THE HISTORY OF

PLANNING AND
SETTLEMENTS
 THE BEGINNINGS
 In the the long history from camp to villages, a handful of
innovations accelerated the art of settlement designs.
 Agricultural societies needed a system of easy land
division for crop planning and land ownership.
 They also needed a system of land plotting for redivision
and reapportionment after a flood, an annual event on the
Nile,the Tigris and Euphrates
 Rectiliniear Plotting suited all these needs:
a. As the logic of the plow led to rectilinear plotting in the field,the geometry
of mud brick house construction as well as the need easy land division led to
rectilinear plotting in the town
b. It was used in the ancient Greek towns, in Roman colonial outposts and in
the Indian,Chinese and Pre Columbian cities
 EVOLUTION OF PLANNING

Planning started to be developed as a

discipline in the 19th century as a reaction
to the problems created by the Industrial
Revolution, e.g. worker exploitation,
urbanization, congestion, pollution,
dilapidation, disorderly land use,
unemployment, anomie, etc.
 Paleolithic Times
(Before 10,000 years ago)
 Man was hunter and gatherer with no
definite territorial space, although he lived
in caves.
 When man discovered fire, he became a
second-level consumer that started his
tendency to stay put in one place
 Neolithic Revolution
(10,000 to 5,000 years ago)
 Agriculture was born, although still of the
shifting agriculture type.
 Plant and animal domestication was
initiated
 Man shifted from food collection to food
production and created surpluses that in
turn led to population increases.
 The village was formed where surplus
food was stored
 Urban Revolution
(5,000 years ago)
 Sedentary cultivation ensued
 Village evolved into the city, e.g. those in
the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile, Indus, and
Hwang Ho river valleys
 Greater production of surplus resulted to
population increase
 Specialization emerged and created
secondary and tertiary activities and an
urban way of life
 Industrial Revolution (1750)
 Industrialism emerged
 More sophisticated specialization occurred
and with introduction of mechanization in
rural areas, there was discoloration that
led to urbanization
 Timeline and
Chronological Matrix of
Planning Cities and
Settlements
 Cluster One

Timeline and Chronological Matrix of Planning Cities and Settlements

 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
4000 B.C. – 500 B.C.
 Mystical/ Religious/ Spiritual
 Zoroatrianism, Judaism, Buddhism, Taoism,
Confucianism, Vedanta, Monism, Jainism
 Preoccupation with cosmology, deities, death and the
afterlife
 Temples central to the settlements; built along or near
rivers and based on cosmological concepts such as Kan
Yu or Feng Shui; the king is the decision-maker
 Planner – Priest
 Imhotep, advisor to Pharaoh Zoser
 Considered as the Inventor of the Pyramid; laid out
Zoser’s capital city and funerary temple complex
 Formal overall shape and regular grid layout of Harappa,
Kabangan and Mohejo-Daro, the oldest complete cities
known; Orthogonal grid as seen in an Egyptian workers
camp dated 2670 B.C.; Mandala basic scheme for city
form.
 Ur (200,000); Ninevah;
 Thebes (250,000); Karnak;
 Teotihuacan; Angkor Wat;
 Jerusalem (2,000-20,000)
 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
400 B.C. 146 B.C.
 Ordering of society based on rational thinking
 Teachings of Aristotle & Plato
 Greek Democracy through the establishment of a moral
and political form of citizenship
 Rational structuring of settlements anchored on the
interaction of citizens: the polls or democratic decision
making
 Planner-Philosopher
 Hippodamus, trained as an architect and considered as
the first city planner
 Developed the first philosophical basis for physical
planning in cities by studying Sumerian and Egyptian
cities
 Rectangular street system or gridiron system theorized as
needed to give a geometrical form of urban spaces.
Residential blocks designed to enable houses to be
serviced and linked to public building & spaces. Houses
arranged to guarantee privacy. Acropolis; Agora, Pnyx,
Amphitheatre; Hippodrome
 Miletus; Priene; Port of Athens; Rhodes; Thurli; Athens
(140,000)
 (Ideal city- 10,000)
 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
27 B.C. – 334 A.D.
 Ambition to set up a one world empire
 Military domination
 (Seed of the life and teaching of Christ)
 Roman concept of one world order of different peoples
sharing the same laws and leader: The Roman Empire
Imperialism; Syncretism
 World conquest and their eventual integration to Rome;
Emperor-deity decision-maker
 Planner – Engineer
 Vitruvius, a Roman architect and engineer
 Assimilated the treatises written by his contemporaries
and formulated a number of books on architecture
Castrum or army camp model for planned Roman
settlements beginning as colonial or garrison towns; bounded
by rectangular walls with gridded layout of residential areas
divided into four quarters by two main streets which crossed
the forum and ended in four gates; bridges; aqueducts;
highways; apartment blocks; eight-storey buildings with 70ft.
height limit: first zoning Grand Forums of Emperors
Rome (250,000-2,000,000)
Destruction of Jerusalem, 70 A.D.
 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
400 – 1300
 Fall of Roman Empire
 Disintegration of the Imperial Roman World Spatial System
Establishment of Feudal fiefdom and Ecclesiastical Centers
 First Universities
 Roman Christianity/ Islam
 (Barbarism/ Anarchy)
 Mercantilism
 Restructuring of Roman cities to feudal fortresses and castles
serving city-states
 Evolution of medieval & security centers
 Establishment of towns centered on the church
 Planner – Merchant
 None recording of extensive influence
 Most of planning works were actually restructuring of existing
settlements
 Typical town layout: church or cathedral integrated with town
square, guildhalls, castles and walls. Most planning on site level such
as civic squares and town halls
 Florence (90,000)
 Venice (200,000)
 Paris (240,000)
 Cordoba (500,000)
 First University towns: Bologna; Paris; Salermo; Oxford; Toulouse
 Jerusalem revived as city ruled alternately by Christian Byzantine
and Muslim Turks
 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
1400 – 1600
 Rise of colonizing powers such as Spain and Portugal; Invention of
gunpowder & printing Flower of Renaissance & Baroque
 (Deprivation & oppression of common people)
 Papal Christianity
 Monarchy
 Humanism
 Planning in cities more artistic than substantive. Basic form &
pattern of cities unchanged: more architecture than planning.
Structures built as symbols of influence & power. Architects-
planners accorded high importance
 Planner – Artist – Design Theorist
 Brunelleschi, Michaelangelo, Leonardo – Italy
 Wren, Jones – England
 Mansart, Fontaine – France
 St. Peters Square
 Plazza San Marco in Venice
 Unearthing of Vitruvius’s work
 “Laws of the Indies”
 The development of the axis style of city design; Use of formal
plazas & squares; opening up of spaces in old walled cities; use of
open spaces as symbols; monumentalism & grandeur;
embellishment of city axis to symbolize radiance of monarchs &
rulers; revival of classic ideas of urban design; assimilation of the
mandala concept.
 Palm Nouva
 St. Petersburg
 Mannheim
 Edinburg
Timeline and Chronological Matrix of Planning Cities and Settlements:Cluster One
Time Period 4000 B.C. – 500 B.C. 400 B.C. 146 B.C. 27 B.C. – 334 A.D. 400 – 1300 1400 – 1600

Prevailing Mystical/ Religious/ Ordering of society based Ambition to set up a one Fall of Roman Empire Rise of colonizing
Influences Spiritual on rational thinking world empire Disintegration of the powers such as Spain
Zoroatrianism, Judaism, Teachings of Aristotle & Military domination Imperial Roman and Portugal;
Buddhism, Taoism, Plato (Seed of the life and World Spatial System Invention of
Confucianism, teaching of Christ) Establishment of gunpowder & printing
Vedanta, Monism, Feudal fiefdom and Flower of Renaissance
Jainism Ecclesiastical Centers & Baroque
First Universities
(Deprivation &
oppression of
common people)
Dominating Preoccupation with Greek Democracy Roman concept of one Roman Christianity/ Papal Christianity
Ideology cosmology, through the world order of Islam Monarchy
deities, death and establishment of a different peoples (Barbarism/ Anarchy) Humanism
the afterlife moral and political sharing the same laws Mercantilism
form of citizenship and leader: The
Roman Empire
Imperialism;
Syncretism
Development Temples central to the Rational structuring of World conquest and Restructuring of Roman Planning in cities more
Orientation settlements; built settlements anchored their eventual cities to feudal artistic than
(Policies) along or near rivers on the interaction of integration to Rome; fortresses and castles substantive. Basic
and based on citizens: the polls or Emperor-deity serving city-states form & pattern of
cosmological concepts democratic decision decision-maker Evolution of medieval & cities unchanged:
such as Kan Yu or making security centers more architecture
Feng Shui; the king is Establishment of towns than planning.
the decision-maker centered on the Structures built as
church symbols of influence &
Planner – Priest Planner – Engineer power. Architects-
Planner-Philosopher Planner – Merchant planners accorded
high importance

Planner – Artist –
Design Theorist
Time Period 4000 B.C. – 500 B.C. 400 B.C. 146 B.C. 27 B.C. – 334 A.D. 400 – 1300 1400 – 1600

Planners of Imhotep, advisor to Hippodamus, trained as Vitruvius, a Roman None recording of Brunelleschi,
Influence/ Pharaoh Zoser an architect and architect and engineer extensive influence Michaelangelo,
Stature on considered as the first Leonardo – Italy
Record city planner Wren, Jones – England
Mansart, Fontaine –
France

Influential Considered as the Developed the first Assimilated the Most of planning works St. Peters Square
Planning Inventor of the philosophical basis for treatises written by his were actually Plazza San Marco in
Works Pyramid; laid out physical planning in contemporaries and restructuring of Venice
Zoser’s capital city and cities by studying formulated a number existing settlements Unearthing of
funerary temple Sumerian and Egyptian of books on Vitruvius’s work
complex cities architecture “Laws of the Indies”
 Time 4000 B.C. – 500 B.C. 400 B.C. 146 B.C. 27 B.C. – 334 A.D. 400 – 1300 1400 – 1600
Period
Planning Formal overall shape Rectangular street Castrum or army camp Typical town layout: The development of the
Concern and regular grid layout system or gridiron model for planned church or cathedral axis style of city design;
Outcomes of Harappa, Kabangan system theorized as Roman settlements integrated with town Use of formal plazas &
and Mohejo-Daro, the needed to give a beginning as colonial square, guildhalls, squares; opening up of
oldest complete cities geometrical form of or garrison towns; castles and walls. Most spaces in old walled cities;
known; Orthogonal urban spaces. bounded by planning on site level use of open spaces as
grid as seen in an rectangular walls with such as civic squares symbols; monumentalism
Egyptian workers Residential blocks gridded layout of and town halls & grandeur; embellishment
camp dated 2670 B.C.; designed to enable residential areas of city axis to symbolize
Mandala basic scheme houses to be serviced divided into four Florence (90,000) radiance of monarchs &
for city form. and linked to public quarters by two main Venice (200,000) rulers; revival of classic
building & spaces. streets which crossed Paris (240,000) ideas of urban design;
Ur (200,000); Ninevah; Houses arranged to the forum and ended Cordoba (500,000) assimilation of the
Thebes (250,000); guarantee privacy. in four gates; bridges; First University towns: mandala concept.
Karnak; Acropolis; Agora, Pnyx, aqueducts; highways; Bologna; Paris;
Teotihuacan; Angkor Amphitheatre; apartment blocks; Salermo; Oxford; Palm Nouva
Wat; Hippodrome eight-storey buildings Toulouse St. Petersburg
Jerusalem (2,000- with 70ft. height limit: Jerusalem revived as Mannheim
20,000) Miletus; Priene; Port of first zoning Grand city ruled alternately Edinburg
Athens; Rhodes; Thurli; Forums of Emperors by Christian Byzantine
Athens (140,000) and Muslim Turks
(Ideal city- 10,000) Rome (250,000-
2,000,000)
Destruction of
Jerusalem, 70 A.D.
 Cluster Two

Timeline and Chronological Matrix of Planning Cities and Settlements

 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
1601 – 1800
 Religious Missions
 Social Unrest due to Inequity
 Industrial Revolution
 American Independence
 French Revolution
 Scientific Efficiency
 Religious Christianity
 Liberal Democracy
 Capitalism (Adam Smith)
 Socialism
 Mission Towns
 Industrialization
 Restructuring of cities to facilitate Industrial productivity
 Development of Transportation Networks
 Planner – Industrialist
 Religious Orders
 Planners of Industrial Cities
 “Reducciones”
 Deplorable factory towns
 Religious colonial towns
 Laying of transportation facilitites over existing settlement patterns
causing grave incompatibilities
 New phenomena of city-life – journey to work
 Separation of places of residence
 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
1801 – 1850
 Growth of industrial Cities
 Problems of Industrialization
 Housing and Public Health Concerns
 Social Equity Concerns
 State Intervention, Marxism
 Utilitarianism
 Utopianism
 Cooperative Housing Schemes
 Self-contained community housed in megastructures
 Sanitary housing concept
 Local government initiative
 Planner – Reformist
 Robert Owen
 Charles Fourier
 New Lanark in England
 New Harmony, Indiana
 Brook Farm, Massachusetts
 Development of water-borne sewage systems in Britain
 Prussian Lines Act
 Kingdom of Saxony
 Building Law
 Other Legislations
 Failure of Utopian Communities
 London (1,000,000)
 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
1851 – 1900
 Clamor for Civic Beauty
 Growing Sponsorship of Municipal Art
 Widespread Grassroots Interest in Civic Improvement
 Outdoor art and recreational spaces
 Municipal Art Movement
 City Beautiful Movement
 Institutionalization of the aesthetic consideration in civic
planning and design
 Planner – Civic Designer
 Camillo Sitte
 Frederick Law Olmstead Jr.
 Daniel Burnham
 Georges-Eugene Hausmann
 Art of Building Cities, 1898
 New York Central Park, 1857
 Chicago Plan, 1909
 Paris Plan, 1855
 Integration of ideas of municipal art, civic improvement
& landscape design
 Focus on those elements which the government had
clear control – streets, public art, building and spaces;
civic center, boulevard, parkway.
 More to impress that to serve people.
 Vienna, Cologne, Munich, Berlin, Chicago, Washington
 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
1898 – 1930
Crowding and congestion of industrial cities
Challenge to consolidate scientific efficiency, social equity and civic
beauty into one integral approach
Opening of Japan to west
Garden City Movement
Aspiration of combining the features of “town” & “country” in a self-
contained settlement with a set population in a green area of
farmland linked to the central city by a railway.
Planner – Theorist
Ebenezer Howard / F. Osborn
A. Soria y Mata/ Benolt-Levy
Raymond Unwin/ B. Parker
C. Stein, H. Wright, C. Perry
Le Corbusier
“Garden Cities of Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform, 1898”
Linear City: Cite Jardin Neighborhood Unit-Radburn
Ville Radieuse (Radiant City)
All the land, about 1,000 acres would be owned singly in public trust.
Population & development would be staged
Until a maximum of 3,000 were housed. A green belt of 5,000 acres of
agri land would surround the city. There would be a mixture of
land uses to insure social and economic self-sufficiency.
Letchworth, Hampstead Garden
Suburb, Madrid, Radburn
 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
1915 – 1940
 World War I, 1917 – 1918
 Bolshevik Revolution 1917
 Influx of immigrants to US
 Roaring 1920’s
 Great Stock Market Crash, 1929
 Depression
 New Deal of US President Roosevelt
 Regional Planning
 Large-scale Comprehensive Planning
 Physical Planning could not improve urban living conditions unless
it were integrated with social & economic planning in the context
of environmental concern. It could occur on a regional scale
 Planner – “Regionalist”
 Patrick Geddes
 Lewis Mumford
 Stein, Wright, Bauer
 Edward Basset, R. Tugwell
 Frank Lloyd Wright
 Cities in Evolution, 1915
 The Culture of Cities, 1938
 New York Zoning Ordinance
 Broadacre City
 Make planning scientific by basing plans on systematic analysis of
information on the natural and social environment
Survey-Analysis-Plan
 Increased land value concept thru zoning
 Master Planning
 Tennessee Valley Authority 1933
 Resettlement Administration
 City Realty Corporation
 Regional Planning Agencies in New York, over 67 states in 1931
 Timeline and Chronological Matrix of Planning Cities and Settlements:
Cluster Two
Time Period 1601 – 1800 1801 – 1850 1851 – 1900 1898 – 1930 1915 – 1940

Prevailing Religious Missions Growth of industrial Clamor for Civic Beauty Crowding and World War I, 1917 –
Influences Social Unrest due to Cities Growing Sponsorship of congestion of 1918
Inequity Problems of Municipal Art industrial cities Bolshevik Revolution
Industrial Revolution Industrialization Widespread Grassroots Challenge to consolidate 1917
American Independence Housing and Public Interest in Civic scientific efficiency, Influx of immigrants to
French Revolution Health Concerns Improvement social equity and civic US
Scientific Efficiency Social Equity Concerns Outdoor art and beauty into one Roaring 1920’s
recreational spaces integral approach Great Stock Market
Opening of Japan to Crash, 1929
west Depression
New Deal of US
President Roosevelt
Dominating Religious Christianity State Intervention, Municipal Art Movement Garden City Movement Regional Planning
Ideology Liberal Democracy Marxism City Beautiful Movement Large-scale
Capitalism (Adam Utilitarianism Comprehensive
Smith) Utopianism Planning
Socialism
Development Mission Towns Cooperative Housing Institutionalization of Aspiration of combining Physical Planning could
Orientation Industrialization Schemes the aesthetic the features of “town” not improve urban
(Policies) Restructuring of cities to Self-contained consideration in civic & “country” in a self- living conditions
facilitate Industrial community housed in planning and design contained settlement unless it were
productivity megastructures Planner – Civic Designer with a set population integrated with social
Development of Sanitary housing concept in a green area of & economic planning
Transportation Local government farmland linked to the in the context of
Networks initiative central city by a environmental
Planner – Industrialist Planner – Reformist railway. concern. It could
Planner – Theorist occur on a regional
scale
Planner – “Regionalist”
Time Period 1601 – 1800 1801 – 1850 1851 – 1900 1898 – 1930 1915 – 1940

Planners of Religious Orders Robert Owen Camillo Sitte Ebenezer Howard / F. Patrick Geddes
Influence/ Planners of Industrial Charles Fourier Frederick Law Olmstead Osborn Lewis Mumford
Stature on Cities Jr. A. Soria y Mata/ Benolt- Stein, Wright, Bauer
Record (Productivity) Daniel Burnham Levy Edward Basset, R.
Georges-Eugene Raymond Unwin/ B. Tugwell
Hausmann Parker Frank Lloyd Wright
C. Stein, H. Wright, C.
Perry
Le Corbusier
Influential “Reducciones” New Lanark in England Art of Building Cities, “Garden Cities of Cities in Evolution, 1915
Planning Deplorable factory New Harmony, Indiana 1898 Tomorrow: A Peaceful The Culture of Cities,
Works towns Brook Farm, New York Central Park, Path to Social Reform, 1938
Massachusetts 1857 1898” New York Zoning
Chicago Plan, 1909 Linear City: Cite Jardin Ordinance
Paris Plan, 1855 Neighborhood Unit- Broadacre City
Radburn
Ville Radieuse (Radiant
City)
Planning Religious colonial towns Development of water- Integration of ideas of All the land, about Make planning scientific
Concern Laying of transportation borne sewage systems municipal art, civic 1,000 acres would be by basing plans on
Outcomes facilitites over existing in Britain improvement & owned singly in public systematic analysis of
settlement patterns Prussian Lines Act landscape design trust. Population & information on the
causing grave Kingdom of Saxony Focus on those development would be natural and social
incompatibilities Building Law elements which the staged environment
New phenomena of city- Other Legislations government had clear Until a maximum of Survey-Analysis-Plan
life – journey to work Failure of Utopian control – streets, 3,000 were housed. A Increased land value
Separation of places of Communities public art, building green belt of 5,000 concept thru zoning
residence London (1,000,000) and spaces; civic acres of agri land Master Planning
center, boulevard, would surround the Tennessee Valley
parkway. city. There would be a Authority 1933
More to impress that to mixture of land uses to Resettlement
serve people. insure social and Administration
Vienna, Cologne, economic self- City Realty Corporation
Munich, Berlin, sufficiency. Regional Planning
Chicago, Washington Letchworth, Hampstead Agencies in New York,
Garden over 67 states in 1931
Suburb, Madrid,
Radburn
 Cluster Three

Timeline and Chronological Matrix of Planning Cities and Settlements

 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
1941 – 1950
 World War II
 US-USSR Cold War
 Post War Reconstruction
 Establishment of the IMF-IBRD-WB
 Communist China
 Roosevelt New Deal
 Welfare State
 Marxism – Leninism
 Strong State Initiative and Involvement
 New Town-Development
 Suburbanization
 Planner – Expert
 Patrick Abercrombie
 Herbert Simon
 (Von Thunen-Weber-Christaller-Losch)
 1944 Greater London Plan
 1947 British Town and Country Planning Act
 (Location theory)
 Emphasis on physical form & spatial arrangement
 Functional & Compact Settlements
 Rational Comprehensive Planning Model
 End of British Rule in Jerusalem; Transferred to Jordan
 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
1951 – 1964
Rapid Economic Growth
Application of Development Models
Technical Efficiency
Systems Analysis
Integration of Land Use and Transportation
Economic Functionalism
City Modernization
Construction of Freeways
Urban Renewal
Strategic Infrastructure
Frameworks
Master Planning
Planner – Bureaucrat
(Vincent Scully)
Jane Jacobs -Herbert Gans, M. Anderson, Robert Moses Walter Isard –
Mitchell – Rapkin Charles Lindblom
S.F. Embarcadero Freeway
London Convent Garden
Stockholm Renewal
Le Halles Redevelopment
Jane Jacobs: “The Death & Life of Great American Cities” / Urbanism
Vehicle – Anchored Development
Urban Segregation and Compartmentalization
Threatened Community Life
Integration of Locational Analysis to Planning Education
Transportation Planning
Takeover of Jerusalem by Israel after the Six-Day War in 1967
 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
1965 – 1950
 Rapid Growth of Third World Cities; Awareness of Environmental
Degradation; Inner City Problems; Emergence of NGO’s; Influence of
Multilateral Funding Agencies; National and Local Government
Conflict
 Government-led development anchored on professional expertise
 State initiative and implementation in “consultation with people 1972
UN Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm 1976 UN
Conference on Human Settlements, Vancouver
 Habitat I
 Planner – Consultant – Advocate
 Constantinos A. Doxiados
 Paul Davidoff
 (John Portman)
 (Manuel Castells-David Harvey)
 John Mcloughlin
 Ekistics/ Ecumenopoilis
 (Hyatt Regency/ Peach Tree Center)
 Sites and Services
 Public Housing
 Prefabricated Housing
 Slum Clearance and Upgrading
 Large scale Office Hotel
 Complexes
 Systems Planning (process)
 Advocacy Planning Model
 Social Learning/ Communicative
 Action Planning Model
 Islamabad-Khartoum-Baghdad
 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
1981 – 1991
 People Power Phenomenon
 Collapse of Socialist Countries
 Recognition of Indigenous Approaches to Development
 Gulf War
 New Right: Liberalization and Privatization of (Thatcherism)
“Reaganomics”
 Planning as projects or as real estate development
 Public-Private Partnership
 Enterprise Zones
 Private Provision of Public Services
 “Grassroots Planning”
 Planner – Facilitator – Developer
 James Rouse
 Norman Krumholz
 John Forester
 Robert Miler
 Jaime Lerner
 Baltimore’s Inner Harbor
 Boston’s Quincy Market
 Docklands of London
 “Marketing Equity Planning Work”
 Heritage Preservation
 Preference for Private-led developments at the expense of the
community
 Gentrification/ Urban Blight
 Development of Sustainable Communities
 Equity Planning Model
 Curitiba, Brazil-Orangi, Pakistan
 Intention of the Palestine people to make West Jerusalem the
capital of their future nation
 Time Period
Prevailing Influences
Dominating Ideology
Development Orientation (Policies)
Planners of Influence/ Stature on
Record
Influential Planning Works
Planning Concern Outcomes
1991 - Present
 End of Cold War
 New World Order
 Information Revolution
 Partnership & Ascension of Civil Society
 9-11 Tragedy-Global Terrorism Iraq War, SARS Epidemic
 Personal Christianity
 New Syncretism: New Age Globalism/ Multiculturalism
 New Urbanism
 Sustainable Development
 People’s Initiative with State/ Market Partnership 1992 UN Rio
Conference on Environment & Development
 1996 UN Conference on Human Settlements, Istanbul, Habitat II
EZ/EC Program US.
 Planner – Enabler - Integrator
 Lisa Peattle-Leonie
 Sandercock-John Friedman
 Peter Calthorpe-Andres Duany
 Nabeel Hamdi-Reinhard
 Goethert
 Seaside, Florida
 Laguna, California
 “Towards Cosmopolis: Planning of Multicultural Cities”
 “Action Planning for Cities”
 Community-led Sustainable Settlements
 Empowerment Planning Model
 “Road Map” to Mid East Peace Discussion
Timeline and Chronological Matrix of Planning Cities and Settlements: Cluster Three

Time Period 1941 – 1950 1951 – 1964 1965 – 1950 1981 – 1991 1991 - Present

Prevailing World War II Rapid Economic Growth Rapid Growth of Third People Power End of Cold War
Influen US-USSR Cold War Application of World Cities; Phenomenon New World Order
ces Post War Development Awareness of Collapse of Socialist Information Revolution
Reconstruction Models Environmental Countries Partnership & Ascension
Establishment of the Degradation; Inner Recognition of of Civil Society
IMF-IBRD-WB City Problems; Indigenous 9-11 Tragedy-Global
Communist China Emergence of NGO’s; Approaches to Terrorism Iraq
Influence of Development War, SARS
Multilateral Funding Gulf War Epidemic
Agencies; National
and Local
Government Conflict
Dominating Roosevelt New Deal Technical Efficiency Government-led New Right: Personal Christianity
Ideolog Welfare State Systems Analysis development Liberalization and New Syncretism: New
y Marxism – Leninism Integration of Land Use anchored on Privatization of Age Globalism/
and Transportation professional expertise (Thatcherism) Multiculturalism
“Reaganomics” New Urbanism
Sustainable
Development
Development Strong State Initiative Economic Functionalism State initiative and Planning as projects or People’s Initiative with
Orienta and Involvement City Modernization implementation in as real estate State/ Market
tion New Town- Construction of Freeways “consultation with development Partnership 1992
(Policie Development Urban Renewal people 1972 UN Public-Private UN Rio
s) Suburbanization Strategic Infrastructure Conference on the Partnership Conference on
Planner – Expert Frameworks Human Environment, Enterprise Zones Environment &
Master Planning Stockholm 1976 UN Private Provision of Development
Conference on Human Public Services 1996 UN Conference on
Planner – Bureaucrat Settlements, Human
Vancouver Planner – Facilitator – Settlements,
Habitat I Developer Istanbul, Habitat
II EZ/EC Program
Planner – Consultant – US.
Advocate Planner – Enabler -
Integrator
Time Period 1941 – 1950 1951 – 1964 1965 – 1950 1981 – 1991 1991 – Present

Planners of Patrick Abercrombie (Vincent Scully) Constantinos A. James Rouse Lisa Peattle-Leonie
Influence/ Herbert Simon Jane Jacobs - Herbert Doxiados Norman Krumholz Sandercock-John Friedman
Stature on (Von Thunen-Weber- Gans, M. Anderson, Paul Davidoff John Forester Peter Calthorpe-Andres
Record Christaller-Losch) Robert Moses Walter (John Portman) Robert Miler Duany
Isard – Mitchell – (Manuel Castells-David Jaime Lerner Nabeel Hamdi-Reinhard
Rapkin Charles Harvey) Goethert
Lindblom John Mcloughlin

Influential 1944 Greater London S.F. Embarcadero Ekistics/Ecumenopoilis Baltimore’s Inner Seaside, Florida
Planning Plan Freeway (Hyatt Regency/ Peach Harbor Laguna, California
Works 1947 British Town and London Convent Garden Tree Center) Boston’s Quincy Market “Towards Cosmopolis:
Country Planning Act Stockholm Renewal Docklands of London Planning of Multicultural
(Location theory) Le Halles “Marketing Equity Cities”
Redevelopment Planning Work” “Action Planning for Cities”
: “The Death & Life of
Great American
Cities” / Urbanism

Planning Emphasis on physical Vehicle – Anchored Sites and Services Heritage Preservation Community-led Sustainable
Concern form & spatial Development Public Housing Preference for Private- Settlements
Outcomes arrangement Urban Segregation and Prefabricated Housing led developments at
Functional & Compact Compartmentalization Slum Clearance and the expense of the Empowerment Planning
Settlements Threatened Community Upgrading community Model
Rational Life Large scale Office Gentrification/ Urban “Road Map” to Mid East
Comprehensive Integration of Hotel Blight Peace Discussion
Planning Model Locational Analysis to Complexes Development of
End of British Rule in Planning Education Systems Planning Sustainable
Jerusalem; Transportation Planning (process) Communities
Transferred to Takeover of Jerusalem Advocacy Planning Equity Planning Model
Jordan by Israel after the Model Curitiba, Brazil-Orangi,
Six-Day War in 1967 Social Learning/ Pakistan
Communicative Intention of the
Action Planning Model Palestine people to
Islamabad-Khartoum- make West
Baghdad Jerusalem the capital
of their future nation