45 194 Infinitive patterns In the 1960s Spain decided to promote itself as the world’s first mass-market tourist destination. To cater for tourists, the government invested huge sums in new airports and roads. Infinitive forms Infinitives with to can be the subject, object or complement of a verb: To give is better than to receive. Everyone loves to win. ‘There are also perfect (e.g. to have given), continuous (e.g, to be giving) and passive (e.g. to have been given) forms. Infinitive clauses > Unit 56 Passive infinitives > Unit 62.3 -ing forms (> Unit 46.1/2) can often be used in similar ways, but they tend to be less formal than infinitive forms: Giving is better than receiving. Everyone loves winning! We make a negative with not + infinitive: X Ltried-to-not-lookat-theaccident: J [ tried not to look at the accident. An infinitive can have its own subject, introduced with for: For @vil, to succeed it is only necessary for the good to do nothing. In informal English we sometimes put an adverb between to and the infinitive. This is known as a ‘split infinitive’ and can give emphasis to the adverb: Not only am I going to win ~ I’m going to totally destroy the opposition! ‘We usually avoid split infinitives in formal English by moving the adverb: [The doctor started to carefully remove the bandages.) ¥ The doctor started to remove the bandages carefully. Verb + infinitive without to After some verbs we use the infinitive without to, for example, modal verbs, auxiliary verbs, semi-modals need and dare 0» Module 7 Before you start), and make and let: He daren’t leave early without my permission. Let the dish stand for at least a minute after removing it fiom the microwave. We can use the verb help with or without The volunteers helped (to) provide support and comfort to the refugees. More on infinitives after let, make, see, hear, know and help > Unit 63.3 Verb + infinitive with to Certain verbs can be followed by an infinitive with fo, but not by an -ing form: afford agree aim appear arrange’ ask? beg? campaign’ care choose? claim consent dare* decide demand deserve expect? fail fight forget guarantee happen help? hesitate hope long’ manage need? neglect offer pause plan’ prepare pretend promise propose prove refluse seem swear tend threaten trouble? undertake vow wait’ want? wish* yearn’ + With these verbs we use for before the object + infinitive: We spent ages waiting for them to arrive, 2 These verbs can also have an object before the infinitive: I begged Alison not to leave. He doesnt relly expect her to pass the exam. X She’s-decided-applying forthejol V She's decided to apply for the job.Some verbs are followed by an infinitive only when they have an object (> Unit 46.4): {forbid force get instruct invite leave dhise allow cause command ‘blige order permit persuade X Fhey-forced-to-oper-ourstiteases, JS They forced us us to open our suitcases. We use fo + infinitive after would like, would love and would hate: X Wher-we-arrive-HiHike-taking anap: 7 When we arrive, I'd like to take a nap. compel en Infinitives of purpose and result ‘We can use an infinitive to describe the purpose or reason for an action: Cover the turkey in silver foil to keep the meat moist. To cater for tourists, the government invested huge sums in new airports and roads. ‘We use for before the infinitive only when the subject of the infinitive is DIFFERENT from the subject of the sentence: X She-went-to WalMart for to get some groceries. Y She went to WalMart to get some groceries. (same subjects) We bought a cage for John to keep his hamster in. (different subjects) To make the meaning clear and in more formal English we can use in order or so as + infinitive of purpose: Interest rates have been raised in order to reduce inflationary pressures. We have removed the warning signs so as not to alarm members of the public ‘The infinitive can also describe a result or something surprising, especially with only and verbs such as find, discover, realise, etc: They queued for hours at the box office only to discover that the show was sold out. We also use infinitives after too and enough (> Unit 59.4) to talk about results: That blue outfit was too informal to wear to the reception. ‘There isn’t enough (food) to go around, I'm affraid. Infinitives after adjectives and nouns Many adjectives, especially those describing feelings, can be followed by to + infi Sei ee ies Share ees ad ee We're thrilled to welcome this year’s prizewinner onto the podium. The Bensons are lucky to be having such good weather. ‘We also use fo + infinitive after some nouns: attempt bid decision desire foo! incentive need ‘opportunity place pleasure reason time swine ne She's finally made a decision to leave. Clare would be a fool to marry him. ‘We can use a noun + fo + infinitive after there is/are and have (got) to express an obligation: Don't disturb me ~ I've got a report to write this evening. There are some bills to pay. 19545 wwonurve rrenws 196 Practice Write sentences from the prompts, as in the example. (DEEB Listen and check. 0 they / decide / change / hotels / when / see / room They. decided 20. change. hotels. When. they. aw. he, 190M, 1 tourists / not permit / take photos / museum 2. Mrs Grimble / threaten / call police / if / boys / not stop 3. doctor / urge / Henry / go on / diet / immediately 4 Alison / arrive / station / only / find / train / already / leave 5. we / promise / reduce / taxes / radically/ in order / help / small businesses Write the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first. Use the words in brackets, as in the example. 0 Ireally don’t want to see him again. (desire) I. have.na. desire. to. see. sim. again. 1 I'd like to ask my boss for a pay rise but I’m too scared. (daren't) . 2 You can’t join the army because you aren’t sufficiently fit. (enough) 3. He was very worried that he would arrive late, (anxious not) 4 Right now I'm afraid I can’t give you an answer. (able) , . 5. The government closed the borders with the aim of catching the criminals. (order) 6 Closing the office was something the manager decided this morning. (decision) 7 Tlearnt that Amanda was going to marry Ronald, which was surprising. (surprised) re 8 They didn’t publish the news because they didn’t want to frighten the public. (so as) 9 Checking the balance on my account was my reason for visiting the bank this morning. (to check) 10 When we got there they had already closed the store for stocktaking! (only)3 Read the text and find fifteen more places where the word to is missing. (DEEED Listen and check. THE DEATH of Emma Christofferson from deep-vein thrombosis allegedly caused by a twenty-hour plane journey has led to calls for an enquiry into so-called ‘economy class syndrome’. The cabin crew were shockedffind the previously healthy 28-year-old in a state of collapse at the end of a long-haul fight from ‘Australia to London. A blood clot had spread from her legs to her lungs with fatal resuts Experts believe her death is just the latest ‘example of the growing danger posed by sitting for extended periods of time in cramped aircraft seats Farol Khan, director of the Aviation Health Institute, claims have evidence that more than 6,000 passengers a year die of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) as a result of long-haul fights Unfortunately, as symptoms often take some time appear, the link between the condition and flying is not always apparent. But there seems be a clear relationship between the ‘occurrence of DVT and the steady reduction in the amount of leg room between seats in economy-class cabins. In a bid increase the number of passengers carried and their consequent profitability, many airlines have squeezed more and more seats into their planes, atthe cost of comfort and leg room, ‘And our willingness put up with these uncomfortable conditions is simply based Con the fact that we know more seats means Uo | rhealth . TY MAES BSE SR lower prices. But with limited opportunities stretch or move around, the blood circulation in passengers’ legs tends slow down, and blood clots can easily develop. Most at risk are elderly people, sufferers from heart conditions and smokers. But as Emma Christofferson’s case shows, even the young and healthy can do tle prevent blood clots occurring under these circumstances. Promoting a ‘caring, sharing’ image is something many airlines are keen (on, and some of these have finally promised take the problem more seriously, for instance by issuing health advice to passengers ‘trapped’ on their long-haul fights They usually recommend moving the legs and feet regularly, and advise taking walks up and down the aise at least once an hour. But, as any experienced traveller knows, the aisles ‘on most planes are only just wide enough for the trolleys get through. tis often impossible walk down the aisle get to the toilets, let alone allowing enough space take any exercise The truth is that until we are all prepared sive up paying rock-bottom prices for long-distance travel, the airlines will have no incentive improve conditions. And a return to ‘exclusive and expensive air travel is something nobody would contemplate advocating. recornmend moving the legs and feet regularly, and advise taking walks up and down the aisle at least once an hour. 197