CONCRETE BRIDGES 505 12.13. DECK GIRDER BRIDG A deck grider’ bridge or T-beam bridge is another type of a simple R.C. bridge used for spans between 10 to 20 metres. The number of longitudinal girders depends upon the road width. The slab is generally built monolithic with girders so that T-beam effect is achieved. For wider bridges, the Toadway is supported on a number of iongitudinal girders with transverse beams or diaphragms. ‘The general requirements prescribed by IRC have already been given in § 12.11. Some additional design requirements relevant to beams are given below: 1. Distribution of live loads on longitudinal beams (a) When the longitudinal beams are connected together by transverse members like deck slab,-cross-girders, diaphragms, soffit slab etc. the distribution of bending moments between the lon- gitudinals shall be-calculated by Oné of the following methods : (@, Finding the réaction on the longitudinals assuming the Support of deck slab as unyielding. This method is applicable where there are- two longitudinals ; (ii) Distributing the loads between longitudinals by Courbon’s method (See § 12.17) strictly within its limitations, ie. when the effective width of deck ‘is less than half the span and- when the stiffness of cross-girders is very much greater than that-of the longitudinals, and 3 (ii) Distributing the loads between _logitudinals by. any Tational method of grid analysis, i.e. the method of harmonic analysis as given-by Hendry and Jaeger or . Morrice-and Little’s version of the isotropic plate theory of Guyon and: Massonet etc. (see § 12.16). (b) In calculating the shear force on sections of longitudinal beams, \\heel loads or track loads shall be allocated to Tespective longitudi\ beams by any rational method, Alternatively, the following »tethod shall be followed. ((i) For loads at or within 5.5 Metres frox either. supports : The reaction on the longitudinal beams shall ¢ the greatest of the results obtained by (a) assuming the deck slab: simply supported or continuous as the..case may be, the: supports Being assumed unyielding, and *(b) following one of the three methods as. used for distribution of bending moments. Distribution of the loads between the longitudinals for the purpose eh finding shearing forces shall be- assumed to be the same’ as for ending moments.wetee CU OLIKUL LURES, the live load along the span length deck ‘slab and filling shall not be The dispersion of through the wearing. considered. 2. Distribution of live loads on transverse beams Dispersion of live loads along the span length through the wearing coat, deck slab and filling shall not be considered. 3. Distribution of live loads on intermediate transverse floor beams Distribution of loads between longitudinal beams for the pur- pose of finding bending moments and stress in intermediate transverse floor beams shall be made by one of the methods as used for distribution of bending moments. 4. T and L-beams For T and L-beams the slab shall be considered as an integral part of the beam if adequate bond and shear resistance is provided at the junction of the slab and the web of the beam. For the purpose of calculation of stress at any section of a T- beam or L-beam or in the calculation of its moment of inertia the effective width of slab, to function as the compression flange of the beam, shall be least of the following : (D In the case of T-beams (i) one fourth the effective span of the beam (ii) the distance between the centres of the ribs of the beam (ii) the breadth of the rib plus twelve times the thickness of the slab. (I) In case of L-beams @ one-tenth the effective span of the bear. (@) the breadth of the rib plus one-half the /‘lear distance between the ribs (iil) the. breadth of the rib plus four times the thickness of the slab. If T-form or L-form is used only for the purpose of providing additional compressive area, such as the continuous beam over supports, the flange thickness shall not be less than one half of the width of the web. For effective stress transfer, it is desirable to splayCONCRETE BRIDGES ; 07 the junction of the web and flange so as to form an angle Jess than 110°. gle of not Where the principal reinforcement in a slab which is conside; as the flange if a T-beam or L-beam is parallel to the heat eee reinforcement shall be provided at the top of the flange. This rein- forcement shall be equal to sixty percent of the main reinforcement of the slab at its mid-span unless it is specially calculated. For T-beams or L-beams with spans over 10 m in length, properly designed diaphragms shall be placed at suitable points at the discretion of the designer. The spacings of such diaphragms shall not be more than thirty times thickness of web. Cross girders monolithic with deck slab shall be provided at the bearings and also at the ends of cantilevers. B.M. in slabs and Longitudinal Beams The method of determining B.M. in the deck slab has been discussed in § 12.14 while the distribution of live loads on longitudinal beams has been discussed in. § 12.15. 12.14. B.M. IN SLAB SUPPORTED ON FOUR EDGES In deck girder. bridge, if transverse beams are used, each panel of slab may be considered to be freely’ supported at its edges with corners not free to lift. Alternatively, the slab may be considered to be continuous over supporting beams. Two methods are available for analysis. (i) Pigeaud’s theroy, and (fi) Westergaard’s theory. Only Pigeaud’s theory is given here, since it is widely followed in the bridge design. PIGEAUD’S THEORY Pigeaud curves are used for computing bending moments in a panel freely supported along four edges with restrained corners and carrying symmetrically placed load distributed over some well defined area. Pigeaud derived these curves for thin plates, using elastic theory of flexure, and assuming Possion’s ratio of 0.15. Centrally placed ioad Fig. 12.14(a) shows a wheel load placed centrally over a panel ; C. slab of length L and width B. Let @ be the assumed contact ength and b be the tyre width. If: is the thickness of the wearing #286 the load may be assumed to be dispersed at 45°, through this aneht such that the dispersed loaded dimensions in Fig. 12.14)508 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES, vsat2h and u=b+2h FIG. 12.14 The bending moments in the slab are given by the following expressions : Short span B.M. Mg= W(M, + 0.15.M2) (12.11) Long span B.M. Mi= W (0.15 M, + Mz) The values of the moment coefficients M, and M; aré given in the Pigeaud’s curves for various values of span ratio k= 8 and jee adl v = and — ratios 5 L Fig. 12.15 , 12.16, 12.17, 12.18, 12.19, 12.20, 12.21, 12.22 and 12.23 give. the coefficients M; and M; for span ratio 3 = 0.9, 0.8, 0.707, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2 and zero respectively. When the slab 1s supported on two opposite supports only (ie, when there. are no transverse beams), its length L will be very large. Hence 2 may be treated as zero, and the moment coéfficients can be determined from Fig. 12.23. Fora Square panel (B/L = 1) the moment coefficients M, =Mz can be determined from Fig.’ 12.24,AN\ AM fro09 (0) Values of M4, x102 >| A [ VY VS YAN AWAY aN A (b). Values of M2102 v v 9 Values of Oz oe i Values of =09 * FIG. 12.15. VALUES FOR: AND M2 FOR B/L O6 oe510 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 20-8 . 2 (a) Vatues’ of M; x10’ v Values of (b) Vatues. of Maxl0® 7 E ey ye U ° a Values, of Values of FIG. 12.16. VALUES OF M; AND M2 FOR B/L = 08.512 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 8 Lo: pros (a) Values of, My x10? ¥ Values of tv O00 8602) (04) (O06: OB CFO Values of 3+ (b} Values “of Maxi? Values of FIG. 12.1 8. VALUES M1. AND Mz FOR B/L = 06:CONCRETE BRIDGES feos (a) Values of M, x10? ro Vo RK TN] os oH Nh ye ob 8 ye Os Fs 5 ye NI 7 N a. a g \ . x 0-2 r\ eo. 0-0 0-0 o2 O4 ose o'68 i Values of 2 (b).Values of Mpx10? 1-0} Pe sTr| i 0-8: =] DS als SS 38 feat + 4 fa 2 oe hr 5 04 ie 6 | [pete 12 ) a 3 0-2| — i] o-o! o-0 O-2 o-4 O-6 o8 Values “off peg Ret Ss Pek nt eet EN Se i ee 513REINFORCED. CONCRETE, STRUCTL IRES \ fro-a (0) Values of M,x102 bo Values of av. v 9 a Values of O-4 os o-8 “bo Values of “FIG. 12,20 VALUES OF M, AND Mz FOR B/L = 0.4.CONCRETE BRIDGES feos (a) Values of M, x0? vo os ala o8 % Boa : 3 oo 02 04- 08 OB to Values of -3- Hoel | 3 E atl 5 — 2 at Z 0-4 = > rt] ls | a ee ee eS 0-0 oO Oz og OG o-68 ro Values of -F- FIG. 1221. VALUES OF M1 AND M2 FOR B/L = 0.3. 51s516 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Broz (a) Values of Mj x10? + v 9 a Values of ° é 0-0 o-2 OA.” Oe” oa” ie Values of r FIG. 1222. VALUES FOR Mi AND M2 FOR B/L 02.CONCRETE BRIDGES Values of M, X02 ore X 28 ae NC 24 S14 2 TN > 12 eX 1-0. °5 \ oa 02 ea oO 00 Ol 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 OF 10 Values of FIG. 12.23 (@) VALUES OF Mi FOR B/L= 0. 517518 v ve: Values of REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES. 20 Values of Mz X10? 265 Be 225] rl 0-8 0-6 O-4 0-2 0-0 = 00 O1 02 03 04 05 06.07 08 O39 10 Values of + FIG, 9.23 (6) VALUES OF Mz FOR B/L =0CONCRETE BRIDGES 519 iG Volues of M, (or ot M2 )X102 0:0 OF 0-2 0-3 0-4 0-5 06 OF OB 09.10 Valiies of 3 FIG. 9.24. VALUES OF Mi = M2 FOR B/L ECCENTRIC AND MULTIPLE CONCENTRIC LOADS Pigeatid’s curves given in Fig. 12.15 to 12.24 are applicable only for a single’ wheel load placed centrally. For multiple’ concentric loads. or an eccentric load,:the B.M. coefficients M, and M2 can be found as discussed below : (a) Two Concentric Loads 1. For load position shown in procedure : ¢ (i) Find M; and M, for u=2(uitx) and v. =v and multiply: by (1 +x). (i) Find M, and Mz for u=2x and v =¥ and multiply by * (ii) Deduct (ii) from (i) ibe. 2W (iti) multiplied by =~ ‘ @) Fig. 12.25 (a) , follow the following Design M, and Mz = 2. For load position shown in Fig. 12:25STRUCTURES REINFORCED CONCRE' 520 i) Find M, and Mz for : () Find Mi neu andy =2(+)) and multiply by ("+ )): + toi (b) FIG: . 12.25 (i) Find M, and M; for u =u and v =2y and multiply: for. y. (ii?) Deduct (ii) from (i). Design. My and M, = (iti multipled by 2” . . vi (6) Single Eccentric Load 1. For load position. shown in Fig. 12.26. (a). Design M: and M2 =~ half of those obtained for case of Fig. 12.25(a). :Fr concn 2, For load position shown in Fig. 12.26 (b) ETE BRIDGES ae 521 Oe and M; = half of those eee for case of 3, For load position in Fig. 12.26 (¢) () Find M and M2 for =2(ui+a)and v = 2%, +y) and multiply by (w+) ("1 +y). (ii) Find M; and M2 for u=2x and vy =2y and multiply by 4. (ii) Find M, and Mz for u=2(u +x) and vy =2y and multiply by y @i+/). (wv) Find My and Mz for,. u=2x and v =2(mt+y) and multiply by x(ut+y)- For design M; and M, substract [(ii) + @)] from (© +@) é W. and multiply by > Span ratio adjustment and B.M. reduction. factor for con- tinuity The B.M. coefficients M; and M, given in Figs 12.15 to 12.24 are applicable for mid-span of panels that are freely supported with (e) ‘Continuous over support = rn non-conti= but monolithic with support =— (j )Legend FIG. 12.27.| | | | | | 522 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES restrained corners. If the panel is cither fixed or continuous along -all-the four edges, Pigeaud recommends that mid-span B.M. be reduced by 20%. The negative moments at the support may be taken equal to the reduced moment at the centre of the panel. For one or more continuous edges shown in Fig. 12.27, the following procedure is adopted.. Find M; and M; for modified value of k, i. B fil fi is taken from Fig. 12.27. The B.M. coefficient thus found are multiplied by reduction factors given below: Mid-span : Interior span =0.7 ; End span Supports : End support = 0.25; penultimate Interior(except penultimate) Maximum S.F. Ay where Pigeaud recommends the following values of maximum S.F. per unit length of panel carrying a concentrated load : W. duty” u2v : at the centre of length u, Q= At the centre of length v; g-¥ : v =u: At the centre of length u, Q= W 2v+u is mostly found by the effective width method. 12.15. DISTRIBUTION OF LIVE LOADS ON LONGITUDINAL BEAMS In the case of deck girder bridge, the bridge structure consists of a number of longitudinal beams (main beams), cross beams and the deck slab which rests on the beams and is monolithic with them. Fig. 12.28(a) shows the plan of such a structure. When a point load (wheel load ) acts on one of the longitudinal beams, it undergoes deflection. But since it is monolithic with the deck slab and the cross-beams, this point load is partly transferred to longitudinal beams. In other words, the point load acting on any one longitudinal beam is distributed to other beams because of the transverse strength of the deck, there by relieving the loaded beam to some extent. At the centre of length v, Q= However S:yr B BRIDGES a a 923 concre OS aoe nt Pi, a wes nig I 2o 5g wo 2 5 dees Se deck slob (a) PLAN FIG. 12.28. kerb, Basically, the various methods of analysis of the grid and slab structures fall under three categories. In the first category or approach used by Lazarides, the structure is divided into individual _lon- gitudinal and transverse members each possessing the appropriate flexural and torsional stiffness. For each point of intersection of members, compatibility equations for deflection and slope can be set-up, and these equations can be solved. This approach is extremaly cumbersome involving great deal of arithmatic work, and cannot be generalised. In the second category the analysis separate the longitudinal or primary members of the structure and consider some form of secondary cross-connection which represents the behaviour of tran- sverse members, Henry and Jaeger have developed this approach, based on the simplifying assumption that the. transvers® members can be replaced by a uniform continuous transverse medium of quivalent stiffness. Harmonic analysis is used to derive the amplitudes of the deflection and bending moment for each longitudinal “Member, thor te thitd category of analysis are based on anisotropic or or tropic plate theory. These analysis replace the actual bridge structure an equivalent orthotropic plate which is then treated according t te © the classical theory. Guyon (1946) first developed this approach,528 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES i ized by Massonnet (1950) to include the effects wii eens and developments of Guyon’s and Massonnet’ work have been produced. by Rowe (1955), and Morrice and Little (1954, 55, 56), which generalized the use: of this method and from which a design procedure has been formulated. This particular approach has the merit that a single set of distribution of coefficients for two extreme cases of non-torsion grillage and a full torsion slab, enable the distribution behaviour of any type of bridge. structure to be found. The method, commonly known as, the method of distribution coefficients is given here. Courbon has given an empirical approach according to which the load distribution between the various longitudinal beams of a bridge can be determined. The method is applicable only when the effective width of deck is less than half the span, and when stiffness of cross-girders is very much greater than that of the longitudinals. However, because of simplicity of approach, the method is given here. 12.16. METHOD OF DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENTS This method is based upon isotropic and orthotropic plate analysis, in which the actual bridge structure is replaced by an equivatent orthotropic plate which possess the same longitudinal and transverse stiffness as.the actual deck. Equivalent orthotropic plate I 1 | wonh-- fo -4-- zp ——- Effective width z fe i 1 bon I 1 I i il he t It st i t Pp Shohe2o ! { FIG. 1229. EQUIVALENT PLATE.yy eoncnee BRIDGES as 1s tne: centre to centre spacing of longitudinal beams, number ism, the effective width (2b) of the equivalent it e a roi plate will be given by & 2b =np. similarly, if there are m number of transverse beams spaced tg, the span 2a of the equivalent plate is given by 2a=mq. In a T-beam bridge, the effective width and the actual width will be identical provided the edge members have cantilevers which cantilever out for half the beam spacing. Where this is not the case, the effective width is simply reduced from the ratio of the J for edge member and the J for the internal member, ie. 2 =(n—-2)p +2 Liowemnal) 9, T (internal ) It should be noted that since the equivalent orthotropic plate is being derived, no restriction flange width applies. Also with regard to the transvers members, it should always be assumed that transverse members or diaphragms are provided at the supports. These are essential in ensuring distribution of load and in sustaining bending stresses. Let J, = moment of inertia of longitudinal beams Jp = moment of inertia of transverse beams q =centre to centre spacing of cross-beams. Moment of inertia of plate per unit width, ij = SIE Moment of inertia of plate per units length ér =7 For simple slab of thickness D, supported on opposite edges : Lain Flexural Parameter 6 ie The relationship between longitudinal and transverse stiff- Sse is defined by flexural parameter @ : 8 Bley = be (42) (12-12)i REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 8 For slabs an s[L212(@)] For most practical structures, @ lies beoween 0.3 to 1.0, Torsional parameter Let Jz = Torsional inertia of longitudinal beams Ir Torsional inertia of transverse beams, Torsional inertia of plate, per unit width, j, Torsional inertia of plate, per unit length, jr= The relationship between the longitudinal and transverse tor: Sional stiffnesses is defined by torsional parameter & : (F+F Giitin_ GiP 4a) > a= SG Tip _ wo (1213) Evi ETE aw P’q where G is the modulus of Tigi of elasticity. For R.C.C, G/E and E is the Young's modulus 435. For deck slab a@=1 . For T-beam bridges, the value of « is always less than 1. DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT ' FOR LONGITUDINAL MOMENT The distribution coefficient (K) for longitudinat bending moment Gh) is defined by the following equation: Ma = K. Ma meen (12.14) where Memes = mean or average longitudinal moment found by considering the load to be equally divided in all the beams = actual moment in the longitudial beam. K =f -2KW Fe) TW? X= moment distribution coefficient load transferred at Standard positions. ion coefficient is affected only by the load and is the same for all positions My The moment ‘distribut; transverse location Of the I526 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES For slabs [12.12(@)] For most practical structures, @ lies between 0.3 to 1.0, | Torsional parameter Let 41, = Torsional inertia of longitudinal beams Jr = Torsional inertia of transverse beams. A Torsional inertia of plate, per unit width, j, =~* Jr Torsional inertia’ of plate, per unit length, jr= The relationship between the longitudinal and transverse tor- sional stiffnesses is defined by torsional parameter. @ : (4+) aa Gihtin GiP 4) = ne(12.13 2EVjuir 2E 1B (2-8) where G is the modulus of rigidity and £ is the Young's modulus of elasticity. For R.C.C, G/E = 0.435. For deck slab @= 1. For T-beam bridges, the value of a is always less than 1, DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT FOR LONGITUDINAL MOMENT The distribution coefficient (K) for longitudinal bending moment (M.) is defined by the following equation: Me =K.Mg.meon (12.14) where Memeon = mean or average longitudinal moment found by considering the load to be equally divided in all the beams Mz = actual moment in the longitudial beam. K =f) = zKw K=moment distribution coefficient W=load transferred at standard positions. The moment distribution coefficient is affected only by the transverse location of the load and is the same for all positions >pS CONCRETE BRIDGES 527 of the load along the span having the same eccentricity with res; a oF he centre line of the bridge. In other words K implies constant 10 seibution along the span. Massonnet presented compretensive tables iving values of distribution coefficient K for values of torsional saramerer of zero and unity, ie. Ko (for @ =0) and Ky (for a = 1), Pre mmplify the presentation of distribution coefficints, the width ab of the equivalent orthotropic plate (Fig.12.29) was divided into cight equal sections and lebelled the points dividing the section as shown in Fig. 12.30. The nine points are referred to as the standard ons or occasionally as the reference stations. positic oe so eee ae 3» -2 -2 4d b 3 uy ate me a Orgs taki tins hat ote FIG. 1230 STANDARD POSITIONS OR REFERENCE STATIONS. Fig. 12:31. to 12.41 (Eleven plates) gives the. graphs for dis- tribution coefficients Ko and K; and various reference stations. Let us consider Fig. 12.31 ; the ordinates give the value of Ko. (value of distribution coefficient for a = 0) as a function. of three factors : (i) the value of flexural parameter 0. (i) the. position of concentrated. load. (iii), the standard pesition or reference sstation considered. The curves in-Fig 12.31 are for. reference station 0, ie. the longitudinal ceritre. line of the bridge. Because of symmetry, only : 3b five load positions have been considered, 0 ie, pp and b- In Fig.12.32 réference station is 3. Since there is no symmetry, curves are given. for a load at each of the nine standard positions, i, b b 3b te.0,+7,45,+5- 2b. Vp s and +b Distribution coefficient for intermediate values of an As stated earlier, the curves are available only fo Of ie; for a=O0(Ks) and a=1 (Ki). The distribution coefficient for a specific Parameter may be obtained by using the interp: Ke =Ko + (Ki — KoV@ r two values value of torsional lation formula’: (1215)528 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Procedure for finding longitudinal moment To strat with; the maximum average longitudinal moments are found in the bridge, considering the load to be equally divided in all the beams. While computing the maximum average Ion. gitudinal B.M. (Moy.) for various load positions, the actual loads should be changed to equivalent loads acting at the standard positions on the width 2b, This is done by simple statics by considering the equivalent load as the reaction from a simple beam of span 5 r The load distribution coefficients Ko ( for « = 0) and K; (for a = 1) are-tabutated for given value of @. The value of K, is then computed from Eq. 12.15. From these tables, the values of K, for reference stations corresponding to the actual location of longitudinal girders are then computed for various load position —b , - 38, b b b 5 3b 2 pogta io and +b: These coettcient K, are then multiplied by loads W transferred at the standard load position to get O(ie.Q=.K..W) at each load position. The summation of O(ie.2Q) and.of W(ie. ZW) is then, found. A new coefficient K’ is then found from the relation .K' = £Q/W , for each girder: The final moment in each grider are then computed from the relation Mz = Mav XK’ . The: procedure is illustrated in example 12.3. Since the coefficients. Ko and K, are calculated by taking only the first term of the Fourier seriers, Morice recommended that these should be increased by 10%. That is Eq.. 12.14. should be modified as under : My = 1.1K Meymean (mean) ..[12.14()]529 CONCRETE BRIDGES 30 2:5 20 5S Oo Os “i FIG. 1231. Ko FOR REFERENCE STATION 0 (PLATE 1).530 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES FIG. 12.32 Ko FOR REFERENCE STATION 6/4 ; (PLATE 2)CONCRETE BRIDGES 531 ° os Lo. 15 20 25 30 -0% +05) th +15) FIG. 1233. Ko FOR REFERENCE STATION 5/2 (PLATE 3).REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES 532 ° 05 +o. V5 20 25 30 a PCO eee “10 } K { Hera i i “05 | } E 4 8 HH t i oe Se +b + K 08 NOG IS 20S est eas0 +e FIG. 12.34..Ko FOR REFERENCE STATION 36/4(PLATE 4)CONCRETE, BRIDGES os ro Ls =O oo a 533 “24 +10 +H +2 Slcet 20 x 30 05 ro —e FIG, 1235. Ky FOR REFERENCE STATION » (PLATE sy534 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Os Lite} or als 's thi} = I= | felelep C1 te Stel 10 a LC cy 0 (0,0) aan Eas H 23) 9 ECErr tr 3 ib 20] 40, 23;82-b4 5 (b,b) h acote HHH TT E k' Os ize) ns 20 25 30 FIG. 12.36. LARGE RANGE COEFFICIENTS Ko (PLATE 6) Note. For each curve, the first figure shows reference Station wi vhile'the second figure shows load eccentricity. Thus (b, 36/4), means reference station 4, load position 36/4,eae CONCRETE BRIDGES ° os 535, E a Ne 1-0) 0:5 z 4 2:0) | PEF L | [fe 3 2:5) SHEE HT Ne | Steet etl 30 ae 70) 15 kK PLATE 7): FIG. 1337, Ky FOR REFERENCE STATION FOR 0 (536 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES ° Os 1a 15 8 Ib 3b “14 0-5 Ais b| Ab |_| +4 7 A Lt Teel al 15 ai Ga ia ial el L a 20 - ale 25) Os ro 5 FIG, 1238. Ki FOR REFERENCE STATION 6/4 (PLATE 8)-ct quer WRIDEEY NG, 1 12.99, Ki sR FOR RUM HRENCE STAI TATION O22 (HLATH 9)ae REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTUREg ° fox] 1-0 15, 8 etal sb 7 {tit fap i PE hero: i is TT eA | LEY | art PSEA Ble | ri ciara | | { (2) br + aT 1-0} ; 7 ! ! [Ete { | [ | HRSG EM rr i fy 1 b | \ YE tz 1 | Fo fetak te] N | | [TE] es to I 1 c [ | 3-0) + +b Ep a [ | ia i - 2 ro 35) 4 kK O5 FO 15 FIG. 1240 Ky FOR REFERENCE STATION 30/4 (PLATE 10)539 25 + Ay Se 3-0 b 35] 40] Ce Os +O 15 kK 1 B 11). FIG. 12.41. K1 OF REFERENCE STATION b (PLATE ).540 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES Torsional Inertia (/) The torsional inertia of a rectangular arca of width 2a ana length 2b is given by J=B(2a)'.2b (12.16) where B is a constant depending upon the ratio 2 ‘The values of B are given in, Table 12.4, , TABLE 12.4 VALUES OF 6 (ec) (a) Rectangular orea b >a FIG, 12.42, ‘ For a section comprising a number of rectangles the overall torsional inertia would be the sum of the torsional interia of individual rectangles. Howevere, this is not correct in the case of a T-beam in which the top flange is the part of a continuous slab. In cach individual T-beam, only the shear stress parallel to the top surfacecoNcRETE BRIDGES 541 jst and in an individual T-beam isolated it ar ; 7 or split ‘ in termining J, the vertical Shear stresses a Mey Senn reas that only 50%. of the torsional inertia contributes ial th en Te parameter : he torsional ‘Thus, for T-beam of Fig. 12.42; jeprai’-2b: + pia ay’ .2b2 [12.17 (@)] wnf1217 (@ similarly, for an idealised girder section shown in Fig, 12.42.(c), . 12.42.(c), Jepr (241) 261+ Ba (2 b3)°2br+ 4Bs(2a3)°.2bs [1217 (b where the suffixes refer to the rectangles 1, 2, 3. : y FIG, 12.43. Fig. -12.43(a) shows the cross-section ‘of a bridge while Fig. 12.43(6) shown the individual cell, for which thevalue of J, by use of membrane analogy, is given by: 2 sea Ae fe t : ’ If the perimeter of, the hole consists of 2 series .of straight ines ag shown in Fig. 12.43(c), the above equation reduces 1 [12.18 @l —2t: data! 7 i 84 PS g pale ™ J= recep =D] [1218 OY where A=area of hole in sectionalll 542 REINFORCE CONCRE’ TRUCTURES, DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT FOR TRANSVERSE, MOMENT When a point load acts on the bridge, it also produces moment My in the transverse direction. Massonnet showed that this moment is given by Sides Mt > Pin P= sin MIM gin AX 2a 2a M (12.19) me where P=point load acting at distance u from abutment xX =distance from abutment of the section where uansverse B.M. is required. #m = distribution coefficient similar to K. It has been found that maximum value of My occurs at the midspan at the centre: of transverse section when the eccentricity is the least and when the load is also acting at the mid-span. Hence putting x=a meu Me . sin [12.19 > Hm Sin sin [12.19 (a)] sinazu _ 30u ~ Sau or aa iesin=G + assin 7 w[12.19(0)] For distributed load w per, unit length, = 4b fy = + 312.19. Mya eh la - BE -o] 3f219. ©) If distributed load p per unit length is in the central length 2c of the span, -~ Myx 222 [ pysin 28 + B sin 32S + HS sin oe i 3 5 Sue ae +. wu[12.19 @)] Generally only first three terms are considered sufficient to evaluate My. The terms fm are equal to value of # for flexural parameter m. Thus 41 =/ for 0, ps = for 30, Hs = for 5@ etc. : Massonnet computed the value .of # for two values of a 4¢ for po fora =0 and yy for a= 1 Massonnet showed that the coeffi a(0 Bm > Sin sin ro m= where P=point load acting at distance w from abutment x =distance from abutment of the section where uansverse B.M. is required. #m = distribution coefficient similar to K. Tt has been found that maximum value Of My occurs at the midspan at the centre- of transverse section when the eccentricity is the least and when the load is also acting at the mid-span. Hence putting x=q@ P.b in EU ma My 2D oy sin asin BE [12.19 (a)] Pb singe 2354 in SHU Fe? [Be eon ag ain | = [12.19()] If distributed load P per unit length is in the central length b «IC 4 43 M= [orsin 22 4. #4 Bre us. Se 25 gr 2a 3 Oe tyne | [12.19 (@) The terms Hm are equal to valu a n ¢ Of # for flexural arameter m. Thus py =H for 6,p; =u for 36, us = for 50 ete Massonnet Computed th e 4 for po fora = 9 a ‘i fone alte of # for two values of a ie. a [(0.613)° — 2 (0.613)*+ 2] = 258.8 “KN. 2 Ry= ry Ga +0). The above formula gives conservative result. For the present case . Ry= 350-G595Y" g x 0.705 + 1.595) = 271.5 KN. (230) ; Effective width is given by Eq. 12.6, e=Kr (1-7) +W. For span ratio =i. 1.61., K= 2.52 ;1=2.30 m x= 0.705 ; W=3.6 +.2 x 0.08 = 3.76, m. 0.705 a e= 2.52 x 0.705 (i - 33) +367=499 m 1.25 x 258.8 F< 2% 9° = 64.83 KN = 64830 N. SF. 499 64. (iid) Class AA (Wheeled) Vehicle : Bending Moment Since the effective width of panel is limited to 2.47 m only three wheels of the axle can be accommodated on the panel. Three Possibilities should be considered for finding maximum B.M. in the Panel. In the first possibility two loads of 37.5 KN cach and two Kats of 62.5 KN each are placed symmetrically as shown in Fig. 2.54. In the second possibility, two loads of 37.5 kN each and 4oa 558 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES loads of 62.5 KN cach are tried with the central two, loads of 625 KN placed centrally as shown in Fig. 12.55. A third Possibility should also be tried in which thrce wheel loads (37.5 KN, 62.5 kN ang 62.5 KN) of the first axle are so placed that the middle 62.5 kN wheel load is placed centrally, with the three wheel loads of second axle, following it as shown in Fig. 12.56. The wheel dimensions are 30 cm x 15 cm 3 after dispersion through the wearing coat, the dimensions will'be 46 cm x 31 com. Case I: Loads placed as shown’ in Fig. 12.54 m= 046 m v= 0.31 m Y= 0.445 ;x = 0.07 m. For cach load the values of Mand Mare found as under, treat- ing it to be eccentrically placed [Fig. 12.26 (c)]. Step 1. Find M, and M, For u=2(u, +x) = 20.46 + 0.07) 1.06 and v=2(+y) "= 2 (0.31 + 0.445) 151 ph eae peterat Wy #37-3KN Wer 62:3kN KK 8+ 247 em ——__+ FIG. 12.54, pes Shri 5 From Pigeaud’s curves, we get, by interpolation, Mi= 13.2 x 107?; and Mr = 6.6 x 1072 Multiply these by (ui + x) (vy + y) M+ +y), = O46-4 0.07) (0.31 + 0.445) = 0.4 “Miz 04 x 13.2 x 107? = 5.28 x 19-2 4 X 6.6 x 10"? = 2.64 x 10-2CONCRETE BRIDGES 559 Sup 2. Find My and Mz for u=2x=0.14 andy = 2y = 0,89 # 2 114 220.06 and 4 = 089 Bo 247 3875 0.23 a My =23.2% 107? and My = 10,7 x 1072 Multiply these by ay where ay = 0.07 x 0.445 = 0,031 My =0.72x 107? and M, = 0.33 x 107? Step 3. Find My and Mz for u=2Q +3) = 2. (0.46 + 0.07) = 1.06 ad y= 2y = 0.89 u _ 1.06 v oss Ba OT = 023. M, = 14.2 x 107? and My Multiply these: by [y (4: +x) = 0.445 (0.46 + 0.07) = 0.236] M, = 3.35 x 107? and’ M; = 2.31 x 107? Step 4. Find M, and M; for u=2x=2x007 = 044 and v=2(+y) $2 Ce + 0.445) = 1.51 u _ 0.14 1st B 247 = 006; 7 = 397 = 939 =12x 1077 and M,=7.2 x 107? Mtipiy these by: [x(v1 + y)=0.07 (0.31 + 0.444)=0.053] ©. My = 1.01 x 107? and “M2 = 0.38 x 107? Design Mi = Mi of (1) +'Mi of (2) — Mi of (3) ~ Mi of (4) 107* (5.28 + 0.72 — 3.35 — 1.01) 64 x 1077 ee M, = Mz of (1) + Mzof (2) — M2 of (3) — M2 of (4) 0"? (2.64 + 0.33 — 2.31 = 0.38) = 0.28 x 10-? Mp due to single load = yy, Mt 015M) 1¥1 2 Ww -2 046x031 (1.64 + 0.15 x 0.28) 10 =Wx 11.8 x 107? Total My = 11.8 (2 x 62500 + 2 x 37500) 10~* = 23600 N-m.{4 as 560 REINFORCED CONCRETE sry cru : hs, M, due to single load = Ee Ue + 015 a Ww =oa6 xa 0, : -2 Taw x Oar (08 + 015 x 1.64) x 10 = Wx 3.69 x 107? 3.69 x 10°? (2 x 62500 + 2x 37500) 7380 N-m. Applying the effects of continuity and impact Final Mp = 1.25 x 0.8 x 23600 = 23600 N-m Mz = 1.25 x 0.8 x 7380 N-m. Case 2 Loads placed as shown in Fig. 12.55, KK -——— _ 8 = 247 em —_4 | bees ea |ENe 123, ——+]] [46-4 debe 5s4 ote asl . —T ea ea T | Axle feat 387¢m - Ls = 37-34M, We =62-5eM, W3=62-5kN FIG. 1255, © Effect of wheel No.2 of both the artes Wheels No. 2 of both axles are centrally placed with respect to y axis. The effect of these loads can be found as a difference Of two centrally placed loads on area (151 x 46) and (89 x 46) with the intensity of loading in each case same as on the contact area.BRIDGES CONCRETE a wa For the larger load, 4 = 0 = 0.19 v 151 2939;2 2. Fm gay 2 OES a7 OO My = 165 X 1072; My = 7.1 x 107? 151 x 46 Mp = 62500 [ a | [16.5 + 0.415 x 7.1] x 107? = 53470 Nem 2 ISL X46 Mz = 62500 [ a ] [7.1 +015 x 16.5] x 107? = 29150 N-m. For the smaller load, 5 = AS = 019. v_ 89 73877 3 M, = 18.9 x 107? ; M,= 10.7 x 107? si 89 x 46 et Ms = 62500 [31 mael [18.9 + 0.15 x 10.7] x 10 = 36790 N-m a 89 x 46 2 Mz = 62500 [siseas S ral [10.7 + 0.15 x 18.9] x 10 = 24290 kg-m Net mement (Mp):= 53470 — 36790 = 16680 N-m. (Mi) := 29150 — 24290 = 4860 N-m. (ii) Effects of wheel No.1 of both the axles They are not centrally placed on any of the axes. Their effect will be analysed by treating each wheel load as eccentrically placed [Fig. 12.26(c)). uy, = 0.46 ; v, = 0.31 x= 0.37 ; y= 0.445 Step 1. Find M, and M2 for = 2 (uy +x) = 2 (0.46 + 37) = 1.66 and v=2( ty) =2 (031 + 0.445) = 151 u _ 1.66 vy _ 151 v 21512939 067;2 = 394 BuQay ob 3 4 My = 10.4 x 107? and M2 = 5.8 ¥ 10 Multiply these by (4 +2) (¥ +) ie. by 0.83 X 0.775 My = 083 x 0.775 x 10.4 x 10°* 83 x 0.775 x 5.8x 1077 = 3tan 562, ’ ik oy 2, Find My and M2 for a ede 20.74 andy = 2y = 089 0 u 074 93; % = 28 - 023 B 2A7 L387 My 165% 1072 and Mz = 10.3 x 107? Multiply these by ay or by 0.37 x 0.445 ; My = 2.72 x 10°? and Mz = 1.70 x 107 Step 3. Find My and M; for = 2 (ui +x) =2 (0.46 + 0.37) = 1.66 v= 2y = 089 u _ 1.66 _ 967. & = 989 23 Bont we? Tae My = 113x107? and Mz= 8.3 x 107? Multiply these by y(u; +x) or by 0.455 x 0.83 M, = 4.17 x 107? and Mz = 3.07 x 1077 Step 4. Find M, and M2 for u =2x=0.74 andv =2(v.+y) = 1.51 Ww 207A ag ve 1.51 Br2ar se Ea Ber ee M, = 14.9 x 107* and M2 = 7 x 107? Multiply these by x (vi + y) or by 0.37 x 0.755 My = 4.16 x 107? and Mz = 1.96 x 107? Design M,= (6.69 + 2.72 — 4.17 ~ 4.16)107? = 1.08 x 107? Design M2= (3.73 + 1.70 — 3.07 — 1.96) 10-? = 0.4 x 107 2W (Mr)a = 7 (Mi + 0.15 Ma) 2.x 37500 = a6 x O3T (1:08 + 0.15 x 0.4) 10°? = 6000 N-m ew ~ 2 37500 5 (M.)o= 7 (Ma + 0.15 My) = Dao oar (4 + 0.15 x 1.08) 1077 = 2960 N-m Mii) Effect of wheel No. 3 of both atics, hese are also not centi ly placed. Hence follow the rally placed, Hence follow the same Procedure as above, “= 046 5 4) = 031 x= 077 ; y= 0,445CONCRETE BRIDGES se Step 1. Find Mi and M2 for u = 2 (ui +x) = 2 (0.46 + 0.77) ye2Mty= 203) i 0.445) 13 u _ 246 Me “ihe and» a 3 Myo 75107 and My = 4.5 x 107? Multiply these by (1 +2) (v1 +y) or by 1.23 x 0.755 My = 6.96 X 107? and My = 4.18 x 107* Stcp 2. Find M, and M, for u = 2x = 154andv = 2y = 0.89 54 . ¥ 0.89 _ BAT ge ee De S87 Home M, = 11.6 x 107 aes 8.6 x 107? Multiplying these by xy or by 0.77 x 0.445 My =3.97x 10? and M2 = 2.95 x 10% Step 3. Find M: and M; for u=2 (ui +x) =2(0.46 + 0.77) = 2.46 and v =2y =2 x 0.445 = 0.89 u _246_,. v 0.89 _ Bo 247, hn 387° My =8.1 x 107? and M, = 5.9.x 107* Multiply these by y (ui +x) or by 0.445 x 1.23, 2 = 4.43 x 107 and M; = 3.23 x 107° Step 4. Find M, and M, for. =2x= 154 and. y=2(1+y) =2 (031 + 0.445) =1.51 uw 154 v _ 4151 2 zay O82 7 a 3g7 = 039, = 108 x 107*and Mz = 6.0°x 107? shy these by x i +y) or by 0.77 0.755 My = 6.28 x 107? and Mz = 3.49 x 1077 Design M, = (6.69, + 3,97 — 4,43 — 6,28) 107? = 0.22 x 107 M2 = (4.18 + 2,95 — 3,23 — 3,49) 107? = 0.41 x 107? “My, = 24 (Ma) = 7 (Ms + 0.15 Ma) = 2x 62500 6 x 0.31 = 2470 N-m. (0.22 + 0.15 x 0.41) x 107?| 564 REINFORCED CONCRETE. STRUCHy tg Wy = 2H (ot, + 0.15 on) v4 2x 62500, “2 = taex03t (0.41 + 0.15 x 0.22) 10 Final bending moments, without taking into accou, of impact and continuity are Mp = Mai + Mp2 + Mas = 16680 + 6000 + 2470 = 25150 N-m Mi = Mii + Mir + Mis = 4860 + 2960 + 3880 = 11700 N-m Applying the effects of continuity and impact Mp = 1.25 x 0.8 x 25150 = 25150 Nem Mz = 1.25 x 0.8 x 11700 + 11700 N-m. Case 3, Loads placed as shown in Fig. 12.56. (@) Effect of wheel 2 of lel The wheel is centrally eae leecen = 3880 Ney int the effects placed. : a 0463 2031 Wy 937-SKN Wo=lWs 62-5 a | B | P= Fay = 008 felon eles oad o-My= 21.2 x 107? bo 46 wf 4p-ofo-54 ofa 48--l BA Baa Bd ' een Gs ' and = Mz= 16.3 x 1077 (Mz)1= 62500 (21.2) € 5 8 : 4s + 0.15 x 16.3) x 107? = 14780 kg-m. (M,)1= 62500 (16.3 + 0.15 x 21.2) x 107? = 12180 N-m. (ii) Effect of wheel 1 of axle ] FIG. 12.56. The wheel is placed centrally with respact to x-axis but coon with respect to y-axis, To analyse the case, place an imaginary loaCONCRETE BRIDGES 565. f the same dimensions to the other side and find the moments Otto two loads having dimensions (166 x31) em and au m. The central moment will be half the difference of 74 X31) «1 atte ts due to these two loads, is 66 u 166 og, v_ OSL For larger load, = 747 = 067 § P= ae = My = 115 x 107Pand My = 11.3 x 107? 0.08, 166 X31 Mg = 37500 (aexar) (ILS + 0.15 11.3) 107? = 17860, 166 x 31 My =37500 (asst) (11.3 + 0.15 x 11.5) 1072=17630, u For smaller toad, = 9: ¥ 031 «993 *D 73877 M, = 178 x 10~* and Mz =.15.3 x 107? Ma = 37500 ( aS ) 078 + 0.15 x 15:3) 10-* = 12120 74x31 M, = 31500 ( Foi Net moment (Mz): =} (17860 — 12120) = 2870 N-m. ) (15.3 + 0.15 x 17.8) 107? = 10840,, (M2). = 5 (17630 — 10840) = 3400 N-m. (ii) Effect ‘of wheel 3 of axle 1. This case is similar to: (ii). above. Actual moments will be equal to half the difference of ‘moments: due to two loads having dimension (246 x 31) cm and (154 x 31) cm: fe Ne eve Oe Be TARE OE SB aye oe M, = 83 x 107*and M2 = 8.3 X 107? For larger load, Mz = Mz = 62500 (Gessr) [83 + 0.15 x 8.3] x 107? 46 x 31 = 31900. ; 3, For smalter toad, & = 154 2062 ; ¥ = 23! = 008. Stn 47 oar My = 12,2 x 107? and M2 = 12.1. 107? Mz =62500 (ees) n22 + 0.15X121] x 1077=29320. 46 x 31. Net (Mts)s= 1 (31900 — 29320) = 1290. (Mi)s= 5 (31900 — 29150) = 1380. Ma = 62500 (FEAF) 12.1 + 0.15 x 1221 x 107 ?=29150.CoE 56 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCT Es, (iv) Effect of wheel 2 of arle 2 This load is centrally placed with respect to y axis, Adi: toments will be equal to half the difference of moments du ual two Toads having dimensions (46 x 271) em and (46 x 296), i O46 S949 ¥ 2 27 For larger load, 5 = 775 = 0.19 ; 7 337207 My = 12.6 x 107? and My = 4.2 x 107? Mp =62500 (earns +015 + 4.2}x 10%7799y M1 =62500 Ce [4.2 + 0.15%12.6]-x 10-2=33979 For smaller load, £ = 246 - 9.49; p= 3B = 058, My = 14.5 x 107? and M; = 53 x 1072, Ms =62500 Ca) [14.5 +0.15%5.3]x10~7=64450 Mx =62500 (i520) [53 + 015x145} 10-*=31500 + Net (Mz); =3(72280 — 64450) = 7830 N-m. (Mi)s = 533270 — 31500) = 1770 N-m. {twill be seen that these moments are 53% and 14.5% respec- lively of (Ms): and.(Mz)i obtained for the centrally placed load. (v). Effect of wheel load 1 of axle 2 This ‘load is. eccentrically placed with Tespect to both axés. Its effect at the centre. will be small, through it can be found by the lengthy procedure laid down for case of Fig. 12.26 (c) of an eccentric load . Alternatively, its effect can be approximately propor- tioned out from moments of load 1 of axle 1 (M)s = 0.53 x 2870 = 1520 (M1)s.= 0.1450 x 3400 = 490, However, the exact procedure -is as follows: 4 = 0.46 5 v4. = 0.31 ; x = 0.37 3 y = 1.045 Step 1.” Find My and M, forCONCRETE BRIDGES na Mulitply these by (u: +2) (11 -+y) or by 0.83 x 1.355 M, = 9.6 X 107? and M2 = 4.2.x 107? Step 2. Find M, and M; for u=2x=0.74 and v=2y=2,9 u _ 0.74 » we 332 Br 247 O57 7 = 0.54, M, = 13.2 x 107? and Mp = 5.0 x 107? Multiply these by xy or by (0.37 x 1.045) M, = 5.1 X 107? and M; = 1.9 x 107? Step 3. Find M, and M, for u =2(u: +x) =2 (0.46 + 0.37) = 1.66 and vy =2y = 2.09 165 — 69 22 2.08 _ Bn 247 08) pag M, = 9.4 x 107? and M, = 4.6 x 107? Multiply ‘these. by y.(u1.+x), ie. by. 1.045 x 0.83 « My=82 x 107? and M,=4x 107? Step 4. Find M,.and M; for u=2x=0.74 and v =2() Fy) =2(0.31 + 1.045) = 2.71 4.2 0.74 93; % 227 20 B27’ L387 My = 11.6 x 107? and M, = 42 x 10°? Multiply these by x(vi +y), be. by 0.37-x 1.355 My = 58x 107? and My = 2.1 x 107? + Design My = (9.6 + 5.1-- 82 — 5,8) 107? = 0.7.x 107? My = (4.2 +:1.9—4—2.1) 107? = zer0. *. (Mp)s = —37500__ (9.7 + 0.15 x 0) 10°? = 1840 Ms = Tae xoai 07 + ) (Mz)s = —37900_ 15 x 0.7) 107? = 280. Ot): = ae xoat 0+ ) (vi) Effect of wheel load’ 3' of axle 2 a This load is also eccentrically placed. Its effect a the 1 {PPfoximately by proportioning or by exact method gi le following steps" : = 0.46. ; “y= 031 x =077; y = 1.045.INFORCED CONCRETE STRy 568 ie CTURRg 1. Fi for wep 1. Find M, and M2 a en) tu +8) =2 (046 + 0.77) = 246 and Multiply these by (ui +x) (M1 +y), ie. by 1.23 x 1.355 M, = 103 x 107? and Mz = 4.7 x 107? Step 2. Find M, and M, for = 2x5 1.54 andy =2y = 2.09 54 v B.” 2477 Stand = 5 M = 9.8 x 107? and M2 = 4.8 x 1072 Multiply these by xy, ie. by 0.77 x 1.045 M,=7.9°* 107? and Mz = 3.9 x 107? Step 3. Find My and My for w= 2 (wu +x) = 2 (0.46 +.0.77) = 2.46 and v =2y = 2.09, u _ 246 v _ 2.09 Bo 2a7 713 po Fyq = 054 Mi = 6.9 x 107* and M; = 3.6 x 107 Multiply these by y (wi +x), ie. by 1.045 x 1.23 My = 8.9 x 107? and Mj = 4.6 x 10-2, Step 4. Find M, and M; for =2x=154 and v=2 (v; + y) = 2(031 + 1.055)=2.71 u_ 154 v2.71 BW 247 = 982 3. =F = 07. M; = 88 x 10-* and My = 3.8 x 107? Multiply these by x (ii +), ie. by 0.77 x 1355 Mi =9.2 x 10-*and M, = 4 x 19-2 Design Mi = (103 x 7.9 ~ 89-93) 10-? = 0,1 x 19-4 M2 = (4.7 +39 — 4.6 — 4)107? = ‘vero, = 62500 e (Mo)« 0.46 x 031 (9-1 + 0.15 x 0) 107? = 440 = 62500 Fe M1)o ~ 046 x O31 (O F 0.15 x 0.1) 10-7 = 60, By approximate method of Proportioning, n)s = 0.53 x (Mn)o= 0.53 x 1290 = 680. (Muyo = 0.145 (M,)s= 0,145 (1380) = 2005 BRIDGES CONCRETE BRID 569 Final moments for case 3 Mp = (Ma): + (Ma)2 + (Mn) = 14780 + 2870 + 1290 + 7830 + 1840 + 440 = 29050 Me = (Mi) + Mi) (Mi) = 12180 + 3400 + 1380 + 1770 -+ 280 + 60 = 19070, | applying the effect of continuity and impact, : | Final My = 1.25 X 0.8 X 29050 = 29050. N-m | M, = 125 x 08 X 19070 = 19070 Nem | Thus, out of the three cases of loading considered, case, 3 | ve ae highest moments. Thus for dass 4 (whesled)' loading | Mn = 29050 kg-m and M, = 19070 Nem. ! | (iv) Class AA (wheeled) Vehicle : Shear force | SE. is computed by effective width method by considerin the panel to be fixed. The effective size of the panel will be FIG. 12.57.570 REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTUREg 2.3 x3.7 m (ie, the incrior dimensions). For maximum SF, the loading is to be arranged by trial and crror, keeping in mind the following two points: () wheel I is 1.2 m from the kerb, (if) the outer spread line of wheel 3 should be as near to the face of the right hand support as is possible. It should be noted that whee} 3 is heavier than wheel 1. The load positions are shown in Fig, 12.57(a).The total length of cach load, after dispersion. = 30 +2(8 + 20) = 86 cm. 30520 N, with its C.G, ean 10. Hence effective W;' = 37500 x 360 distant 0.35 m from A as shown in (b) . The reaction at A and B can be calculated by Eq. 12.37. Fig. 12.57.(c) shows load W2 = 62500 N with its C.G. distant 0.87 m from A. The reactions Ry and Rg can be determined from the following Eqs. ean ee Raw [2p 38+ 22-241] (12.28) and Re=w| - 29 +36°- +4 | =W-Rs 2 Fig. 12.57(d) shows the load W5 = 62500 N with its C.G. 0.436 from B. The reactions can be determined by Eq. 12.27 by transposing A and B. The effective width of each load is determined from Eq. 12.3 in which W= 15 +2 x 8=31lcem=0.31 m For W;,x1= 0.35; for Ws,x2 = 0.87 and for Ws,x; = 0.43 m. /=B=230 m =1.61. Hence k = 2.52. poo l= 23) ‘The values of effective width, reactions and shear force (F) at both the ends, due to all the. three loads are tabulated below. The effective width for load W, comes out, to be 1.673. However, since c/c distance between wheels in the longitudinal direction is , 1.673 + 1.2 1.2, net effective e = SE. 1.436 m for each wheel. Load x — Effective widthe Ra Re Fa Fe Wi = 30520 035 1.058 28130 2390 «16590-2260 We= 62500. 087 ——1.436* (net) 41900 20600-29180 14350 Ws= 62500 0.431.191 7100 55400. __960__ 46520 5960 _46520__ Total 6173063130CONCRETE BRIDGES sm Taking into account -impact effect, Design shear = 1.25 x 63130 = 78910 kg. (”) Class A loading : BM. Fig. 12.58 shows the placement of loading for the maximum BM. in which wheel 1 of axle 1. is placed centrally with wheel 1 of axle 2 behind it. Each w= 14/2 = 57 kN. Width of tyre after dispersion through surfacing = 50+2x8= 66 cm while v=25+2x8 =41 cm. Since the c/e distance be- tween the wheels of axle is 1.8 m, other set of wheels will be out of span. (@ Effect of load 1 of 387m Mi= 18.3 x 10~? and M2= 14.8 x 107? -——— B= 247em >| FIG. 12.58. (Ms): = 57000 (18.3 + 0.15 x 14.8) 107? = 11700 N-m _ (My): = $7000 (14,8 + 0.15 x 18.3) 10~? = 10000 N-m. () Effect of load 1 of axle 2 Imagine a similar load to the other side of the axis. The ret then will be equal to half the difference of moments obtained OF area (281 x 66) cm and (199 x 66) cm. For the bigger load, u =0.66 and v = 2.81 m. Ou Alans Mi= 11.6 x 107? and Mz = 4.0 x 107? Mp= 57000 (281 x 66 4.0]x 107?=47660 G (res Ji +.0.15 x 4.0]x M.= 57000 ( 281x 66 07? = 22420. (ats ) Wo + 01s x 11.6) x4 es adREINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURg, 372 Joad u = 0.66 and v=1.91 m v For the smaller = 0.514 = 0.66 = 0.27, and 2.47 i s Myo 13.8 x 107? and Ma = 5.4 x 10 o Mp=57000 (ress [13.8 + 0.15%5.4]x10-?=40420 o S 5 199 x 66 , a 199 X 66) 15 4 + 0.15 x 13.8] x 10°" = 206 “1% ral ] 70 Net moment (Ma)2 = 5 (47660 — 40220) = 3720 (Mi). = 4 (22420 - 20670) = 880 ‘Thus total moment due to class A loading, taking into account impact and continuity factors are Mg= 1.5 x 0.8 (11700 + 3720) = 18500 N-m Mz= 1.5 Xx 0.8(10000 + 880) = 12960 N-m (vi) Class A loading: S.F. SF. will be maximum when the dispersed edge of the load touches the face of the support as shown in Fig. 12.59. In that position, the other load will be on the other support. M,.=57000 ( FIG. 9.59, Dispersed width of load in the direct’ .n of span= 50 + 2 x 28= a8 For effective width dispersed width of load perpendicular to ¢ span =25+2x8=41 cm, In the effective wi i ie 252: (ais nelbrehor = O83! effective width formula, = 252. 083 (1 = $33 ) #041 = 144 m Since this is more than the c/c i mie tie " E c spacing of 12 m between the Saas will overlap. Net effective width per wheel ee ad ) = 1.32.m, Reaction Ry is calculated from Fig. 21, treating the span to be fixed.ee BRIDGES 574 y 106 “Rie " (a — 2a? + 2) where a= 54 je O01 aw 52000 1(0,431)' = 2 (W461)? + 2] = 47680 gy into account effect of impact, ts CONCRETE SF . ATORO) _ 5, pels (ir) 54180N (vii) Summary The maximum live load BM. and shear are ; Mg = 30820 N-m, M), = 19070 N-m, F = 7890 ‘6. Design of Inner Panel The final dessign moments will be greatest of moments found in the previous step (5S) The negative live load B.M. at the edges pe taken to be the same as the mid-span B.M. (+ Mz) = 1805 + 30820 = 32625 N-m (= Mp) = 2430 + 30820 = 33250 N-m (+ M1) = 1145 + 19070 = 202150 N-m (-M.) =868 + 19070 =19938 N-m S.F, = 7544 + 78910 = 86454 'N. may Effective depth, from shear point of view=: From BM. point of view, d=-V ae 100052 Provide 200 cm overall thickness. ‘Using 25 mm as clear cover and 16 mm bars, d along width. = 200 — 25.— 8 = 167 mm and d along length = 168 — 16 = 152 mm. 33250 x 1000 +. (Ade = = iu 49) = Toss 080 x 167 = 1833 mm = 20215 x 1000 _ 2 she = posse nB6 x 152 = 124mm 1000 x 201 45 100 mm cfc i 1833, Spinto , {c i.e, same spacing that.is provided for cantilever portion Spacing s, = 1000 x 201 _ 124, = 160 be cman hegative reinforcement of 16 mm @ 1000 c/c may ismorencd bY 50% at 1/5 span plus 12 or 230 mm, whichever with a minimum of 52. = 52 x 16 = 830 mm, The remaining Spacing sp = = 109.7 mm, However, provide these ReREINFORCED CONCRETE ate 8 574 vor2ag 7 (4) wy ne 3/2 Wg} ), 20 23 2E OG ws ET] fil 22 wi Op uw} 6 twas <> 1 =e oa eas iiel 23 ud I Op uwe Sars Da uRCeByp wus ae f sues] £ i SE wi - im qdIs 42aq 40 UolDeg—ss01> (B) Wgi-I—rg.0F wee sor wez wet a wg.z weg >” waht 6 ula Sed 32 w22E@) iF ! i w2oz¢- gd wisn | 2v2 Ww Ol Oo ea 22ud OF BpPuwgs~ = ZE + he > f jms reson £80 ae ers 22 w3 01 @) | 2/3 w20z = 9 wwSsy woz ) sous -poizp ume = wut 2puse; Od wwal ai = FIG. 12.60,575 half of the top reinforcement sho uld Continue, Th a * The bottom rej, forcement should continue throughout. In the Cantilever Portion hy er, 2/3 bars may be curtailed, Neg Stiffhers, eq ual rei ce should be placed at the top of the s : omg in both > ib extending 52 = on either side. The details of the reinforcement jn the slab, the direction is shown in Fig, 12.60, i Local Bond stress = an 0.869 x 167 x Foy (16.2) = 1.19N/mm? (ate), (As per IRC Code) 7. Reaction Factors for B.M. in Longitudinal Girders by Courbon’s hod . ; a The reaction factors will be maxi the C.G. of loads with respect to the axii The placement of the loads to given subject to the provision of the speci the kerb. 3 (a) Class AA (tracked) ‘vehicle imum if the eccentricity of is of the bridge is maximum. maximum eccentricity will be fied minimum clearance from 2-05 102541025 1 Ke Bridge Axis -#--——— __ 3s 8 Sea a FIG. 12.61. 0.85 = , upto centre of track. Min. clearance = 1.2 + 7 1.625 m, up! in Fi in which e=0.85 m. The load positions are shown in Fig. 12.61, in wl If W is the axle load P=. 4 s have the sami Let us assumie that all the girders Of inertia, < Ex = (2.6) + (0) + (2.6) =2 (26) For the outer girder, x = 2.6 For the"inner girder, x =0 © momentREINFORCED CONCRETE STR; 516 from Bq. 12.25, Hence SP mee) OP ee dls Ras fit a m3 6 n x 22.6 = 0,9936 P = 0.9936 x = 0.4968 W 2P 2? Rast as 2h) ak wane 8 Class AA wheeled vehicles will give lesser B.M. and SF, , will not be considered here. ° ay = 10%. Impact factor for class AA loading (b) Class A loading Permissible clearance upto centre of first wheel = 0.15 + 0.25 =0.4 m. The load positions for two trains is shown in Fig. 126) €40'55 re-Bridge oxix /—_—_ 35m 3:5 FIG. 12.62. Eccentricity e= 0.55 m. If W is the axle load, P= g Ex? = (2.6)' + (0)? + (2.6)' = 2 (2.6) =F [3 eat Ratt 3 2 (2.6) = 1.7564 P = 1.7564 ( x ) = 0.8782 W. 4P 4P Rp = == p= FES =4(¥) 2we =5 ( ; ) = ZW = 0.6667 W. Impact factor = 45_ — 0,204, 6 + 16 8. Live load bending ‘moment Fi t or shifting For reaction factors, we consideréd the momg) of loads in transverse direction, For finding the max. B.M., howevelrCONCRETE BRIDGES 577 ave to consider the movement of the loads along the spa ee ending maximum BLM. we follow the following rains sory of Structures Vol I by the Author), Theo @) For absolute maximum bending moment {) The maximum BM, always occurs under a wheel toad ot any where between wheel loads. (i) The maximum B.M, under any wheel toad occurs when the contre of the span is midway between the C.G. of load system and the wheel load under consideration. an di) Absolute, maximum B.M. always occurs ata section near the centre of span (it never occurs at the centre unless the C.G. of the resultant load coincides with the centre line of some -heavy wheel load). (jv) The absolute max. B.M. generally occurs under the heavier wheel load specially that which is very near to the C.G. of the load system. (b) For maximum B.M. at a given’ section. and The maximum B.M. at any section of a simply supported beam, due to a given system of point loads crossing the beam occurs when the average loading on the portion to the left is equal to the average loading to the right of it, ie. when the section divides the load in the same ratio as it.divides the -span. To get the maximum BM. at a given section, One of the wheel loads should be placed at the section. We shall try these rules for both wlass A loading as well as class AA (tracked) loadings. (@) Class A loading () Maximum B.M. at the middle of the span 27 27kN 114 IGN 68 6BkN ILL. for Mc FIG. 12.63.REINFORCED CONCR} 578 Tey, Fig. 12.63 shows the LL. for B.M. at C pra (1d x) + (HAGE) + (27 Baca) sp 7x x4) + (o8 x a xa) + (10, = 1075.55 kN-m. B.M. including impact factor and reaction factor for the oy girder = 1.204 x 0.8782 X 1075. 137.2 kN-m. g B.M. including impact and reaction factor for the midde Bink, = 1.204 x 0.6667 X 1075.55 = 863.4 kN-m. i (i) Maximum BM. at the quarter span 2TkN 4 4KN 6BkN 68 6eKN ILL. for Mo FIG. 12.64. M= (1143) + (27x58 x3) + (68x 3) x3] + (68x45%2) + (68x43) - (us 08,3) 1 Pize = 844.5 kN-m. ‘ B.M. for the outer girder, taking into account impact facto! and reaction factor = 1.204 x 0.8782 x 844.5 = 893 kN-m. B.M. for inner girder= 1,204 x 0.6667 x 844.5 = 678 kN-m. (ii) Absolut maximum BM. __,, Absolute maximum B.M, occurs under that heavier wheel 10% Which is nearer to the C.G. of the load system that can possi an naa on the span of 16 m. The placement should and the CO, enlte Of span is mid-way between the wheel l0H 1265.) CS OF the load system. This position is shown in FitCONCRETE BRIDGES rs Consider train of load consisting of 6 wheel loads, having a total magnitude of 418 KN, and total length of 12.8 m, Taking moment about the outer 27 kN load, rqy [27 x 1) + (114 x 4.3) + (114 Xx 5.5) + (68 x 9.8) + (68 x 12.8)] = 6.42 m, JK 6-42m | 27 27 Haka Haw oo 60 Het ae ;—}—__} 46 FIG. 12.65. Thus the C.G. of load lies at a distance of 6.42-(1.143.2+1.2) = 0.92 m from the fourth load of 114 KN. This load should, therefore, be so placed that the centre of span is midway between this load and the C.G,, ie. the centre of the span will be 0.46 m away from the fourth load as shown. Distances of this load (point £) from Supports A and B work out be 7.54 m and 8.46 m respectively. Hence ordinate of influence line diagram= 248.46 3.987. # Ma = (114 x 3987) + (27 2x 3987) (27x35 x 3.987) + (14 +f x 3.987) 4.16 + («8 x aad + (« x Gre x 3987) = 1081 kN-m,REINFORCED CONCRETE, STRUCHp Rs 580) Id be noted that this is slightly more than the oe i. 7555 kN-m found carlicr. iy ae * king into acco! he impact factor and. reaction fgg akil a ? BAM. for outer gitder= 1081 x 1.204 Xx 0.8782 = 11435 yy, .M. 1081 x 1.204 x 0.6667 = 867.7 Ny jer= unt B.M. for central gird (b) Class AA ( tracked) loading ‘This is a uniformly distributed loading of 700 kN covering a length of 3.6 m. (@) BM. at the centre of the span : Absolute Max. BM, fe 36m —} FIG. 12.66. ‘Absolute max. B.M. for U.D.L. always occurs at, the centre of span. From Fig 12.66, M = 700 (2444) = 2485 kN-m Taking into account the impact factor and the reaction factor, B.M. for outer girder = (1.1 x 0.4968) 2485 = 1358 kN-m, BM. for inner girder = (1.1x 0.3333) 2485=911 t-m, It will be seen that live load B.M. is maximum due to class AA (tracked) loading. (i) BM. at the quarter span The U.D.L. should be so arranged that the section divides the load in the same ratio as it divides the span. Hence distarnce of edge of load from section =1x 3.6=0.9 m, as shown in Fig. 12.67. ~ 342,325. —z— * 700 = 1863.75 Bae into account the impact factor and the reaction factor, -M. for outer girder =(1.1 x 0.4968) 1863.75= 1018.5 kN-m-CONCRETE BRIDGES SL B.M. for central BINTeT= (1.103333) 1863.752699 4 kN-m. Je 1+ 3 eorr tg 2-74 Ae atta emo 1 2325 2325 LL. tor Mp FIG, 12.67, 9. Live Load Shear force Shear force will be maximum duc to cl; For maximum shear. for will be placed between ‘the su; will be found by 1 intermediate section, same r for B.M. ‘ass AA tracked vehicle, Of the girder, the load Ist intermediate girder, Ors derived ‘below, For Will be used, ‘as derived ce al the en PPort and the fj he. reaction facto ‘caction factors (6) Shear at the end of girder. Since the length of the track is 36 m, maximum shear will Gesur when the C.G. of load is’at 1.8 m’ away from support 4 of To eit eit The argi t be Fremt eo am End Hiffner Fieet Intermediore Vcuter girder FIG: 12.68REINFORCED CONCRE' TRUCTUREs $82 the girder. The load will be . confined between the end ang the first stiffncr. Along the width of the bridge, the track will he rf placed that it maintains a maximum clearance of 1.2m. Hence distance of CG. of load from kerb= 1.240.425 = 1.625 m. Fig. 12.68 shows the position of the two wheel loads p cach of 350 tonnes. If Py, Ps and Py are the loads coming on the three girders, considering the slab to be simply supported, we haye 1.875 => P=0.721P Peyenh 2.425 p _ noes ee 1.212P 0.175 , = O75. p = 0,067 P =H pao. ‘The reactions at end of cach longitudinal girders duc 10 transfer of these loads at 1.8 m_ from left supports are : R= 2 (0.721 P)=0.3966 P; Rp’ Bor P) = 03245 P Re'= 2 .212P) = 0,666 P ; Re’ = 4B c.210P) = 0.5454 P Re'= = (0.067 P) = 0.0369 P ; Re’ = 8 (0.067 P) = 0.0302 P The load Rp’, Re’ and Re" transferred at the cross-girders should be distributed according to Courbons’s theory. EW = 0.3245-P + 0.5454 P + 0.0302 P = 0.9001 P. If ¥ is the distance of C.G. from D, we have si calc 7 F= Topp p lO-4545P x 2.6 +:0,0302 x 5.2 P|'=1.75 m. € = 26 ~ 1.75 = 0.85 Zr = 2(2.6)? 0.9001 P.[ 3.x 0.85 x 2 | Ror. lity = 0.4472 es 2(26F lea Re= oor Pu +0)=03P _ These feactions Rp and Re act as point loads on the outer and inner longitudinal girders at their quarter, points of total span. Hence reactions at 4 and B due these will be. =12 1 Ra = TERy = 2 x 0.4472 P =0,3354 P =12 12 Ro = FG Res Tg * 03 P = 0.2250 PcoNcRETE BRIDGES 583 Honce shear al A= Ra’ + Ra = 0.3966 P + 0.8354 P = 0.7320 P shear at B=Ry' + Ry = 0.6666 P + 0.2250 P = 0.8916 P. 350 kN Taking into account the impact, Max. S.F. at support of outer girder= 1.1 x 0.7320 x 350 =281.82 kN. Max: S.F. at support of inner girder, = 1.1 x 0.8916 x 350 =343.23 kN. (b) Shear at intermediate points Shear at other points will be found on the basis of the same reaction coefficients as found for B.M. Thus, for class 4 (tracked) loading, reaction coefficient for outer girder=0.4968 W and that for inner girder =0:3333 .W, where W is axle load, Fig: 12.69 shows ry B (ee a a a | a3 44m We i (a) 1.L, for S.F. at, mid~ span | hag cae 36m —+}— 6-4m n | (D)L.L. for S.F at 3"span 4m el 3.6m f+ — 8.4m (C)LL. for S.F, at quarter span | FIG, 12.69.