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1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the funda-
mental transverse, longitudinal, and torsional frequencies of
isotropic and anisotropic carbon and graphite materials. These
measured resonant frequencies are used to calculate dynamic
elastic moduli for any grain orientations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitudi-
nal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Concrete
Specimens
C559 Test Method for Bulk Density by Physical Measure-
ments of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles
C885 Test Method for Young’s Modulus of Refractory
Shapes by Sonic Resonance
E111 Test Method for Young’s Modulus, Tangent Modulus,
and Chord Modulus FIG. 1 Resonance Modes
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 elastic modulus—the initial tangent modulus as de- 3.1.3 nodal points—a slender rod or bar in resonance
fined in Test Method E111. contains one or more points having zero displacement, called
3.1.2 longitudinal vibrations—when the oscillations in a nodal points. In the longitudinal and torsional fundamental
slender rod or bar are in a plane parallel to the length resonances of a uniform rod or bar, the mid-length point is the
dimension, the vibrations are said to be in the longitudinal nodal point (Fig. 1(a) and Fig. 1(d)). For the fundamental
mode (Fig. 1(a)). transverse or flexural resonance, the nodal points are located at
0.224 L from each end, where L is the length of the specimen
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on (Fig. 1(b) and Fig. 1(c)).
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee 3.1.4 resonance—a slender rod or bar driven into one of the
D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products. above modes of vibration is said to be in resonance when the
Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally
approved in 1974. Last previous revision approved in 1998 as C747 – 93 (1998).
imposed frequency is such that resultant displacements for a
DOI: 10.1520/C0747-93R05. given amount of driving force (voltage) are at a maximum. The
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or resonant frequency is a natural vibration frequency which is
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM determined by the elastic moduli, density, and dimensions of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. the test specimen.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
C747 – 93 (2005)
3.1.5 slender rod or bar—a specimen whose ratio of length R = ratio of the polar moment of inertia to the shape factor
to minimum cross-sectional dimension is at least 5 but not for torsional rigidity,
more than 20. B = a constant consistent with the units of G, R, f, L, and r,
3.1.6 transverse vibrations—when the oscillations in a slen- f = frequency of fundamental torsional mode of vibration,
der rod or bar are in a horizontal plane normal to the length Hz,
dimension, the vibrations are said to be in the transverse mode L = length of the specimen, m, and
(Fig. 1(b)). This mode is also commonly referred to as the r = density of the specimen as determined by Test Method
flexural mode when the oscillations are in a vertical plane (Fig. C559, kg/m3.
1(c)). Either the transverse or flexural mode of specimen 5. Significance and Use
vibration will yield the correct fundamental frequency, subject
5.1 This test method is primarily concerned with the room
to the geometric considerations given in 9.1.
temperature determination of the dynamic moduli of elasticity
3.1.7 torsional vibrations—when the oscillations in each and rigidity of slender rods or bars composed of homoge-
cross-sectional plane of a slender rod or bar are such that the neously distributed carbon or graphite particles.
plane twists around the length dimension axis, the vibrations 5.2 This test method can be adapted for other materials that
are said to be in the torsional mode (Fig. 1(d)). are elastic in their initial stress-strain behavior, as defined in
Test Method E111.
4. Summary of Test Method 5.3 This basic test method can be modified to determine
4.1 The dynamic methods of determining the elastic moduli elastic moduli behavior at temperatures from −75°C to
are based on the measurement of the fundamental resonant +2500°C. Thin graphite rods may be used to project the
frequencies of a slender rod of circular or rectangular cross specimen extremities into ambient temperature conditions to
section. The resonant frequencies are related to the specimen provide resonant frequency detection by the use of transducers
dimensions and material properties as follows: as described in 6.1.
4.1.1 Transverse or Flexural Mode—The equation for the 6. Apparatus
fundamental resonant frequency of the transverse or flexural
6.1 The fundamental resonant frequencies for the different
mode of vibration is as follows:
modes of vibration of a test specimen can be determined by
E 5 CMf 2 (1) several established testing procedures. The apparatus described
herein uses phonograph record pickup cartridges as a conve-
where: nient method of generating and detecting these frequencies. A
E = elastic modulus, Pa,
typical testing apparatus is shown schematically in Fig. 2.
C = a dimensional constant that depends upon the shape
6.1.1 Driving Circuit—The driving circuit consists of a
and size of the specimen, and Poisson’s ratio. The
variable-frequency oscillator and a record pickup cartridge
units of C are to be consistent with those of E, M, and
assembly. It is recommended that a variable-frequency oscil-
f,
M = mass of the specimen, kg, and lator be used in conjunction with a digital-frequency counter.
f = frequency of fundamental transverse or flexural mode
of vibration, Hz.
where:
E = elastic modulus, Pa,
D = a constant consistent with the units of E, f, and L,
f = frequency of fundamental longitudinal mode of vibra-
tion, Hz,
L = length of the specimen, m, and
r = density of the specimen as determined by Test Method
C559, kg/m3.
4.1.3 Torsional Mode—The equation for the fundamental
resonant frequency of the torsional mode of vibration is as
follows:
G 5 R Bf 2L 2 r (3)
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C747 – 93 (2005)
The oscillator shall have sufficient power output to induce 8.2 Transverse Fundamental Resonance Frequency:
detectable vibrations in the test specimen at frequencies above 8.2.1 Place the specimen on the supports, which are located
and below the fundamental frequency under consideration. at the fundamental transverse nodal points (0.224 L from each
Means for controlling the output of the oscillator shall be end). Place the driving and pickup-unit vibrating needles on the
provided. The vibrating needle of the driving unit shall be specimen center line at its extreme opposite ends with a
small in mass as compared to the test specimen, and a means minimal contact pressure consistent with good response. The
shall be provided to maintain a minimal contact pressure on the vibrating direction of the driving and pickup needles must be
specimen. Either a piezoelectric or magnetic driving unit perpendicular to the length of the specimen (Fig. 1(b)).
meeting these requirements may be used. 8.2.2 Force the test specimen to vibrate at various frequen-
6.1.2 Pickup Circuit—The pickup circuit consists of a cies and simultaneously observe the amplified output on an
record pickup cartridge, amplifier, optional high-pass filter, and indicating meter or oscilloscope. Record the frequency of
an indicating meter or cathode-ray oscilloscope. The pickup vibration of the specimen that results in a maximum displace-
unit shall generate a voltage proportional to the amplitude, ment, having a well-defined peak on the indicator, where nodal
velocity, or acceleration of the test specimen. Either a piezo- point tracking indicates fundamental transverse resonance.
electric or magnetic pickup unit meeting these conditions may 8.2.3 A basic understanding of Lissajous patterns as dis-
be used. The amplifier shall have a controllable output of played on an oscilloscope cathode ray tube (CRT), will aid in
sufficient magnitude to sharply peak out the resonant frequen- the proper identification of the modes of vibration and har-
cies on the indicating meter or the cathode-ray oscilloscope monic frequencies observed. As the oscillator frequency level
display tube. It may be necessary to use a high-pass filter in is increased from a point well below expected resonance, a
order to reduce room noise and spurious vibrations. The single closed loop Lissajous pattern tilted from the horizontal
indicating meter may be a voltmeter, microammeter or oscil- reference plane, will eventually be displayed on the CRT. This
loscope. An oscilloscope is recommended because it enables pattern denotes a resonance mode. The nodal points dynamic
the operator to positively identify resonances, including higher modulus tracking guide template (Fig. 3) may be used to
order harmonics, by Lissajous figure analysis. identify any resonant mode.
6.1.3 Specimen Supports—The supports shall permit the 8.2.4 Move the pickup cartridge needle slowly toward the
specimen to oscillate without significant restriction in the specimen center and observe the Lissajous pattern loop.
desired mode. This is accomplished for all modes by support- Fundamental transverse resonance is indicated when the fol-
ing the specimen at its transverse fundamental nodal points lowing conditions prevail:
(0.224 L from each end). The supports should have minimal 8.2.4.1 The loop pattern flattens to a horizontal line with the
area in contact with the specimen and shall be of cork, rubber, pickup needle over the specimen support.
or similar material. In order to properly identify resonant 8.2.4.2 The CRT pattern opens up to a full loop in a
frequencies, the receiver record pickup cartridge must be direction normal to its original direction, with the pickup
movable along the total specimen length. Provisions shall be needle over the specimen center.
made to adjust contact pressures of both record pickup car- 8.2.5 Return the pickup needle to its original position at the
tridges in order to accommodate specimen size variations. The specimen end.
entire specimen support structure shall be mounted on a
8.2.6 Spurious resonating frequency modes may mask or
massive base plate resting on vibration isolators.
attenuate the fundamental transverse frequency indication.
7. Test Specimens Investigation of higher order harmonic resonating frequencies
7.1 Selection and Preparation of Specimens—In the selec- by use of the tracking guide template (Fig. 3) will help to
tion and preparation of test specimens, take special care to identify the correct fundamental frequency mode. A plot of the
obtain representative specimens that are straight, uniform in ratio of harmonic to fundamental frequency for transverse
cross section, and free of extraneous liquids. mode of vibration (Fig. 4) may then be used to calculate the
7.2 Measurement of Weight and Dimensions—Determine fundamental transverse resonant frequency mode.
the weight and the average length of the specimens within 8.3 Longitudinal Fundamental Resonance Frequency:
60.5 %. Determine average specimen cross-sectional dimen- 8.3.1 Leave the specimen supported at the fundamental
sion within 61 %. transverse mode nodal points as in 8.2.1. Rotate the driving
7.3 Limitations on Dimensional Ratio— Specimens having unit and pickup cartridge needles so as to induce vibrations
either very small or very large ratios of length to thickness may parallel to the specimen length (Fig. 1(a)).
be difficult to excite in the fundamental modes of vibration. For 8.3.2 Force the test specimen to vibrate as in 8.2.2. Record
this method, the ratio must be between 5 and 20 (slender rod the frequency of vibration of the test specimen, where nodal
limitations). point tracking indicates fundamental longitudinal resonance.
The second harmonic longitudinal resonant frequency is twice
8. Procedure the fundamental longitudinal resonant frequency.
8.1 Switch on all electrical equipment and allow to stabilize 8.4 Torsional Fundamental Resonance Frequency:
in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations. (Use 8.4.1 Leave the specimen supported as in 8.2.1. Rotate the
of a metal bar as a calibration standard is recommended to driving unit and pickup cartridge needles so as to induce
check equipment response and accuracy. Dimensional mea- vibrations perpendicular to the length of the sample (Fig. 1
surements and weight shall meet the requirements of 7.2.) (d)).
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C747 – 93 (2005)
9. Calculation
9.1 Calculate the dynamic modulus of elasticity for the
transverse or flexural mode of vibration from the fundamental
transverse frequency, weight, and dimensions of the test
specimen as follows:
2
Dynamic E 5 CMf (4)
where units are as defined in 3.1.1. The evaluation of the
constant C, because of the complexity of its determination, is
in tabular form. Eq 4 may be rewritten in the forms:
Dynamic E ~pascals! 5 AcMf 2/d for rods with
circular cross sections (5)
where d is the diameter of the rod in metres, and
Dynamic E ~pascals! 5 ARMf 2/w for bars with
square or rectangular cross sections (6)
where w is the width dimension of the bar in metres.
9.1.1 Values of Ac and AR are shown in Annex A1 under
Table A1.1 and Table A1.2. The value of Ac is given as a
function of the diameter-to-length ratio of the sample. The
value of AR is given as a function of the ratio of the dimension
in the direction of vibration, t, to the length. The dimension, w,
is perpendicular to the vibration direction, as shown in Fig. 5.
Table A1.1 and Table A1.2 have been calculated for three
values of Poisson’s ratio (µ). The value of (µ) = 1⁄6 is normally
NOTE—Taken from Pickett, Gerald, “Equations for Computing Elastic used for carbon-graphite materials.
Constants from Flexural and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Vibration 9.2 The dynamic modulus of elasticity in pascals may also
of Prisms and Cylinders,” Proceedings, ASTM, Vol 45, 1945. be calculated from the fundamental longitudinal frequency,
FIG. 4 Ratio of Harmonic to Fundamental Frequency for
Transverse Mode of Vibration
weight, and dimensions of the test specimen as follows:
Dynamic E 5 4.000 f 2L2r for rods and bars (7)
where the units are as defined in 3.1.5.
8.4.2 Force the specimen to vibrate as in 8.2.2. Record the
9.3 Calculate the dynamic modulus of rigidity (shear modu-
frequency of vibration of the test specimen, where nodal point
lus) in pascals from the fundamental torsional frequency, mass,
tracking indicates fundamental torsional resonance. The sec-
and dimensions of the test specimen as follows:
ond harmonic torsional resonant frequency is twice the funda-
mental torsional resonant frequency. Dynamic G 5 RBf 2L2 r (8)
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C747 – 93 (2005)
9.3.2 Eq 8 may be rewritten as follows:
Dynamic G 5 4.000 f 2L2 p for circular cylinders (10)
2 2
Dynamic G 5 4.732 f L p for square cross sections (11)
2 2
Dynamic G 5 4.000 Rf L p for rectangular cross sections (12)
10. Report
10.1 Report the following information:
10.1.1 Complete identification of the material being tested,
including manufacturer, grade number, lot number, grain ori-
FIG. 5 Definition of Length (L), Width (w), and Thickness (t) entation, and original material size;
10.1.2 Number of specimens tested in each orientation,
along with a specimen sampling plan layout;
where the units are as defined in 4.1.3. 10.1.3 Specimen dimensions and weight;
9.3.1 The value of R is equal to 1 for a rod of circular cross 10.1.4 Average dynamic modulus for each mode group;
section. R for bars of square cross section is 1.183. An 10.1.5 Standard deviation for each group of specimens; and
approximate expression for R in the case of rectangular cross 10.1.6 Environmental conditions of test including tempera-
sections is as follows (see Test Methods C215 and C885): ture, humidity, and special atmosphere (if used).
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C747 – 93 (2005)
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
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C747 – 93 (2005)
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C747 – 93 (2005)
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