NCM 103: FUNDAMENTALS

OF NURSING PRACTICE
MODULE 1
Module 1 CONCEPT OF MAN, HEALTH & ILLNESS
 What is MAN?

 What is your own concept of

MAN?
 Why is the study of “MAN” or
the concept of MAN essential or
important in the Nursing
Profession?
 Recall some definitions of MAN
of some Nursing Theorists?
• Referred to a person a patient. The mind
and body of the person as inseparable.
Viewed as an holistic being .
PEPLAU
HENDERSON
TRAVELBEE
 MAN IS …..

 Defined as a human being.

PEPLAU
HENDERSON
TRAVELBEE
 A person is an Open System that works
together with other parts of its body as it
interact with the environment.

NEUMAN
HENDERSON
SR. CALLISTA ROY
NURSING CONCEPT OF MAN

 Man is an integrated BIO-PSYCHO-

SOCIO-CULTURAL & SPIRITUAL BEING:
Concept of Man …..

1. Biological being, man is like all other men.

 Because all men have the same basic human needs.
2. Psychological being, man is like no other man.
 Because man is a unique, irreplaceable, one-time
being. No two persons are exactly alike.
 Capable of rational, logical thinking but
become irrational and illogical
when provoked.
Concept of Man …..

3. Social being, man is like some other men.

 Capable of relating with others
 Has the capacity to cope with stressful stimuli.
 A group of people have common attributes that
make them different from other groups.
 Some factors that characterized a particular groups
of people are culture, age groups,
social status, educational status,
etc…
Concept of Man …..

4. Spiritual being, man is like all other men.

 All men are spiritual in nature, because they have
intellect & will; endowed with virtues of faith, hope
& charity.
 All men believe in the existence of a Supreme Power
who guides our fate & destiny; the source of
meaning & purpose of life; to whom we seek
console in case of difficulties in life.
Concept of Man…..

 Man is an OPEN SYSTEM ….

 It allows input & output to and from its boundaries;
one that allows exchange of, or is constantly
affected by matter, energy & information.
a) Matter – foods, medicines, microorganisms
b) Energy – pain, fever, inflammation
c) Information – diagnosis of an illness, pregnancy,
undergoing surgery or other treatments, death
of a loved one
Concept of Man…..

 Man is a UNIFIED WHOLE composed of parts which

are interdependent and interrelated with each
other.
 The different organs and organ systems function
together to achieve a particular purpose.
Concept of Man…..

 Man is composed of parts which are greater that

and different from the sum of all his parts.
 “Greater than the sum of all his parts”…. because he
is not simply a composite of physiologic body parts
but also endowed with intellect, will, judgment,
decision-making abilities, talents, strengths & other
numerous enabling powers.
 “ Different from the sum of all his parts” … because
at times his responses are predictable, but at times
unpredictable. He is a creature with contradictions.
Concept of Man…..

 Man is composed of subsystems and suprasystems.

 Subsystems – cells, tissues, organs, organ systems.
 Suprasystems – family, community and the society.
Concept of Man…..

 Man is an individual with vital reparative processes

to deal with disease & desirous of health but
passive in terms of influencing the environment or
nurse.
 Man is a whole, complete and independent being
who has 14 fundamental needs to: breath, eat &
drink, eliminate, move & maintain body posture,
sleep & rest, dress & undress, maintain body
temperature, keep clean, avoid danger,
communicate, worship, work, play, and learn.
Concept of Man…..

 Man is a unity who can be viewed as functioning

biologically, symbolically & socially & who initiates
& performs self-care activities on own behalf in
maintaining life, health & well-being.
CONCEPT OF HEALTH
 What is your viewpoint of a
“Healthy Person”?
 Are you Healthy? Why do

you say so?

 Definitions of HEALTH

 (WHO) “A state of complete physical,

mental, and social well being, not merely
the absence of disease or infirmity”.
 (Claude Bernard) Health is the ability to
maintain internal milieu, homeostasis or
dynamic equilibrium.
Nightingale ….
 Health is being well and using one’s power to
the fullest extent.

 Health is maintained through prevention of

disease via environmental health factors.
Henderson …

 Health is viewed
in terms of the
individual’s ability
to perform 14
components of
nursing care
unaided.
Roy …
 Health is a state and a process of being and
becoming an integrated and whole person.
Orem …
 A state that is characterized by soundness or
wholeness of developed human structures and
of bodily and mental functioning.
King …
 Health is a dynamic state in the life cycle; illness is
an interference in the life cycle.
Neuman …

 Wellness are in
harmony in which all
parts and subparts of
an individual are in
harmony with the whole
system.
Johnson …
 Health is an elusive, dynamic state influenced
by biologic, psychologic , and social factors.
 Health is reflected by the organization,
interaction, interdependence and integration of
the subsystems of the behavioral systems.
Rogers …

 Positive health symbolizes wellness. It is a value term

defined by the culture or individual.
HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMS

 Information dissemination
 Health Appraisal & Wellness
Assessment Programs
 Lifestyle & Behavior Change Programs
 Worksite Wellness Programs

 Environmental Control Programs

Activities to Promote Health &
Prevent Illness
Activities to Promote Health &
Prevent Illness
MULTIPLE FACTORS
AFFECTING HEALTH
& Illness
 Several models have been designed to define
health. One of these define health as a
multifactorial phenomenon. According to this model,
there are several factors within and outside the
person that influence health. These factors may or
may not be under the conscious control by the
person or others in the environment. However, one
thing is certain it is the interaction of these factors
that constitutes health. (Leddy & Pepper 1993)
 Political
Factors

Environmental Behavioral
Factors Factors

Socio-
Biological
Economic
Factors
Factors
Biological Factors

 Include genetic inheritance, sex,

age, developmental level,
nutrition, cognitive structures
intelligence, & race.
Behavioral Factors

 Behaviors are learned from parents, members of

extended family, church, school, mass media &
others in the environment.
Socio-economic Factors

 Economic status,
standard of living,
occupational roles
& memberships
in social groups
influence health
beliefs &
practices.
Political Factors

 Political structure, leadership, people’s empowerment

& will, policies & laws.
 The form of government, the style of leadership, the
extent & consistency in implementing laws, policies &
ordinances.
 Environmental Factors

 Rapidly accelerating
changes in the ecosystem.
 Increasing mobility of
people creates megacities.
 Psychosocial environment
– information technology
which has increased
people’s access to
information.