, equations ofthe evlute are Farag yee? +y?) « (2.242) =xp- TE tY) Myx Fo woos SOD = : oe (2243) (eRBH] Determine the parametric equations for the cay a toe Mt Fromeg. (2.24.1), thecumess fel, : Now the center of curvature is xox. (Ea)(1-88 (2) i @ yt ay ‘rrdnatef he center of curvature in parametric frm ae Xex [& +0tH ttt Be Kany Uetey*) : ve ery 2244) Mea ae 2281, Vey Leteyy Fynay | sf tis 6, (o%3) | eee, Maa Te tA 2 Pag 2 Therefore ante be clminated be ramet equa tween oq, (2.231) a8 lo he regi vl 0 ate given by o, (2.23.1) st! rust reared eneloe i (ex = BP lar hyperbola witha = the envelope Foraretattis y= (a) Pe Fey, aa te etre rn ear g eordisates and polar coordinates. ‘Answer [A Procedure for Tracing Cartesian Curves : a Symmetry :Seeifthe curve is symmetrical about ayy 1 Aeareissymmetrial about the X-axis ifonly eveap “yaccur in its equation. (eg, y* = dar is symmetry Jani the uation rreaing cme ly reps 1 ‘cares maria aboutthe Yasin -ocut in its equation. (¢g.2* = 4ay is symmetring et rec y i symmetrical at 3 Acar shot th ine = ifn andy its equation romains unchanged, (eg.x°s 5°23. ‘meri about the line y= ee: Origin: 1. See ifthe curve passes through the origin, (A curve * Sebinegeet aan ae it des, fod the equation ofthe tangents at that auatng to er the lowest degree terms vt 4. berg isa dub eres iadote pind whether he rigs © Anmpiotes; 1 Seeifthecure 2 mena bttrasmptite paral tothe ee nee ined soymptote, if need. 1 Fad the rina immed bere the curve cronses the axes and th Fad th pins ins whe lathe Kaine then the tangent ‘sparalelorperpendict Pits whre dle ore = 2810 emt) ee pnaite e608 (or regions) in which no portion of the curve eats for Tracing Polar Curves: Be See if the curve: is symmetrical about any line. Smet? mucra abou then in O, fone re enim (ey rain acanged i irvet eis eyed ine emetic abt the ie throug the pole On etahersees re it remains unchanged when dischanged about OY. tthe pol,fonleven powers fr re equation (it remains unchanged when r is “otf isommetea ste ple py andar confined betwen certain i sie nti eral resin ae fr stoic Determine reine ihn clr nate 7= 28052 rest astin the cee r=. amine einai prin ft cae ey Deere toe of for wich rs nanny. e. finding Yvan ie betwen the Hines 8 = Wa = 30d ‘q_Asymptotes Ifthe curve poseeses an infinite branch find the asymptotes. ssive values to 6, find the corresponding values of here the tangent coincides with the sndicular to it (i, the points where Limits a Points: 1 Giving succes 2 Determine the points radi vetor or is pepe fan b= 7 d0ldr=O0r) FReBBET] Trace the curve ya-2) 22% ior] ‘Given curve :y2a-z) =2° 1. Symmetry ll powers of are even the curve i symmetral about axis 2 Origin : Equation does not contain any constant term, therefore, it passes through origin. 4, Anymptote: Parallel to Y-axis by equating the coefficient cf highest ogres ofy to zero 222¢ (Sem) & Fig. 2.26.1. . 4. Points of Intersection with Axes : The curve at the origin only Meet Xeni, '& Region : Equation of curve et, I" Yaz 5 _y*is negative for x < Oandx >a. ‘Thus curve does not exist for a 3a, yisimaginary a le ya ‘oe lies ce curve 22 «1.20 (nearly) xed, yr Beh = Owill be tangent. eo hy eq (2300.2 ten ine ofa i ea he oposite eo issn gall above ‘Takingall above P2311 Tarve is show Differential Caleutug, ine: Part Outli 4. Conc eum Answer Type Questions. B.Longand Medi Parti ennnnennnncnns (SBE 0316 ules Theorem for Homogeneous Functions ‘A. Conept Outline Port 2 | B. Long and Medium Answer’ ‘Type Questions. rod » G-14C to 3149) A.Concept Outline: Part 3 a 3B Long ond Medium Answer Type Ques ot Part. ‘Masina and Minima of Function of Se im—“geinde ‘4. Concept Outline: Prt 4. 2 oreand Maun brow Type Question, 3-200) 3-200 “vim (SEC to 9-420) 9-810) a 3-990) Bag [| Oe ee Different PART-1 Partial Derivatives. CONCEPT QUTLINE : PART-1 = Partial Dif {ferentiation : Ifa derivative of function of several Patbondent variables tobe found with respect to any one of them, indepth olhers as constants itis ni tobe partial derivative, The ‘oP ito offindng the partial derivatives function of more than cperaependent variableis called partial differentiation. 2,2 ete, the symbol used for partial derivatives ay ‘alsobe denoted #u du 1 8 oy ae su, u, Second order partial derivatvesare denoted a | ote fu = /¢t,y) and its partial derivatives are continuous, then | J ae ey Questions. Answers ‘Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions (1) say wwe have Differentiating w.r. tx, nye"! 4y logy ‘Agua differentiating w.rt y, we got = sartayrtlngx ear tlogy oy 1 (1 +y logs) +9" + x logy) Now, differentiating eq. (3.1.1) wart-y, we get fe ea logs tay Bt syringe +? 2 ty ye & ® lor No set eT pc sem) Differential Caleulus-I1 saciem) oe a © tn (3 cos? 0-1 Ine (3 cos? 81) oe = n(n+1) r* (3.008? 6-1) (3.3.2) ‘Thos, x Now, (Beosto—t=r* (Sia+ cos 8)-1) ae 008 0,9 =e" si eae ite ay) wheres =e" 0088,9 =e sin rong binning met . ead 3-2sin20) «27 sin 26 oo (af -oef-] (este ary ™ de 6r* sin? @ cos 8 (+ sin 26 = 2 sin 8 cos 6) scorer (sin 0S!) «6 sin net sinto(-sin0) tf, ¢y 5 au oe Guy (sin 0 4) = - 64 (2sin cost 0—sin?) Ff LHe cosr)+ Fe sin au ae sin) (22y sino) «6 2ens?0- sink) F LF or sinnye Lee sata, T= Pee sin Lier ame) “12 eing dt) «6 Bente (333) ‘Squaring and adding eq, (3.2.1) and eq. (3.2.2), we get sin 0.00 = + J x =a au a ( ( } ay +e Z 3 3D au at) a ‘Que83. | For what value ofr, w = + (3 cost 8 ~ 1) satisties the a 1 won S82, =0? (sia (330) a Gent ay Bees? 1] = nt (9 e052 6 1) B.east a4) [Now put all these values in eq (8.9.1, we get n+ D7 (8 cos? O~ 1)—6r*(3 cos? 8-1) =0 77(B cos? 8-1) in? +n — Since, (ons? 0-D# 0 Queda, | lew = fir) where r* =. +y*, show that oe = riot rin ARTO 2016-16 Marks 05 | Rextey 4.) Differentiating partially w.r-t.x, we get z ero Differentiating again w.r.t. x, we get 1 3 20 e5(-3 Diferential Callus It @ a 2 tuo) =o 5 + ww & nos (xiv gta andx=ucos,y=usin oz! be aor Geet ftw eee yeu sino mo then ac sem) [ARTU 2016-17, Marke 3.5) 2 ie asad spottro-5 1S e tstro§ “prone cn slay, 57 ring, eae) pee in 4 te! one a 4 Bayer Pryor Payee By 1 ae = eeu sine su Bresnahan ee eos vu'sint vru'ot we!) _ whee) “Wek ie zu wi ge Baar iase yen show that 9.2 as os uv sin v + yuvcosv+ zu Gia: oF samy ee ‘Taking logon both sides, we get i: an te lg xy) . wie (e!-yog(e-3) | Now, tay) tog | 2 teva yey) + log ey) De} aay ed le 2S ete -y) 2) a 506) + Bry log tx —y) lB seen 2 Ao ey) 543) 2 og) sHte43) MH + yet yt ot tan"( Dita - “(Dree() (ARTO 2017-48 Marea een 1718, Mary 2): 7+ 0 prove, Differential Caleulus-I1 Geass, | teva 7 28-97.99- 42, 42-20) prove that /24V,43V, [ARTO BONE, Marks 05] *, aay ‘Similarly, onl ‘aga ,% a a = Loa p= on Booey yi : oye a (aan z= a oral On adding eq, (3.9.1), ¢9. (3.9.2) and eq, (3.9.3), we get 6V, +4V, +3¥,=0 anon! Mey PART-2 sve Boers Theorem for Homogeneoyy p, Total: ~ cos Fein: A THEN hich yg geneous ieee degree is Pregl ) ie vi(3) is a homogeneous function, Maleds homogeneous function, Ane? my | wine 27(2 Q, bi ales Theorem: Ifu i « homogeneous Function of x tay then 328s yMe. degre then 35. * 79 Prop 1: Ifusahomagneos function of degree nin andy, yg 22 oy 2H pH etn De Poa Prop. 2:1fFu)=V 3,2), where suzof deren then fa, ye Fa ly ‘Total Derivatives: homogeneous functioning Fu) ) u=/a,y), wherex=/,(0,y =f, (0, then du aude au dy iu ats called the total ferential coefficient of u w.r.t. Prop.1:Ifuise function of and y and y is a function of x, then duu tudy a a ay Prom teltusfla rafts ty = filly) then a aed ya | 100 (Sem-1) Differential Caleulus-I1 Questions-Answers Long Answer Type and Medium Answer Type Questions quate] Find Fa ‘as a total derivative and verify the result by direct substitution if u = 2" + y*+ 24 and x = e% y = e¥ cos 3t, peetsin st. [ARTO 3074-15 Marks 08 ‘anne | axon) JB ele ae 4 = 22M sin B+ Se% cos 3t i ‘ating al values in eg (3.10.1, we get Hale + Rye cs 1S sin 3 + Re sin +e 8 3) = dae + dye cos 3t - Gye sin 3¢ + dze™ sin 3¢ + Gze™ cos Bt = de™[x + y cos 3¢ +2 sin 3¢] - Ge*ly sin 3t—2 cos 34] = de%s + dele cos? 3t + e™ sin? 3] - 6e%[e* cos 3t sin 3t ~e* cos 3¢ sin 3¢) (sy = eos 8¢and2 =e sin 3] = et + dele] = dt et 4 de +2 au ae te ate Now from direct substitution = (2? +(e cos Se? + (e% sin Se? u = eM +e [cos? 3¢ + sin? 3] et Now differentiating, w.rt.'? du _ gw Gh =e So, the result is verified. . ae i ng avons — Ney = at oe Euler's theorem for, gsc sem? Differential Caleulus-II =m qa and Prove me a Buler’s theorem, we get we + y 2 tain) = m (sin) ‘aoe _afuisahomogeneous function of Ginny Boles TOE : Ady : a sroosu + yoosu St = 5 sinu 0 yh em mugen a (2) shay aj me y ext) a ee : ie a Geet | Verity Buter's theorem fors= Sy ‘ARTO 2015-14, 2015-16; Marks 05 Tower | ag ay puget ane 12) et pepe photon ae so. atmogencous neon of degen 6. Thus wing Euler’ thoren QeeHAE] Prove that ru, +.9u,= 5 tan wif Set 1 ins( Bs) ag TDG Ge ese ee ' (real (aeomreieme | & iF “Anuwer Vag gu yy 2 a(t yy) ae eet beet) ' | a xty) 1 cee vg yt) Lyte 9" itt magn Weep Similarly, 3” * quantal fun funtion, so frst we convert it into a homoge Now, wy £ 2 v2, yl 7 tay Gye a yale Bettas H ey Gir ey) a XM &,,%__1, e Tus, Ey 6 ear Geese | teu = sin as m, 7) Mmm an 2, 24) (Bras SF xP 4 ye Itisnot a homogeneous functi function, 'On50 we convert it into Now, ita homogeneous fanetion of degree 1 By Euler's formula, +t tS ry@ . fw) aye "Flu tei Where, n = Degree ‘Att. by Euler's forma, Boar ine vous oy tee te Few) —3y * Beag natant ust 19] . Taylan aay ae (Sepeay Ter R yee Ne) move hae ae "tan y, 3-14€ (Sem-1) faa Differential Calculus-II (22222) on ae + by +ez, Payee ax+bysez So, v is a homogeneous function of degree 2. Using Euler's theorem, mw, ov, sents sinu= = (say) a 2 sin ude y Qteinwde2 2 Goin u)=2 sin sQeinw+yZoinu)s 2 2tsinw)=2 si ou ou seosu tt + yeosu et + ecosu St 2 sine & oy tu 2h ay oH = otanu & PART-3 Taylor and Maclaurin’s Theorems for a Function of One and Two Variables, SONCEPT OUTLINE: PART-3 Expansion of Function of One Variable : Taylor’s Seri orders in the interval a, of m, * fF @) possesses continuous deri '@ + hl, then for every positive int teger value fas Warasnpiars™ pray, Note: i Puta+h=borh=b~a,ineq, (1) tives of all | | onaF | F(0)= fla) +(b~a) f(a) + Fia)+ i Puthax— ince wee FR) = fla)+(x—afiayy Sa (aa eee fu) =fO)+3f'O+ FPO ‘Tisis the Maclaurin series, Macaurin Series: Suppose () possesso, eordesnth interval, 51. Then oe gp, value of, Pasi # ‘ny fed=fOesf O45 Fro) ‘4, ‘The series (2) is known as Maclaurin infinjt “ ff) in powers of. ime series ony,“ | Expansion of «Function of TWo Variables jn, | fora faneton of two variables, Tens | \ | é ‘ fixthy+h=ftx,y) + 2 | 3) lL orally 1:Putx=0,y = | FOrhbeD= FOVsth had+k faa, Lay 3h TolOB)* 28k f(0.0)+4%7 cay + Sma Inverse shae,b44-, | (62)-Fadle-0¥60)60-o ,b)6 16C (Sem-D) Differential Caleulus-I1 cS ‘GueG.6.] Find the Taylor's series expansion of f(s, 9) =.= + ay! about point (2,1). Taower | fley)ex aay", f(t) = Bi +92, f(y) = 6 Fey) = 297, fey) = 2%, f.te,9) = Using Taylor's theorem, fla, 9) =F, 10+ Wee-2Y, (2, D+ DF 2, V) £20210 + Hun 2Pf, 0428-29-01, 2.0 60 -19F, tI. 1 0h 2) 449-194 F862 6 eB. -1) yt Quesa7. | Expand log x in powers of (x - 1) by Taylor's theorem and hence find log (1.1). ‘Answer Fe) =logx= log (1 +21) fay=0 fast ra 1 re=2 c fx) =f) +e DPD + Putting values in above eq f(a) =bgx=042-D1+ 1 1 L loge = (D2 (a+ 2-2 ev logar= (211-3 6-1 +5 6-0 =F Putr=11,weget Pa sxpand FG a ei 0, Det tanty. San (1, D= wel cane, e1aey Fee ns id4y ae fy D= 02 fen ie Using Taylor's a a D4 (@- DLA, D+o~ DAA, 1) 2 te DPD 428 -DO~ vp, Sf, +O-PIZ Gy, = 2 e4 -y Eon FOND ple wt E+ me-Do-ve +-DF ~{) Dts = ee-pZ+y-vE f,y)= 7 x opty D3 Afe-w 2 e be" +ee-D-D-$0-1],, Quek | Obtain Taylors expansion of tan! (2) -about , Dap to and including the second degree terms. . Differential Calculus It ). ale 7(3) -0+0- ood] ed 5) ase Beo-P FH ode a Ga- a x = 8 Ag-p+do- pe) ae » ue 320. pxpand e"log (169) 0 powers and yur rms oh third degree ART 2016-16, Marks 10 Tamer | fiz y)= eg 149) aclogtiey, — ff0.0nstlontne Jog(1+9), f(s) er1og(1 #9). fas) * +S fr, (0.0 ea z a 700,021 "iy fo* Gey fox Tey ae e fy Tey? ‘According to Maclaurin's series, =f, 0) +f, 0 +9f, 0, O+ 2 igs — Differential Cleutus-IL fy 2 AO, 0) +H1 01436). 0¥ 95 If, (0, 0 | — utall these values in Maclaurin’s series, a. ne 44 PART-4 r flog (+9) ‘Maxima and Minima of Function of Several Variables, 14 sayy des, , ay B98 Lay Lagrange’s Method of Multipliers. r QueRA] Express the function ts ») = 22 5,5 3 ‘Taylor series expansion about the point (1,9) “GONCEPT OUTLINE: PART-4 \d Minima of Functions of Single Independent a idtobe | seat (2) ssid tobe maximum st x=, thee exiss apie newer Aber 5 euch that, a “< f(a) for all values of h, other than zero Fl,y) 2244 8)? Or — parh 1) fr al values of hy ober than zero inte interval | Cae Working Rule for Maxima and Minima of f(s): i. Find f’(x) and equate it to zero, 4 Sotve the raulting equation fors. Latta eotsbeo ethan Payisatationary tts =, dye Thusx ayant are the | | ‘only points at which f(x) can be maximum oF minimum. ai, Find” () and substitute in it by turnsx=0,.a,, iv, Iff"a,)is negative we have a maximum at: positive, we have a minimum at x =a, 1 HEF is | Ief"(a,)=0, find f'"(x) and put x=a, init. 1f/""(a,) #0, there is neither a maximum nora minimum atx=a,.Iff""a,)=0,fnd | fi fe) and put x =a, init. 17" isnegatve, vehavea maximum | oN Pereass [aL aad] atx =a, ifitis positive, there is minimum at: ad lef" (ais zero, we must find f””"(x), and so on, Repeat the above process foreach rot ofthe equation f(x) =0 Al 2 Maxima and “a le arren Se oul | ls ma of Functions of Two Independent | 2 i Variables: Fey ty ay I Let f(x, ) be any function of two independent variables x and y supposed to be continuous for all values of these variables in the neighbourhood oftheir values a and b respectively. Then (a,b) is said tobe a maximum or a minimum values of f(x,y) according to/\a +h D+ ~2) xg] N24 Oy. = Dy ere M2) x0+ (9-2) 6] b+ isless or greater than f(a, b) fr al sufficiently small independent values of h and k, positive or negative, provided both of them are not equal to zero. ticg-1 ea ‘Minima of, te for Maxima and Tea ~ a ‘Working Rule ; = ie dy. Find ang Pe ina given fetion af ad Y- n | ions 120 and £ amtancous equations £. ay either eliminate one ofthe Variables, : i nthe ater cseeath factor ofthe frg gf eer nui With each factor of the certo ving these equations We get the pairs of , Ser ay) then hese pars foots wi telat y values off) ‘Todiseuss the maximum or minimum atx =a,, y =, ‘Thenealeuatert—s# i Wrt=s*> Oand ris negative, /(x, y)is maximum at y=b, 0) A Hrt-s's Oandrispositive,/(,y)is minimum at =a, x5 ii 11-80 s9)isneither maximam nor minimum at "} ye ty 8: } iv. If rt-s*=0, the case is doubtful and further investigatic | | bereqiredta dee it none |, Uatrange's Method of Undetermined Multipliers : ‘etfs, y,2) bea function oft it reconnected iy the elton ables ¥ and and the variable - £6,y,2) = 0, ig Sssconition for, y,2) tobe maximum or miniou equations we + Showa a) m ————____ Differentia! Cateutus.11 = roti Calculus tt [Baliye a lee wren a solving the above three equations, the values of, : and seve which f 9,2) is maximum oF minimum, — ‘Gaodas. | Find the extreme values of :f(s,y) a2 +y*-Sary, Tawer | Here 9) Now, fe x-ay=0 (922.1) (8.222) Fromeq. (3.22.1), Fromeg. (3.22.2), ‘ H gee0 or xet-a%20 or 20,0 @ When x= 0,y =0; whens =2,y =a ‘There are two stationary points (0, 0) and (a,a) Now, rts? = 36x) ~ 90? At): rt=s*==9a<0 ‘There is no extreme value at (0, 0) Atia,a) rh-=s? = 36a? 9a! = 27a" > 0 fx, y) has extreme value at (,a) Now, r= 6a Ifa>0,r>0.0 that fx, y) has a minimum value at (a, a) Minimum value = a? + a° ~ 80° =—a? Ifa<0,rO andr < O which is the case of maxima. ‘Hence the numbers would be maximum for the values of x, y and (54): ___ Differential Caleulus-11 Jacobians, Approximation of Errors, psec em) se cae the Jacobian Of yenmth With eSpCC 2034p ‘naletepad either by ™ | 2 oe by A ty tyes a) v are functions of two independent variables x andy, | x oy x a 'y. If x and dy be the inerements in x and y respectively, then new value of f(x,y) will be f (x + &, y+ &y) ie, Of = f (x+hx, y+ 8y)-f (xy) ‘Expanding using Taylor's series of FoaprieL rat ~fixy) ition of Errors : Let (x,y) be a continuous function ofr | ' ~ inthe Jacobian of u, 0 with Fespeet tos, yang ar ot the dacobian of 7 a(uyp) 39) © JS #10 55) (uo) ‘Answer pefteye=he9) : 8.29 1 cx adj an a be expresied as functions g 328 Sr ig 8.21) partially with respect to wand yt (8.29) (8293 ‘ % alla a tu,v) Blmy) | |! Gu Ov Fey) te) ~| allay a e& ey || au w& |e oe, du dy au ae | au dy] [edu ay au ae By * ty 2 “ea, we wa ay Yau maa d o1 Queso, Mzty+z0uy+20uo,2eun that 26592) - Ou, 0,0) oR Senet eae 2s,y,2) (u,v, 20) * |ARTU 2015-16, Marke 05 ‘The given relation, an be written a8, ue, a t9¢2—ueg +2-w=0 Fy=z-ww=9 oGz9,2) 2.8F) Foray = CP ELE nA) /008.8,.R) Now, 2(u,v,w) Btu) | aie ys) ~(8.304) 10 OF Fn) 2G FD) We haves“ otu,v,w) | Yu Low and From eq. (3.30.1), Aley2) _ -(-u'v) (u,v,w) 1 quesal. | The ‘roots of the equation ini, OP +O Grape Ore u, 051. B(u,0,t0) 9 (y~2z-29¢ 2942) ~~ “(o=witw-w) (ua) OR fu, 0,1 are the roots of the equation (.~)°+ (yp Prove that : +0-2) 8 (u,v,00) soins tna 28 ‘Answer The given equation in A can be written as, IM -3M (xt y+2)+ 8h (x24 yt 24) 4y"e 24) 20 Since u, v, w are the roots of this equation, therefore, Ututwextyee uo + ow + wu = x24 y2 4 2t wow = U8Ux° + 9° +25) ‘The above relation can be written as Fyeusvew-x-y- F,= uv + ow + wu -x—y Fy = ow - Ve + y+ 2 Now, Sb FF) (OUR EB) O(x,y,2) Alx,y,2) | E(uvw) ‘We have, Os eed. ee. F a ehsFuB) .|-ax By ~Rz/=-2 xy, Bian) [oat -y wn elas e--y) 1 1 z BB). | yew utw ut Abo Sante) "| ow mw. we ‘s--w) (w-u) (uv) 3.31.1), Hence from ea: i =2(y-2)(2-2) (@-y) Sut = DP yw) (ww) (uv) 2) CI y-sile-2) (2-9) = 2 w-w) uo) 6.92 itn Joan 9 = Vib, == Sas (Que 882. Find 30,4) fversin Osin }, w= cos 0. AMTU 201-15, Mania and u=rsin 0c08 ERTS ie 0 2Vu ae if o [2Vu 2V0 ‘Multiplying and dividing R, by vow, Ry by Vuw and Ry by Vou ,weget Owe tu, 0,0) 111i ors 0 8 Taw Tou” ° & qa we | [-w— vw) + ow) Again, “=rsin 0 cos 4,v =r sin @ sin 4, w=rcos 8 Dire Calais Hin 00086 reoxdomy ra nding reading ronment coe ange sinbcond nbc -sing = 1 sin | sin sing cos dsing 084 - £088 -sing og = 7? sin © [sin 0€08(0+ sin con) i880 ~ £08 8 cos 4) ~sin §(~sin®@ sin 6 costa = P2sin O sin? Ocos* + costo cmgtg so nt $+ sin? osin® ¢ caved =H ein let ovat oon 2400) _ gn 8,8) ‘ ax. 902) 268, ¥2) u,v 217,09) ~ Hu, 0,00) Br, 8.9)~ Gue889: | Show that u=y+2,0=54 20%, wes aye 29 are not independent. Find the relation between them. P sing ‘Answer w= x~2y?—dyz =p - 222-2 =u-2e+yP wu 2u? or Wwev-w Que Show that the functions uextytz, veal + y2¢ 28 Sey 2ys — 2ex, and 1) s5c Sem Differential Calculus.11 & & & eu 80 aw az.32) |e a | || % 2 ayo.) "au 2 au|"|% 9 dw 22 2) lame eu 8 aw =~ 20(— uw) + 20 (0) = 16 wre ma cenaye i022 22) 4355 No eg eee webare 3 oye fe 2 way eter Gay ose : s=(2 ATTA ones (2-3 | capes Now, IP wie ale Se pax ay +32 pa dey art ye De 1 2 1 wie ee . au fu ae * Fe) [aye Bede -ehdy Ae] | =e) [ex + By -8e— 209 —2) -M4u tu au aacentea) ara Bee4 By — 387-0 eee we + 2-2) xq | aw aw aw| | Ww isdw 1/4] “Sine Jacobian s zero, therefore these functions are not independen, Bm ee a east elation between them. % ; -2 204 4 We have, yi—v' = (x4 2y +2)? -(x~2y +82’ Guvw * Chuvw Ghucw ~ Wuvw = (esdysete-2y+Selirt By 2-34 2930) 2222 M0 eux Ee = (2e-+ 4) (4-2) 7 2 4 (e+ 20)(2y—2) =4 (ry —22 + yz 227) aa 55 Ae, 2587, [It u, = 2, u, = 7% and u, = 7, find the value of Therefore 4uois the required relation between u,v and w, ” * * Que 3.36, | If x = v* + wi, y = wt + uw’, z= uw + vt then show that tt hy tty) [AKTU 2017-18, Marks 3.5] Als y,2) Ou 0,0) htt Sener aepa “h [ARTO 2016-17, Marks 35) aaa ‘Answer nee Given: r= 08+ wy =u! tut, 2 uso! 4 X . 2-1 D-1C1- 410+) = 0424204 GeeEET] Find the peroentage of error in ealeulating the area anelipe % +% «1whenervorof+ 1 is made in mensuringthe 1ajor and minor axes. Tower | ‘Arenof the elipse, ‘Taking lg on both sides, log = log x+ log. + log b Differentiating both side, 4 1002 ® “x10 © 10+ © «100 Ba, camo, 10001 Percentage error in area is a S sto0et+te2% £40 889,] the base radius and height of acone are measured a8 4cmand 8m with a possible. ‘alee the percentage) err inca ce inches regpectively uate the percentage) errorin calculating volume ctshe con®, a Differential Catculus-I1 Pitre ate (8.39.1) (3.39.1), tog V= to 2) + 2g +18 pitferentiating both sides, wv er ah BY, 100=0+ x 100+ %y yx 100= 0+ = th 00 wv (cans ) 0.2032 BY 100 = 2[ 22° 100] + 9708 1099 = Vv 4 7100 = 7.62% qe. ‘The two sides of a triangle are measured as 50 cm and the angle between them is 30°. If there are possible er nem, tn i ordparomont of thesides and doqrocia aso he of 05% find the maximum approximate percentage error in ane, Mig he area ofthe triangle ae |] b= 50em,¢=70em az 30°, % 100205 ‘Area of triangle ABC is, 1 3 besind As ‘Taking log on both sides, tg lg 2 slog ng tnd Differentiating both sides, Differential Calculus emt) a eee Literate nn Meo) a + (0.5) 100 = +t" (.5) 200-14 50> w i % 100 = 934 100 = 155% TS ingibeperoentage crror MONS the yy je Ch sehen the error of 1% is made in me, wey, bth sides, ‘Taking 8 Lore Jog 1 + log + og h ‘Now, diferentiating the above, we. yoiob 100+ «100+ = Zeros 100+5° 100 is h Borin vaune, 100 = 14141=9% [eA] A balioon in the form of right circular cylinder ofradiy 1.5 m and length 4 m is surmounted by hemispherical ends. If thy radius is increased by 0.01 m, find the percentage change in th, volume ofthe balloon. [ARTO BOT7-T8, Markey 5m, Length (h) = 4 m, 6r = 0.01 m, 6h = 0 Volume, Var + 2 wy 2 m=nth+ 4 ad On differentiating, e 3 = Qh + 8h + 4rér) _ ghbr + r8h + 4rd | 4 =) msi? ‘A. Concept Outline Part « A Tong and Medium Answer Type ‘Questions Paarrted anne mn ee ; of Gravity (Constant and Variable mes ‘Center of Mass and Center a EE EOrrA ‘A.Concept Outline: Part-2 7a Blongand Medium Answer Type Questions: an 4:10 (Sem-1) 0 ee a et [PART 7] — il, Triple Integral, pouble nteara | Change o Change of Variablee, 2" °f near GONCEPT OUTLINE: PA R ole Integrals Over Rectangles )bedetined om ene ei gen arsine pe tate yt mings. | Se fy dA= lim fay) oa, | ties of Double Integrals: he Kf (zy dA =K [ff (9) dA (any number k) | Se (fantacy =[J, Fndaeff ets yaa | ff, 4820 if Fz 0008 | Se fs 9)AA2 |,8 9 4A if FO 22869) on vf hr =ff,fendas ff, Flayda Jehotds when R is the union of two non-overlapying rectangles A iv. R,andR, Bifograis in Polar Coordinates : ‘The integral is given as ff rooaa= J 7 F(r,0)dr do ‘triple Integral : Ifthe function (xy, 2) is cotinaous at every point of a region R then triple integral is defined as : ° [ffj, f G3.20d0 oF 7 ~ “eP f lx,y,2)dz dy dz sto ri eter Where the constant limits taken as outer integral and then the ini ‘Fone variable and inner most limit is of two variable, Change of Order of Integration : With respect (0 = and y we ‘ovaluate a double integral by two ways: eralaaetcat we integrate with respect tox then with respec 13 4 Fret we integrate with respect toy then with resis" athe first case we take horizontal strips or strips parallel tox axis aan rec aecond case we take vertical strips or Stris parallel t9 po Matheratin-1 tae - — he order of integration, first By, o [geet ane EGS gE rs Change of Variables + np an te double integal be ff, fC 9d dy and the vay | me me & | echangedtousvbytherelation = (W027 =y (yy) td zee | bavetruisaesion & & Peg, [ee Bl eleete scent 0 aay lu a | & % |= |b remy of | | Bun) "|e me ie oy | au oo & Le = 1 (cos $+ sin’) =r isthe Jacobian of transformation from (x, ) to (u,v), Teen et |, [ff Remmacardes If. Pecmrsing rari 8) Ss Choosing x= cos 6, y =r sin @ such that x? + y? = p2 ja a : Questions-Answer ar 8 8 -rsin' oe - Wy ae al 7 (cos 0+ sin?@) =r Tong Answer Type and Medium Answer Type le EE ff, feandedy [ff (7008 0,rsin 0) rar ae aT Pre tnt foo er dyer verdedy . 2 is is A hh ‘coordinates (r, 2) to spherical polar ied i ‘Taking LHS: [ifer+erdyare f[fier+erdy]ae + [Bre lacflare ts = (Levee) deal een] Such that 2+ y?+2t= rt r wie 212 FIR ale ae le 21P 2I@ BIR 1a Be = THe ed Ltt-eieB yea Taking RHS : [ferserdeay= [fay serde]ay=[ [vx] ae E i i & sin O6ing cos Gi ease ring 5 I, ded 8drdo.dg 2) to cylindrical & y, Retyor pad ayedandz ad ‘So, pint of intersection of two curves is (4,4). mit of int ofxis ‘Taking horizontal strips, the li it of integration of fi to. 20 and thelimitofyisOto 4. ‘Therefore the integra is fjpacoe fy [ana betf a= jo(oo-2}o-f (2-2) * = (24s 326 2 UA anton fig ices = £2 pee BERT ra feces. \ 2 dor-{z]- 210 Geet | Bratuate [ff,e+ 9+ 2) ds dy de where ‘ARTO 2015516 Marks 0 ARTU 2017-16 Marks 35) Ri0sxs11SyS% 25253. jesyenee-fafa[ee] dy (x+y +3) ry B= ‘elecn-ne Af g—[ @e+2945"P 1} Se Fa 7 [ileneee (ex+2 8 ice “104 y ee one ne io er” | i se [0-2 y-ay os : aeteatled- 1(z. at 6) 48 iF ade ff fz tee >a Taare a te tat at {(loo* (ARTU 201415, Marks 10) “ [ARTU 2015-16, Marks 05] OR: ange the order of integration in T= Jf -7dyacand hence a oF evaluate the S8mMe- [AKTU 2018-14, Marks 05| [ARTU 2016-17, Marks 03 oR change the order of integration in = [IE te nayas. (ARTO 2017-18, Marks 335] es ‘per given integral we have vertical strips but after changing the A Pr of integration we consider horizontal strips. Initially limits are x=0 tol yexto2-x After changing the order, we get yz0tol Lele y ies -1 — oi inet ea io 1d R,, In regior _ Mathers gions Ra mR, theta Af while in, te limite oar Pay chore art ey j]eeor] J vdray "elope oily ray tfve- dy ae GATE ratne by shangng he order of integration [fet aear. wr | y en i.» ex x ws mtg zee Fig. 483. Initially imits are x=2 to and y =0 to 1 After hanging the order limits become y= Ot Z and =0t02 Tere the iategal is fede dy = [fea fe tte trea deT a 1 pede Lf 7 a dy Fig. 49. GeeAA] Changing the order of integration in the dole integral 1 [fff flea) dyes loads to the value= Fires antsy what in ROT Ma 5) the value of q? ‘Answer J fx vrayde Given: LY Hence integration becomes, I= [| f(x, y) dxdy (4.03) ‘The above equation is equivalent to this equation, Ips aay thon ‘Oncomparing eq, (4.10.1) and eq (4.10.2), we get g = 4y | ("4") dx dy by changing into polar ‘ordinates, Potting 7208697 ind, we get & a Js[® 2) 2% a Z oe expression is real, e ts, 9) \r \, y=0 x neat Jd9 dr = rdrd8 nyte Peas! 0+ 7 sin Bart phim of we find the Upper Limit Bayee Free yvres rom O10 880s Of uy patch ic pret : : ienenpolr for the ilar or r=a.Here rvaties from to ‘qand évaries from 0 to > = fT waa ! i rrdrdo “Te ao? WAR] Provethat ff See © eit sing eaegey extended to all positive values of the variables for which the ‘2015-16; Marks 10) AKTU 2018. oy dx dy de 1 Sy vi ey Double Integration: Me artesian coordinates, v=ff, dz dy F igral only when 271974271. Hany Inc sitive values of the vari, Me ical coordinates 1 extended for all posi rariables, ; "Biv |, Incylindrie 3, intr ances eye t . hey & saame by Trip Integration : ye? a tion is boundec | of integra v= dx dy dz (Ce Hero terion asst ul rtsian cori oa : By 2 ff rardede Coys yee Gea.) ve iff india a . on : ordinate) “yh aphorez? +9? +27= 1 in the post, V= [ff 7 sin 0dr d0.d9 (Spherical psa coordina, ‘Thich is the volume of 2 = Lin the positive i oI polar co-ordinates by putting x= y gi ot Double Integration : Changing that x2 +y? +22 = 1? =a area agh ct Lin ee posit Area PY Cartesian Coordinates: The area Jarthe volume ofspheres? +y7°+2= 24 the positive octany, ry. i Ta ourves./=/, (=) and ¥=f,(3) and he ese 5 and ¢ vari = by ezearene, | from 01 1,0 varies rom to 5 and ¢varies from Oto >. given . bounded Replacing de dy dr by r sin 0 dr 0d, we have | A a cre sin 0dr dodo evo tae - teh hh = and if the region is bounded by x= ,(y), x= tn jee andy =d, then (= f,() and the lines 11-a-r) an Az| [aed “LTE 7 sin 0 dr d0.d6 4 i. In Polar Coordinates : Area of region bounded by the curves eT : “LT (Ga } ee eagaece, r=f,(0) and r =f, (0) and 0 =, 8= Bis ‘ 10 A=J f rarao _ Mass Contained in a Plane Region: am ie la Let flz,)> Obe the surface density (mass/unit area) ofa given plane = [sia off - ] do dp region D. Then the amount (quantity) of mass M contained in the plane region D is given by Mz |[fsdedy ° Center of Gravity (Centroid) of a Plane Region D: ‘The coordinates (1,, y,) of the center of gravity (centriod) 0 region D with surface density fix, y) and containing mass M are [ff ydxay forte 9) de dy Areas and Volumes, Ce , Center of Mass and Center of Gravity Se (Constant and Variable Densities) f M ° ping the volume common 10 Ee cxtindary x “@ eiaetee ( [al aeedrae a aa? —x dy d= iF Required volume . afer -vde na [ete FETT Pinte ame ofthe eon bounded bythe etn yestand sand the planes 2202 = Tawer | Fig. 4141. cee” — Veta cy rind the volume ofthe cylindigg nt ay ‘anding on, acess ae | LE on afarf a : v J J y j de J de ; [tesa x_n ast er Saino Ag was] Determine the area bounded by the curves:y =2, 4y=3! [ARTO 201415, Marks 10 and y= 4. aren of te rogion occupied DY the cay, ea Ps te ‘ pesandeet fore ered Regi vad aeais the shaded Pts az ff oe” aco a4 7 ie dedy= | (4-¥-ydy [perk 22f 4-ady vc alyn 2 offo-F w|i f] M le Ca wes : atuate [{J2°9 d dy de throughout el * the volume planes 20,7 =0FOand 424 4, oo” [ARTU 201677 Marksag] eS on gaan eerie se i a “ d (i Lue be i} self dba eet 24 | 105 quae] rind the mass of « plate which is formed py te soorinate planes andthe plane 3+ 5+ = 1, the density ig g,, ype Same as Q 4.18, Page 4-180, Units (ane Mass = Se] 720 EEG rnd the mass and coordinates ofthe center of gravity lative to xazis,yaxi and origin ofa rectangle 0S <4,0

    You might also like