Evolution of Cities Ancient World ‘© Rome was the fist city with a miion Population (3. A.D.) «© Signffcant Developments: Definition of Town — a aystem of gridiron streets enclosed by a wal, theatre, arena, and market wore places for comimon assembly Basic sveet pattern usoful for itary goverment i i Siseianea ets ad Enaes oes and Urban Planning Wrote nara ne Bear cpa Ss ns Baga temDe imowet ees Saipon eta te Mardin Bravo = Recline pcg wnt ee Pant Bete a aes 1 ty 2008 & | SHAT Canes Se EB tes l , _ | Ancient Greece Ancient Greece (500 — 400 BC) (600 — 400 BC) 6 Hippodamus of Miletus (Father of Town Planning) ee Greek arhitet, emphasized iar erlopmet re goomeiric designs, gd patien of Srtton Pater rotangda ot ‘Streets to ensure accessibity ifn speoes Provided heft theoretical - Agr cotta it fees, Aeropots onl lonship Soto Sige ane | Ancient Rome Medieval Times © Growth of towns around eithe monastery or castle, assumed a radiocentric pattern, © Relied on protective town wal or {ortifeation for security © Generally, towns evolved with irregular street patterns; © Predominance of abbeys and cattiedrals indicating church influence° Medieval Times. 13” century AD many towns with Jess than 10,000 residents: few tmes more than 12 miles because of water consideration 2 14 century AD ~ Florence had 40,000 people, Venice became traging cantar of Byzantine empire, Paris emerged as trading center Renaissance (14408 ) 2 18" / 15% Century Aesthetics as the basic form of planing Established concept of urban design Beauty, for and funct combined Renaissance (14408 ) > Leon Battista Albert "Ideal Cries" - star shaped plans with street radiating from a centeal port, Usually for 8 church, palace er castie Designs usually included curved _treets conforming to topography © Pierre Charles L’entant (1791) French-American engineer who prepared Plan for Washington D.C, Rome (1550s) © Linked settlements to transport » Bult roads to expand empires because of Napoleonic concept of colonzation > Bult miftary cties for defense and security Characterized by square pattern of plans with housing consisting of small ‘apartments for masses and with rium forthe rich London (1600s) © Sir Christopher Wron (1600s) — Englch architect, prepared Pan for London, 8 Peter an St Pati Cathedral «© John Gwynn (1765) ~ prepared 2 ‘emarkaole plan ealled “Landon and Westrinstet improved” © James Craig (1787) - Seats architect, Dlarsied near new towns for Ecinburg © Robert Owen (1799) ~ Engish social reformer, conceptualized "Vilage of Unty and Muti! Cooperation) London (1600s) Don Arturo Soria y Mata (1848) ~ Sparish lengneer, suggested the idea “Linear Cty” trem Cadiz, Spain across Europe, foie of near uly tines shoul bo the basis ofall cy ayoiF,nouees and baicings sould Be 52% alongside tnear uty ystems Supblyng water, communications and lectnety 2 Tony Garnier ~ French architec, ndustrial ‘ty wth a linear structure, designed cal industrial own caled "Une Che inetParis (1800s) © Baron George Eugene Hausman Achitect-theorist, urban design faltended to workers as well as members ofthe ruling class ‘Advocated informal groupings ct hhouses as part ofthe overall desion Publghed the book ‘Architecture in 180" * | Industrial Revolution (1769) The Conservationists and the Park Movement 0 Frederick Law Olmsted Associated with American park ‘system Urban park as an ad to social reform 4 1859, he designed the Greensward lan for Genival Park in New York In 1870, wrote a comprahansive park planning book named "Public P: and the Enlargement of Towns” = | The Garden Gity Movement o Ebenezer Howard (1860 ~ 1828) ‘Showed how workable ard livable ‘tes could be formed within & caplalst framework ‘Cluster concopt whereby a central cty (0f 58,000 people was surrounded by ‘garden oties’ of 30,000 people each ‘separated by permanent green space serving as horizontal fence of farmlands? The Garden City Movement © Ebenezer Howard Rails and roads would tnk the towns with industies and nearby towns ‘supplying fresh food In 1902, a garden city wee established in Letchworth, 35 mies from London (planned by Architects Barry Parkes ‘and Raymond Urwin) . | The Garden City Movement 9 Ebenezer Howard ‘dvanced concept of “Social City —9 pesycente satement grow out ink, Surtoanded by greeana" Advocate high residential donc (15 ruses per aor) Ton growth grow by clr adtion into complex muthcenleted agglomeration lows agaist gi tga ofGarden Cities Garden Cities m Europe La Ciudad Lineal (Soria Mata) Industrial City (Garries) © Garden City in Other Piaces Tokyo, Osaka > Gaiden Cities of America Forest Hike Garden © Newtowns of Britain The City Beautiful Era (1900-1945) Golden age of urban design in the US According to Burnnam, ety was a totally ‘signed system of main eculation arteries, a network of parks and clusters ‘of focal buildings or building books of Civic centers including city hal, @ country ‘court house, a brary, an opera house, & museum anda plaza [Make notte plans. They have no magic tostirmen’s Blood and probably themselves wilnot be eazed. Hake big plans; aim high ia hope ana work, emembering that a noble logleal dlagram ‘once rewarded wil never cle, but ong Fwe ate gone willbe alving thing, soaring eel with ever growing Insisteney. Remember that our sons and _randzon= are going to do thins that. ‘Wout stagger Us. Ls your watemword be ‘fer and Your beacon beauty. anit Burnham ‘The Plan of Cieago (1900) The City Beautiful Era (1900-1945) {Hrs movement spread to embrace al pubic ‘nar neludngbridgos, ror ebanenonts, ad ures roads wth feman Gatti balica, and bathe ae grand paleo {icago, Now Verk Washing arfosaions i nda when the cap Hansford rom Caleta to Oath (F011). 6 Tho motemert gave way othe Cy Funeional concepts neudg ning Dar 1 Burnham © Father of American Gity Planning 0 Prophet of City Beautiful Movernentin america «© Greatest achievements the Chicago Plan of 1808 © Wie the Plan for Chicago (1905) and Planning the Region of Chicago (1956Xerigins based o bouiovarde and Promenade of European capitals) Daniel Burnham 9 Gates of Chicago Ptan Bavad en a unos sor th no areas pos fr buses: expanse inset oF featy Prreace, nt accord inna en ct {rtown Yea exe dwepreet wih ‘temandoa reulng miscorgeson 9 Beauty standesene, conimreal ceresiesos ‘par noneain aa sankon coro, an stenintozonngThe City Beautiful Movement (1940-1945) Chicago New Dei © Betin « Moscoer Town and Country Plan’ Act of 1947 (Britain) © Spatial in nature = Concerned with the spatial impact of many efferent kinds of problems and the Spatial coordination of many different policies ‘9 Method of Planning ~ man assumes Ccontrel over physical and human matter ‘and process to serve his defined needs The Anglo-American Tradition Ebenezer Howard (1850-1528) Wrote Tomoeon (1808) followed up wih ‘Garden Cite of Tomer (1902) Invented New Town as an answer tothe problems ofthe ety whan economist Iietoaton Indunty would octe anythote if abor was _valblo, communtiy would havo pay to ‘oc ost of poor Heath snd poor hong (Bead Mahal) The Anglo-American Tradition «Ebenezer Howard (1850-1928) “Thee magnets in his paradiam depiciea both the oty ane he ountrysie had boM advantages and sieadvamtoges Creation of obs and urban services ‘aated in poor natural enaronment ‘Tho courtysie offered an oxcatent natural emavonmant but vitualy no Sppodtuniies of any kd The Regional City (1900-1940) o Started by Pabick Geddes (1854-1922); “Survey before plan” 1 The anower to urban congestion Is regional planning considering the principles of ‘ecelogial balance and resource renewal «© Ofte in the scheme bacome subordinate to region; old eis and new towne ake wil ‘rom just a8 necessary parts ofthe regional ‘Schone Patrick Geddes © Scottish city planner 2 Wroie Cities in Evolution (1915) «© Coined the term “conurbation” © Planning must stat wth 2 survey of the resources of a region, of human responses tot, and of the resulting complexities ofthe cutual landscape ‘emphasis on the survey methodPatrick Geddes Urban Conutbation suena die one coors See seen eae ee See scence ieee BEES tee ann we Patrick Geddes Famous Books 41904: Cty Development: A Study of Parks, Gardens and Cuiture Institutes 1905: Civies as Applied Sociology 41915. Cities in Evolution Regional Planning » Founding of the Regional Planning ‘Association af Americe (1917) ublchod Survey” — a mantesto containing the concoptote region « Heeuy Wright ané Clarence Stein Produced "Te Report of the Commission in Feairg and Regine! Panning forme tte ot Nen ore Explained fon Naw York develop trom a cy ofomab rage corer fo an ita talstoa francis and managerial coer Urban Theorists » Constantine Doxedes ‘itaneaton wih serie sry ao propose Bla mies wearer ce teas opment acne ch eS eae oe ses ce utstce— he science of human setements Urban Theorists Lows Mumford ~ urged that fundamental ‘needs of Socaty be the bases for to [cous use of our techneogical power; {geared towards harmonics io of eviizes Social groups in eesiogieal Balance vith the paticutar place occupied «© Recognized the physical imitations of human setiement © Wrote “Cy in History in 1961 The New Communities Movement (early 1920s) © Produced “beter communities © Discussed community problems and + Endless grigion tracks wasteful and Unnecessary ‘© Approach was to formulate home building corporations, financed by ‘companies seeking long term investments‘The New Communities Movement (early 1920s) Racburn oF new town idea to crete a ‘sores of super bioeks (an flan of re=ns, Doraered by homes and careful skies by porpheral auto roads), each around epen ‘teen spaces which ae themselves terconnectee © Greenways were pedestrian ways © Creation of neighomnood centers and physica delineation of neighbooad groups Modern Architecture and Planning « Charles-Edouard Jeanneret (1997-1965) ‘Suis, popula ie a Le’ Corbusier Une Vite Gontemporaine(Cortomporary ity (825) a hypatiel plan for ey of Sion poor {a Vie Rasouse (Radiat Ci) -anchoret ‘onthe objective to davonges! he caters a Sur cies by necousing the dances by Tsing igh on sma pry of he oat fae res vey et fy it eats ts Modern Architecture and Planning CCharlos-Edouard Jeanneret Last ofthe iy Beauts Parone Se ee aa Sea caren seca, ae Sine ‘Shi rom planing sti to acta ae. “i arb ensayo th ‘Sosintos father than the bese probiams Findon population Pan was ingens of coromi nd Urban Renewal In America © Housing Act of 1949 — focused on urban decay caused by obsolescent land uses; federal aid is needed to buy blighted property and the cities required to draw up plans for redevelopment Urban Renewal In America 2 vane Jacobs ote omen mrt as seat Sererroue iewa pen Sroonang mans Pecpa er tte br tre prea oh oert ‘Esch tang mary elect messen esac "upteanor a nestEvolution of Cities and Urban Planning Maridth R. Bravo ran 20 +1 uy 2008, Ancient World o Wiaroringe it tio tat tte esses hd mae poses tr agrovtis produc o Rinne eae = bat around 00 ct Dep sap mica aap tome «Baty sone te es Rectinwor pti wih he we f plow 5 Seat woe apes ects of to ie, geod pals ivr for oosy od dvson By Uastn prer Gmc ce Ronan coat peut thion Chinese an recounts Ancient Greece (600 - 400 BC) © Hippodamus of Miletus (Father of Town Planning) ‘Greek architect, emphasized geometric designs, gi pattern of Sroots to ensure accostbity Provided the fit theoretical framework planning Ancient Greece (800 ~ 400 BC) Hippodamus ‘Signfcan velopment inl *"Grisvon Pater = rectangular sect ‘tom fo give geomet fm 0 ‘ben opanee ‘Agora conral markspice lad ‘ng rectanguar tree + esopote~slaibe relationship ‘Seon Bunge erature Ancient Rome © Rome was the first city with a milion Population (3. A.D.) «© Significant Developments: Definition of Town ~ a system of (gridiron streets enclosed by a wal theatre, arena, and market wer laces for comimon assembly Basic etret pattem useful for mitary goverment: Medieval Times ‘© Growth of towns around either a monastery of castle, assumed a rackocentic pattern © Reled on protective town walls or fortification for securty ‘© Generally, towns evolved wath lnregular street patterns; ‘0 Predominance of abbeys and ccathedrais indicating church influence