BSN 1I

Chapter 19 - 20
Health Promotion
Health , Wellness, and Illness

Presented By: GROUP 1

Aguila Bigcas
Apon Cabonce
Badajos Cajandoc
Bague Campo
Barbado
Pages: 361 - 393 Global Edition
 Chapter 19:
HEALTH PROMOTION
Introduction
It is a way of thinking that revolves around a philosophy of
wholeness, wellness, and well-being.

Health promotion has moved from being considered a goal or

desired end point to a process to facilitate movement toward
accomplishment of health goals.

Health promotion spans from the prevention of disease to

empowering individuals, to promoting environmental and
policy change. (Murdaugh et al., 2019)
 Individual Health
Dimensions of individuality include the person’s

Person's Total Perceptions: Self-Identity:

Character: Ways the person Perception of self
Behaviors interprets the as a separate &
Attitudes environment / distinct entity
Emotional State a situation which alone in
Abilities affects how he interactions with
Appearance feels and acts to others.
the situation.
Concept of Individuality
Each individual is a unique being who is different from every other human being, with a different
combination of genetics, life experiences, and environmental interactions.

Individuality led to the movement of individualism, the idea that a person should act on their
uniqueness and fulfill their personal desires.

Nurses should focus on total and individualized care when providing nursing care to any client:
Total care involves the general principles that apply to a client in terms of age and medical condition.

Individualized care involves applying the general principles taking into consideration information
particular for a client as an individual.
COncept of holism
An individual is NOT an assembly of parts and processes.

The concept of holism emphasizes that nurses must keep the whole person in mind and strive to
understand how one area of concern relates to the whole person.

Holism considers the relationship between the individual and external environment and others.

Nursing interventions are directed toward restoring overall harmony.

Concept of Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the tendency of the body to maintain a state of
balance or equilibrium while continually changing.

Views of Cannon:
Homeostasis does not imply something stagnant or immobile.
Relatively Constant (Continuous)
Human being is separate from the external environment, constantly
endeavoring to maintain physiologic equilibrium through
adaptation to the environment.

Types of Homeostasis:
Physiological Homeostasis and Psychological Homeostasis
Walter Bradford Cannon
(1871 - 1945)
 Homeostasis: System
A (physiologic) system is composed of:
Matter (Body)
Energy (Chemical / Thermal Energy)
Communication (Nervous System)

Types of Systems are:

Closed System:
Does not exchange energy, matter, or information with its environment; it receives no input from the
environment and gives no output to the environment.

Open System:
Energy, matter, and information move into and out of the system through the system’s boundary.
Open and Closed systems are complete opposites of one another. All of the following are examples of
open systems EXCEPT which one?

A. A human being breathing in oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.

B. A pot of pasta boiling on the stove with no lid.
C. A living organism.
D. A pressure cooker.
 All living systems are open such as human beings.

OPEN SYSTEM An open system depends on the quality and

quantity of its input, output, and feedback.

Input Throughput
Input consists of information, material, Processing / absorbing of an input.
or energy that enters the system.

Output FeedBack
Output from a system is energy, Feedback is the mechanism by which
matter, or information given out by the some of the output of a system is
system as a result of its processes. returned to the system as input.
Feedback enables a system to regulate itself by redirecting the output back into the system, thus
forming a feedback loop.

This input influences the behavior of the system and its future output. Negative feedback inhibits
change; positive feedback stimulates change.

Negative Feedback
Negative feedback occurs to reduce the change or output: the result of a reaction is reduced to bring
the system back to a stable state.

positive feedback
Positive feedback occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a reaction is amplified to
make it occur more quickly.
physiological homeostasis
Refers to a relative stability of the body's internal environment.

Characteristics of Homeostatic Mechanisms:

Self-Regulating: automatic response to changing in a healthy person.

Compensatory (Counterbalancing): the body’s response to abnormal situation such as cold to

maintain normal body temperature despite the exposure to cold.

Negative Feedback Systems: most biologic systems are controlled by negative feedback ( example:
parathyroid hormone (PH) and blood Calcium level (Ca). When Ca drops PH increases and when PH
increases the Ca increases, high Ca level inhibits PH production.

Several Feedback Mechanisms

psychological homeostasis
Refers to emotional psychologic balance or a state of mental well-being.

Needs such as love, security and self-esteem must be met to maintain psychological homeostasis.

When one of the psychological needs is threaten or not met a certain coping mechanism is activated
to provide homeostasis.

Coping mechanism is acquired through experience of living and interacting with others.
psychological homeostasis
In order for a person to maintain psychological homeostasis or stability a person should have:

A stable physical environment in which the person feels safe and secure. (basic needs must be met,
feed, feels safe & secure)

A stable psychologic environment from infancy onward, so that feelings of trust and love develop.

Healthy role models (adults) so children can learn from them the values and customs of the society.

A life experience; satisfying experience to counterbalance the frustrating ones.

Assessing the health of individuals
A thorough assessment of an individual’s health status is basic to health promotion.

Components of this assessment are:

Health history & Physical Examination

Physical Fitness Assessment

Lifestyle

Health Risk Appraisal

Health Beliefs System

Life-Stress Review
Theoretical Framework
The two major theoretical frameworks are:

Needs Theories
Rank human needs according to its importance for a person's survival.

Examples: Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, Kalish's Hierarchy of Needs, Characteristics of Basic Needs

Developmental Stage Theories

Categorize a person's behavior or tasks into age ranges groups.
Describe characteristics associated with the majority of individuals at a certain developmental stage.

Examples: Sigmund Freud's Psychosexual Theory, Erik Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory, Jean
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Needs Theories
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:

Human needs are ranked on an ascending scale

according to essentiality of the needs for survival.

There are 5 levels of human needs according to

Maslow:
Needs Theories
Kalish's Hierarchy of Needs:

Adapted Maslow's hierarchy of needs and added

another level.

Kalish's hierarchy consists of six levels of needs.

The sixth level refers to stimulation needs which

comes between the physiologic and safety needs.

Stimulation needs includes sex, activity,

exploration, manipulation and novelty to achieve
optimal growth and development (for children).
Needs Theories
Characteristics of Basic Needs:

All people have the same basic needs. Meeting those needs is influenced by a person's own culture (e.g.
privacy is important in some cultures others is unimportant).

People meet their own needs relative to their own priorities.

Generally basic needs must be met, some can be deferred.
Failure to meet needs leads to illness.
A need can make itself felt by either external or internal stimuli.
An individual who perceives a need can respond in several ways to meet it.
Needs are interrelated.
Developmental Stage Theories