A X , AP,= h ... (2.

7)
d2$ (ldL$ dL$ 87r2m
-+7+-+-
2 2
dx dy dz h2 (E- V ) $ = O
m~33T;fiF~mv;i;r;itrnmR;sr~mA1M$r
f ~ ~ ' d ' $ * ~ ~ ~ m , ~ s m @ ~ ~ ~ m ~ m
M A ,~ ~ m & % i l ~ l ~ m ; i t 4 ~ m f r i ; w f t ~ m R m s
+ ~ m ; r r n " ~ l i l l R;ift*fa?hh*R;IRpft8,
Bl *,m,7idamr
p~1sr;rm**1 t$-*v8mm*-mm
(well behaved function) 91?TT I 3TTFYT & h,
h'72.3 (T)3 h VlT T6T
~ F i d F F F F ~ ~ ~ % ~ ~ r : s f t f Fn m f t F;f Tr Tfh t2 .$3 l(8)
t P z f c m r m r r i r i r r ~ , X j i ~ ~ ~ r n ; r ~ ~ , x~ irQnyr n ~ W l
m;r++rq t b i , j ; p , q * r k a J i i i ; m m ~ i R ; c m ; r $ ~ 5 7 A r n h 2 . 3 ( ~ ) %
~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - i C i a a ~ X l

Y ,'
Y

X X

f
(v) (9)
(a)* ( ~ t . ) ~ ; r * * *
f~3.2.3:~?~~k~jrm.m9fi.:.ss(-4i),
& w f i ~ ~ * * ~ w m & & l ; j r a ; ( s ) ~ - ~ ~
*~firmb,mR~pzi;mm ,
**tffifsirb~
J i h ~ ~ ~ m h d ~ $ * ~ + ~ d $ ~ , ~
WlFTT (integration) W immL?( dif d $ Bb r*VfbFPT 3 W T I T
61~ ~ : F I T W T Y & - ~ ~ F F + ~ $ $m:
~I

wmm*t.ri**f **mmmmyi(iRbmM
!l%RlT $' T F R 8I &, N T l V P d k T f%TT%(Nonnalisation constant) e
Jihim~~mmbRr~-ift~~ii;jmAaRiMi;flj:(#
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i;(lj:mm~m~vmitm-Af%m~~
 +
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rnB=O

~2.253~mxm&m
$x = A sin ax

~ x = a , m ~ h i & $ R ;

OzAsinaa
 . IZTX
$ , = A sin -
a

~ T A d W S f ? ~ y w m ~ 2 . 2 4 m m % d $ M &
a;mvn.fS:
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8r2m
(Y- E
h2

--- 8 r z2 m E
n'n'
9..

a' h

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d ~ ~ ~ ~ i f t J i a f nj:m;rmRQr?~mt*vJimrm-~a;r
~rn;r,
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M m ; r r i m b g~ ? . & i f , d m w b h m h ~ b n ~ + m
~ ~ ~ F I T xd Bn I ~ ~ ~ d % $ h 4 k f W d t ~ ~ ~ w
TIV b T J T 2 . 3 4 i f n= 1,2,3,... am ~ ~ i q M ~ r m J i h a ~ ~ * ~ f f f f * r ; r
~rn.~mR;ri.;;rr&t~ n;i:Pi.rfsr;?.sl?if.F):~J;jrfm*~dd~
h2
~n=1$,?WEl=- ... (2.35)
8ma2
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w , r n ~ r n ~ m mm
b B
w ~
d m b R m ~ ~ $
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-h
principle) timr % rft W'T Tl3T bI
 1 a 2 ~ z 8r2m
.I a
--
3x a?
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4yaaJ 4~ a2
--(Ex + Ey + Ez) = 0
hz

= \j --& -
n,n-x
sin
a
sin
n,n-y
-a

b
-
sin
n,m
- c
 r 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ r n ~ R ; m r n 8 ~ b ~ R a m r
W*I
1 0 1 2 3 4
I
WHT s P d f g

(fundamental) 9 *
.s, p, d, f 3TW '9Tm (sharp), fh%hT (principal),
' H$ T$$ 'ilnf Z* 13 ;*
r.
?
(diffuse) 3fk '4%d%T
d TF%' 3 6h$?
T J f T & 3 ~ & h ~ ~ nf . $l ~ ~ W k t F l T $ h~ i....?hl
n
g ,
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m:"~i~~if=r~isf@$k~+H&P?T?'RarwmA:
n ST- 1 2 3 4
IWW 0 01 012 0123
F%T (nl) Is 2s 2~ 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f
*tFlT**n$k1+*43Tf31PFTTd81 b~&~M$i$t
rnwmRad8:
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2. .f$li~Avaiza*, i , ~ ~ ~ ~ r : & j i m + & 8 ~ t i f t
I 61 &mm, n,3;1m$tmm$1 mrwm-qyh6,m
w , ~ ~ r n w - a k b a n ~ i
m =wi~~bm~~ ~ ~ m *
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?:*d$l
 TWV n I mt R+ I a 4

Is I o o
2(;re-
2s 2 0
a -

312
%x 2 1 qe - 712
I

312
2fi 2 1 1 qe-e/z [$)112 s i n B ua 4
I
2 6 a0

?PY 2
1
!-&)'" sin 0 sin 4
-----
2 312 -
3s 3 0 0 -(L) (2'7- 1 8 q + 2 4 ~ ) 6-a/3
81fi 00

4 312
~ P X 3. 1 0 -(L)
8 1 6 a0
(6-q)qe-"

3Pr 3 1 1 )'(-81&4 a0
?I2
(6-qlqe-q13 lZ) 3 'I2
s i n ~ m ~

4 ,3
)
312 112
~PY 3 1 -1 -[&)
8 1 6 a0 (6-q)qe-a sin 0 ria 6

4 312
3d2 3 2 1

3dzz 3 2 I -
8
1
4

m ):(
- 312
q2e-¶/3
(z) 112
s i n e m a d 4

3dyz 3

3dxZ-y2 3 2
w
a

3dv 3
4
(ST sin' B sin 24

~~z;rff4ifts&~fit~
a0 ~ ~ = ' ; i a ~ + m & r , ~ z f t m ~ m ; b @ f t 1
Y Ils z
* g , m * m
#f sin 8, sin+, casO $k
cos+ 3T&.qi:?lfMf%T$6i
$1
mzfth-~l 3. #$t
~ ~
Jmssf;r w (~auli'sexclusibn principle) : Jllg rTi:
~ i ~ ~ & 3 i f
~ * B*
m+
r .n ,n 3 ,i f/ T , r n , + ~ a i r m ~ k ~ $ 1
: * r n t ~ ' ~ ~ ~ *
' I T ~ ; w w T ; ~ ~Je;M~er~+mn,13itTrn,~9~;~
~F?I~'I
~ * m m s w m m - m* m ~ l~ h m * - h ~ * d
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w ~ v ~ ; f m ~ d ~ & & ~ k ~ m ; i
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IS' .2s 2~
 Sc 21 2 2 6 2 6 1 . 2
Ti 2 2 2 2 6 2 6 2 2
V 2 3 2 2 6 2 6 3 2
*Cr 2 4 2 2 6 2 6 5 1
Mn 2 5 2 2 6 2 6 5 2
Fe 26 2 . 2 6 2 6 6 2
2 7 2 2 6 2 6 7 2
r:
28 2 2 6 2.6 8 2
~*CU 2 9 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 1
?n 30'2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2
Ga 3 1 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 1
Ge 322 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 2
As 3 3 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 3
Se 3 4 2 2 6 2 . 6 1 0 2 4
Br 3 5 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 5
Kr 362 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6
Rb 372 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 1
Sr 382 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 2
Y 3 9 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 1 2
Zr 4 0 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 2 2
**Nb 41 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 4 1
'*Mo 422 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 5 1
Tc 4 3 ' 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 5 2
**Ru 44 2 2 . 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 7 1.
**Rh 45 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 ' 6 8 1
$*Pd 46 2 2 6 2 ' 6 10 2 6 10
d*Ag 472 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 " l O 1
Cd 4 8 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 1 0 2
I n , 49 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 1 0 .2 1
S 5 0 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 1 0 2 2
Sb 5 1 3 2 ' 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 2 3
Te 5 2 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 1 0 2 4
I 5 3 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 1 0 2 5
Xe 5 4 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 1 0 2 6
Cs 5 5 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 1 0 2'6 1
4 ,
Ba 5 6 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 1 0 2 6 2
jl,h , 57 2 2 6 2 6 , 1 0 2 6 10 2 6 1 2
r:Ce 58 2 2 6 2 6 1 0 2 6 1 0 ' 1 2 6 1 2
Pr 5 9 ~ 2 1 2 ' 6 ~62 1 0 , 2 6 10 212 6 1 2
 Table 2.4 Periodic ffends in electron eodipration, showing the o ~ t e ~ h oor
s t differentiating eleetrom for each element

. .
IA IIA IIIB , IVB VB VIB VIIB - VIIIB - IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIILA
Group = (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (17) (18)
Shell

Period = 1
 T) 3 - 3- 2 -?-1
5. ~ & T F T ~ ~ ~ I
Si, S, CI, Ar
2. A p . ~x=h~%-$%iyl
. .
m ~ p ~ r~v
n ;-
.mV&~v*%T3;Af=Tpl
' 6. H' 1s'
Lit .1s2
02-1s22s2 2ph
Na' 1s' 2s' 2ph d7
~ ~2s2 '" 2phl '

cos 28 = 1' -' 2 sin%

sin ax
~ ~ c o s a x d x = -
a